Journal articles: 'Colour manipulation'

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Tatler, Benjamin W., Yoriko Hirose, Sarah K. Finnegan, Riina Pievilainen, Clare Kirtley, and Alan Kennedy. "Priorities for selection and representation in natural tasks." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1628 (October 19, 2013): 20130066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0066.

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Selecting and remembering visual information is an active and competitive process. In natural environments, representations are tightly coupled to task. Objects that are task-relevant are remembered better due to a combination of increased selection for fixation and strategic control of encoding and/or retaining viewed information. However, it is not understood how physically manipulating objects when performing a natural task influences priorities for selection and memory. In this study, we compare priorities for selection and memory when actively engaged in a natural task with first-person observation of the same object manipulations. Results suggest that active manipulation of a task-relevant object results in a specific prioritization for object position information compared with other properties and compared with action observation of the same manipulations. Experiment 2 confirms that this spatial prioritization is likely to arise from manipulation rather than differences in spatial representation in real environments and the movies used for action observation. Thus, our findings imply that physical manipulation of task relevant objects results in a specific prioritization of spatial information about task-relevant objects, possibly coupled with strategic de-prioritization of colour memory for irrelevant objects.

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Mol, Jos. "Flower colour manipulation: a floral facelift." Endeavour 15, no. 2 (January 1991): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-9327(05)80004-3.

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Thünken, Timo, Sebastian A. Baldauf, Nicole Bersau, Joachim G. Frommen, and Theo C. M. Bakker. "Parasite-induced colour alteration of intermediate hosts increases ingestion by suitable final host species." Behaviour 156, no. 13-14 (2019): 1329–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003568.

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Abstract Parasites with complex life cycles often alter the phenotypic appearance of their intermediate hosts in order to facilitate ingestion by the final host. However, such manipulation can be costly as it might increase ingestion by less suitable or dead-end hosts as well. Species-specific parasitic manipulation is a way to enhance the transmission to suitable final hosts. Here, we experimentally show that the altered body colouration of the intermediate host Gammarus pulex caused by its acanthocephalan parasite Pomphorhynchus laevis differently affects predation by different fish species (barbel, perch, ruffe, brown trout and two populations of three-spined stickleback) depending on their suitability to act as final host. Species that were responsive to colour manipulation in a predation experiment were more susceptible to infection with P. laevis than unresponsive species. Furthermore, three-spined stickleback from different populations responded to parasite manipulation in opposite directions. Such increased ingestion of the intermediate host by preferred and suitable hosts suggests fine-tuned adaptive parasitic manipulation and sheds light on the ongoing evolutionary arms race between hosts and manipulative parasites.

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Jarvis, R. A. "3D Shape and surface colour sensor fusion for robot vision." Robotica 10, no. 5 (September 1992): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574700010596.

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SUMMARYThis paper argues the case for extracting as complete a set of sensory data as practicable from scenes consisting of complex assemblages of objects with the goal of completing the task of scene analysis, including placement, pose, identity and relationship amongst the components in a robust manner which supports goal directed robotic action, including collision-free trajectory planning, grip site location and manipulation of selected object classes.The emphasis of the paper is that of sensor fusion of range and surface colour data including preliminary results in proximity, surface normal directionality and colour based scene segmentation through semantic-free clustering processes. The larger context is that of imbedding the results of such analysis in a graphics world containing an articulated robotic manipulator and of carrying out experiments in that world prior to replication of safe manipulation sequences in the real world.

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Firby, P. A. "Colour Manipulation of Superposed Families of Curves." Computer Journal 30, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/30.4.349.

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Starkey, Tim, and Pete Vukusic. "Light manipulation principles in biological photonic systems." Nanophotonics 2, no. 4 (October 1, 2013): 289–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2013-0015.

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AbstractThe science of light and colour manipulation continues to generate interest across a range of disciplines, from mainstream biology, across multiple physics-based fields, to optical engineering. Furthermore, the study of light production and manipulation is of significant value to a variety of industrial processes and commercial products. Among the several key methods by which colour is produced in the biological world, this review sets out to describe, in some detail, the specifics of the method involving photonics in animal and plant systems; namely, the mechanism commonly referred to as structural colour generation. Not only has this theme been a very rapidly growing area of physics-based interest, but also it is increasingly clear that the biological world is filled with highly evolved structural designs by which light and colour strongly influence behaviours and ecological functions.

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Zhao, Man, Qijing Lin, Liangquan Zhu, Libo Zhao, and Zhuangde Jiang. "Antenna for microwave manipulation of NV colour centres." Micro & Nano Letters 15, no. 12 (October 21, 2020): 793–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2019.0462.

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Knott, Ben, Mathew L. Berg, Eric R. Morgan, Katherine L. Buchanan, James K. Bowmaker, and Andrew T. D. Bennett. "Avian retinal oil droplets: dietary manipulation of colour vision?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1683 (November 25, 2009): 953–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1805.

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Avian vision is highly developed, with bird retinas containing rod and double-cone photoreceptors, plus four classes of single cones subserving tetrachromatic colour vision. Cones contain an oil droplet, rich in carotenoid pigments (except VS/ultraviolet-sensitive cones), that acts as a filter, substantially modifying light detected by the photoreceptor. Using dietary manipulations, we tested the effects of carotenoid availability on oil droplet absorbance properties in two species: Platycercus elegans and Taeniopygia guttata . Using microspectrophotometry, we determined whether manipulations affected oil droplet carotenoid concentration and whether changes would alter colour discrimination ability. In both species, increases in carotenoid concentration were found in carotenoid-supplemented birds, but only in the double cones. Magnitudes of effects of manipulations were often dependent on retinal location. The study provides, to our knowledge, the first experimental evidence of dietary intake over a short time period affecting carotenoid concentration of retinal oil droplets. Moreover, the allocation of carotenoids to the retina by both species is such that the change potentially preserves the spectral tuning of colour vision. Our study generates new insights into retinal regulation of carotenoid concentration of oil droplets, an area about which very little is known, with implications for our understanding of trade-offs in carotenoid allocation in birds.

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Meng, Zhi-Jun, Jing Zhang, Xu Deng, Ji Liu, Ziyi Yu, and Chris Abell. "Bioinspired hydrogel microfibres colour-encoded with colloidal crystals." Materials Horizons 6, no. 9 (2019): 1938–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9mh00528e.

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Guest, Steve, and Darren Van Laar. "The Effect of Name Category and Discriminability on the Search Characteristics of Colour Sets." Perception 31, no. 4 (April 2002): 445–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p3134.

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Within (and between) cultures, people tend to agree on which parts of colour space are easiest to name and what the names for these regions are. Therefore it is likely that the manipulation of ease of naming (nameability) of colours should change performance in tasks where categorisation by colour name is important. More specifically, highly ‘nameable’ colour sets should lead to better performance than metrically equivalent but less categorically distinct sets, when the task requires categorisation. This hypothesis was investigated by testing observers on a name-based task, the naming and subsequent identification by name of colour sets with up to sixteen members. These sets were designed to be easy to name (nameable), maximally discriminable, or matched discriminable. The first were derived from previously generated data, the second by a standard algorithm to space colours widely in colour space, and the latter by closely matching their metric characteristics to those of an easy-to-name colour set. This final condition was metrically (but not categorically) equivalent to the nameable set. It was found that sets designed to be nameable did indeed lead to superior performance as measured by response times, confidence ratings, and response accuracy. Perceptual colour similarity, measured by a ΔE metric, did not predict errors. Nameability may thus be a valid, manipulable, aspect of sets of colours, and one which is not otherwise duplicated in the metric characteristics of such sets.

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Statham, Peter J. "True Colour SEM Imaging for Phase Recognition AMD X-Ray Microanalysis." Microscopy Today 5, no. 3 (April 1997): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500060223.

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Secondary (SE) and backscattered electron (BSE) signals in the SEM provide high resolution monochrome images. BSE signal strength is modulated by mean atomic number and ‘false” colour can be introduced to enhance material contrast. Colour can also be introduced using multiple SE detectors, each with a different sensitivity to topographic and compositional information: by controlling signal mixtures and colours, the operator effectively has access to a powerful “studio” to generate aesthetically pleasing colour images. In both these examples, the correspondence between local elemental content and colour is entirely arbitrary and under subjective control of the operator, Elemental x-ray maps can be acquired and combinations colour coded to reveal phase distributions. For large numbers of maps and images, chemometric techniques such as PCA may be used to discover common relationships and assist the process of colour coding. Images derived from x-ray maps are usually low resolution and the analyst has to decide which elements to include and do a fair amount of data manipulation before any conclusions can be drawn.

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Statham, Peter J. "True Colour SEM Imaging for Phase Recognition and X-Ray Microanalysis." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 428–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010016460x.

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Secondary (SE) and backscattered electron (BSE) signals in the SEM provide high resolution monochrome images. BSE signal strength is modulated by mean atomic number and “false” colour can be introduced to enhance material contrast. Colour can also be introduced using multiple SE detectors, each with a different sensitivity to topographic and compositional information: by controlling signal mixtures and colours, the operator effectively has access to a powerful “studio” to generate aesthetically pleasing colour images. In both these examples, the correspondence between local elemental content and colour is entirely arbitrary and under subjective control of the operator. Elemental x-ray maps can be acquired and combinations colour coded to reveal phase distributions. For large numbers of maps and images, chemometric techniques such as PCA may be used to discover common relationships and assist the process of colour coding. Images derived from x-ray maps are usually low resolution and the analyst has to decide which elements to include and do a fair amount of data manipulation before any conclusions can be drawn. Furthermore, local topography effects perturb any multivariate statistical analysis. This paper presents a novel imaging technique which addresses these limitations.

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Kusnir, Flor, and Gregor Thut. "Formation of automatic letter–colour associations in non-synaesthetes through likelihood manipulation of letter–colour pairings." Neuropsychologia 50, no. 14 (December 2012): 3641–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.032.

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Sharari, T. M. "Building and Programming a Smart Robotic System for Distinguishing Objects Based on their Shape and Colour." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics 45, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jtam-2015-0004.

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Abstract This paper presents a robotic system designed for holding and placing objects based on their colour and shape. The presented robot is given a complete set of instructions of positions and orientation angles for each manipulation motion. The main feature in this paper is that the developed robot used a combination of vision and motion systems for holding and placing the work-objects, mounted on the flat work-plane, based on their shapes and colors. This combination improves the flexibility of manipulation which may help eliminate the use of some expensive manipulation tasks in a variety of industrial applications. The robotic system presented in this paper is designed as an educational robot that possesses the ability for holding-and-placing operations with limited load. To process the various instructions for holding and placing the work objects, a main control unit - Manipulation Control Unit (MCU) is used as well as a slave unit that performed the actual instructions from the MCU.

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Martinez-Martin, Ester, and Angel del Pobil. "Vision for Robust Robot Manipulation." Sensors 19, no. 7 (April 6, 2019): 1648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071648.

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Advances in Robotics are leading to a new generation of assistant robots working in ordinary, domestic settings. This evolution raises new challenges in the tasks to be accomplished by the robots. This is the case for object manipulation where the detect-approach-grasp loop requires a robust recovery stage, especially when the held object slides. Several proprioceptive sensors have been developed in the last decades, such as tactile sensors or contact switches, that can be used for that purpose; nevertheless, their implementation may considerably restrict the gripper’s flexibility and functionality, increasing their cost and complexity. Alternatively, vision can be used since it is an undoubtedly rich source of information, and in particular, depth vision sensors. We present an approach based on depth cameras to robustly evaluate the manipulation success, continuously reporting about any object loss and, consequently, allowing it to robustly recover from this situation. For that, a Lab-colour segmentation allows the robot to identify potential robot manipulators in the image. Then, the depth information is used to detect any edge resulting from two-object contact. The combination of those techniques allows the robot to accurately detect the presence or absence of contact points between the robot manipulator and a held object. An experimental evaluation in realistic indoor environments supports our approach.

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Burger, R., D. Kurzbuch, R. Gorkin, G. Kijanka, M. Glynn, C. McDonagh, and J. Ducrée. "An integrated centrifugo-opto-microfluidic platform for arraying, analysis, identification and manipulation of individual cells." Lab on a Chip 15, no. 2 (2015): 378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4lc01002g.

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In this work we present a centrifugal microfluidic system enabling highly efficient collective trapping and alignment of particles such as microbeads and cells, their multi-colour fluorescent detection and subsequent manipulation by optical tweezers.

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Montefiori, M., J. Burdon, and K. J. Patterson. "MANIPULATION OF FLESH COLOUR IN FRUIT OF ACTINIDIA MACROSPERMA WITH METHYL JASMONATE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 753 (October 2007): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2007.753.59.

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Kaldonski, Nicolas, Marie-Jeanne Perrot-Minnot, Raphaël Dodet, Guillaume Martinaud, and Frank Cézilly. "Carotenoid-based colour of acanthocephalan cystacanths plays no role in host manipulation." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1654 (September 16, 2008): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0798.

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Manipulation by parasites is a catchy concept that has been applied to a large range of phenotypic alterations brought about by parasites in their hosts. It has, for instance, been suggested that the carotenoid-based colour of acanthocephalan cystacanths is adaptive through increasing the conspicuousness of infected intermediate hosts and, hence, their vulnerability to appropriate final hosts such as fish predators. We revisited the evidence in favour of adaptive coloration of acanthocephalan parasites in relation to increased trophic transmission using the crustacean amphipod Gammarus pulex and two species of acanthocephalans, Pomphorhynchus laevis and Polymorphus minutus . Both species show carotenoid-based colorations, but rely, respectively, on freshwater fish and aquatic bird species as final hosts. In addition, the two parasites differ in the type of behavioural alteration brought to their common intermediate host. Pomphorhynchus laevis reverses negative phototaxis in G. pulex , whereas P. minutus reverses positive geotaxis. In aquaria, trout showed selective predation for P. laevis -infected gammarids, whereas P. minutus -infected ones did not differ from uninfected controls in their vulnerability to predation. We tested for an effect of parasite coloration on increased trophic transmission by painting a yellow–orange spot on the cuticle of uninfected gammarids and by masking the yellow–orange spot of infected individuals with inconspicuous brown paint. To enhance realism, match of colour between painted mimics and true parasite was carefully checked using a spectrometer. We found no evidence for a role of parasite coloration in the increased vulnerability of gammarids to predation by trout. Painted mimics did not differ from control uninfected gammarids in their vulnerability to predation by trout. In addition, covering the place through which the parasite was visible did not reduce the vulnerability of infected gammarids to predation by trout. We discuss alternative evolutionary explanations for the origin and maintenance of carotenoid-based colorations in acanthocephalan parasites.

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Rashidi Othman, Norazian Mohd. Hassan, Ainaa Eliah Abu Bakar, Nur Hidayah Noh, Nurrulhidayah Ahmad Fadzillah, and Noraini Mahmad. "Manipulation of Environmental Stress Towards Lutein Production in Chlorella fusca Cell Culture." Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences 9, no. 5 (January 5, 2019): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.29169/1927-5951.2019.09.05.3.

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All carotenoids originate from a single, common precursor, phytoene. The colour of carotenoids is determinedby desaturation, isomerization, cyclization, hydroxylation and epoxidation of the 40-carbon phytoene. The conjugated double-bond structure and nature of end ring groups confer on the carotenoids properties such as colour and antioxidant activity. Algae may become major sources of carotenoids but the extent of environmental stress and genetic influences on algae carotenoid biosynthesis are poorly understood. Carotenoid biosynthesis can be influenced by many aspects and is liable to geometric isomerization with the existence of oxygen, light and heat which affect the colour degradation and oxidation. Therefore, in this study carotenoid biogenesis is investigated in cell culture of Chlorella fusca as a potential model system for rapid initiation, and extraction of carotenoids by providing stringent control of genetic, developmental and environmental factors. The value of this experimental system for investigating key factors controlling the carotenoid accumulation is then tested by assessing the effects of environmental variables, such as drought stress, light intensity, nutrient strength and media formulation on carotenoid accumulation. Our findings revealed that the conversion of violaxanthin to lutein is due to irradiance stress condition, nutrient strength as well as drought stress. As a result, manipulation of environmental variables will up-regulate lutein concentration. This reaction will restrict the supply of precursors for ABA biosynthesis and the algae cell culture responds by increasing carotenogenic metabolic flux to compensate for this restriction. In conclusion, selecting the appropriate algae species for the appropriate environmental conditions is not only important for yield production, but also for nutritional value quality of carotenoid.

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Philip, Andrew I. Iain. "True Colors: Chromaticity, Realism and Technological Honesty." Comparative Cinema 9, no. 17 (December 19, 2021): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31009/cc.2021.v9.i17.05.

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I propose an application of agential realism to my practice as research, a film about my mother getting one tattoo covered with a new one, to investigate the material-discursive role played by the camera in determining meaning within the film image. I use my practice as a comparative case study, considering how a specific camera apparatus determines and negotiates standards of colour accuracy, and what it means to remove those colour values in post-production. I argue that the different colour processing of the same footage produces perceptible onto-epistemological difference, even while it remains indexically equivalent. Second, I will show exactly how this particular digital photosensitive technology meets the pro-filmic event to record colour, enacting agencies that reduce matter to fit a specifically programmed colour system, prior to any manipulation in post-production. The system itself draws the boundaries of accuracy it claims to achieve, with inevitable ethical implications.

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Endler, John A., and Johanna Mappes. "The current and future state of animal coloration research." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1724 (May 22, 2017): 20160352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0352.

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Animal colour patterns are a model system for understanding evolution because they are unusually accessible for study and experimental manipulation. This is possible because their functions are readily identifiable. In this final paper of the symposium we provide a diagram of the processes affecting colour patterns and use this to summarize their functions and put the other papers in a broad context. This allows us to identify significant ‘holes’ in the field that only become obvious when we see the processes affecting colour patterns, and their interactions, as a whole. We make suggestions about new directions of research that will enhance our understanding of both the evolution of colour patterns and visual signalling but also illuminate how the evolution of multiple interacting traits works. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Animal coloration: production, perception, function and application’.

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Hoey, M. J., and D. Whelan. "The Display and Manipulation of PN Images on an IBM PC or Compatible." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 131 (1989): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900137854.

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This paper describes PC_IMega, a menu driven program that allows digital images to be displayed and manipulated on an IBM PC or compatible microcomputer, running under PC-DOS versions 2 or 3 with 128k of RAM. A sixteen colour Enhanced Graphics Adaptor card gives a screen resolution of 640 × 350 pixels.

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Schneider, W. X., and H. Deubel. "Transsaccadic Memory: A Postsaccadic Gap Enhances the Perception of Intrasaccadic Object Changes Differently for Dorsal and Ventral Representations." Perception 25, no. 1_suppl (August 1996): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v96l0301.

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We previously demonstrated that an intrasaccadic displacement of an object is reported with higher accuracy when the object is momentarily blanked after the saccade (Deubel, Schneider, and Bridgeman Vision Research in press). Here we tested whether the blanking manipulation (size of gap between onset of saccade and change in stimulus) also improves the perception of intrasaccadic changes with respect to size, luminance, orientation, colour, and shape. The task required subjects to saccade to a peripheral target. The saccade triggered a change in an attribute of the target (eg size of the saccade target) and subjects had to report this intrasaccadic change (eg whether the postsaccadic target was larger or smaller). The results indeed show for dorsal attributes (eg size, orientation)—generally used for spatio-motor actions like grasping—that the blanking manipulation improved performance (report of intrasaccadic changes). However, ventral attributes (eg colour)—used by the object recognition system—did not profit from the postsaccadic gap. The findings are discussed in relation to the kind of temporary object representations that are implemented across the saccade and how these are updated.

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Thanikaivelan, E., R. Jothilakshmi, and P. Murugakoothan. "Trapping and Manipulation of Copper Nanoparticles in Rayleigh Regime." Materials Science Forum 832 (November 2015): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.832.132.

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The copper nanoparticles were synthesized by green technology using leaf extracts of Ocimum sanctum. The synthesized copper nanoparticles were confirmed by the change of colour after the addition of leaf extract into the copper sulfate solution. The synthesized copper was characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. The copper nanoparticles are crystallized with FCC structure. The synthesized copper nanoparticles exhibit spherical morphology with average particle size of 20 nm. The copper nanoparticle exhibits absorption broad band between 550 nm – 575 nm. The optical trapping effect of Gaussian beam acting on a copper nanoparticle in Rayleigh regime was studied. The optical scattering and optical gradient forces were calculated for 20 nm copper particle.

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BOŠNJAKOVIĆ, GORDANA, NEMANJA KAŠIKOVIĆ, GOJKO VLADIĆ, BOJAN BANJANIN, SAŠA PETROVIĆ, and DRAGOLJUB NOVAKOVIĆ. "Tactile and mechanical investigation of screen printed specimens with puff effect." Industria Textila 73, no. 04 (August 31, 2022): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.073.04.1758.

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The subject of this paper was the investigation of the tactile and mechanical characteristics of printed specimens achieved using the manual technique of screen printing. The specimens are printed using ink enriched with a puff base. The puff base gives the print a three-dimensional shape and surface characteristics. This paper aims to investigate whether such prints can be used to improve the ergonomic characteristics of a product that undergoes in-hand manipulation. To determine the possibility of using a screen printing technique with a puff effect for ergonomic purposes, two experiments were performed. The first experiment involved subjective investigation of the tactile properties of the prints which are important since the end-users are people. The second experiment involved laboratory testing of the resistance of prints to mechanical rubbing (colour rendering) which is important since the prints should be able to endure a lot of in-hand manipulation. The specimens were printed using the manual screen printing technique on four different textile substrates. Apart from the substrate, the amount of added puff substance in ink and the screen printing mesh count varied. After testing the mechanical resistance to rubbing, colour differences were calculated. Based on the results obtained, resistance to mechanical effect was confirmed, and it was determined which prints have the best resistance and tactile features. Further investigations will be focused on investigating the same type of printing on different materials, and discovering how can prints with puff effect contribute to in-hand object manipulation.

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Alves, Bill. "Consonance and Dissonance in Visual Music." Organised Sound 17, no. 2 (July 19, 2012): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355771812000039.

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The concepts of consonance and dissonance broadly understood can provide structural models for creators of visual music. The application of words such as ‘harmony’ across both music and visual arts indicates potential correspondences not just between sensory elements such as pitch and colour but also with the manipulation of tension and resolution, anticipation and stability in visual music. Concepts of harmony have a long history in proportions of space, colour and motion as well as music that artists can now exploit with new technologies. I will offer examples from my own work as well as techniques from artists such as Oskar Fischinger and John Whitney.

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Bąk, Melania, and Marzena Strojek-Filus. "Impression management in reporting environmental information in groups of the energy, raw materials and fuel sectors. Evidence from Poland." Ekonomia i Środowisko - Economics and Environment 83, no. 4 (January 12, 2023): 215–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.34659/eis.2022.83.4.500.

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Impression management is vital in disclosing non-financial information, including environmental information, in integrated reports. The purpose of the study is to identify and assess the effects of using the impression management strategies in presenting non-financial ecological knowledge in the integrated reports issued by capital groups from the energy, raw materials and fuel sectors, which have had a large share in the degradation of the natural environment for many years. The research was conducted based on two stages: the first stage – as part of the impression management strategy – focused on text analysis to identify the tools for thematic manipulation as well as visual and structural manipulation, and the second stage consisted in analysing the level of text readability using, i.a., FOG and Pisarek indices. The research findings regarding the selected business entities identified as the “polluters” of the natural environment confirm the application of various tools as part of the stakeholder impression management strategies, including manipulation using words, colour, pictures and text.

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Ledóné Darázsi, Hajnalka. "Influence of colour net shading on quantity and quality of sweet pepper yield." Review on Agriculture and Rural Development 3, no. 2 (January 1, 2014): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/rard.2014.2.429-434.

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Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the main cultivated vegetable species in Hungary mostly produced under plastic tunnel by unheated technology. Sweet pepper plants could suffer high temperature and radiation during summer season. However, photoselective-shading nets can provide a new tool for light quality manipulation and support the plant development and fruit quality. The effect of shading colour nets depends on natural light conditions and other environment factors; therefore it is necessary to evaluate the shading technology. Hungarian sweet pepper variety was grown in South-East part of Hungary under plastic tunnels using different colour nets, as white, yellow, green and red, for shading in 2013. Results of trial proved that green colour shading net usually decrease the yield, while yellow and red nets can increase the yield and the fruit quality of Hungarian type sweet pepper. Growers have to care the shading intensity of the net, which should not be higher than 35-40%. Colour shading nets can be placed onto the plastic tunnels just after the planting.

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Field, Stuart G., Hendrik J. Schirp, and Nicolaas K. Michiels. "The influence of Monocystis sp. infection on growth and mating behaviour of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 7 (July 1, 2003): 1161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-110.

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Parasites are capable of behavioural manipulation of their hosts in an effort to complete their life cycle and thus increase their fitness at a cost to the host. Hosts are therefore expected to exhibit mate choice decisions that serve to minimize either their own infection risk or that of their offspring using biological cues as criteria. Skin colour could be one such cue. Lumbricus terrestris is heavily parasitized by the protozoan Monocystis sp.; although infection levels can be highly variable, field samples containing 100% infected individuals are common. We observed earthworms, in pairs, for 4 weeks and recorded growth, copulation number, skin colour, and parasite load. The following predictions were made: (i) growth and copulation frequency should decrease with parasite load and (ii) parasite load correlates with skin colour. Contrary to our expectation, neither growth rate nor copulation number correlated with parasite load, yet skin colour did correlate significantly with parasite load. Mature and subadult individuals were also found to differ significantly in degree of infection. These findings suggest a parasite with a low short-term fitness effect on its host.

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Stuart-Fox, Devi M., and Gregory R. Johnston. "Experience overrides colour in lizard contests." Behaviour 142, no. 3 (2005): 329–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539053778265.

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We examined the role of conspicuous coloration in male-male contests for two species of Australian dragon lizards, Ctenophorus decresii and C. vadnappa, in which conspicuous coloration has a demonstrated predation cost. We conducted contests in which the overall conspicuousness of male coloration was manipulated using paints that matched the spectral reflectance of the lizards, as well as natural (control) contests. There was little evidence for an influence of colour on contest outcome or aggression levels for either species when all experiments were considered. However, we found a significant effect of trial order and experience on contest outcome and aggression levels (the same pair of males was used for both types of contest), despite a 2-3 week interval between contests. When we examined only the first trial between unfamiliar males, we found that male C. vadnappa that had been painted to appear more conspicuous consistently won. Comparison with the natural trials suggests that the aspect of colour manipulation that was responsible for this result was the 'hue' of the throat: males with yellower throats consistently beat males with bluer throats in both natural and painted trials. The difference in coloration of flank markings also predicted the difference in aggression scores between contestants in the natural trials. These results suggest that although colour is important in opponent assessment and in determining contest outcome in C. vadnappa, previous agonistic experience can override the effects of colour and have a long-lasting influence on aggressive behaviour.

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Janas, Katarzyna, Anna Łatkiewicz, Andrew Parnell, Dorota Lutyk, Julia Barczyk, Matthew D. Shawkey, Lars Gustafsson, Mariusz Cichoń, and Szymon M. Drobniak. "Differential effects of early growth conditions on colour-producing nanostructures revealed through small angle X-ray scattering and electron microscopy." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 18 (August 5, 2020): jeb228387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.228387.

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ABSTRACTThe costs associated with the production and maintenance of colour patches is thought to maintain their honesty. Although considerable research on sexual selection has focused on structurally coloured plumage ornaments, the proximate mechanisms of their potential condition dependence, and thus their honesty, is rarely addressed, particularly in an experimental context. Blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) nestlings have ultraviolet (UV)–blue structurally coloured tail feathers, providing a unique opportunity for investigation of the causes of variation in their colour. Here, we examined the influence of early growing conditions on the reflectance and structural properties of UV–blue-coloured tail feathers of blue tit nestlings. We applied a two-stage brood size manipulation to determine which stage of development more strongly impacts the quality of tail feather colouration and microstructure. We used small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and electron microscopy to characterise the nanoscale and microscale structure of tail feather barbs. Nestlings from the broods enlarged at a later stage of growth showed a sex-specific rectrix development delay, with males being more sensitive to this manipulation. Contrary to predictions, treatment affected neither the quality of the barbs’ nanostructures nor the brightness and UV chroma of feathers. However, at the microscale, barbs’ keratin characteristics were impaired in late-enlarged broods. Our results suggest that nanostructure quality, which determines the UV–blue colour in tail feathers, is not sensitive to early rearing conditions. Furthermore, availability of resources during feather growth seems to impact the quality of feather microstructure more than body condition, which is likely to be determined at an earlier stage of nestling growth.

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Coutinho, Diogo, Bruno Gonçalves, Hugo Folgado, Bruno Travassos, Sara Santos, and Jaime Sampaio. "Amplifying perceptual demands: How changes in the colour vests affect youth players performance during medium-sided games." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): e0262245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262245.

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This study explored how manipulating the colour of training vests affects footballers’ individual and collective performance during a Gk+6vs6+Gk medium-sided game. A total of 21 under-17 years old players were involved in three experimental conditions in a random order for a total of four days: i) CONTROL, two teams using two different colour vests; ii) SAME, both teams wearing blue vests; iii) MIXED, all 6 players per team wore different colour vests. Players’ positional data was used to compute time-motion and tactical-related variables, while video analysis was used to collect technical variables. Further, these variables were synchronized with spatiotemporal data allowing to capture ball-related actions in a horizontal 2D plan. All variables were analysed from the offensive and defensive perspective. From the offensive perspective, players performed more and further shots to goal during the CONTROL than in SAME and MIXED (small effects) conditions, with a decreased distance to the nearest defender (small effects). While defending, results revealed lower distance to the nearest teammate (small effects) in the CONTROL than in the SAME and MIXED conditions, and higher team longitudinal synchronization (small effects). In addition, the CONTROL showed in general lower values of team width while defending than in the other 2 conditions. Overall, coaches may use the CONTROL condition to emphasize offensive performance and defensive behaviour over the longitudinal direction with increased physical demands. In turn, coaches may use the manipulation of players vests to emphasize defensive performance, as players seem to behave more cohesively under such scenarios.

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Aluicio-Sarduy, Eduardo, Simone Callegari, Diana Gisell Figueroa del Valle, Andrea Desii, Ilka Kriegel, and Francesco Scotognella. "Electric field induced structural colour tuning of a silver/titanium dioxide nanoparticle one-dimensional photonic crystal." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 7 (October 6, 2016): 1404–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.7.131.

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An electric field is employed for the active tuning of the structural colour in photonic crystals, which acts as an effective external stimulus with an impact on light transmission manipulation. In this work, we demonstrate structural colour in a photonic crystal device comprised of alternating layers of silver nanoparticles and titanium dioxide nanoparticles, exhibiting spectral shifts of around 10 nm for an applied voltage of only 10 V. The accumulation of charge at the metal/dielectric interface with an applied electric field leads to an effective increase of the charges contributing to the plasma frequency in silver. This initiates a blue shift of the silver plasmon band with a simultaneous blue shift of the photonic band gap as a result of the change in the silver dielectric function (i.e. decrease of the effective refractive index). These results are the first demonstration of active colour tuning in silver/titanium dioxide nanoparticle-based photonic crystals and open the route to metal/dielectric-based photonic crystals as electro-optic switches.

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Galeano Weber, Elena M., Haley Keglovits, Arin Fisher, and Silvia A. Bunge. "Insights into visual working memory precision at the feature- and object-level from a hemispheric encoding manipulation." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 11 (July 7, 2020): 1949–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820934990.

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Mnemonic precision is an important aspect of visual working memory (WM). Here, we probed mechanisms that affect precision for spatial (size) and non-spatial (colour) features of an object, and whether these features are encoded and/or stored separately in WM. We probed precision at the feature-level—that is, whether different features of a single object are represented separately or together in WM—and the object-level—that is, whether different features across a set of sequentially presented objects are represented in the same or different WM stores. By manipulating whether stimuli were encoded by the left and/or right hemisphere, we gained further insights into how objects are represented in WM. At the feature-level, we tested whether recall fidelity for the two features of an object fluctuated in tandem from trial to trial. We observed no significant coupling under either central or lateralized encoding, supporting the claim of parallel feature channels at encoding. At the level of WM storage of a set of objects, we found asymmetric feature interference under central encoding, whereby an increase in colour load led to a decrease in size precision. When objects were encoded by a single hemisphere, however, we found largely independent feature stores. Precision for size was more resistant to interference from the size of another object under right-hemisphere encoding; by contrast, precision for colour did not differ across hemispheres, suggesting a more distributed WM store. These findings suggest that distinct features of a single object are represented separately but are then partially integrated during maintenance of a set of sequentially presented objects.

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Ligon, Russell A., and Kevin J. McGraw. "Social costs enforce honesty of a dynamic signal of motivation." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1841 (October 26, 2016): 20161873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1873.

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Understanding the processes that promote signal reliability may provide important insights into the evolution of diverse signalling strategies among species. The signals that animals use to communicate must comprise mechanisms that prohibit or punish dishonesty, and social costs of dishonesty have been demonstrated for several fixed morphological signals (e.g. colour badges of birds and wasps). The costs maintaining the honesty of dynamic signals, which are more flexible and potentially cheatable, are unknown. Using an experimental manipulation of the dynamic visual signals used by male veiled chameleons ( Chamaeleo calyptratus ) during aggressive interactions, we tested the idea that the honesty of rapid colour change signals is maintained by social costs. Our results reveal that social costs are an important mechanism maintaining the honesty of these dynamic colour signals—‘dishonest’ chameleons whose experimentally manipulated coloration was incongruent with their contest behaviour received more physical aggression than ‘honest’ individuals. This is the first demonstration, to the best our knowledge, that the honesty of a dynamic signal of motivation—physiological colour change—can be maintained by the social costliness of dishonesty. Behavioural responses of signal receivers, irrespective of any specific detection mechanisms, therefore prevent chameleon cheaters from prospering.

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Lee, Kieran J., and David I. Perrett. "Manipulation of Colour and Shape Information and its Consequence upon Recognition and Best-Likeness Judgments." Perception 29, no. 11 (November 2000): 1291–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p2792.

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Andreadis, I., K. Stavroglou, and Ph Tsalides. "Design and VLSI implementation of an ASIC for real-time manipulation of digital colour images." Microprocessors and Microsystems 19, no. 5 (January 1995): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-9331(95)97855-7.

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Zhang, D. H., T. Mei, D. Y. Tang, X. C. Yuan, and T. P. Chen. "New Structures and Materials for Next Generation Photonic Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 120 (October 2011): 556–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.120.556.

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We present the main results achieved in light source, light manipulation and imaging and sensing in our competitive research program. In light source, we have for the first time developed grapheme mode-locked lasers and dark pause lasers as well as nano-crystal Si based light emitting devices with colour tunable. In light manipulation, loss compensation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) using semiconductor gain media was studied theoretically and demonstrated experimentally and the SPP propagation can be controlled through electrical pumping. Microring resonators based on silicon on insulator and III-V semiconductors technologies have been successfully fabricated and they can be used as filter and switch in the photonic circuit. In imaging and sensing, both SPP and metamaterial based lenses are developed and resolution far beyond diffraction limit in visible range has been realized. Broadband photodetectors based on dilute nitrides are also demonstrated.

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Camacho, Carlos, Alberto Sanabria-Fernández, Adrián Baños-Villalba, and Pim Edelaar. "Experimental evidence that matching habitat choice drives local adaptation in a wild population." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1927 (May 20, 2020): 20200721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0721.

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Matching habitat choice is a unique, flexible form of habitat choice based on self-assessment of local performance. This mechanism is thought to play an important role in adaptation and population persistence in variable environments. Nevertheless, the operation of matching habitat choice in natural populations remains to be unequivocally demonstrated. We investigated the association between body colour and substrate use by ground-perching grasshoppers ( Sphingonotus azurescens ) in an urban mosaic of dark and pale pavements, and then performed a colour manipulation experiment to test for matching habitat choice based on camouflage through background matching. Naturally, dark and pale grasshoppers occurred mostly on pavements that provided matching backgrounds. Colour-manipulated individuals recapitulated this pattern, such that black-painted and white-painted grasshoppers recaptured after the treatment aggregated together on the dark asphalt and pale pavement, respectively. Our study demonstrates that grasshoppers adjust their movement patterns to choose the substrate that confers an apparent improvement in camouflage given their individual-specific colour. More generally, our study provides unique experimental evidence of matching habitat choice as a driver of phenotype–environment correlations in natural populations and, furthermore, suggests that performance-based habitat choice might act as a mechanism of adaptation to changing environments, including human-modified (urban) landscapes.

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Cuervo, José J., and Josabel Belliure. "Exploring the function of red colouration in female spiny-footed lizards (Acanthodactylus erythrurus): patterns of seasonal colour change." Amphibia-Reptilia 34, no. 4 (2013): 525–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002912.

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In spiny-footed lizards (Acanthodactylus erythrurus), adult females (but not males) show conspicuous red colouration in the tail and hind legs. To investigate the function of this red colouring and proximal causes of seasonal colour change, we captured adult females before the reproductive season and kept them in captivity in one of the three following situations: with a male and fertilization possible, with a male and fertilization impossible, or with another female (fertilization also impossible). Colour was quantified using spectrophotometry. Red colouration increased shortly before the onset of reproduction, but faded during the breeding season and became whitish (light buff-gray) in all cases. Both fertilized and unfertilized females laid eggs or were gravid after two months of the experiment, but while fertilized females laid mostly fertile eggs, unfertilized females only laid infertile eggs. Both egg formation and colour change might be triggered by abiotic factors, although female characteristics also play a role, since heavier females changed colour and laid eggs earlier. Females interacting freely with a male were darker at the end of the breeding season than females separated from the male, indicating that fertilization or physical contact might also have an effect on colouration. Colour change patterns found in this study suggest that female red colouration might have a mating-related function, but do not support a courtship rejection function for the red colour. However, whitish colouration resulting from red fading might signal gravidity in this species. Future experimental manipulation of female colouration will be needed to test these hypotheses.

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Zhang, Han, Jiangyu Wang, Shuting Tian, Wenhui Hao, and Lingjuan Du. "Two B-Box Proteins, MaBBX20 and MaBBX51, Coordinate Light-Induced Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Grape Hyacinth." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 10 (May 19, 2022): 5678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105678.

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Floral colour is an important agronomic trait that influences the commercial value of ornamental plants. Anthocyanins are a class of flavonoids and confer diverse colours, and elucidating the molecular mechanisms that regulate their pigmentation could facilitate artificial manipulation of flower colour in ornamental plants. Here, we investigated the regulatory mechanism of light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis during flower colouration in grape hyacinth (Muscari spp.). We studied the function of two B-box proteins, MaBBX20 and MaBBX51. The qPCR revealed that MaBBX20 and MaBBX51 were associated with light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis. Both MaBBX20 and MaBBX51 are transcript factors and are specifically localised in the nucleus. Besides, overexpression of MaBBX20 in tobacco slightly increased the anthocyanin content of the petals, but reduced in MaBBX51 overexpression lines. The yeast one-hybrid assays indicated that MaBBX20 and MaBBX51 did not directly bind to the MaMybA or MaDFR promoters, but MaHY5 did. The BiFC assay revealed that MaBBX20 and MaBBX51 physically interact with MaHY5. A dual luciferase assay further confirmed that the MaBBX20–MaHY5 complex can strongly activate the MaMybA and MaDFR transcription in tobacco. Moreover, MaBBX51 hampered MaBBX20–MaHY5 complex formation and repressed MaMybA and MaDFR transcription by physically interacting with MaHY5 and MaBBX20. Overall, the results suggest that MaBBX20 positively regulates light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape hyacinth, whereas MaBBX51 is a negative regulator.

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Forsman and Appelqvist. "Experimental manipulation reveals differential effects of colour pattern on survival in male and female pygmy grasshoppers." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 12, no. 2 (March 1999): 391–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.1999.00041.x.

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Hung, Kuo-Yung, Chih-Chun Pei, Chih-Jen Hu, and Tun-Chun Yang. "Manipulation image processing algorithmic technology to realize 1.8” RGBW transflective TFT-LCDs with adjustable colour gamut." Displays 29, no. 5 (December 2008): 526–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.displa.2008.07.002.

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Merrill, Richard M., Richard W. R. Wallbank, Vanessa Bull, Patricio C. A. Salazar, James Mallet, Martin Stevens, and Chris D. Jiggins. "Disruptive ecological selection on a mating cue." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1749 (October 17, 2012): 4907–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1968.

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Adaptation to divergent ecological niches can result in speciation. Traits subject to disruptive selection that also contribute to non-random mating will facilitate speciation with gene flow. Such ‘magic’ or ‘multiple-effect’ traits may be widespread and important for generating biodiversity, but strong empirical evidence is still lacking. Although there is evidence that putative ecological traits are indeed involved in assortative mating, evidence that these same traits are under divergent selection is considerably weaker. Heliconius butterfly wing patterns are subject to positive frequency-dependent selection by predators, owing to aposematism and Müllerian mimicry, and divergent colour patterns are used by closely related species to recognize potential mates. The amenability of colour patterns to experimental manipulation, independent of other traits, presents an excellent opportunity to test their role during speciation. We conducted field experiments with artificial butterflies, designed to match natural butterflies with respect to avian vision. These were complemented with enclosure trials with live birds and real butterflies. Our experiments showed that hybrid colour-pattern phenotypes are attacked more frequently than parental forms. For the first time, we demonstrate disruptive ecological selection on a trait that also acts as a mating cue.

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Mackay, Marion. "Using principles of landscape design in farm planting." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 10 (January 1, 2003): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.10.2003.2979.

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Farm planting can be improved visually by using principles of landscape design to organise both site layout and planting. Principles of site layout include unity, patterning, and manipulation of mass and space, views, focal points and circulation. Planting design should make best use of the visual characters of plants namely line, form, colour and texture. Individual areas of planting are organised using principles of planting composition, while over the whole site principles of balance and sequential development are used. Planting should make best use of interesting plant species and seasonal effects.

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Rahmi, Eni, Deddy Firman, and Hasna Dziab. "Penanggulangan estetik dengan porcelain laminate veneers pada diskolorasi gigi depan rahang atas Overcoming esthetic with porcelain laminate veneers on discolorisation of anterior maxillary teeth." Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science 12, no. 3 (October 30, 2013): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/jdmfs.v12i3.377.

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In modern dentistry, porcelain laminate veneers have become ultimate option of tooth rehabilitation for improvedesthetics performance. The demand to have better smile and beautiful face pushed patient to visit dentist byrehabilitating functional and esthetic, especially anterior tooth. Characteristics of porcelain measuring up to opticproperties, biocompatibiliy and resistance could give satisfying result on a long term. Transformation, size measure,tooth position and colour can be achieved by minimal preparation of minimum tooth structure. This paper describedcase selection and proper manipulation technique in determining efficacy of treatment with porcelain laminateveneers.

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Chen, Zhe, Chang-Qiu Liu, Hang Sun, and Yang Niu. "The ultraviolet colour component enhances the attractiveness of red flowers of a bee-pollinated plant." Journal of Plant Ecology 13, no. 3 (May 25, 2020): 354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtaa023.

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Abstract Aims Bee-pollinated flowers are rarely red, presumably because bees (which lack red receptors) have difficulty detecting red targets. Although the response of bees to red colour has been investigated in lab experiments, most stimuli have been pure red, while the subtle diversity of red as perceived by humans (human-red) has received very limited attention. Here we test the hypothesis that ultraviolet (UV) reflected from human-red flowers enhances their attractiveness to bees, through increased chromatic contrast. Methods Using Onosma confertum (Boraginaceae), a plant with UV-reflecting red flowers that are pollinated by bumblebees, we investigated the effects of UV reflection on pollinator responses by conducting phenotypic manipulation experiments in the field. Colour preferences of flower-naïve bumblebees were also examined. Colour perception by bumblebees was estimated in terms of chromatic and achromatic contrast, based on two different colour perception models. Important Findings We found that both natural and flower-naïve bumblebees strongly preferred visiting UV-reflecting targets compared with UV-absorbing ones. Colour models show that the UV-reflecting flowers exhibit higher spectral purity and higher chromatic contrast against the foliage background, whereas they have similar achromatic contrast in terms of green receptor contrast. These results indicate that the component of UV reflection increases chromatic contrast in O. confertum, enhancing the visual attractiveness of these red flowers to bumblebees. We further infer that the secondary reflectance might be a necessary component in human-red flowers that are primarily pollinated by animals without red receptors, such as bees.

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Kompier, Maaike E., Karin C. H. J. Smolders, and Yvonne A. W. de Kort. "Abrupt light transitions in illuminance and correlated colour temperature result in different temporal dynamics and interindividual variability for sensation, comfort and alertness." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): e0243259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243259.

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Detailed insights in both visual effects of light and effects beyond vision due to manipulations in illuminance and correlated color temperature (CCT) are needed to optimize study protocols as well as to design light scenarios for practical applications. This study investigated temporal dynamics and interindividual variability in subjective evaluations of sensation, comfort and mood as well as subjective and objective measures of alertness, arousal and thermoregulation following abrupt transitions in illuminance and CCT in a mild cold environment. The results revealed that effects could be uniquely attributed to changes in illuminance or CCT. No interaction effects of illuminance and CCT were found for any of these markers. Responses to the abrupt transitions in illuminance and CCT always occurred immediately and exclusively amongst the subjective measures. Most of these responses diminished over time within the 45-minute light manipulation. In this period, no responses were found for objective measures of vigilance, arousal or thermoregulation. Significant interindividual variability occurred only in the visual comfort evaluation in response to changes in the intensity of the light. The results indicate that the design of dynamic light scenarios aimed to enhance human alertness and vitality requires tailoring to the individual to create visually comfortable environments.

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BENESH, D. P., E. T. VALTONEN, and O. SEPPÄLÄ. "Multidimensionality and intra-individual variation in host manipulation by an acanthocephalan." Parasitology 135, no. 5 (February 25, 2008): 617–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182008004216.

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SUMMARYTrophically-transmitted parasites frequently alter multiple aspects of their host's phenotype. Correlations between modified characteristics may suggest how different traits are mechanistically related, but these potential relationships remain unexplored. We recorded 5 traits from individual isopods infected with an acanthocephalan (Acanthocephalus lucii): hiding, activity, substrate colour preference, body (pereon) coloration, and abdominal (pleon) coloration. Infected isopods hid less and had darker abdominal coloration than uninfected isopods. However, in 3 different experiments measuring hiding behaviour (time-scales of observation: 1 h, 8 h, 8 weeks), these two modified traits were not correlated, suggesting they may arise via independent mechanisms. For the shorter experiments (1 h and 8 h), confidence in this null correlation was undermined by low experimental repeatability, i.e. individuals did not behave similarly in repeated trials of the experiment. However, in the 8-week experiment, hiding behaviour was relatively consistent within individuals, so the null correlation at this scale indicates, less equivocally, that hiding and coloration are unrelated. Furthermore, the difference between the hiding behaviour of infected and uninfected isopods varied over 8 weeks, suggesting that the effect of A. lucii infection on host behaviour changes over time. We emphasize the importance of carefully designed protocols for investigating multidimensionality in host manipulation.

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Hamid, Nursyafikah, Hishammuddin Asmuni, Rohayanti Hassan, and Razib M. Othman. "Low-illuminated SPOT-5 image improvement for density-based vegetation identification using three-layer colour manipulation approach." International Journal of Advanced Intelligence Paradigms 11, no. 1/2 (2018): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijaip.2018.092948.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Colour manipulation'

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