Academic literature on the topic 'Colour complementary contrast'

A stimulus is described that demonstrates the spatial pooling of colour information in the visual system. Chequerboards (or gratings) consisting of alternating squares (or stripes) of complementary colours become achromatic at particular spatial scales; such stimuli have been named ‘transchromatic’ stimuli. Colour pools are much larger than the receptive fields that respond to luminance contrast. Some measurements are described which form the basis for estimates of the size of the colour pools. The size of colour pools varies according to the colours involved. For red—cyan and green—magenta complementary pairs colour is pooled at spatial frequencies above about 7–8 cycles deg−1, implying pools whose diameter is around 8 min arc. For yellow—blue complementary pairs the corresponding figures are about 4 cycles deg−1 and 15 min arc. Some phenomena of normal colour vision, colour blindness, and the development of infant vision are discussed in the light of these findings.

On the eve of World War I, Guillaume Apollinaire announced the birth of ‘pure painting’. Scholars have typically understood this as an early version of mid-century theories of abstract art; however, that interpretation ignores the poet’s close association with Robert and Sonia Delaunay. Those artists were deeply influenced by M. E. Chevreul, a nineteenth-century colour theorist who showed that complementary hues appear more pure when seen simultaneously. Most often discussed in relation to the phenomenological changes that occur when red and green are viewed side-by-side, simultaneous contrast suggests an alternative view of purity. For the Delaunays, pure painting was not a retreat from the world, but a way of making its dichotomies and conflicts more visible.

Simultaneous colour contrast as well as colour constancy have been shown quantitatively for the goldfish. In behavioural experiments we investigated colour constancy in goldfish for green and purple colours. Two fish were trained with food rewards to select one of ten test-fields in hues ranging, in small steps of saturation, from deep green, through grey, to deep purple. In the training situation the whole disk was illuminated by white light, whereas in the test situation it was changed to green and purple light, respectively. The role of surround reflectance was investigated by presenting the test fields either on a black or on a white surround. With a black surround (low reflectance) in purple illumination the fish chose test fields that were more green than the training field indicating imperfect colour constancy. With a white surround (high reflectance), however, the fish chose testfields that were more purple. This ‘overcompensation’ indicates that a white surround induces a hue complementary to that of the illumination. A similar phenomenon is known as the Helson — Judd effect in human colour vision. For green illumination the phenomenon was similar. The effect could be decreased by reducing the white surround to small white annuli around the test fields. A decrease was also achieved by separating the white surround from the test fields by black annuli. Perfect colour constancy could thus be obtained with a certain size of a white surround as well as with a certain size of separation. We therefore assume that lateral interactions play an important role in colour constancy.

In many countries, the consumption of still wine is in strong decline. The market for rose wine, however, stands in stark contrast to this trend, seeing worldwide growth of almost 30% over the last 15 years. For most observers/experts, product colour plays an important role in this paradigm shift. For this reason, companies’ marketing efforts often focus on this purely visual characteristic. There is, however, no certainty that other emerging consumer demands, related to environmental concerns or how “natural” a wine is (organic wines, natural wines, etc.), do not also play a role in the enthusiasm seen in new wine consumers. This article proposes an assessment of expectations related to colour and the decisions made by rose wine consumers, using two complementary experiments carried out in France. The first experiment is based on an online survey studying only consumers’ colour preferences. We will show that, contrary to popular belief, there is no consensus on this criterion, although regional trends can be identified. Typically, the “salmon” shade, which is generally the leader on the global market—and characteristic of Provence wines—does not win unanimous support across all regions. In contrast, an “apricot” shade seems to be preferred by consumers in the Bordeaux region. The second experiment confirms this result within the framework of an experimental market revealing consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP). This market also offers consumers the opportunity to taste wines and provides information on organic certification and “naturalness” (symbolised by the absence of added sulphites). We will then demonstrate how the latter criteria, although often popular, play only a small role—compared with colour—in consumer decisions. We will conclude this article with observations on the atypical nature of the rose wine market and on possible avenues for further research related to the emotional role colour plays in wine tasting and its possible specificity in the world of food and drink products.

Purpose. Evaluate optimized fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging in early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and relate findings with conventional colour fundus imaging and visual function in diabetic patients and control subjects.Materials and Methods. FAF and colour images were obtained using the CR-2 Plus digital nonmydriatic retinal camera in seven diabetic patients and thirteen control subjects. Visual-Functioning Questionnaire-25 (VFQ-25) and Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) were used to assess the quality of life and diabetes self-care. Contrast sensitivity function (CSF) was evaluated with the Vistech 6500 chart.Results. FAF and optimized-FAF imaging showed more retinal alterations related to DR than colour imaging. In diabetic patients, compatible signs with microaneurysms, capillary dilations, and haemorrhages were less numerous in colour imaging than optimized-FAF and FAF imaging in areas analysed. Control subjects at risk of developing DM showed more retinal pigment epithelium defects than those without risk in all retinal areas. Significant differences were not found in VFQ-25 and CSF between diabetic patients and control subjects.Conclusions. FAF and optimized-FAF imaging showed significant alterations related to DR not observed in colour imaging. FAF and optimized-FAF images could be a useful complementary tool for detecting early alterations associated with the development and progression of DR.

Identification of genes that control variation in adaptive characters is a prerequisite for understanding the processes that drive sexual and natural selection. Male coloration and female colour perception play important roles in mate choice of the guppy, a model organism for studies of natural and sexual selection. We examined a potential source for the known variation in colour perception, by analysing genomic and complementary DNA sequences of genes that code for visual pigment proteins. We find high sequence variability, both within and between populations, and expanded copy number for long-wave sensitive (LWS) opsin genes. Alleles with non-synonymous changes that suggest dissimilar spectral tuning properties occur in the same population and even in the same individual, and the high frequency of non-synonymous substitutions argues for diversifying selection acting on these proteins. Therefore, variability in tuning amino acids is partitioned within individuals and populations of the guppy, in contrast to variability for LWS at higher taxonomic levels in cichlids, a second model system for differentiation owing to sexual selection. Since opsin variability parallels the extreme male colour polymorphism within guppy populations, we suggest that mate choice has been a major factor driving the coevolution of opsins and male ornaments in this species.

Malnutrition is still a major problem in Indonesia, particularly stunting and acute malnutrition due to protein deficiency. In contrast, Indonesia is rich in protein sources such as fish but they are poorly utilized. Biologically processed fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) has proven to be highly nutritious and digestible. Our preliminary study in developing the High Protein Complementary Food (HPCF) formula for infant enriched with FPH, showed that of 17 formulas, 3 formulas was the best. This study was aimed to analyzing sensory analysis using the hedonic test, physical analysis and absorption protein. The result shows that the hedonic test of FPH-enriched HPCF infant food revealed that the product was acceptable in term of colour, aroma and texture. In comparison to the commercial product, FPH-enriched instant HPCF infant product had higher bulk density. The highest Water Absorption Index (WAI) was F1-C, the highest Water Solubility Index (WSI) was F1-P, and the lowest rehydration was F2-P. Compared to commercial products, the instant FPH-enriched HPCF baby porridge has a bulk density that is greater than that of commercial products. The highest Water Absorption Index (WAI) was F1-C, the highest Water Solubility Index (WSI) was F1-P and the lowest time for Rehydration was at F2-P. HPCF enriched with FPH showed the best protein absorption significantly in the P2 treatment group

Neural crest-derived melanoblasts are the progenitors of melanocytes, the pigment cells of the skin, hair and choroid. Previous studies of adult chimaeric mice carrying different coat colour markers have suggested that the total melanocyte population is derived from a small number of melanoblast progenitors, each of which generates a discrete unilateral transverse band of colour. This work also suggested minimal mixing of cells between clones. We have used two complementary approaches to assess the behaviour of migrating clones of melanoblasts directly in the developing embryo. First, we made aggregation chimaeras between transgenic Dct-lacZ and non-transgenic embryos, in which lacZ is a marker for melanoblasts. Second, we generated transgenic mice carrying a modified lacZ reporter construct containing a 289 base pair duplication (laacZ) under the control of the Dct promoter. The laacZ transgene is normally inactive, but reverts to wild-type lacZ at low frequency, labelling a cell and all of its progeny at random. Mosaic embryos containing labelled melanoblast clones were generated. In contrast to previous data, chimaeric and mosaic embryonic melanoblast patterns suggest that: (1) there is a large number of melanoblast progenitors; (2) there is a pool of melanoblasts in the cervical region; (3) different cell dispersion mechanisms may operate in the head and trunk regions; and (4) there is extensive axial mixing between clones.

Criminal investigations require establishment of the identities of suspects, victims and witnesses. The most common physical evidence that accomplishes this is a fingermark: it is unique to an individual and time-invariant. Its presence can establish contact between an individual and an object or place the individual at a crime scene. In practice, most such marks are latent (non-visible) fingermarks: these require chemical or physical treatment to render a visible image. Typical chemical treatments involve interaction of a reagent (powder, cyanoacrylate, dye) with the fingerprint residue. Deterioration or loss of residue due to environmental exposure limits the efficacy of these treatments. The success rate for developing a latent mark to a standard permitting a legally acceptable identification is only ca. 10%; this motivates new chemical approaches. In a complementary strategy, we have used the fingerprint residue as a template (“mask”) to direct electrochemically generated reagent to the bare surface between the deposited ridges, thereby creating a negative image of the fingerprint. On metallic substrates the deposition and viewing processes may be controlled electrochemically. This offers the promise of application to a range of objects forensically relevant to both violent crime (knives, guns, bullet casings) and volume crime (tools, handles at points of entry and metal theft). This templating concept was originally demonstrated using electrodeposited polyaniline [1] and PEDOT [2] films, whose electrochromic properties were used to optimize the visual contrast within the fingerprint image. We subsequently extended this concept through the use of electrodeposited poly(pyrrole-co-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) copolymers of varying composition to provide wider and more subtle variation of optical properties (simplistically, colour) [3]. Through deliberate selection of co-monomer feedstock, polymer deposition potential and subsequent “viewing” potential, one could then pre-select bespoke material characteristics optimized to a specific substrate. Here we further extend the concept by the inclusion of the dyes Methyl Red (MR), Methyl Orange (MO), Indigo Carmine (IC) or Basic Yellow 40 (BY) into electrodeposited polypyrrole (PPy) films by a combination of electrostatic and/or physical entrapment. The substrates were stainless steel electrodes, upon which a latent fingerprint had been deposited. The deposition medium was an aqueous pyrrole (0.05 mol L-1) / dye (0.005 mol L-1) solution. In the case of MR, sodium dodecylsulphate (0.005 mol L-1) was employed to improve dye solubility. We compare the effectiveness of potentiostatic (0.90 – 1.00 V vs. Ag/AgCl) and galvanostatic (2.5 – 5.0 mA cm-2) deposition control functions. The extent of polymer deposition was varied via deposition time (60 to 300 s) and coulometrically assayed. Dye encapsulation was qualitatively apparent as the polypyrrole films presented the colour of the dye used as dopant: PPy/MR and PPy/MO films were reddish-brown, and PPy/IC was blue. Complementary to these colours seen via absorbance, the emission properties of BY (widely used in conjunction with cyanoacrylate) are also apparent via fluorescence when irradiated with UV light. We will present and interpret images demonstrating how these all these composite electroactive materials yield excellent colour contrast between the surface and the fingerprint. Specifically, one can readily identify the so-called second level features that, in conjunction with dactyloscopy images, unambiguously identify individuals or establish connections between crime scenes. The advantages of this approach, alone and in combination with conventional visualization techniques, will be discussed.

A 45-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus presented with multiple arthralgia, coldness in fingers and toes, and Raynaud's phenomenon. Electroacupuncture (EA) therapy was performed in two courses (14 treatment sessions) 1 month apart. A needle was inserted in the proximal (or medial) side of the painful joint and another needle was inserted in the distal (or lateral) side of the same joint and a 50 Hz stimulus was applied (3 s bursts with 1 s gaps) for 15 min. A visual analogue scale was used to evaluate pain intensity. Cold provocation testing was conducted before and after EA sessions to determine the vasomotor response. Visual analogue scale scores were lower after EA sessions than before. Before starting EA, the skin temperature of the right mid fingertip was 27.9°C and that of the left mid fingertip was 28.3°C. In contrast, after the EA sessions, the skin temperature of the right mid fingertip was 34.8°C and that of the left mid fingertip was 34.7°C. In the last EA session, the patient reported that the cold in her fingers and toes had eased and Raynaud's phenomenon, in which nail colour tone changed from white to red, had disappeared. In the cold-provocation test, before EA, the temperature recovery rates of mid fingertips after cold exposure reached over 80% in 20 min. In contrast, after EA had been completed, the temperature recovery rate exceeded 80% in 10 min, thus the delay of temperature recovery was alleviated.

Marketers and package designers have been wondering how to combine colours in order to create positive aesthetics feelings towards a product. The main purpose of this paper is to study the impact of colour contrast in packaging on consumer behaviour, for both complementary and analogous colours, in two different product categories: cookies and milk. To examine this relationship, the following measures were applied: purchase intent, product attractiveness, healthfulness and calories perception. Two experimental studies collected via an online questionnaire show that packaging with contrast of analogous colours is perceived as more likely to be purchased and as more attractive, healthier and less caloric than packaging with complementary colours. We identify that there are differences across specific colour conditions, which highlights the need for exploration of colour interactions. Finally, this paper provides theoretical and marketing implications not only for package designers, but also for marketers in food industry.

Jackson claims that a person who sees colors for the first time by this very fact acquires a certain knowledge which she or he could not have learned in a black and white world. This argument can be generalized to other secondary qualities. I argue that this claim is indefensible without implicit recourse to the first-person experience; also Nagel’s "what it is like" argument is polemically weak. Hence, we have no argument able to dismiss physicalism by consideration of first-person qualia (contra Jackson); however, it does not force us to endorse qualia-reductionism. In the second part of my paper I defend non-reductionism in a different way. Following Nagel and Harman, I try to avoid criticisms usually presented against Nagel, seeing subjectivity and objectivity as two complementary structures of the subjective and objective element of our language. I refer to classical German philosophy, phenomenology and Marxist dialectics which have developed a complementary approach crucial in the reductionist/anti-reductionist controversy in the philosophy of mind.

Multiple paradoxical visual percepts are explained using boundary completion and surface filling-in properties, including discounting the illuminant; brightness constancy, contrast, and assimilation; the Craik-O’Brien-Cornsweet Effect; and Glass patterns. Boundaries act as both generators and barriers to filling-in using specific cooperative and competitive interactions. Oriented local contrast detectors, like cortical simple cells, create uncertainties that are resolved using networks of simple, complex, and hypercomplex cells, leading to unexpected insights such as why Roman typeface letter fonts use serifs. Further uncertainties are resolved by interactions with bipole grouping cells. These simple-complex-hypercomplex-bipole networks form a double filter and grouping network that provides unified explanations of texture segregation, hyperacuity, and illusory contour strength. Discounting the illuminant suppresses illumination contaminants so that feature contours can hierarchically induce surface filling-in. These three hierarchical resolutions of uncertainty explain neon color spreading. Why groupings do not penetrate occluding objects is explained, as are percepts of DaVinci stereopsis, the Koffka-Benussi and Kanizsa-Minguzzi rings, and pictures of graffiti artists and Mooney faces. The property of analog coherence is achieved by laminar neocortical circuits. Variations of a shared canonical laminar circuit have explained data about vision, speech, and cognition. The FACADE theory of 3D vision and figure-ground separation explains much more data than a Bayesian model can. The same cortical process that assures consistency of boundary and surface percepts, despite their complementary laws, also explains how figure-ground separation is triggered. It is also explained how cortical areas V2 and V4 regulate seeing and recognition without forcing all occluders to look transparent.

Resumen: Realizamos un nuevo estudio de las combinaciones de colores seleccionados por Le Corbusier en los ‘claviers’ para la empresa de papeles pintados Salubra en 1931, mediante su análisis en el espacio de color Natural Color System NCS, que permite comprender las variables perceptivas de los colores (tono, negrura y cromaticidad) y sus criterios de armonía. En este artículo discutimos las gamas tonales seleccionadas y aquellas que están ausentes., e intentamos desentrañar el orden subyacente en las combinaciones de colores mediante el estudio de las similitudes y contrastes de sus tonalidades en NCS. De manera gráfica, se demuestran algunos principios de armonía como el recurso habitual de contrastar tonos fríos con cálidos, algo que difiere ligeramente del tradicional contraste de complementariedad. El trabajo completo ha sido publicado en Color Research and Application © Wiley Periodicals. Color combination criteria in Le Corbusier's Purist architecture based on Salubra claviers from 1931. DOI: 10.1002/col.21940. Abstract: We have carried out a new study of the color combinations selected by Le Corbusier in the ‘claviers’ for the Salubra wallpaper company in 1931, by analyzing them in the Natural Color System NCS, which allows us to understand the perceptive variables of colors (hue, blackness and chromaticness) as well as their combination criteria. In this paper, the selected hue ranges are discussed, and those absent ones. We aim to find out the underlying order in the color combinations by studying the similarities and contrasts of their hues in NCS. We demonstrate graphically some principles in Le Corbusier’s color preferences, such as the usual resource of contrasting cool with warm colors, something slightly different to the traditional contrast of complementary colors. The complete work has been published in Color Research and Application © Wiley Periodicals. Color combination criteria in Le Corbusier's Purist architecture based on Salubra claviers from 1931. DOI: 10.1002/col.21940. Palabras clave: color, armonía; Le Corbusier; Salubra; arquitectura; Natural Color System. Keywords: color; harmony; Le Corbusier; Salubra; architecture; Natural Color System. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.570

Global e-commerce emergence renovates retail marketing regional limitation. It accelerated competition turning white-hot. Epidemic enhance e-commerce output value substantially. Strong developments of related needs such as sales courses and store visual design reveals. Regardless of the size of the brand, they have invested resources in the field of e-commerce. Now it’s a main generation of e-shopping. Shopee from Singapore settles into Taiwan market and occupies an important place. E-commerce develops rapidly and fiercely adapting the market. In the competition, Product price, visual design, quality and service are all important determining factors of brand loyalty from buyers. In the area of visual communication design, designer assemble and arrange texts and pictures according brand style from store owner requirement and then promote to different selling platform. Visual design refers to the design of the correct information to communicate with aesthetics. E-commerce product pages as a medium present product to consumers. It’s very important how to stand out from many similar product pages to attract more buyers. The era of e-commerce, the demand of aesthetics raises continuously. Designers take the contradicting responsibility between commercial functionality and aesthetics.Online shopping has become a trend. Consumers of all ages in Taiwan have experience shopping online. This article mainly discusses the product image design of Shopee shopping. The research subjects are consumers who have used online shopping through questionnaire. The research analyzed the newly designed product images with statistical data and observed whether to increase buyers' attention and arouse positive emotions. Since this study, there are 60 snowball-type collection recipients, of which 66.7% are female and 33.3% are male. It’s probably 18-20 years old, including 65% college students, 30% high school students. There are 91.7% of the subjects have used Shopee online shopping platform, and the rest are Pchome and Momo. The frequency of online shopping is about 1-3 times a month. The questionnaire processed as follows. First show buyers the store page that has been placed in the new design of this study. There are 10 products of the same brand on this page. The stimuli design strategy for this study is as follows. Because the product is skII, there is a lot of red on the image. Therefore, the design uses the complementary color green as the background color attempting to attract the attention of consumers. Green has the image of nature and youth.SK-ll lotion extracts are definitely natural products. It expresses pure and natural ingredients by green. It hopes users could keep youth and beauty forever.Research results shown, 27 out of 60 subjects were immediately attracted by the new design. Following are the results found in this study. Because the background color occupies most of the area of the image, the "outstanding background color" is chose as the design strategy, such as different as present products, contrast color or complementary colors. It can catch the buyer's attention at the first time.