Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Colors Australia'

We propose a novel approach to investigate and implement unsupervised segmentation of color images particularly natural color images. The aim is to devise a robust unsu- pervised segmentation approach that can segment a color textured image accurately. Here, the color and texture information of each individual pixel along with the pixel's spatial relationship within its neighborhood have been considered for producing precise segmentation of color images. Precise segmentation of images has tremendous potential in various application domains like bioinformatics, forensics, security and surveillance, the mining and material industry and medical imaging where subtle information related to color and texture is required to analyze an image accurately. We intend to implement a robust unsupervised segmentation approach for color im- ages using a newly developed multidimensional spatially variant ¯nite mixture model (MSVFMM) using a Markov Random Fields (MRF) model for improving the over- all accuracy in segmentation and Haar wavelet transform for increasing the texture sensitivity of the proposed approach. [...]
Master of Computing

We propose a novel approach to investigate and implement unsupervised segmentation of color images particularly natural color images. The aim is to devise a robust unsu- pervised segmentation approach that can segment a color textured image accurately. Here, the color and texture information of each individual pixel along with the pixel's spatial relationship within its neighborhood have been considered for producing precise segmentation of color images. Precise segmentation of images has tremendous potential in various application domains like bioinformatics, forensics, security and surveillance, the mining and material industry and medical imaging where subtle information related to color and texture is required to analyze an image accurately. We intend to implement a robust unsupervised segmentation approach for color im- ages using a newly developed multidimensional spatially variant ¯nite mixture model (MSVFMM) using a Markov Random Fields (MRF) model for improving the over- all accuracy in segmentation and Haar wavelet transform for increasing the texture sensitivity of the proposed approach. [...]
Master of Computing

The internationalisation of universities has attracted significant political and even media attention, as well as internal focus. Concurrently, global discourses evolving around the notion of borders, terrorism, security and identity have taken on a renewed significance. Today, the articulation of identities has significant and even dire consequences for many people living in different parts of the world. In Australia, too, the matter of what it means to be ethnic, indigenous, non-indigenous or mixed-race is highly contested, controversial and for some groups of people, in particular contexts, even dangerous. In Australian higher education, the term international is commonly used to refer to the other - citizens of other countries (including those who visit our educational institutions). They are seen as the global citizens and we are not. Cultural diversity is widely celebrated and legislated through the Commonwealth Government?s Living in Harmony policy. Yet there is a dearth of knowledge and/or discussion around members of staff who are different in our own universities. This raises questions about how we come to differentiate between us and them in an Australian socio-historical context, understanding how race and ethnic difference is made salient in identification, and the knowledge production process. This is a small-scale, in-depth qualitative study, which addresses a significant gap in the literature on higher education by focusing on the experiences of four women educators of colour, each of whom has brought with her a complex collage of diasporic experiences, histories, identities and ways of knowing. By employing a multi-race/ethnic dialogic methodology and a research conversation method, the study presents the women?s experiences in narrative form, integrating the autoethnographic writing of the researcher with the women?s stories about difference. The inquiry provides new insights into what race and ethnic identity mean to the women in an everyday, professional and ethical practice context. The women?s stories are not of the traditional career or romantic multicultural kind, but reach into the realms of the personal, political, philosophical and spiritual dimensions of human experience. As they traverse the political terrain of the Academy, the women have looked within and outside the university, navigating multiple identities to make sense of their work. By documenting four women?s experiences that have never been documented before, this small-scale study provides basic research for others to build on. This research affirms the salience of race and ethnicity in the university and the new higher education knowledge creation ethos. The study reveals there is little current evidence that Australian universities are capitalising on and applying opportunities provided by research on race, ethnicity and difference to higher education debate and reform. The women?s stories reveal that the issue of under-representation of women of colour is not unique to the university, but is reflective of the powerful and constitutive impact of discourses of race and difference in Australian society. By highlighting the issues of who has the power and authority in the university to determine what counts as a valid identity and how identity and knowledge boundaries are policed within the Australian university, this research raises questions about the wider implications of epistemological racism embedded in university practices in relation to governance, curriculum, policy, teaching and learning. Through its development and exploration of a multiple race and ethnic dialogic methodology, and the use of research conversations as a method, the study sheds new light on the complexities of Australian race politics in knowledge production and on women?s differentiated experiences in higher education.

The nesting demographics of sea turtles using beaches within the Barrow, Lowendal, Montebello (B-L-M) island complex on the North West Shelf of Western Australia were examined in the context of their spatial and temporal distribution and potential for exposure to industrially based artificial light sources. The distribution of overnight turtle tracks throughout the island complex confirmed high density nesting of Chelonia mydas (green turtles) on deep, sandy and high energy beaches and Natator depressus (flatback turtles) on deep, sandy and low energy beaches, while Eretmochelys imbricata (hawksbill turtle) tracks were most visible on shallow, sandy beaches adjacent to near shore coral reef habitat. The three species exhibited a summer nesting peak. Hawksbill turtles commenced nesting in September and continued through to January, green turtles commenced in November and decreased in March. Flatback turtles displayed the most constrained nesting season reported to date in Australia with 86% of the animals visits recorded in December and January only. Nesting population sizes estimated for the three species suggest that on a national scale the B-L-M complex is a moderately large green turtle and a large flatback rookery site. The hawksbill rookery is large on an international scale. While none of the green turtle nesting beaches fell within a 1.5 km radius of industrially based artificial light sources an estimated 42% of nesting flatback turtles and 12% of nesting hawksbill turtles were potentially exposed to these light sources. Testing of green turtle and hawksbill hatchling response to different wavelengths of light indicate that hatchlings from the B-L-M region respond to low wavelength much like hatchlings tested in North America (Witherington 1992a). Flatback hatchlings displayed a similar preference for low wavelength light however their responses to discrete light wavelengths between 400 nm and 700 nm suggest that this species may not discriminate well between wavelengths that lie between 450 nm and 550 nm. This response may be related to the rapid attenuation of visible light that occurs in the turbid near shore habitats favoured by this species. Field based arena studies carried out to investigate hatchling behaviour on nesting beaches with light types commonly used in industrial settings found green turtle and flatback hatchlings are significantly attracted to these lights compared to controls. Lights that emit strongly in the low wavelength range (i.e. metal halide and fluorescent) caused hatchling misorientation at lower intensities than the test light that emitted relatively poorly in this range (high pressure sodium vapour). Hawksbill hatchlings tested in situ under the influence of actual oil and gas onshore and offshore facility based lighting were disrupted from the most direct line to the ocean by these light emissions. Emergence fan mapping methods that measure hatchling orientation on nesting beaches were refined and are proposed as an alternative monitoring tool for use on beaches that are logistically difficult to access for large scale experimental orientation studies. The hatchling behaviour was clearly complicated by beach topography and moon phase. Satellite tracking of post nesting female green and hawksbill turtles from North West Shelf rookeries has identified the Western Australian location of migratory corridors and foraging grounds for these species while Scott Reef turtles migrate from their south Timor Sea rookery to Northern Territory waters. Green turtle nesting on Barrow Island and Sandy Island (Scott Reef) forage at feeding grounds 200 – 1000 km from their nesting beaches. Hawksbill turtles nesting at Varanus Island and Rosemary Islands forage at locations 50 – 450 km from their nesting beaches. While all of the nesting beaches within the B-L-M island complex are protected under the Barrow-Montebello Marine Conservation Reserves, the only foraging ground similarly protected is the Northern Territory foraging ground used by Scott Reef green turtles. None of the foraging grounds used by North West Shelf green or hawksbill turtles is currently protected by conservation reserves.

Memoria para optar al título de Ingeniero en Alimentos
La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo estudiar las propiedades funcionales y el color de reineta (Brama australis) durante diez días de almacenamiento refrigerado a 4°C y siete meses de almacenamiento congelado a -18°C y -30°C, mediante la determinación de capacidad emulsionante (CE), textura, “dripping” y color. Los resultados obtenidos en el estudio de capacidad emulsionante (CE), determinan que la reineta fue capaz de emulsionar 1.015,9 ± 58,2 g aceite/g proteína. Durante el período de estudio se produjo un aumento de esta propiedad con registros finales de 1.042,9 ± 37,2 g aceite/g proteína en almacenamiento refrigerado a 4°C, 1.226,7 ± 26,4 g aceite/g proteína a -18°C y 1.243,6 ± 60,4 g aceite/g proteína a -30°C. Los resultados de textura indicaron que al estado fresco, la reineta presentó una resistencia a la compresión de 10,9 ± 1,7 N, valor promedio que aumenta a medida que trascurrió el tiempo, registrando finalmente 15,9 ± 3,9 N en almacenamiento refrigerado. Asimismo, en almacenamiento congelado se obtuvieron valores promedio finales de 20,4 ± 3,5 N a -18°C y 16,7 ± 5,5 N a -30°C. Por su parte, el módulo de elasticidad (ME) muestra igual tendencia hacia el aumento, con valores finales de 8,5 ± 2,1 N/cm2 a 4°C, 10,8 ± 1,9 N/cm2 a -18°C y 8,9 ± 2,9 N/cm2 a -30°C. Estas tendencias evidencian la mayor dureza que registró la especie en condiciones de almacenamiento. En cuanto a la determinación del exudado de la especie, se apreció una menor pérdida por exudado en almacenamiento a -30°C. Sin embargo los porcentajes de pérdida detectados son muy parecidos, los cuales finalmente arrojaron perdidas de 12% (11,8 ± 5,4 g) a -18°C y 10% (9,8 ± 1,6) a -30°C. Los resultados de color disminuyeron en sus cuatro parámetros durante el estudio, lo cual significa un oscurecimiento del músculo de reineta y pérdida de tonalidades rosadas y amarillos leves. De esta forma en almacenamiento refrigerado, L registró al estado fresco 64,1 ± 4,5, variando finalmente hasta 57,0 ± 5,9 a 4°C, 57,7 ± 4,0 a -18°C y 59,1 ± 3,8 a -30°C. Asimismo el parámetro “a” disminuyó su valor promedio de 3,3 ± 1,5 al estado fresco hasta 2,4 ± 1,3 a 4°C, 1,9 ± 0,6 a -18°C y 2,1 ± 0,4 a -30°C. Por otra parte, el parámetro “b” varió desde 13,7 ± 0,4 en estado fresco hasta 13,5 ± 0,5 a 4°C, 14,2 ± 0,7 a -18°C y 14,3 ± 0,1 a -30°C. Finalmente como consecuencia de la sumatoria de disminuciones, W varió desde 61,4 ± 4,3 hasta 54,8 ± 5,5 a 4°C, 55,3 ± 3,6 a -18°C y 56,6 ± 3,6 a -30°C. Se puede concluir que la reineta tiene muy buena capacidad de emulsionar, la cual aumenta durante el almacenamiento tanto refrigerado como congelado, pero aún mantiene esta propiedad, por otra parte se observó que las texturas se vieron deterioradas por el almacenamiento al igual que el color

Au cours de l’élaboration des peintures rupestres, divers matériaux colorants peuvent être mobilisés et produire des vestiges archéologiques liés aux différentes étapes de la préparation de la matière picturale. À Nawarla Gabarnmang, site majeur d’art rupestre Jawoyn (Terre d’Arnhem, Territoire du Nord – Australie), les fouilles archéologiques ont mis au jour un grand nombre de ce type de vestiges. La séquence archéologique, obtenue par datation au 14C, a révélé la présence de dépôts culturels parmi les plus anciens connus en Australie, avec une occupation du site qui s’étend de ≥48 000 ans cal BP jusqu’au début du XXème siècle. Plafonds et piliers du site présentent plusieurs générations de peintures ; les plafonds du site contiennent à eux seuls près de 1400 entités graphiques. La place de cet art interroge : est-il l’expression des premiers Hommes arrivés sur le continent australien il y a près de 50 000 ans ou le témoin d’occupations plus récentes ? Caractérisé par la superposition de plusieurs générations de peintures qu’on ne peut dater de manière « directe » en raison de la nature minéralogique des composants des peintures, la définition de leur chronologie constitue un fort enjeu de recherche. Menés d’emblée dans une approche intégrée, les premiers travaux ont permis d’étudier la chronologie et la nature des occupations, via les fouilles archéologiques, d’identifier les aménagements réalisés au cours des différentes phases d’occupation et de mettre en avant la richesse et la diversité de son répertoire artistique de même que l’abondance et la variété des vestiges associés à l’art rupestre. Afin d’appréhender au mieux la temporalité et les usages du site de Nawarla Gabarnmang depuis les premières occupations préhistoriques jusqu’aux fréquentations subactuelles, l’analyse des matières colorantes et colorées, retrouvées dans les carrés de fouille réalisés sous les panneaux peints des plafonds ou à l’aplomb des piliers décorés, permet de reconstituer les étapes de la chaîne opératoire ayant produit les matières picturales : de la source d’approvisionnement en matières premières, aux modes de transformation et de préparation (broyage, mélange avec charges et/ou liants, traitement thermique) jusqu’à leur application. La stratégie méthodologique mise en place couvre un large panel de techniques de caractérisation physico-chimique pour répondre aux problématiques soulevées par les différents vestiges associés à l’art rupestre. De l’observation macroscopique aux micro-analyses non invasives couplées à des analyses structurales, en passant par des techniques basées sur le rayonnement synchrotron, l’étude menée sur les matières colorantes et colorées a permis de révéler une diversité et une complexité de phases minérales utilisées dans l’art rupestre de Nawarla Gabarnmang. Croisée avec les données archéologiques, anthropo-géomorphologiques et pariétales, elle permet de proposer un cadre chronologique des différentes générations de peintures en lien avec les phases d’occupation qui ont marqué l’histoire du site. L’analyse des matières colorantes et colorées réalisée au cours de cette thèse constitue un vecteur de connaissances importantes et livre des informations complémentaires aux approches archéologique, géomorphologique et pariétale menées sur le site de Nawarla Gabarnmang. Les informations apportées par l’étude de ces matières permettent de renseigner tant sur les évolutions techniques et comportementales que sur l’implication culturelle de ce site, aussi bien dans ses dimensions spatiales que temporelles
In the making of rock art, raw colouring material is used, thus providing many artifacts related to different steps of elaboration of pictorial matter. In the case of the important rock art site of Nawarla Gabarnmang in the Jawoyn country (Arnhem Land, North Territory – Australia), excavations have revealed a large number of such artifacts. The archaeological sequence from the floor deposits, radiocarbon-dated from ≥48,000 cal BP to the early twentieth century, has revealed some of the oldest known cultural deposits in Australia. The ceilings of the site contain well over 1400 still-visible paintings in multiple, superimposed layers. Countless additional paintings cover many of the rock pillars’ walls. This art raises questions: is it an expression of the first humans arrived on the Australian continent 50,000 years ago, or the evidence of recent occupation periods? Characterized by a succession of overlaid motifs, which cannot be “directly” dated because of the mineralogical nature of the rock paintings’ components, the determination of the age of the rock paintings represents a major issue. Through an integrated approach to the matter, the first results of the archaeological excavations enabled to study the chronology and the nature of activities, to identify the origins and transformations of the sheltered space through time, to highlight the richness and the diversity of its artistic work, as well as the abundance and the variety of the artifacts. To get a better insight into the temporality and the uses of Nawarla Gabarnmang since the first prehistoric activities until the recent periods, the analysis of the colouring and coloured matters, found in trial excavations under the painted panels on the ceilings or at the bottom of decorated pillars, allow us to rebuild the steps of the “chaîne opératoire” leading to the production of pictorial matter: from the sources of raw materials, the methods of transformation and preparation (grinding, mixing with mineral extenders and/or organic binders, heat treatment), to the application on the rock. To answer the questions raised by different artifacts, the methodological strategy includes a large range of microscopic and spectroscopic approaches. Subjected to macroscopic observations and non-invasive micro-analytical techniques along with structural techniques, as well as techniques using synchrotron radiation, the analysis of the colouring and coloured matters has revealed the variety and the complexity of mineral compounds used in the rock art of Nawarla Gabarnmang. Then, cross-referenced with archaeological, archaeomorphological and rock art studies, the physico-chemical characterization allows to suggest a chronological framework for the different superimposed layers linked to the periods of activities that marked the history of the site. The analysis of colouring and coloured matters undertaken by this thesis represents an important source of knowledge and delivers further informations to the geomorphological, archaeological and rock art studies carried out at the Nawarla Gabarnmang. The results provided by the study of these materials bring information as well on technical and behavioral evolutions, as on the cultural involvement of this site, not only in its spatial but also in its temporal dimensions

This study explores the early history of Sydney's Rocks area at two levels. First, it provides a much-needed history of the city's earliest, oldest-surviving and best-known precinct, one which allows an investigation of popular beliefs about the Rocks' convict origins, and which challenges and qualifies its reputation for lowlife, vice and squalor. Second, by examining fundamental aspects of everyday life - townscape, community and commonality, family life and work, human interaction and rites of passage - this study throws new light on the origins of Sydney from the perspective of the convict and ex-convict majority. Despite longstanding historical interest in Sydney's beginnings, the cultural identity, values, habits, beliefs of the convicts and ex-convicts remained largely hidden. The examination of such aspects reveals another Sydney altogether from that presented by governors, artists and mapmakers. Instead of an orderly oupost of empire, a gaol-town, or a 'gulag', the Sydney the Rocks represents was built and occupied largely according to the tastes, priorities and inclination of the people, with relatively little official regulation or interference. While the Rocks appeared 'disorderly' in the eyes of the elite, it nevertheless functioned according to cultural rules, those of the lower orders - the artisans, shopkeepers, publicans, labouring people, the majority of whom were convicts and ex-convicts.

In under a century, melioidosis, the infection due to Burkholderia pseudomallei, has emerged from Whitmore’s series of glanders-like infections amongst the morphia addicts in Burma to a major cause of mortality in northeastern Thailand and northern Australia. Also endemic in other parts of south-east Asia, melioidosis may have varied presentations ranging from severe, overwhelming infection to chronic, low grade disease. Observational evidence had suggested that granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), a naturally occurring substance produced by the body in response to infection, may have been useful in reducing the high mortality associated with the more severe forms of this infection. Other observations linked the occurrence of this disease to various environmental factors, such as contamination of drinking water and the annual rainfall. This thesis explores and attempts to quantify these associations. There are three parts to this thesis. In the first part, I reviewed the epidemiology and management of patients with melioidosis. The use of G-CSF and meropenem was associated with a fall in mortality, although other factors may have at least partially contributed to this effect. In the second part, I progressed towards a clinical trial of G-CSF. There was no other evidence supporting the use of G-CSF in severe sepsis and ethical issues precluded a trial in Darwin. There was not evidence from laboratory models of G-CSF action in melioidosis to support the use of G-CSF in patients, although there remained some doubt regarding the applicability of such models to human disease. I examined clinical methods to identify patients at high risk of death from melioidosis. A simple scoring system based on clinical and laboratory parameters was developed and externally validated. However, clinical definitions of severe sepsis appeared to be better predictors of mortality. A clinical trial based on clinical definitions was commenced in Thailand. In the final part, I explored the question of whether different strains or B. pseudomallei or different environmental conditions caused different patterns of infection. There was no evidence that strain types of this bacterium determine the pattern or severity of disease, but weather conditions appeared to influence the distribution of disease in northern Australia.

Cette thèse se concentre sur la production d’Ada Cambridge (1844 – 1926) et de Mary Fortune (1833 – 1909), deux écrivaines coloniales australiennes aujourd’hui méconnues mais très populaires au cours de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. Nous nous intéressons à la représentation de l’expérience coloniale de ces femmes ayant quitté le Royaume-Uni pour l’Australie ainsi qu’à la manière dont leurs récits, majoritairement publiés dans des journaux, agirent sur le statut des femmes dans la société coloniale. Plus spécifiquement, nous étudions leur expérience en tant qu’écrivaines, c’est-à-dire le contexte de production et de réception de leurs récits, ainsi que leur représentation de la différence culturelle et de la différence de genre. Le corpus étudié contient des textes issus des archives littéraires australiennes, notamment des romans-feuilletons, nouvelles et articles de journalisme publiés dans des journaux de l’époque coloniale comme The Australian Journal, The Age et The Australasian. En inscrivant ces textes dans leur contexte historique, cette thèse révèle leur importance dans le contexte social de leur époque tout en mettant en lumière les choix littéraires de ces écrivaines, longtemps délaissées par une vision nationaliste et masculiniste de l’histoire de la littérature australienne. Cette thèse a ainsi deux objectifs principaux : enrichir notre connaissance de l’expérience coloniale australienne en prenant en compte des récits méconnus et étudier la poétique des oeuvres d’Ada Cambridge et de Mary Fortune au regard de leur contexte de production afin de réévaluer ces récits ainsi que leur place dans l’histoire littéraire australienne
This thesis deals with the works of Ada Cambridge (1844 – 1926) and Mary Fortune (1833 – 1909), two Australian colonial women writers who have been neglected and long forgotten, yet who were very popular in the nineteenth century. It focuses on how these women, who left the United Kingdom to settle in Australia, represent their colonial experience, as well as on the influence of their narratives, mostly published in newspapers, on women’s status in the colonial society. More precisely, it is a study of their experience as women writers, a study that includes the context of production and reception of their work as well as their respective representations of cultural and gender difference in the Australian colonies. This analysis includes texts previously buried in the Australian literary archives, such as serial novels, short stories and press articles published in colonial newspapers such as The Australian Journal, The Age, and The Australasian. By inscribing these texts in their historical context, this thesis reveals their importance in the social context of their time and reconsiders the literary choices of these writers, long decried by the dominant nationalist and masculinist vision of Australian literary history and criticism. This thesis thus has two main objectives: developing our knowledge of the Australian colonial experience by taking into account little known or unknown narratives, and studying the poetics of Ada Cambridge’s and Mary Fortune’s narratives in the light of their production context in order to reassess these texts as well as their place in Australian literary history

This thesis is a collection of essays that utilises descriptive and empirical tools to examine competitive environments such as in academia, superrich and sport. The essays capture different aspects of the winner-take-all phenomenon by looking at citation and publication inequality in a top tier economics journal namely the American Economic Review. How globalisation and corruption influence the accumulation of extraordinary wealth and finally, how in a fairly equal competition, that is in the National Rugby League in Australia, wearing red shirts could lead to a comparative advantage and hence, tip the balance between winning and losing. The results within academia indicate that a highly unequal distribution exist, in which only a few top authors or institutions produce the majority of output. Furthermore, the results obtained in the superrich environment indicate that corruption and globalisation enhances the accumulation of extraordinary wealth. Finally, the results in the sport environment are mixed. While we find support for a positive effect of wearing red jerseys in our descriptive analysis, we find a negative effect when we control at the team level. However, when we investigate the relative difference in the degree of redness between home and away team, we find a quite strong positive effect of wearing red shirts even after controlling at the team level.

The geometrical structure of a tree can consist of thousands, even millions, of branches, twigs and leaves in complex arrangements. The structure contains a lot of useful information and can be used for example to assess a tree's health or calculate parameters such as total wood volume or branch size distribution. Because of the complexity, capturing the structure of an entire tree used to be nearly impossible, but the increased availability and quality of particularly digital cameras and Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) instruments is making it increasingly possible. A set of digital images of a tree, or a point cloud of a tree from a LIDAR scan, contains a lot of data, but the information about the tree structure has to be extracted from this data through analysis. This work presents a method of reconstructing 3D models of trees from point clouds. The model is constructed from cylindrical segments which are added one by one. Bayesian inference is used to determine how to optimize the parameters of model segment candidates and whether or not to accept them as part of the model. A Hough transform for finding cylinders in point clouds is presented, and used as a heuristic to guide the proposals of model segment candidates. Previous related works have mainly focused on high density point clouds of sparse trees, whereas the objective of this work was to analyze low resolution point clouds of dense almond trees. The method is evaluated on artificial and real datasets and works rather well on high quality data, but performs poorly on low resolution data with gaps and occlusions.

Le phytoplancton joue un rôle important dans le cycle du carbone sur Terre, de par l'absorption du dioxyde de carbone au cours de la photosynthèse. Si les campagnes en mer offrent la possibilité d'acquérir des données à haute fréquence et à fine échelle spatio-temporelle, l'observation spatiale procure une description synoptique et sur de longues périodes de la chlorophylle-a, pigment principal du phytoplancton océanique. Chaque mission satellitaire qui mesure la couleur de l'eau est limitée en couverture océanique (traces du satellite, nuages, etc.). La couverture spatiale journalière peut augmenter considérablement en combinant les données issues de plusieurs satellites. L'objectif de cette thèse a été de concevoir, développer et tester des méthodes de combinaison de données couleur de l'eau, provenant des capteurs américains SeaWiFS et MODIS/Aqua, pour des applications en temps réel relevant de l'océanographie opérationnelle. Trois concepts ont été retenus : la moyenne pondérée par l'erreur capteur (conserve la netteté des structures mais n'utilise que les données existantes), l'analyse objective (améliore la couverture spatiale, mais lisse le champ en contrepartie), et une dernière approche innovante basée sur la transformée en ondelettes (conserve la netteté des structures et améliore la couverture du champ). L'opérationnalité de ces trois méthodes a été démontrée.
L'intérêt d'utiliser des données combinées a été montré à travers la mise en évidence des modes de variabilité dominants de la dynamique océanographique et biologique dans l'Océan Austral, en utilisant les données combinées SeaWiFS + MODIS/Aqua de la ceinture circumpolaire pour la période 2002-2006.

Elucidation of mechanisms that generate and maintain population-level phenotypic variability provides insight into processes that influence within-species genetic divergence. Historically, color pattern polymorphisms were used to infer population-level genetic variability, but recent approaches directly capture genetic variability using molecular markers. Here, I clarify the relationship between genetic variability and color pattern polymorphism within and among populations using the Australian common froglet, Crinia signifera. To illustrate genetic variability in C. signifera, I used phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA and uncovered three ancient geographically restricted lineages whose distributions are consistent with other southeastern Australian species. Additional phylogeographic structure was identified within the three ancient lineages and was consistent with geographic variation in male advertisement calls. Natural selection imposed by predators has been hypothesized to act on black-and-white ventral polymorphisms in C. signifera, specifically through mimicry of another Australian frog, Pseudophryne. I used clay replicas of C. signifera to test whether predators avoid black-and-white coloration. In fact, black-and-white replicas were preferentially avoided by predators in some habitats, but not in others, indicating that differential selection among habitats plays a role in maintaining color pattern polymorphism. When black-and-white color patterns in a sample of C. signifera populations were compared with those in sympatric Pseudophryne, several color pattern characteristics were correlated between the species. Furthermore, where C. signifera and Pseudophryne are sympatric, color patterns are more similar compared to those in allopatry. Extensive phylogenetic variability suggests that phylogenetic history and genetic drift may also influence C. signifera color pattern. Fine-scale phylogenetic analysis uncovered additional genetic diversity within lineages and low levels of introgression among previously identified clades. Measures of color pattern displayed low levels of phylogenetic signal, indicating that relationships among individuals only slightly influence color patterns. Finally, simulations of trait evolution under Brownian motion illustrated that the phylogeny alone cannot generate the pattern of variation observed in C. signifera color pattern. Therefore, this indicates a minimal role for genetic drift, but instead supports either the role of stabilizing selection due to mimicry, or diversifying selection due to habitat differences, in color pattern variation in C. signifera.
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Captain Samuel Sweet worked as an outdoor photographer in South Australia (including the Northern Territory) between 1866 and 1886. In Australian public libraries, museums and archives his photographs are consulted as objective visual documents. Their more recent appearance in public art galleries ascribes to them the status of art, obscuring the fact that Sweet was a commercial photographer whose subjects and style were directed by the colonial market. This thesis documents the extent and nature of Sweet’s oeuvre, and examines his photographs within the original context of their creation, including Sweet’s photography business, photographic practices, the photography market, the man himself and the colonial context in which (and for which) his photographs were created. It analyses his photographs as both images and as material objects, utilising scientific testing. It argues that, as a commercial photographer, an Englishman and a colonist participating in the creation of a new world, Sweet did not photograph colonial South Australia, but rather the ideal that was being sought in its creation. It identifies Sweet’s as the largest visual record of the South Australian colonial process and boom-time, and pinpoints the pitfalls awaiting researchers and viewers who mistake his photographs as simple objective documents or aesthetic objects. It argues that if we are to make better use of Sweet’s photographs today – as art objects or research sources – we must first understand them within the full context of their creation. It concludes that Sweet’s photographs mapped an ideal of modernity, rather than reality, onto photographic paper, and that when his work is approached from this perspective, we not only achieve a deeper insight into his work, but also into the world he was picturing.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of History and Politics, 2015

Research into the diversity and evolution of mammalian colour vision has become even more exciting with the recent discovery of both trichromatic and dichromatic colour vision in the Australian marsupials. Our knowledge about these colour vision systems is limited, with a number of discrepancies in the research. Methodology issues with some of the anatomical and behavioural studies may have falsely indicated trichromacy. It is also uncertain whether only the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) has dichromatic colour vision, or if dichromacy is represented in a number of marsupials. It is believed that most marsupials can perceive ultraviolet light, yet the transmission properties of ocular media have not yet been measured. In this thesis, I use anatomical and behavioural methods to examine colour vision in the Common Brushtail Possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). I firstly present a detailed analysis of the spectral transmission of light through the ocular media. Here, I demonstrated the variability of ocular media for three marsupial species: the ultraviolet light sensitive fat-tailed dunnart (Sminthopsis crassicaudata), non-ultraviolet light sensitive tammar wallaby, and common brushtail possum. I then examine the topographical arrangement and spectral sensitivities of photoreceptors in the common brushtail possum. Using opsin antibodies known to label photoreceptors, I show that brushtail possums have an anatomical basis for at least dichromatic colour vision, with both M/LWS ({u03BB}max = 545nm) and SWS cones present in the retina. There is also a small population of unlabelled cones, which may form a third cone population. Their extremely low densities,however, would hardly contribute to visual processing. By tracking cone densities across the retina, I provide the first evidence for regionalisation in both opsin and cell morphology types in an Australian mammal. Finally, I showed functioning dichromatic colour vision with behavioural operant conditioning techniques. Brushtail possums have an innate preference to using brightness rather than colour vision. By introducing spatial information which faded over time, I was able to encourage subjects to choose between colours irrespective of brightness. Both increment-threshold spectral sensitivity and wavelength discrimination experiments indicate their perception of colours is based on dichromatic colour vision. By comparing behavioural and microspectrophotometry results, I conclude that SWS cones peak in sensitivity around 435 nm. This is the first non-macropod known to have a violet, rather than an ultraviolet visual pigment. This thesis confirms a diversity of both trichromatic and dichromatic colour vision in marsupials, with the tammar wallaby not the only marsupial with dichromatic colour vision. I propose that brushtail possums have selectively reduced spectral sensitivity to dichromacy, evidenced by the presence of three cone types, yet perception of colours based on two cone types. The study of marsupial colour vision provides a rich resource for examining the diversity and use of dichromatic and trichromatic colour vision in mammals other than primates.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
The possession of land, its settlement and the means by which it was occupied, has been a vital determinant in the unfolding of NSW history and yet, in recent times, its importance has been neglected. Rather than a backdrop to a wider historical narrative, land policy in the years of the early governors was crucial to the way in which the colony grew and to the socio-economic and political structures that emerged. The possession of land and its regulation therefore formed a cornerstone on which the history of NSW was founded. This thesis revisits the early history of NSW and presents land use and ownership as a major theme. Britain’s imperial aspirations were instrumental in James Cook’s taking possession, on behalf of the British Crown, of the land along the continent’s eastern coastline in 1770. Cook’s claim intrinsically carried with it the associated dispossession of the indigenous population from that date. Land and its possession was prominent among the objectives of Arthur Phillip’s 1787 expedition to Botany Bay and is regarded by many historians as the prime reason for the colony’s existence. The selection of the site at Sydney Cove, the colonisation of Norfolk Island, Tasmania, New Zealand and the expansion across the entire continent were processes that unfolded at the confluence of British policies and the exigencies of colonial government. It was land that seeded the power of the NSW Corps officers and enabled them to achieve a monopoly on trade. It was their fear of losing land that ignited a rebellion by the same officers against a sitting governor. Land policy explains the colony’s original slow expansion and, once the confining barriers and restraining policies were breached, the rapid expansion of pastoral pursuits. Finally, land policy was a major cause of tension between the governors and the governed. It was a source of disquiet that tainted colonial politics and led to demands for, and the eventual achievement of, representative government. An examination of the land policies of both the British government and the early colonial governors Phillip to FitzRoy and the means by which different groups responded to those policies will shed fresh light on the physical, social and political growth of colonial New South Wales.

8 Univerzita Karlova v Praze Filozofická fakulta Katedra filmových studií Diplomová práce Jitka Kotrlová Stínová kinematografie: mytologie australského gotického filmu 70. let Shadow Cinematography: Mythology of the Australian Gothic Film of the 1970's Praha 2015 Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Petra Hanáková, Ph.D Abstract: The thesis focuses on the mythological aspects of films of the so-called Australia gothic in 1970's. In a detailed form of thematic analysis it discovers three fundamental myths within the gothic cycle which then examines the semiotic method of Roland Barthes. The first part is dedicated to the specific situation of the film industry and describes the principles of film funding. The second part is focused on the concept of national cinematography in relation to Australia. The third part is dedicated to the gothic imagination and definition of Australian gothic within the contemporary discourse. The fourth part focuses on the term "mythology". The main part of the thesis presents the three myths emerging from the cycle of Australian gothic films. The first one is the myth of the feeling of isolation that focuses on the meaning of an isolated man in the inland and on the alternation of this myth in the form of a person isolated in the society. On the examples of the films Walkabout (Nicholas Roeg,...

This thesis argues that the ‘rule of law’ was not followed in colonial and post-federation Australia in relation to a fundamental principle of the common law. According to the rule in Calvin’s Case (1608), no person born as a ‘subject’ in any part of the King’s dominions could be an ‘alien’. This was the legal position in Australia from the reception of English law until well after federation. In colonial and post-federation Australia the racial meaning of ‘alien’ was consistently used in political and legal contexts instead of its proper legal meaning. In legislation and parliamentary debates, cases and prosecutions, inter-colonial conferences and conventions it was employed to refer not merely to those who were ‘aliens’ under the common law but also to people regarded as ‘aliens’ in the broader or racial sense of the word, especially those of non-European background. Chinese and Indian settlers, Pacific islanders and even indigenous Australians were treated as ‘aliens’ in Australia even if under British law they were actually ‘subjects’ of the Crown and not ‘aliens’ at all in the accepted legal sense. In the 1820s and 1830s the New South Wales Supreme Court thought it inconceivable that ‘barbarous’ indigenous inhabitants could ‘owe fealty’ or allegiance to the British Crown, considering their legal position analogous to that of ‘foreigners’ or ‘strangers’. In debates on exclusionary legislation in the 1870s and 1880s, parliamentarians in the Australian colonies portrayed all Chinese settlers as ‘aliens’, despite acknowledging that many came from Hong Kong, the Straits Settlements or other British possessions. Immigrants from British India were generally treated the same way. Delegates to Australia’s constitutional conventions in the 1890s, including prominent legal figures, repeated this mistake. And in the 1900s Pacific islanders born in Australia as British subjects were deported as ‘aliens’ with the approval of the Australian High Court. The misuse of ‘alien’ in this case contributed to a defective judgment still cited today in support of the Commonwealth’s claims to extensive exclusionary power. Between federation and the Second World War, Queensland’s dictation test legislation and industrial awards regulating various occupations provide many examples of the misuse and manipulation of the term ‘alien’ in a legal context. In prosecutions under these laws the word was used as a weapon against non-Europeans whether they were ‘aliens’ under the law or not. Commentators both in the early years of federation and in more recent times have failed to identify the misuse of ‘alien’– and have made the same error themselves. This mistake is critical because of the continued force of the term in Australian law. The Commonwealth’s sweeping power to define who shall be citizens of Australia and to exclude, detain indefinitely without trial and deport ‘aliens’ is still justified by reference to colonial and post-federation cases and constitutional convention debates where ‘alien’ was incorrectly used in its racial sense contrary to the rule of law.

The New Zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri) is the most abundant fur seal species in the Australian-New Zealand region. Approximately 85 % of Australia’s population of New Zealand fur seals reside in the state of South Australia. As a result of their abundance and size, it has been estimated that the New Zealand fur seal population in South Australia consumes the greatest biomass of resources of all marine mammal and seabird species. However, despite the importance of New Zealand fur seals as top predators, our understanding of their foraging ecology in South Australia is limited. In order to better understand the habitat utilized and the diet of New Zealand fur seals, this study explores the foraging ecology of lactating seals from four primary colonies in South Australia, which account for ~ 78 % of the Australian population. These colonies are Cape Gantheaume (36о04’S, 137о27’E) and Cape du Couedic (36о03’S, 136о42’E) on Kangaroo Island; North Neptune Island (35о13’S, 136о03’E) and Liguanea Island (34о59’S, 135о37’E). I start this study by assessing the seasonal variation in foraging location and dive behaviour of lactating New Zealand fur seals from Cape Gantheaume. 18 seals were fitted with satellite transmitters and time depth recorders (TDRs). The presence of thermoclines (derived from TDRs), were used as a surrogate measure of upwelling activity in continental shelf habitats. During the austral autumn 80 % of lactating fur seals foraged on the continental shelf (114 ± 44 km from the colony), in a region associated with a seasonal coastal upwelling system, the Bonney upwelling. In contrast, during winter months seals predominantly foraged in oceanic waters (62 %), in a region associated with the Subtropical Front (460 ± 138 km from the colony). Results suggested that lactating New Zealand fur seals shift their foraging location from continental shelf to oceanic habitats, in response to a seasonal decline in continental shelf productivity, attributed to the cessation of the Bonney upwelling in autumn. To study inter-colony differences in foraging locations, 21 New Zealand fur seals were satellite tracked from four colonies within close proximity (46 km – 200km apart). Seals initiated foraging trips on a colony-specific bearing (Cape Gantheaume 141 ± 33º, Cape du Couedic 186 ± 12º, North Neptune Island 200 ± 23º and Liguanea Island 234 ± 69º), and recorded little overlap between colony-specific foraging areas. The distribution of colony-specific foraging grounds appeared to be influenced by the proximity of colonies to predictable local upwelling features, as well as a distant oceanic frontal zone, the Subtropical Front. Foraging site fidelity and route-choice was further assessed by comparing site fidelity between continental shelf and oceanic habitats. Data from 31 lactating females, satellite tracked over 107 consecutive foraging trips indicated that females foraging on the continental shelf recorded a significantly greater overlap in foraging area between consecutive foraging routes, when compared to females that foraged in oceanic waters (55.9 ± 20.4 % and 13.4 ± 7.6 %, respectively). Findings suggest that seals learn the direction of travel to a predictable foraging region, and initiate a foraging trip on that bearing. However, actual foraging routes are likely to be influenced by a number of factors including previous foraging trip experience and prey encounter rate, which is related to prey density and the spatial scale of the patch exploited. The final chapter integrates scat analysis with milk fatty acid (FA) analysis to investigate dietary differences between continental shelf and oceanic waters. Milk FA composition was determined for 29 satellite-tracked fur seals, that were known to forage in either shelf or oceanic habitats. Based on FA compositions, I predicted the likelihood that milk samples collected at random (n = 131) represented individual seals having foraged either on the continental shelf or in distant oceanic waters. FA analysis and satellite tracking results contrasted with scat analyses, from which only 6 % of scats by frequency of occurrence contained prey remains from oceanic waters. The results suggest that scats were biased toward females foraging on the continental shelf. This study highlights the importance of two predictable ocean features utilised by New Zealand fur seals; (1) a nearby and seasonally predictable coastal upwelling system, the Bonney upwelling and; (2) a distant but permanent oceanic front, the Subtropical Front.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Studies, 2008

Indigenous people make up approximately 3% of the Australian population, but carry a heavy burden of mental ill-health. Almost 75% of Indigenous people have moderate to severe scores on the Kessler 10 measure of psychological distress. Robust research recognises racism as a risk factor for depression and social exclusion. However, there are significant within-community factors that add to the level of psychological distress. Using Bronfenbrenner’s ecological social capital model, Tajfel’s social identity theory and a created model of indigenist research (the Yerin Dilly Bag model) a 52-item questionnaire was created for a mixed method, parallel convergent study to answer the research questions: 1) What are the risks and protective factors that contribute to psychological distress in Indigenous populations?; 2) What is the self-perceived level of community inclusion / exclusion of Indigenous Australians?; 3) Is being manifestly Indigenous a protective factor for the psychological distress of Indigenous Australians?; and 4) What interactions of Indigenous participants with their communities add to the prediction of psychological distress? Using a purposive snowball sampling technique, 172 participants from 3 Indigenous communities completed either a hard or electronic questionnaire that assessed the perceived level of their community inclusion, their skin colour scores, their level of psychological distress and using a modified Measure of Indigenous Racism Experiences (Paradies, 2006), their experience of lateral violence, or community exclusion. Of these participants, 32 were interviewed using eco-map genograms to prompt narrative style questions about their life experiences, ending in 45.5 hours of recorded interviews. Quantitative data was scored using SPSS V23, with descriptive and interpretive results obtained. Qualitative findings were coded using thematic analysis. Both data sets were then triangulated looking for silence, dissonance, and agreements, using Bronfenbrenner’s four systems of ecological social capital model. Results demonstrated that the most reliable predictor of psychological distress in Indigenous people was community exclusion. The risk factors for community exclusion are living off country, having a different skin colour to the majority of the community (either darker or fairer), and not being involved with the Indigenous people in one’s family. Interventions to improve mental well-being are best placed in the mesosystem of Bronfenbrenner’s model, and might include increasing access to family support services, and alternative ways of being formally recognised as ‘Indigenous’. The Yerin Dilly Bag model is a useful method for working in Indigenous communities as it keeps the focus of the research on the best outcomes for Indigenous communities, where the focus should always be. Policy makers need to consider vehicles of community and social inclusion to decrease psychological distress and its concomitent risk of depression in Indigenous people and communities. Indigenous communities are often violent places, and all interventions need to have community inclusion as a core component. Unless this root cause of psychological distress is addressed, Indigenous Australians will continue to live with a high risk of inter and intra generational depression.