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Journal articles on the topic 'Colorectal cancer'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 October 2024

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1

DA SILVA, FELIPE CARNEIRO, PATRIK WERNHOFF, CONSTANTINO DOMINGUEZ-BARRERA, and MEV DOMINGUEZ-VALENTIN. "Update on Hereditary Colorectal Cancer." Anticancer Research 36, no. 9 (September 9, 2016): 4399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.10983.

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2

Chandio, Ashfaq. "Can we predict colorectal cancer?" Clinical Medical Reviews and Reports 3, no. 2 (March 17, 2021): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-8794/065.

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Background: Colorectal cancer is a common and lethal cancer worldwide, In the UK, it is the second most common cause of cancer death. 5% of UK population is at risk of colorectal carcinoma during lifetime. 30% of patients with colorectal cancer present with a metastatic disease. Detecting colorectal cancer is challenging patients may present with slight symptoms or asymptomatic. By the time patients becomes symptomatic, the cancer may be more advanced. Therefore, screening for colorectal cancer is recommended for people at average risk. Method: All patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer at the Luton and Dunstable University Hospital UK from January 2015 through December 2019 were retrospectively identified from the referral database created by colorectal specialist nurses in the colorectal service. Data were retrieved by detailed review of the hospital case notes, ICE/Evolve (Computer database for investigations and correspondence) including endoscopy; radiographic imaging; operative course and cancer follow up. Results: In the study period 976 patients were diagnosed with colorectal cancer, Male 52.6% (513) Female 47.4% (463). The mean age of 74.14 years (range, 25 to 101). Sixty six 6.76% patients were excluded from the study, therefore the percentages of studied participant were Male 53 % (482) and Female 47 % (428) ratio 1: 1.12. Incidence of colorectal cancer among young adult was low 1.75% (16) up to 39 years of age) and 94.61% are diagnosed in people over the age of 50 years, 60.43% are diagnosed in people aged 70 or over. Conclusion: Increasing awareness of the symptoms and signs of colorectal cancer be helpful and beneficial. Establish integrated care pathways, centralization of complex procedures and comparison of international cancer outcomes.

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3

Wang, Ning, Yang Chen, Yuchen Han, Yue Zhao, Yu Liu, Kejian Guo, and Yi Jiang. "Proteomic analysis shows down-regulations of cytoplasmic carbonic anhydrases, CAI and CAII, are early events of colorectal carcinogenesis but are not correlated with lymph node metastasis." Tumori Journal 98, no. 6 (November 2012): 783–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089161209800617.

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Aim The aim of the study was to screen the markedly down-regulated proteins in colorectal cancer and analyze their relationship to carcinogenesis, cancer progression and pathological aspects. Methods Proteomic analysis was preformed on six fresh colorectal cancer tissues and paired normal colorectal mucosa by two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Two markedly down-regulated proteins among the proteins, of which the expressions were significantly decreased in colorectal cancer compared to normal mucosa, were confirmed by Western Blot in 12 colorectal cancers. Their relationship to carcinogenesis, cancer progression and pathological aspects of colorectal cancer were analyzed in 64 colorectal cancer and paired normal mucosa, 27 benign polyps, and 20 lymph node metastases by immunohistochemistry. Results Two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis analysis showed there were 2 protein spots, of which the average abundances decreased 3.62 and 3.76 fold in colorectal cancer compared to normal mucosa, respectively. They were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry as carbonic anhydrase I and II (CAI and CAII). Validation by Western Blot in 12 colorectal cancers showed there were significantly different expressions of CAI and CAII between colorectal cancer and normal mucosa (P = 0.002 and 0.027, respectively). Immunohistochemistry analysis indicated the expression of CAI and CAII was decreased from normal mucosa to benign polyps, and to colorectal cancer stepwise significantly (P <0.05). However, there were no differences in their expressions between lymph node metastasis and colorectal cancer (P >0.05). There were decreasing trends of CAI and CAII expressions from well to poor differentiation and from stage I or II to stage III or IV, but they were not statistically significant (P >0.05). Conclusions CAI and CAII are necessary enzymes of the colorectum for their normal function. Down-regulations of CAI and CAII are early events of colorectum carcinogenesis. They have no correlations with lymph node metastasis.

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Tripathi, Tanya, A. N. Srivastava, and Sharique Ahmad. "MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY : CORELATION WITH COLORECTAL CANCER." Era's Journal of Medical Research 6, no. 2 (December 2019): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24041/ejmr2019.144.

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5

S., Anitha, Sridevi P., and Durga K. "Role of p53 Mutations in Colorectal Cancer." Indian Journal of Pathology: Research and Practice 6, no. 1 (2017): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijprp.2278.148x.6117.17.

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6

Ishaq, Aliya. "Age Related Disparities in Colorectal Cancer Patients." Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Research 3, no. 3 (September 11, 2021): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2768-0487/064.

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Background: There is an evident change in the colorectal cancer demographic over the period. This change is more marked in the age distribution and location of the tumor. It has practical implications, in regards to develop cancer awareness programs and screening protocols. Keeping in view that Pakistan is one of the countries with a high number of the young population this study is carried out to make a comparative analysis of this trend in our population. Material and methods: Colorectal cancer patients presented in Sindh Institute of urology and transplantation from January 2011 till December 2020 was reviewed retrospectively. All patients were divided into two groups, Group A young age population and Group B old age population. Subgroup analysis of study period was performed to check the progressive change in the trend of stage and clinical characteristics of colorectal cancer patients. Data reviewed from the patient’s files and collected as per Proforma requirement. Result: Total of 612 patients with colorectal cancer presented between 2011 till 2020.Among these patients 243 (39.7%) presented between January 2011 till December 2015. Patients age 50 years and younger were 410 (66.8%). Results showed a statistically significant association between and patient’s age and location of tumor such that left-sided colonic cancer and rectal cancer were more common in the young population. Subgroup analysis according to the study period showed that there is a change in the trend of disease presentation. Right-sided colonic cancer presentation decreased in the younger population over the period while simultaneously left-sided colonic cancer and rectal cancer presentation increased. Conclusion: The incidence of left-sided colonic and rectal cancer has been increased in the younger population over the specified period while there was no association between right-sided colon cancer and age noticed.

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7

Chandio, Ashfaq, Anil Rai, Mehak Chandio, Asirvatham Rhody, and Katherine Brown. "Outcome of Colorectal cancer in Geriatric Patient." Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics 5, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2640-1053/094.

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Background: Older surgical patients remain at increased risk of adverse postoperative outcome when undergoing both elective and emergency surgery. The needs of the older surgical patient are often substantially different from those of younger patients. As a surgeons we have dilemmas in appropriately treating elderly patients. Specifically, those with cancer have been shown to receive inappropriate care, being either undertreated or overtreated based on their chronological age rather than their degree of frailty. Aim:To evaluate outcome of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer in patients aged 80 years and over. Methods:Retrospective study of all patients 80 years and above managed with colorectal cancer at the Luton and Dunstable University Hospital UK from January 2015 through December 2019 Results: In the study period 278 patients were diagnosed with colorectal cancer, Male 143 Female 135 ratio 1:1.05. Age range from 80 to 101years. 54.31% patients underwent surgical intervention. 15.10% had complications after surgery. 36.69% patients deemed unsuitable for resection surgery were treated with best supportive care palliatively. 57.19% patients were in ASAIII, 24.10% ASAII and 12.23% ASAIV. 46.40% patients died during the study period. Conclusion:Age on its own would not be taken as for less aggressive therapy; Careful assessment of the patient taking into consideration comorbidities, functional status and patient wishes are essential in decision making and choosing appropriate management plan. Curative surgery for colorectal carcinoma in the geriatric patients are well tolerated. Management of comorbidities preceding surgery may impact postoperative outcome.

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8

Magar, Chin Bahadur Pun, Ranjan Raj Bhatta, Greta Pandey, Suraj Uprety, Ishan Dhungana, and Nandita Jha. "An Overview of Colorectal Cancer in Tertiary care Cancer Center of Nepal." Nepalese Journal of Cancer 6, no. 2 (October 6, 2022): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njc.v6i2.48766.

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Introduction: Colorectal carcinoma is primary epithelial malignancy arising in the colorectum areas. 98% of colonic and rectum cancers are adenocarcinomas. The prevalence of colorectal cancer has been dramatically growing at an alarming rate globally in recent years. Materials and methods: This is retrospective study at Department of Pathology in B P Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital effective from 1st January 2018 to 31st December 2019. All the data were retrieved and analyzed. Results:Total 56 colorectal cancer cases were analyzed, among them 36 cases were males accounting 64 % and 20 cases were females accounting 36 %. Rectum was the commonest site and commonest age group was 61-70 years accounting 55.3%. 44.6% cases were in advanced stage either stage III or IV. Conclusion:Colorectal cancer is more common in males than in females. Most commonly affected age group was 61-70 years. Most common histological type was well differentiated adenocarcinoma. 44.6% cases were diagnosed in advanced stage either stage III or IV.

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Ma, Yu-Shui, Wen Li, Yu Liu, Yi Shi, Qin-Lu Lin, and Da Fu. "Targeting Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells as an Effective Treatment for Colorectal Cancer." Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 19 (January 1, 2020): 153303381989226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533033819892261.

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As one of the common cancers that threaten human life, the recurrence and metastasis of colorectal cancer seriously affect the prognosis of patients. Although new drugs and comprehensive treatments have been adopted, the current treatment effect on this tumor, especially in advanced colorectal cancer, is still not satisfactory. More and more evidence shows that tumors are likely to be a stem cell disease. In recent years, the rise of cancer stem cell theory has provided a new way for cancer treatment. Studies have found that a small number of special cells in colorectal cancer tissues that induce tumorigenesis, proliferation, and promote tumor migration and metastasis, namely, colorectal cancer stem cells. Colorectal cancer stem cells are defined with a group of cell-surface markers, such as CD44, CD133, CD24, epithelial cell adhesion factor molecule, LGR5, and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. They are highly tumorigenic, aggressive, and chemoresistant and thus are critical in the metastasis and recurrence of colorectal cancer. Therefore, targeting colorectal cancer stem cells may become an important research direction for the future cure of colorectal cancer.

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Hong, Seung Wook, and Jeong-Sik Byeon. "Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of early colorectal cancer." Intestinal Research 20, no. 3 (July 30, 2022): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5217/ir.2021.00169.

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Early colorectal cancer refers to cancer in the colorectum that is confined to the mucosa or submucosa and does not invade the muscularis propria, irrespective of lymph node or distant metastasis. As the number of persons undergoing screening colonoscopy increases, the proportion of patients diagnosed with precancerous colorectal lesions and early colorectal cancer also increases. In the last decade, innovative optical technologies for endoscopic diagnosis have been introduced and endoscopic treatment techniques such as endoscopic submucosal dissection have provided major breakthroughs in the management of early colorectal cancer. With these remarkable developments, endoscopic treatment has established itself as an alternative to surgical resection in the treatment of early colorectal cancer. This review will discuss the endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of early colorectal cancer. Furthermore, the unmet needs in this field and the latest research addressing those issues will be summarized.

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11

Maeda, Yuto, Yuji Miyamoto, Mayuko Ohuchi, Yukiharu Hiyoshi, Naoya Yoshida, and Hideo Baba. "Abstract 2401: Changes in skeletal muscle mass after gastrointestinal cancer surgery by body composition." Cancer Research 84, no. 6_Supplement (March 22, 2024): 2401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2024-2401.

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Abstract Background: Previous studies have extensively explored the correlation between preoperative skeletal muscle mass and long-term survival in gastrointestinal cancers. However, investigations into postoperative skeletal muscle mass alterations are limited. In gastrointestinal cancers, factors such as the tumor and surgical interventions can significantly impact dietary intake, nutritional status, and skeletal muscle mass, affecting postoperative body composition. This study aimed to examine these postoperative changes in skeletal muscle mass across different gastrointestinal cancers, including esophageal, gastric, and colorectum. Methods: This study encompassed 969 patients with Stage I-III esophageal (307 cases), gastric (278 cases), and colorectal (384 cases) cancers who underwent radical resection between 2005 and 2019. Skeletal muscle mass was quantified as the total psoas volume (TPV), measured using Ziostation2® imaging software from preoperative and postoperative CT scans at 1, 2, and 3 years. The study compared postoperative TPV trends across the different cancer types. Results: The study cohort comprised patients with esophageal (median age 66 years, 85% male), gastric (65 years, 60%), and colorectal cancers (67 years, 55%). Median BMIs were 21.5, 19.4, and 22.6 kg/m2, and median TPVs were 352.0, 305.8, and 309.5 cm3 for esophageal, gastric, and colorectal cancers, respectively. Esophageal cancer patients had significantly higher TPV and male predominance, while gastric cancer patients had notably lower BMI. Relative to preoperative TPV, the postoperative TPV at three years was 0.92, 0.91, and 0.96 for esophageal, gastric, and colorectal cancers, respectively. A year-by-year decrease in TPV was observed for each cancer type, with colorectal cancer demonstrating a less pronounced decrease compared to esophageal and gastric cancers (p<0.01). Stage-wise analysis revealed no significant differences among the cancer types. Regarding gender, no significant differences were noted between gastric and colorectal cancers, but esophageal cancer showed a more marked decrease in TPV in males compared to females. In recurrent cases, no significant TPV differences were observed in esophageal cancer, while recurrent gastric and colorectal cancers exhibited significant TPV decreases. Conclusions: The study indicates a general decline in TPV following gastrointestinal cancer surgery, with the extent of reduction varying according to the type of tumor and treatment. Citation Format: Yuto Maeda, Yuji Miyamoto, Mayuko Ohuchi, Yukiharu Hiyoshi, Naoya Yoshida, Hideo Baba. Changes in skeletal muscle mass after gastrointestinal cancer surgery by body composition [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 2401.

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Kaoungku, Nuntawut, Kittisak Kerdprasop, Nittaya Kerdprasop, Ratiporn Chanklan, and Keerachart Suksut. "Colorectal Cancer Histology Image Classification Using Stacked Ensembles." International Journal of Future Computer and Communication 8, no. 3 (September 2019): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijfcc.2019.8.3.549.

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13

Kurt, Yasemin Gulcan, Bulent Kurt, Tuncer Cayci, and Emin Ozgur Akgul. "Mitochondrial DNA alterations in colorectal cancer cell lines." Journal of Nippon Medical School 79, no. 3 (2012): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1272/jnms.79.244.

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14

Abdalwahab Hassan, Mohammed, Kameran H. Ismail, and Zhian S. Ramzi. "RISK FACTORS OF COLORECTAL CANCER IN SULAIMANI CITY." Journal of Sulaimani Medical College 8, no. 1 (April 15, 2018): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jsmc.10150.

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15

LING, EDUARD, AMIT RINGEL, INA SIGAL-BATIKOFF, NAIM ABU-FREHA, HANANYA VAKNINE, WLEDY FRIAH, AVRAHAM RESHEF, ILIA PINSK, ALEXANDER FICH, and SERGIO LAMPRECHT. "Human Colorectal Cancer Stage-dependent Global DNA Hypomethylation of Cancer-associated Fibroblasts." Anticancer Research 36, no. 9 (September 9, 2016): 4503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.10996.

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16

Watanabe, T., T. Konishi, T. Muto, K. Kotake, and H. Nagawa. "Clinical features of ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer in Japan: an analysis of 169 cases over 20 years." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2006): 13544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.13544.

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13544 Background: Development of colorectal cancer is a well-known long-term complication of ulcerative colitis (UC). However, specific clinical features of UC-associated colorectal cancer have been controversial mainly due to the small number of cases, especially in the Asian countries. This study aims to clarify the clinicopathological features of UC-associated colorectal cancer compared with non-UC-associated colorectal cancer in Japan, using a large nationwide database. Methods: All patients pathologically diagnosed as colorectal cancer from 1978 to 1998 were extracted from the nationwide database, “Multi-Institutional Registry of Large-Bowel Cancer in Japan”, which covers almost 10% of all colorectal cancers in Japan. Clinicopathological factors were compared between those associated with UC and the others. Survival analysis in each TNM stage was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: Among 108,536 cases of colorectal tumors registered from 1978 to 1998, a total of 169 cases of UC-associated colorectal cancers were identified. All cases were from the Asian population. UC-associated cases showed higher prevalence of females, younger age, higher incidence of multiple cancers, and higher incidence of mucinous adenocarcinomas. On the other hand, there were no differences in tumor sites, family history of colorectal cancer, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, TNM stage, and CEA level adjusted by TNM stage between the two groups. Survival analysis revealed poorer prognosis in UC-associated colorectal cancers at TNM stage 3. Conclusions: UC-associated colorectal cancer showed unique histological features compared with usual colorectal cancer. The survival of UC-associated colorectal cancer with lymph node metastasis was poorer than usual colorectal cancer, and therefore, intensive adjuvant therapy and close follow-up is needed after surgery in this patient group. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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Li, J. "The Experiences of Early Detection, Early Diagnosis and Early Treatment of Cancer in Rural Areas of China." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 49s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.60300.

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Background: The cancers of the lung, liver, stomach, esophagus, colorectum and nasopharynx account for more than 70% of the causes of cancer death, making them the major cancer burdens in China. The early detection and treatment of cancers including lung, liver, stomach, esophagus, colorectum and nasopharynx was supported by the central government special financial transfer payment in the rural areas in 2006-2017. Aim: To improve the efficiency of early diagnosis and early treatment to reduce cancer mortality and incidence in the population in China. Methods: Cancer screening methods developed by Group of Expert Committee of Cancer Foundation of China were used, including digestive tract endoscopy for stomach and esophageal and colorectal cancer, LDCT for lung cancer, AFP and abdominal ultrasound for liver cancer, EB virus antibody detection and nasal endoscopy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Results: Among the cancers of lung, liver, stomach, esophagus, colorectum and nasopharynx, the screening high risk population were 55,363; 126,443; 103,3036; 1,425,642; 252,911; and 79,726 respectively; and the screening detection rates of precancerous lesions and cancer were 0.62%, 0.66%, 0.87%, 1.62%, 5.29% and 0.49% respectively; and the early diagnosis rates were 47.80%, 60.86%, 71.24%, 73.38%, 91.85% and 64.43% respectively; and the treatment rates were 83.28%, 90.33%, 87.94%, 82.91%, 94.04% and 95.88% respectively. Conclusion: The programs for early detection and early treatment of colorectal cancer and esophageal cancer demonstrated a promising benefit, which should be generalized to broad population implementation.

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Hernánde, Victor. "Virus Infection of The Human Papiloma And Its Association With Colorectal Cancer." Journal of Clinical Research and Reports 2, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-1919/024.

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Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in men and women worldwide; its carcinogenesis is a complex multi-step process that involves environmental factors, lifestyle, genetic mutation and viral infections; Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection plays a crucial role in human carcinomas, mainly anogenital and oropharyngeal; HPV is a prognostic factor since it is associated with vascular invasion, ganglionic metastases and tumor size; HPV is reported to be present in 70% of colorectal cancers and HPV-16 E6 / E7 oncoproteins are involved in carcinogenesis, including colorectal cancer; prevention with HPV vaccines can prevent some cancers including colorectal cancer. The link between HPV and colorectal cancer became evident, without distinction between the sexes, with similar values between HPV 16 and HPV 18. Studies are needed to investigate the relationship between HPV and colorectal cancer.

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Shaikh, Muhammad Saleem, Muharram Ali, and Muhammad Ali Naper. "COLORECTAL CANCER." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 05 (May 7, 2018): 696–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/18.4353.

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20

Kang, Lei, Dongmei Guo, Yanhai Dong, Xiaowei Chen, and Chao Yuan. "MicroRNA-129-3p Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Proliferation." Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 12, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 2413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbt.2022.3194.

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MicroRNA-129-3p plays a pro-cancer role in colorectal cancer by down-regulating BIM. This study intends to assess its role in colorectal cancer cells. A total of 30 colorectal cancers and 10 paracancerous samples were obtained to measure MicroRNA-129-3p expression by PCR. Colorectal cancer cells were transfected with miR-129-3p mimic or inhibitor followed by analysis of cell growth, apoptosis. miR-129-3p expression was significantly lower in colorectal cancer tissues than that in cancer adjacent tissues (P <0.05). miR-129-3p overexpression after mimic transfection significantly inhibited cancer cell viability and promoted apoptosis (P < 0.05). Moreover, it also significantly downregulated E2F5, BIM and FoxO3a in colorectal cancer cells. Furthermore, E2F5 was targeted by miR-129-3p. In conclusion, miR-129-3p inhibits colorectal cancer cell proliferation via targeting E2F5 to downregulate BIM, indicating that it might be a target for treating colorectal cancer.

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Tie, Jeanne, and Jayesh Desai. "BRAF V600E as a Therapeutic Target in Colorectal Cancer." European Oncology & Haematology 06, no. 01 (2010): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/eoh.2010.06.1.60.

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Colorectal cancer is a major cause of cancer death in developed countries. Increasing knowledge of the underlying signalling pathways and molecular defects involved in carcinogenesis has led to the development of a multitude of novel target-based therapeutics. The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway plays a critical role in colorectal cancer progression. Therefore, targeting components of this pathway has been the subject of intense therapeutic effort. BRAF, a principal effector of Ras in this signalling cascade, was found to be mutated in a variety of cancers, including a small percentage of colorectal cancers. This article summarises the rationale for targeting BRAFV600Ein colorectal cancer, a potential strategy to enrich the colorectal cancer population for the BRAFV600Emutation, and the prognostic and predictive role of BRAFV600Emutations in metastatic colorectal cancer.

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Passardi, Alessandro, Giorgia Marisi, and Paola Ulivi. "Metastatic Colorectal Cancer 2.0." Cancers 16, no. 12 (June 11, 2024): 2190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers16122190.

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Voutsadakis, Ioannis A. "Sensitivities and Dependencies of BRAF Mutant Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines with or without PIK3CA Mutations for Discovery of Vulnerabilities with Therapeutic Potential." Medicina 58, no. 10 (October 21, 2022): 1498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58101498.

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Background: Colorectal cancer represents a common malignancy and remains incurable in the metastatic stage. Identification of molecular alterations that are present in colorectal cancer has led to the introduction of targeted therapies that improve outcomes. BRAF and PIK3CA mutations are observed in a subset of colorectal cancers. Colorectal cancers bearing BRAF mutations may be treated with specific BRAF inhibitors. These drugs benefit patients with BRAF mutant colorectal cancers but responses are rather brief, and progression is the rule. In contrast, no PI3K inhibitors have proven successful yet in the disease. Thus, new treatments to supplement the currently available drugs would be welcome to further improve survival. Methods: Profiled colorectal cancer cell lines from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) were examined for BRAF and PIK3CA mutations and were interrogated for molecular characteristics and concomitant alterations that mirror clinical sample alterations. The Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) project was used for determination of drug sensitivities of BRAF mutated colorectal cell lines with or without concomitant PIK3CA mutations. The Cancer Dependency Map project served as the basis for identification of molecular dependencies and vulnerabilities in these cell lines. Results: CCLE includes 84 colorectal cancer cell lines, which recapitulate the molecular landscape of colorectal cancer. Of these, 23 and 24 cell lines possess BRAF and PIK3CA mutations, respectively. Seven BRAF mutant cell lines have V600E mutations and 14 PIK3CA mutant cell lines have hotspot helical or kinase domain mutations. V600E BRAF mutant cell lines with or without hotspot PIK3CA mutations are heterogeneous in their MSI status and mimic colorectal cancer tissues in other prevalent abnormalities including APC and TP53 mutations. Essential genes for survival include CTNNB1, WRN, and pyrimidine metabolism enzyme CAD. Besides BRAF mutations, BRAF inhibitor sensitivity in colorectal cancer cell lines is conferred by SACS mutations and PRKN locus loss. Conclusions: Colorectal cancer cell lines bearing the frequent BRAF and PIK3CA mutations present many alterations of the parental cancer tissue. Described vulnerabilities represent leads for therapeutic exploration in colorectal cancers with the corresponding alterations.

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Bullman, Susan, Chandra S. Pedamallu, Ewa Sicinska, Thomas E. Clancy, Xiaoyang Zhang, Diana Cai, Donna Neuberg, et al. "Analysis ofFusobacteriumpersistence and antibiotic response in colorectal cancer." Science 358, no. 6369 (November 23, 2017): 1443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aal5240.

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Colorectal cancers comprise a complex mixture of malignant cells, nontransformed cells, and microorganisms.Fusobacterium nucleatumis among the most prevalent bacterial species in colorectal cancer tissues. Here we show that colonization of human colorectal cancers withFusobacteriumand its associated microbiome—includingBacteroides,Selenomonas, andPrevotellaspecies—is maintained in distal metastases, demonstrating microbiome stability between paired primary and metastatic tumors. In situ hybridization analysis revealed thatFusobacteriumis predominantly associated with cancer cells in the metastatic lesions. Mouse xenografts of human primary colorectal adenocarcinomas were found to retain viableFusobacteriumand its associated microbiome through successive passages. Treatment of mice bearing a colon cancer xenograft with the antibiotic metronidazole reducedFusobacteriumload, cancer cell proliferation, and overall tumor growth. These observations argue for further investigation of antimicrobial interventions as a potential treatment for patients withFusobacterium-associated colorectal cancer.

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Smith, D., M. Ballal, R. Hodder, G. Soin, SN Selvachandran, and D. Cade. "Symptomatic Presentation of Early Colorectal Cancer." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 88, no. 2 (March 2006): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588406x94904.

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INTRODUCTION It is believed that increased detection of earlier stage colorectal cancer can only be achieved by screening asymptomatic individuals. We describe a referral pathway for a symptomatic population which achieves a 30% Dukes' A detection rate. PATIENTS AND METHODS From October 1999, 4253 patients with distal colonic symptoms, referred by general practitioners, completed a patient consultation questionnaire (PCQ) linked to a computerised record. A weighted numerical score (WNS) was derived for each patient. Patients underwent flexible sigmoidoscopy, a diagnostic outcome was recorded and later Dukes' stage appended. Early and advanced colorectal cancers were separated and PCQ derived symptom profiles compared. Chi-square, Fisher exact, Student's t-test and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS A total of 183 patients had cancer, 55 (30%) were Dukes' A early colorectal cancers, 112 were advanced colorectal cancers (Dukes' B–D) and 16 could not be staged. Early colorectal cancers had significant symptoms and comparable profile to advanced colorectal cancers. The tendency in advanced colorectal cancers was towards greater symptom prevalence for only a few primary and systemic symptoms, as reflected by a higher WNS of 75 (P = 0.001) CONCLUSIONS Early colorectal cancers do have significant symptoms which can easily be captured by a PCQ and objective scoring tool in the secondary care setting. Detection of these cancers has the potential to improve survival.

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Prodović, Tanja, and Željko Vlaisavljević. "Colorectal cancer." Zdravstvena zastita 43, no. 6 (2014): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zz1402011p.

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27

de Snoo, Lynn. "Colorectal cancer." Cancer Nursing Practice 1, no. 10 (December 2002): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/cnp2002.12.1.10.33.c4.

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András, Csilla, Attila Enyedi, and János Szántó. "Colorectal cancer." Orvosi Hetilap 148, no. 46 (November 1, 2007): 2192–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2007.28245.

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Smith, Claire. "COLORECTAL CANCER." Radiologic Clinics of North America 35, no. 2 (March 1997): 439–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-8389(22)00717-5.

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Thoeni, Ruedi F. "COLORECTAL CANCER." Radiologic Clinics of North America 35, no. 2 (March 1997): 457–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-8389(22)00718-7.

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Gelfand, David W. "COLORECTAL CANCER." Radiologic Clinics of North America 35, no. 2 (March 1997): 431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-8389(22)00716-3.

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Gore, Richard M. "COLORECTAL CANCER." Radiologic Clinics of North America 35, no. 2 (March 1997): 403–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-8389(22)00715-1.

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Hardcastle, J. D. "Colorectal cancer." CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 47, no. 2 (March 1, 1997): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/canjclin.47.2.66.

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Schlechter, Benjamin L., and Kimmie Ng. "Colorectal Cancer." Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 36, no. 3 (June 2022): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8588(22)00041-7.

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Paty, Philip B., and Julio Garcia‐Aguilar. "Colorectal cancer." Journal of Surgical Oncology 126, no. 5 (September 10, 2022): 881–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jso.27079.

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Labianca, Roberto F., Giordano D. Beretta, and M. Adelaide Pessi. "Colorectal Cancer." Drugs 61, no. 12 (2001): 1751–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200161120-00006.

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Zalcberg, John R. "Colorectal cancer." Medical Journal of Australia 170, no. 6 (March 1999): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1999.tb127761.x.

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Yip, Desmond. "Colorectal cancer." Medical Journal of Australia 170, no. 6 (March 1999): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1999.tb127762.x.

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Bolin, Terry D., Alistair E. Cowen, and Melvyn G. Korman. "Colorectal cancer." Medical Journal of Australia 170, no. 6 (March 1999): 283–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1999.tb127763.x.

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Prichard, Peter J., and Joe J. Tjandra. "Colorectal cancer." Medical Journal of Australia 170, no. 6 (March 1999): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1999.tb127764.x.

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Shah, Muhammad Fahd, Irum Sabir Ali, and Ahmed Faraz. "COLORECTAL CANCER." Professional Medical Journal 23, no. 06 (June 10, 2016): 687–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2016.23.06.1608.

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Introduction: Colorectal cancer is a potentially fatal gastrointestinal disease andhas been studied extensively. In an effort to decrease the morbidity and mortality associatedwith this disease, studies have been performed to gain insight into the anatomic distribution,average age at presentation, mean age at presentation for different segments of colon involvedand intersex differences. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the frequencyof sites of colorectal cancer involvement. Material and methods: Study design: Study wasdescriptive case series. Setting: General surgical department post graduate Lady ReadingHospital Peshawar. Period: From 01/01/2011 to 30/06/2012. Sample size: Sample size was416 using 3.57% proportion of descending colon5, 95% confidence level and 1.785% margin oferror under WHO software for sample size determination. Sampling technique: Consecutivenon probability sampling. Results: This study was carried out in 416 consecutive patients.These patients included 233 men (56 %) and 183 women (44%). Age varied from twelve yearsto seventy years. The commonest age group in the study at the time of presentation was63-72 years. Commonest site involved was rectum (26%) followed by sigmoid colon (16%).Bleeding per rectum was the commonest symptom (62.05%) followed by altered bowel habits(35.71%). Twelve patients (21.43%) presented with intestinal obstruction. Histopathologically,twenty patients had well differentiated adeno-carcinoma (35.72%) whereas eighteen patientshad anaplastic tumour (32.14%) and mucinous adeno-carcinoma was found in five patients(8.92%).Conclusion: Rectum is the most common site of tumour followed by left, right andtransverse colon respectively. The site of involvement affects the surgical procedure required.In conclusion the symptoms of colorectal cancer may not be representative of any anatomicalsite, by the time symptoms appear the lesion may have become invasive.

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AKRAM, MUHAMMAD, JAVAID IQBAL, and WASIM AMER. "COLORECTAL CANCER." Professional Medical Journal 16, no. 04 (December 10, 2009): 492–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2009.16.04.2570.

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There is paucity of data on epidemiology and survival in colorectal cancer from developing countries. O b j e c t i v e s : To determineoverall survival and its predictive factors. S e t t i n g : Department of Oncology Jinnah Hospital Lahore. P e r i o d : From July 1997 to Dec2007.Methods: 73 patients were analyzed. Patient demographic data including age, sex, socio-economic status, pre-treatment CEA levels,Duke's stage, site of tumor (colon, rectum) and complete tumor resectability were recorded. Univariate analysis by chi-square and multivariateanalysis were performed by Cox Regression Model to evaluate the predictors of survival. SPSS v 13.0 was used for statistical analysis. Kaplan-Meier estimate was used to calculate survival. R e s u l t s : Median age of our patients was 45 years. Male to female ratio was 1:1.2. Completesurgical resection could be performed in only 48 (68.5%) patients. Majority (70%) patients had Duke C and D. Overall survivals at 36 monthswas 53 % and was 90% for Duke A and B, while it was 61% and 26% for Duke's C and D respectively. Females had a better survival rate of74% as compared to males with a survival of 36%. Patients with proximal colon tumors had survival of 73% as compared to 37% in rectal/rectosigmoidgroup. Patients with high pre-treatment CEA had poor survival 39%. Only 25% patients with unresectable tumors were alive at 36months compared to 67% in patients with resectable tumors. Conclusion: Significant predictive factors for improved survival were female gender,early disease, patients with proximal colon tumors, low pre-treatment CEA levels and complete tumor resection.

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Kuk, Kathleen A. "Colorectal cancer." Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 86, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jom-1986-860122.

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Shaikh, Muhammad Saleem, Muharram Ali, and Muhammad Ali Naper. "COLORECTAL CANCER." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 05 (May 10, 2018): 696–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.05.311.

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Objectives: To determine the changing clinicopathological pattern anddistribution of colorectal cancer in our setup, highlighting future planning and designing forits prevention. Study Design: A retrospective study. Place and Duration: Department ofSurgery, Chandka Medical College and LINAR, Larkana from January 2012 to December 2016.Methodology: All the diagnosed cases of colorectal cancer were included in our study. Therecords analyzed for age, gender, clinical presentation, socioeconomic status, risk factors,histopathological variable types, site of distribution, tumor grading & staging based on TNM.The method of treatment & surgical procedures performed, were also recorded. Statistics datawas entered and analyzed by SPSS version 17. Results: 363 diagnosed cases of colorectalcancer were registered from January, 2012 to December, 2016. 211 (58. %) were male and 147(40.9%) female, with ratio of 1.3:1. Age ranged between 17 to 88 years with mean age of 56 +12. 217 patients were > 50 years, while 146 < 50 years. The predominant subsite distributionwas found in rectum & recto sigmoid junction in 205 cases (56.49%). Majority of cases belong tolow socioeconomic class with Duke’s B and C stages (45.73%. and 39.11%). The mortality ratewas observed in 12.9%, however 30% of patients were not returned for follow-up. Conclusion:Colorectal cancer is shown rising higher up and vated cancer was found increasing in incidenceamong young population < 50 years. There is a need of early detection, to reduce the numberof CRC in future.

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Hedrick, Traci L. "Colorectal Cancer." Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America 31, no. 2 (April 2022): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1055-3207(22)00006-0.

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Pawlik, Timothy M. "Colorectal Cancer." Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America 31, no. 2 (April 2022): xiii—xiv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soc.2022.02.002.

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Hedrick, Traci L. "Colorectal Cancer." Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America 31, no. 2 (April 2022): xv—xvi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soc.2022.02.001.

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Mahmoud, Najjia N. "Colorectal Cancer." Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America 31, no. 2 (April 2022): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soc.2021.12.001.

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Gill, Sharlene, A. William Blackstock, and Richard M. Goldberg. "Colorectal Cancer." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 82, no. 1 (January 2007): 114–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/82.1.114.

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Tuma, Rabiya S. "Colorectal Cancer." Oncology Times 35, no. 5 (March 2013): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000428319.60438.39.

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