Journal articles on the topic 'Colorado Chapter'

The Society of Sigma Gamma Epsilon (SGE) encourages efforts to broaden the education and impact of its members through community outreach. In academic year 2022-2023, four awards were given at the chapter level: The Chapter Service Award to the Gamma Chi Chapter; and the James C. Walters Quality Chapter Award to the Gamma Sigma, Gamma Chi, and Epsilon Omega Chapters. Individual merit was recognized through the W. A. Tarr awards given to twenty-two members by their respective chapters. Two awards, the Austin A. Sartin and Charles J. Mankin Outstanding Poster Awards, were given to four students for merit in scientific communication at the 34th Annual SGE Student Poster Session at the Geological Society of America Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, on October 10, 2022.

The 2013 Sigma Gamma Epsilon Undergraduate Research (Poster Session) took place during the 2013 GSA Conference in Denver, CO. on Tuesday, 29 October 2013: 9:00 a.m. - 6:30 p.m. (Authors were present from 2 to 4 p.m. and 5:00 to 6:30 p.m.). Ninety-eight posters were presented. Sigma Gamma Epsilon awarded the Austin A. Sartin Best Poster Award to Brittney Klemm, a member of Eta Upsilon Chapter at the University of the Pacific in Stockton, CA. Sebastian Dirringer, a member of Theta Beta Chapter at the State University of New York in New Paltz, NY, was awarded the National Council Best Poster Award.

The bloody confrontation between Utes and the U.S. Cavalry at the Colorado Ute Indian Agency in 1879 was a significant chapter in U.S. history. The government and Colorado citizens used this battle as a rhetorical flashpoint to justify removal of Utes from their land. This conflict presents an opportunity to revisit nineteenth-century violence over land. I suggest that a religious studies framework can deepen our understanding of the entanglement of tensions among ethnicity, morality, and land use. Ute Indians pastured hundreds of horses on land that Nathan Meeker, the white Indian agent, wished to plow. This paper argues that notions of religious and racial difference framed the land conflict between Meeker and the Utes, even as both groups viewed land as a means to gain status.

The Rocky Mountain Chapter of the Society of Hospital Medicine developed 2020 Opioid Prescribing and Treatment Guidelines for the medical inpatient, including five pathways for treating medical inpatients with pain. en Colorado hospitals participated in a 6-month initiative to implement the prescribing pathways, with an aim of reducing opioid prescribing by 15 percent for five commonly encountered medical conditions. Results showed 9.4 percent decrease in opioid morphine equivalent units, 3.4 percent reduction in opioid administrations, and 5.1 percent increase in alternatives to opioid administrations per patient day. Specialty-specific opioid prescribing guidance can help hospitalists change opioid prescribing behavior and should be considered in other specialties.

This article details how Jews and Mexicans in Denver, Colorado came together in 1949 in the wake of a widely publicized interracial gang battle at one of the city's local middle schools. It documents the response of the local chapter of the Anti-Defamation League and its involvement in a interracial neighborhood council and how Jewish racial identity in Denver was informed by the broader racial geography of the West-a racial geography that was too often shaped by contrast with Mexicans. The article also challenges the notion that Denver was relatively free of anti-Semitism. Indeed, the 1905 lynching of Jacob Wesskind suggests a more nuanced story than the received wisdom about Jews being “at home” in Denver.

Roundabouts are a form of at-grade intersection control that is used frequently around the world and is becoming popular in the United States. Roundabouts are being used to replace two-way and all-way stopcontrolled intersections and traffic signals in the United States. Roundabouts have also been used recently in Vail, Colorado, to improve an existing stop-controlled freeway interchange system. In this study, five single-lane roundabouts are studied to assess their safety and operational performance. All five sites were stop-controlled before roundabouts were installed, and overall the sites experienced a reduction in accident frequencies, rates, and also control delay. Aside from a review of safety and delay data before and after installation of the roundabouts, this study includes a comparison of field-measured control delay with that predicted by SIDRA, an analytically based software package that can analyze at-grade sign- and signal-controlled intersections as well as roundabouts. This study will help agencies better understand their ability to predict delay at American roundabouts. Finally, findings are presented regarding the accuracy of the roundabout capacity model contained in the 1997 update to Chapter 10 of the Highway Capacity Manual. Because of the lack of roundabout entries that are operating at capacity in the United States, an approximation of potential capacity based on available gaps in the circulating stream was made. These findings indicate that the manual may be optimistic in its prediction of capacity for single-lane roundabouts in the United States; however, it should be noted that the lack of roundabout entries operating under capacity in the United States only allows for an approximation of field capacity to be made at this time.

Andrew Leland’s The Country of the Blind: A Memoir at the End of Sight is a personal narrative of the writer’s decades-long transition from sightedness to blindness triggered by retinitis pigmentosa (RP), an eye condition that first affects one’s peripheral vision and gradually results in total loss of sight. It is also an inquiry into the history, culture, and the sociopolitical discourse surrounding blindness. This combination makes the book a part of the tradition of American life-writing that approaches blindness both as a lived experience and a subject of historical inquiry. The said tradition includes Georgina Kleege’s Sight Unseen (1999) and M. Leona Godin’s Their Plant Eyes: A Personal and Cultural History of Blindness (2021), works that demonstrate the centrality of writing to one’s understanding of blindness and emphasise that blindness is as much cultural and political as personal. Leland, a Jewish-American writer, audio producer, editor, and teacher, writes from the perspective of a person standing at the interstices of sightedness and blindness. Being partially blind, he wonders whether embracing blindness “require[s] a wholesale rejection of sight” (Leland xxiii). Unlike the legendary Country of the Blind into which Nunez of H.G. Wells’s sci-fi fantasy stumbles and eventually escapes from, the one that Leland enters is very much part of the larger sighted world and from which he cannot get away. As someone in the process of becoming “a naturalized citizen” of the blind country, he confronts the question: “How can this new identity I’ve taken on be at once central and incidental?” (xv, 248). Grappling with this paradox (which he claims as uniquely American) animates his exploration of blindness. The memoir is structured around three parts containing ten chapters along with an introduction and a conclusion, each part dealing with certain aspects of blindness that the writer learns anew. The design of the book mirrors his evolving experience and knowledge of blindness. The first part, entitled “Phantom Limp,” presents his initial steps into blindness and his exposure to the blind community. “The Lost World,” as the title of the second part suggests, concerns different kinds of loss that he incurs and must adapt to because of his attenuating vision: the ocularnormative notion of masculinity, the visual capacity to appreciate and produce art, his status as a reader of books, and independence in information access. In the third part, “Structured Discovery,” he evaluates the medical and rights/Pride perspectives on blindness, and delineates his own self-discovered, rather ambivalent, approach to his newly acquired identity. Although the organisation of the parts seems linear, certain ideas and preoccupations recur throughout the book, making it a nuanced study of blindness. Chapter 1 busts certain sighted myths regarding blindness and blind people: that blindness is an absolute, unmitigated darkness and, consequently, blind people endure wretched existence. Contra this view, it asserts that blindness is experienced in rich and diverse ways, and the blind have managed to adapt to the demands of the sighted societies in which they have lived over the centuries. Leland narrates the experience of stepping “across the border, into the country of the blind” after years of hesitation and inhibition (23). The crossover—as described in Chapter 2—occurs in the Orlando Convention of the National Federation of the Blind (NFB), where he begins to think of himself “as a member of a blind community” for the first time (26). In Chapter 3, he realises that ophthalmologists do not provide a positive picture of blindness because they believe that the latter tends to affect people’s quality of life. Being declared as “legally blind” after numerous hospital visits, he feels that he can “own” his “blindness better” (62). The confirmation comes as a relief to a man who has been held in the interstitial space between sightedness and blindness for most of his adult life and encourages him to accept how much sight he is left with rather than mourn over how much he has lost. In Chapter 4, Leland doubts if he would be able to effectively fulfil his roles as a husband and a father after the “damage” to his “manhood” (85). He knows that “cling[ing]” to his “old sense of masculinity” will be “a path to disaster, like an Argonaut trying to sail on without replacing any of his ship’s broken planks” (106). He therefore resolves to “abandon […]” the visual “trappings” of masculinity and evolve “a new form” based on his altered condition (106). For Leland, the major challenge for blind people is “access to information” (118). Chapter 5 points out how most of the “mediums” of the sighted world, such as “[b]ooks, magazines, leaflets, menus, labels, signs, maps, graphs, charts, spreadsheets, slide decks, whiteboards, photos, videos, blueprints, tables, diagrams, illustrations, figures” are “hyper-visual by default” (118). While tracing the history of reading and writing technologies in Chapter 6, Leland notes how the invention of braille in the nineteenth century freed blind people from sighted dependence. He learns how to use braille as well as screen reader; despite initially feeling alienated from the “page” by having to use the latter, he realises that blindness in itself does not spell doom to his identities as a reader and a writer (163). Rather than merely being the beneficiaries of technological innovation, blind people have been at its forefront—contributing as engineers, designers, and technicians—a fact conveniently forgotten by the sighted. Chapter 7 details the accomplishments of such people. While no one is truly independent, disabled people are exclusively thought of as “need[ing] more help than everyone else” (190). Leland emphasises “interdependence over and above independence” because no one can ever be self-sufficient (192). He discusses Mia Mingus’s concept of “access intimacy,” which urges the able-bodied to “connect” with the disabled “on their terms” (193). In Chapter 8, he admits that he has “no interest in courting, extending, or preserving” his blindness despite feeling positive about it (212). He adds that he would take a cure if it came along the way. He justifies this self-contradiction by stating that such an attitude is common among the blind who, unlike their Deaf counterparts, do not view “research into curing their disability with the same animus that Deaf activists do” (212). He draws on the insights of disability activist Adrienne Asch to defend his position in Chapter 9. He notes how Ash advocated for flexibility in foregrounding one’s blindness and “let[ting] it fade to the background” as and when required (233). The context-specificity of this idea helps the writer deal with the “paradox” in treating his blindness as both “central and incidental” to his identity at once (248). While I concur with Leland’s assessment that this position is “far more easily articulated than enacted,” I believe that how one wants to present one’s blindness be left to the blind person themselves (248). Chapter 10 recounts Leland’s transformative stay at the Colorado Center for the Blind, which proves to be as influential as his first encounter with the blind community at the Orlando Convention. Compelled to wear sleep shades, he learns crucial experiential insights regarding blindness there. He resolves to “cultivate a half smile” while walking, a gesture that is neither combative nor meek, one in sync with his take on blindness (275). In conclusion, he discovers that blindness can be “absolutely ordinary,” a fact that is unfathomable to the sighted (285). He comes to accept the “trappings of blindness” such as the cane, the screen reader, etc. (286). He concedes that “the separation between the blind and the sighted worlds is largely superficial, constructed by stigma and misunderstanding rather than any inherent difference” (290). It is the “misperceptions people have about blindness” that shroud the points of convergence between the two worlds (290). For all the differences, the blind and the sighted can very well cohabit together as they have done over the centuries. As a blind scholar, I found Leland’s occasional casting of blindness in tragic terms a little unsettling. Nevertheless, the memoir is engaging and historically informed. With its numerous references to prominent figures of blind culture and to the major moments of blind history (appended with copious endnotes), the book offers a fresh perspective on visual impairment. I strongly recommend the book to the scholars of literary and cultural disability studies and to the lay readership at large.

THE SCIENTIFIC SPIRIT OF AMERICAN HUMANISM by Stephen P. Weldon. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2020. 285 pages. Hardcover; $49.95. ISBN: 9781421438580. *The Scientific Spirit of American Humanism by Stephen Weldon recounts with approval the rise of non-theistic, and even antitheistic, thought in modern science. At the outset, I will confess to being a biased reviewer (perhaps, even, an antireviewer). If I were to tell this story, I would lament, rather than celebrate, the seemingly antireligious stance lauded in this history. I must also confess to being an active participant in this history, both as an amateur student in the fundamentalist/modernist controversy in the Presbyterian churches and in my own active involvement in faith-science discussions among evangelicals in the American Scientific Affiliation (ASA). No historical account is objective--it will always reflect its author's perspective. This is true of this book and of this review. *Weldon tells the history episodically highlighting key people who contributed to this story. He begins in chapter 1, "Liberal Christianity and the Frontiers of American Belief," with Unitarians (theists/deists who reject the deity of Christ), liberal Protestants, and atheistic freethinkers. After a few chapters, he turns to a largely secular story dominated by philosophers rather than ministers. Chapter 12 presents charts that show how the 1933 Humanist Manifesto had 50% signatories who were liberal and Unitarian ministers, while the 1973 Humanist Manifesto II had only 21%. By the end of book, humanism becomes secular/atheistic humanism. Weldon describes humanism as "a view of the world that emphasizes human dignity, democracy as the ideal form of government, universal education, and scientific rationality" (p. 5). While not explicitly mentioned, but likely included in the phrase "scientific rationality," is atheism. The 1973 Humanist Manifest II begins with this theme in its opening article about religion: "We find insufficient evidence for belief in the existence of a supernatural; it is either meaningless or irrelevant to the question of survival and fulfillment of the human race. As non-theists, we begin with humans not God, nature not deity." *Chapter 2, "The Birth of Religious Humanism," tells the early 1900s story of ministers John Dietrich, Curtis Reese, and philosopher Roy Wood Sellers, all who were or became Unitarians. "'God-talk' was no longer useful." Unitarianism ends up being a haven for religious humanists, even for those who have eliminated traditional religious language. These are the roots of today's secular humanism. *In many ways, this era is the other side of the religious history of America that this journal's readers may know. The ASA has roots in the more conservative and traditional end of American Protestantism. The old Princeton Presbyterians, Charles Hodge, A. A. Hodge, and B. B. Warfield, represent a strictly orthodox Christianity, but one open to the advances of modern science. One did not have to be theologically liberal to be proscience. The phenomenon of young-earth creationism is a relatively recent development. Conservative Protestants were not as opposed to conventional science as Weldon's treatment suggests. *The Humanist Manifesto (1933) is the subject of chapter 3, "Manifesto for an Age of Science." It was written by Unitarian Roy Wood Sellers and spearheaded by people associated with Meadville Theological School, a small Unitarian seminary, originally in Pennsylvania; after relocating, it had a close association with the University of Chicago. The Manifesto begins with the words, "The time has come for widespread recognition of the radical changes in religious beliefs throughout the modern world. The time is past for mere revision of traditional attitudes." The first affirmation is "Religious humanists regard the universe as self-existing and not created." *"Philosophers in the Pulpit" (chap. 4) highlights the University of Columbia philosophy department and John Dewey, in particular. Dewey was one of the more prominent signers of the Humanist Manifesto and a leading advocate of philosophical pragmatism. This chapter also tells the story of Felix Adler, also associated with Columbia, and the founder of Ethical Culture, an organization with nontheistic, Jewish roots. *"Humanists at War" (chap. 5) and "Scientists on the World Stage" (chap. 6) recount the increased secularization of humanism. Humanists in the 1940s increasingly struggled with the religious character of humanism. Should the category of religion be used at all? During this era, natural scientists, such as evolutionary biologist Julian Huxley and Drosophila geneticist Hermann Muller, rather than philosophers, led the most prominent forms of humanism. This humanism was increasingly secular, scientific, and even atheistic. *Weldon is not hesitant to expose the foibles of this movement. Chapter 7, "Eugenics and the Question of Race," traces how selective population control became part of the conversation. In addition to Huxley and Muller, Margaret Sanger is also part of this story. Philosopher Paul Kurtz makes his first appearance in this chapter and continues to be a significant player in the rest of the book. He was the editor of the Humanist Manifesto and used its pages to explore the question of race and IQ. *Chapter 8, entitled "Inside the Humanist Counter'culture," describes a period dominated by questions of human sexuality and psychology. Weldon's use of the word "counterculture" is apt. In the 1960s, the feminist Patricia Robertson and lawyer/activist Tolbert McCarroll expressed the zeitgeist of the sexual revolution. The psychology of Carl Rogers, Erich Fromm, and Abraham Maslow moved humanism from a more objective/scientific focus to a more experiential one. They are representatives of the third force (or humanistic) school of psychology, in contrast to Freudian psychoanalysis or Skinnerian behaviorism. Although agreement was rare, by the end of the decade, under Paul Kurtz (influenced by B. F. Skinner), the public face of humanism returned to a more scientific leaning. *Chapter 9, "Skeptics in the Age of Aquarius," is one chapter where I found myself, as a traditional evangelical, to be in nearly complete agreement. This chapter describes how New Age beliefs, along with an ascending occultism, came under fire from the scientific humanists under the leadership of Paul Kurtz. Weldon even cites a Christianity Today article that makes common cause with the secular humanists in their resistance to the growing occultism of western culture. I found this chapter to be a useful critique of New Age thinking. *"The Fundamentalist Challenge" (chap. 10) and "Battling Creationism and Christian Pseudoscience" (chap. 11) recount the clash between secular evolutionists and fundamentalist creationists, especially regarding the public-school science curriculum and the teaching of evolution. Here the author clearly demonstrates his prosecularist/anti-fundamentalist inclinations. On a more personal note, the mention of Francis Schaeffer, R. J. Rushdoony, and Cornelius Van Til, strikes at my own history. While some elements of this conservative Presbyterianism were clearly anti-evolutionist, others in the conservative Reformed camp were open to the proscience (including evolutionary biology) views of Warfield and Hodge, even in the early days of anti-evolutionism among fundamentalists. While some in the ASA would count themselves among young-earth creationists or flood geologists, the majority are open to old-earth geology and even to evolutionary biology. The reaction of Weldon himself, and other critics of this era, seems more akin to a religious fundamentalism of its own--albeit a fundamentalism of naturalism. Fundamentalists are not the only ones engaging in a culture war. My own view is that old-earth geology, old universe (big bang) cosmology, and evolutionary biology should be taught as the mainstream scientific consensus even in private religious schools. But dissent and disagreement should be allowed among teachers and students alike. Sometimes it seems to me that these fundamentalist creationists and atheistic evolutionists are all more interested in indoctrination than education. *Embedded in chapter 10 is the history of the Humanist Manifesto II (coauthored by Paul Kurtz). It clearly espouses positions antithetical to traditional Christian orthodoxy, especially in the explicit anti-theistic and prosexual revolution statements. But it is striking to me how much agreement I can find with people who so strongly disagree with traditional Christian faith. This tells me two things: while fundamental religious differences may exist between people, there is something about being human in this world that brings Christians and non-Christians together on many very fundamental questions such as liberty, human dignity, friendship, and peaceful co-existence. Such values are not the unique provenance of humanists or Christians or other religious groups. The second thing is that we are much better at emphasizing differences and seeking to force others to conform to our way than we are at tolerating differences and persuading those who disagree. *The opening of chapter 12, "The Humanist Ethos of Science and Modern America," brought me once again to a personal reflection that is relevant in reviewing this book. My own love of the natural sciences can be traced to Sagan, Asimov, Clarke, Gould, Dawkins, and others who brought the wonder of science to the broader public. Without denying their a-religious, and even antireligious posture, it is noteworthy that the truths about the natural world are independent of who discovered them or communicates them. And they are wondrous whether or not you acknowledge the hand of God in creating them. The process of science works whether the world was created by God or is the result of properties of the universe that just are. It is interesting to me that a brief discussion of post-modernism appears in this chapter. Postmodernism's undermining of the objectivity of natural science leads one to wonder whether this undermines the whole book by hinting that a postmodernist perspective is the consistent non'religious/atheist view. In contrast, the ASA's faith statement states: "We believe that in creating and preserving the universe God has endowed it with contingent order and intelligibility, the basis of scientific investigation." According to Christians, natural science is possible because creation is orderly and intelligible. Atheists and skeptics simply assert the world's orderliness and intelligibility. *Like myself, readers of this journal are likely to have a different perspective on the events traced in Weldon's book. Nevertheless, the history recounted here helps us to see why there is such a divide between science and those who continue to be influenced by more conservative religious views. As such, it is a worthwhile read and of interest to those who follow the science-faith literature. *Reviewed by Terry Gray, Instructor in Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523.

Abstract Background The preferred efficacy design for licensing a vaccine for animal use (United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)) is a prospective, placebo-controlled, randomized, and double-blinded vaccination-challenge trial. In such studies, each subject receives the same exposure to the virulent pathogen by active challenge. To test a cps1, live avirulent canine coccidioidomycosis vaccine, an inhalation disease model was developed in beagle dogs. Methods 6-month old male beagle dogs were housed according to PHS standards. All procedures, approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee for Colorado State University, were performed at ABSL3. Dogs were infected by nebulization with low, medium or high counts of arthroconidia of Coccidioides posadasii, strain Silveira, delivered via endotracheal tube under injectable anesthesia. Thoracic radiographs, CBC, and serum chemistries and body weights were obtained at 2- or 3-week intervals and dogs were euthanized 8 weeks p.i., or earlier if necessary. Approximately 1 gram lung specimens from each lobe were cultured for fungal burden. Fixed tissues were examined histologically. Serum was tested for antibodies. Results Ten of 11 dogs were successfully infected; 5 required early removal at 33 to 48-days p.i. Elevated globulin, decreased albumin, decreased A/G ratio, monocytosis and weight loss were present in all infected dogs. Radiographic and histopathological lesions were very extensive at the high challenge doses. Medium doses had the most consistent scoring and clinical findings, including some early removal, without overwhelming disease, while the low dose produced the least consistent quantifiable features. All dogs developed antibodies. Conclusion Nebulized aerosol delivery of spores reproducibly produced significant coccidioidomycosis in 10 of 11 dogs. Overall, the challenge model demonstrated consistent characteristic findings sufficient to assess vaccine efficacy in dogs during an 8-week period post challenge without producing a potentially overwhelming infection. The aerosol nebulization of arthroconidia in beagle dogs should provide a vaccination-challenge experimental design in line with Chapter 9 Code of Federal Regulations, parts 102.5 and 104.5. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

William Douglas Woody completed his doctoral work at Colorado State University and is now Assistant Professor of Psychology at the University of Northern Colorado. He teaches and conducts research in the areas of psychology and the law, social psychology, and history and systems of psychology. He is the recipient of regional and national teaching awards. While completing his doctoral work, Doug started collaborating with Edie Greene on projects related to civil jury decision making. Edie Greene earned her BA in psychology from Stanford University, her MA from the University of Colorado–Boulder, and her PhD in psychology and law from the University of Washington. Additionally, she completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Washington from 1983 to 1986, and she served as Fellow in Law and Psychology at Harvard Law School from 1994 to 1995. Edie is currently Professor of Psychology at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs where she conducts research on jury trials, eyewitness memory, and other topics in psychology and law. Her work has been funded by number of federal agencies, and she has earned extensive research recognition including an award from her college for Outstanding Research and Creative Works. Edie is a coauthor of the textbook Psychology and the Legal System (5th ed.), published by Wadsworth (2002), and she coauthored Determining Damages: The Psychology of Jury Awards, published by the American Psychological Association (2002). She has published more than 70 articles and book chapters as well as an annotated bibliography on the adversarial system (Strier & Greene, 1990). In addition to conducting research, she has served as a trial consultant, and she has testified extensively as an expert witness on eyewitness memory and jury decision making. Edie has been active in the American Psychology–Law Society in numerous roles including membership on the executive committee. She serves on the editorial boards of Law and Human Behavior and Psychology, Public Policy and Law.

Vector biology has become a fast moving field. Spurred on by the recent exciting advances in the molecular biology, genomics and latterly proteomics of vector insects and their pathogens, researchers are using new approaches and our knowledge is rapidly increasing. The second edition of this volume very much reflects these advances. The editor, William Marquardt, has assembled a team of section editors to oversee the production of 57 short chapters, divided into 7 parts. With a few exceptions, these experts are drawn from the USA, a reflection no doubt of the history of the first edition which was produced to accompany the Biology of Vector Disease course, given at Colorado State University. The text is aimed at post-graduate and post-doctoral researchers, working in a range of areas associated with vector biology and vector-borne diseases. It provides an excellent opportunity to obtain an initial overview of a new area or to dip into a field that may be peripheral to the topic under investigation.

In 2022, the Swiss branch of the international publishing house Springer published a book, a collection of papers entitled Military Geoscience: A Multifaceted Approach to the Study of Warfare. It consists of selected contributions by international researchers in the field of military geoscience, presented at the 13th International Conference on Military Geosciences, held in Padua in June 2019. The first paper is by the editors, Aldin Bondesan and Judy Ehlen, and provides a brief overview of understanding the concept of military geoscience as an application of geology and geography to the military domain, and the historical development of the discipline. It should also be pointed out that the International Conferences on Military Geosciences (ICMG), which organises this biennial international conference, has over the past two decades also covered other aspects, such as conflict archaeology. The publication is further divided into three parts. The first part comprises three contributions covering military geoscience up to the 20th century. The first paper, by Chris Fuhriman and Jason Ridgeway, provides an insights into the Battle of Marathon through topography visualisation. The geography of the Marathon field, the valley between Mt. Cotroni and Mt. Agrieliki, allowed the Greek defenders to nullify the advantage of the Persian cavalry and archers, who were unable to develop their full potential. This is followed by a paper by Judy Ehlen, who explores the geological background of the Anglo-British coastal fortification system along the English Channel, focusing on the Portsmouth area of Hampshire. The author thus points out that changes in artillery technology and naval tactics between the 16th and 19th centuries necessitated changes in the construction of coastal fortifications, both in terms of the form of the fortifications and the method of construction, including the choice of basic building materials, as well as the siting of the fortifications in space. The next article is then dedicated to the Monte Baldo Fortress in north-eastern Italy, between Lake Garda and the Adige River. In his article, Francesco Premi analyses the presence of the fortress in the transition area between the Germanic world and the Mediterranean, and the importance of this part of Italy (at the southernmost part of the pre-Alpine mountains) in military history, as reflected in the large number of important military and war relics and monuments. The second part of the book, which is the most comprehensive, focuses on the two World Wars and consists of nine papers. The first paper in this part provides an analysis of the operation of trench warfare training camps in the Aube region of France. The group of authors, Jérôme Brenot, Yves Desfossés, Robin Perarnau, Marc Lozano and Alain Devos, initially note that static warfare training camps have not received much attention so far. Using aerial photography of the region dating from 1948 and surviving World War II photographic material, they identified some 20 sites where soldiers of the Entente forces were trained for front-line service in trenches. Combined archaeological and sociological fieldwork followed, confirming the presence of these camps, both through preserved remains and the collective memory. The second paper in this volume also concerns the survey on trenches, located in northern Italy in the Venezia Tridentina Veneto area in northern Italy. The authors Luigi Magnini, Giulia Rovera, Armando De Guio and Giovanni Azzalin thus use digital classification methods and archaeology to determine how Italian and Austro-Hungarian First World War trenches have been preserved or, in case they have disappeared, why this was the case, both from the point of view of the natural features as well as from the anthropological point of view of the restoration of the pre-war settings. The next paper, by Paolo Macini and Paolo Sammuri, analyses the activities of the miners and pioneers of the Italian Corps of Engineers during the First World War, in particular with regard to innovative approaches to underground mine warfare. In the Dolomites, the Italian engineers, using various listening devices, drilling machinery and geophysical methods, developed a system for drilling underground mine chambers, which they intended to use and actually used to destroy parts of Austro-Hungarian positions. The paper by Elena Dai Prà, Nicola Gabellieri and Matteo Boschian Bailo concerns the Italian Army's operations during the First World War. It focuses on the use of tactical maps with emphasis on typological classification, the use of symbols, and digital cartography. The authors thus analysed the tactical maps of the Italian Third Army, which were being constantly updated by plotting the changes in positions and tactical movements of both sides. These changes were examined both in terms of the use of new symbols and the analysis of the movements. This is followed by a geographical presentation of the Italian Army's activities during the First World War. The authors Paolo Plini, Sabina Di Franco and Rosamaria Salvatori have thus collected 21,856 toponyms by analysing documents and maps. The locations were also geolocated to give an overview of the places where the Italian Army operated during the First World War. The analysis initially revealed the complexity of the events on the battlefields, but also that the sources had misidentified the places of operation, as toponyms were misidentified, especially in the case of homonyms. Consequently, the area of operation was misidentified as well. In this respect, the case of Vipava was highlighted, which can refer to both a river and a settlement. The following paper is the first on the Second World War. It is the article by H. A. P. Smith on Italian prisoners of war in South Africa. The author outlines the circumstances in which Italian soldiers arrived to and lived in the southern African continent, and the contribution they made to the local environment and the society, and the remnants of their presence preserved to the present day. In their article, William W. Doe III and Michael R. Czaja analyse the history, geography and significance of Camp Hale in the state of Colorado. In doing so, they focus on the analysis of the military organization and its impact on the local community. Camp Hale was thus the first military installation of the U.S. Army, designated to test and train U.S. soldiers in mountain and alpine warfare. It was here that the U.S. 10th Mountain Division was formed, which concluded its war path on Slovenian soil. The Division's presence in this former camp, which was in military use also after the war until 1965, and in the surrounding area is still visible through numerous monuments. This is followed by a paper by Hermann Häusler, who deals with German military geography and geology on the Eastern Front of the Second World War. A good year before the German attack on the Soviet Union, German and Austrian military geologists began an analysis of the topography, population and infrastructure of the European part of the Soviet Union, which led to a series of publications, including maps showing the suitability of the terrain for military operations. During the war, military geological teams then followed the frontline units and carried out geotechnical tasks such as water supply, construction of fortifications, supply of building materials for transport infrastructure, and analysis of the suitability of the terrain for all-terrain driving of tracked and other vehicles. The same author also authored a paper in the next chapter, this time focusing on the activities of German military geologists in the Adriatic area. Similarly to his first contribution, the author presents the work of military geologists in northern Italy and north-western Slovenia. He also focuses on the construction of fortification systems in northern Italy and presents the work of karst hunters in the Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral. Part 3 covers the 21st century with five different papers (chapters). The first paper by Alexander K. Stewart deals with the operations of the U.S. Army specialised teams in Afghanistan. These Agribusiness Development Teams (ADTs) carried out a specialised form of counter-guerrilla warfare in which they sought to improve the conditions for the development of local communities through agricultural assistance to the local population. In this way, they were also counteracting support for the Taliban. The author notes that, in the decade after the programme's launch, the project had only a 19% success rate. However, he stresses that such forms of civil-military cooperation should be present in future operations. The next chapter, by Francis A. Galgan, analyses the activities of modern pirates through military-geographical or geological methods. Pirates, who pose a major international security threat, are present in four regions of the world: South and South-East Asia, East Africa and the Gulf of Guinea. Building on the data on pirate attacks between 1997 and 2017, the author shows the temporal and spatial patterns of pirate activities, as well as the influence of the geography of coastal areas on their activities. This is followed by another chapter with a maritime topic. Mark Stephen Blaine discusses the geography of territorial disputes in the South China Sea. Through a presentation of international law, the strategic importance of the sea (sea lanes, natural resources) and the overlapping territorial claims of China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Vietnam and Indonesia, the author shows the increasing level of conflict in the area and calls for the utmost efforts to be made to prevent the outbreak of hostilities or war. M. H. Bulmer's paper analyses the Turkish Armed Forces' activities in Syria from the perspective of military geology. The author focuses on the Kurdish forces' defence projects, which mainly involved the construction of gun trenches, observation towers or points, tunnels and underground facilities, as well as on the Turkish armed forces' actions against this military infrastructure. This involved both mountain and underground warfare activities. While these defensive infrastructures proved to be successful during the guerrilla warfare period, direct Turkish attacks on these installations demonstrated their vulnerability. The last chapter deals with the current operational needs and limitations of military geosciences from the perspective of the Austrian Armed Forces. Friedrich Teichmann points out that the global operational interest of states determines the need for accurate geo-data as well as geo-support in case of rapidly evolving requirements. In this context, geoscience must respond to new forms of threats, both asymmetric and cyber, at a time when resources for geospatial services are limited, which also requires greater synergy and an innovative approach to finding solutions among multiple stakeholders. This also includes increased digitisation, including the use of satellite and other space technologies. The number of chapters in the publication illustrates the breadth and depth of military geoscience, as well as the relevance of geoscience to past, present and future conflicts or military operations and missions. The current military operations in Ukraine demonstrate the need to take into account the geo-geological realities of the environment and that terrain remains one of the decisive factors for success on the battlefield, irrespective of the technological developments in military engineering and technology. This can also be an incentive for Slovenian researchers and the Slovenian Armed Forces to increase research activities in the field of military geosciences, especially in view of the rich military and war history in the geographically and geologically diverse territory of Slovenia.

The genus Falconina Brignoli, 1985 is revised and redescribed, including ten species. New records and documentation of morphological variation in F. gracilis (Keyserling, 1891) are presented; it and the type species, F. melloi (Schenkel, 1953), are rediagnosed. Falconina albomaculosa (Schmidt, 1971) is redescribed based on the female holotype and additional material from Ecuador, with the male being described for the first time. Falconina crassipalpis (Chickering, 1937) is redescribed based on the types and additional material from Barro Colorado, Panama. Six new species are described, diagnosed, and illustrated: F. iza sp. nov. (♂ from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil); F. taita sp. nov. (♂ from Chapare and ♀ from Sapecho, Bolivia); F. catirina sp. nov. (♂ from Piauí, Brazil); F. adriki sp. nov. (♂ and ♀ from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil); F. andresi sp. nov. (♀ from Meta, Colombia); and F. brignolii sp. nov. (♀ from Sucre, Venezuela). Additionally, distribution maps and an identification key to all of the known species of Falconina are provided.

The global market for pigments and dyes is forecast to reach 9.9 million tons and $26.53 billion by the year 2017, driven by the growth in key end-use industries. Before synthetic dyes and pigments were discovered, limited number of natural colorant has been obtained from plants, animals and minerals. The classification of colorants has become mandatory due to huge increase in kind and number of colorants. For this reason, colorants are classified based on their structure, source, color, solubility and application methods. In this chapter, dyes will be investigated in two different groups as accordance with chemical structures and application methods. The basic classification groups were determined as azo, anthraquinone, indigo, phthalocyanine, sulfur, nitro and nitroso dyes by considering their chemical structures. According to application method, they were grouped as reactive, disperse, acid, basic, direct, and vat dyes. However, the classification of pigments as organic and inorganic pigments is also regarded as an appropriate way.

India Cosmetics is used daily by majority of the people worldwide. Nowadays, consumer demand for natural based product cosmetics as they are safe to use and environmentally friendly. Lip balm is a cosmetic or lip care product whose purpose is to prevent dry and chapped lips. The quality of lip balm is directly linked with the basic ingredients used in the formulation. This work involved the formulation of lip balm from natural ingredients. Various composition of beeswax, shea butter, stingless bee honey, oils and colorant were studied to obtain the best formulation. Stingless bee honey was added to the lip balm formulation as moisturizing agent. The physico-chemical properties of the formulations were determined including melting point, stability, moisture content, color intensity, sensory test for human acceptance and microbial test. From the results, the formulation of lip balm from beeswax, shea butter and oil with ratio 1:1:1 was the best formulation. It has high melting point and has stable condition in low and room temperature. The presence of honey in the formulation assisted to increase the moisture content in the lip balm. Besides that, for color intensity, natural colorant from fruit juice and extraction contributed the color to the lip balm but the color intensity was lower compared to powder colorant. Lastly, the formulation of lip balm from beeswax, shea butter and oil with ratio of 1:1:1 met the consumer acceptance as the highest sensory test score was obtained for this formulation.

ABSTRACT Thomas G. McPoil, PT, PhD, FAPTA, is Emeritus Professor of Physical Therapy at Regis University, Denver, Colorado, and Emeritus Regents’ Professor of Physical Therapy at Northern Arizona University. He has served as an Adjunct Honorary Professor in the School of Physiotherapy at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, and currently serves as a consultant to the Physical Therapy Orthotics Clinic at Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado. Dr. McPoil is known nationally and internationally for his scholarly contributions that have systematically examined foot and ankle function from both scientific and clinical perspectives. Dr. McPoil is an author or coauthor of 130 publications in peer-reviewed journals, coeditor of 2 books, and coauthor of 6 book chapters. His work reaches beyond the profession of physical therapy, as he served on the editorial boards of Foot and Ankle International, the Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, and Research in Sports Medicine and is currently on the editorial boards of the Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association and The FOOT. Dr McPoil received his PhD in kinesiology with a specialization in biomechanics from University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He holds an MS in physical education with a specialization in athletic training from Louisiana State University and a BA in physical education from the California State University, Sacramento. During his career, he has held faculty appointments at the University of Illinois at Chicago, Northern Arizona University, and Regis University. Dr McPoil’s clinical practice has focused on the management of chronic orthopedic foot and ankle disorders for the past 38 years. Dr McPoil is the founding president of the Foot and Ankle Special Interest Group of the Academy of Orthopaedic Physical Therapy. He has served as Vice President of the Academy of Orthopaedic Physical Therapy and as the Treasurer of the Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. He has received numerous teaching awards, including APTA’s Dorothy E. Baethke & Eleanor J. Carlin Award for Excellence in Academic Teaching and the Academy of Orthopaedic Physical Therapy’s James A. Gould Excellence in Teaching Orthopaedic Physical Therapy Award. He is a recipient of a Fulbright Senior Scholar Award, the William J. Stickel Award for Research in Podiatric Medicine, the Academy of Orthopaedic Physical Therapy’s Stanley Paris Distinguished Service Award and was elected a Catherine Worthingham Fellow of APTA in 2007.

Treinta y una especies de Argia son registradas de Ecuador, de las cuales dos, A. huanacina Förster y A. jocosa Hagen, constituyen nuevos registros para el país, y cinco son nuevas para la ciencia y son descriptas aquí: Argia acridens n. sp. (Holotipo ♂: ECUADOR, Prov. Manabí, 79 km al oeste de Santo Domingo de los Colorados, 0°20' S, 79°46' O, 260 m, 7 Mayo 1975, Paul J. Spangler et al. leg., en USNM), Argia cuspidata n. sp. (Holotipo ♂: ECUADOR, Prov. Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas: 19 km al este de Santo Domingo de los Colorados, 0°18'49'' S, 79°1'44'' O, 740 m, 7 Mayo 1975, A. Langley & J. Cohen leg., en USNM), A. philipi n. sp. (Holotipo ♂: BOLIVIA, Dept. Cochabamba, Prov. Chapare: arroyo 5 km al sur de Villa Tunari, mediodía, 16°59'49" S, 65°24'28" O, 350 m, 4 Noviembre 2001, Jerrell J. Daigle leg., en FSCA), Argia selysi n. sp. (Holotipo ♂: ECUADOR, Prov. Napo: Jatun Yacu, Cuenca del Río Napo, 1°1' S, 77°50' O, 700 m, 18 Abril 1935, William Clarke-Macintyre leg., en UMMZ) y A. tennesseni n. sp. (Holotipo ♂: ECUADOR, Prov. Orellana: arroyo 8.5 km al este de Loreto, 0°37' 6" S, 77°17' 42" O, 360 m, 14 Septiembre 1997, Kenneth J. Tennessen leg., en FSCA). Las nuevas especies son ilustradas y diagnosticadas de sus congéneres, y sus áreas de distribución conocidas son mapeadas. Para ayudar en su identificación, se proveen también ilustraciones y /o mapas de distribución de especies relacionadas, incluyendo a: A. adamsi Calvert, A. difficilis Selys, A. dives Förster, A. huanacina Förster, A. fulgida Navás, A. infrequentula Fraser, A. jocosa Hagen en Selys, A. joergenseni Ris, A. limitata Navás, A. medullaris Selys, A. orichalcea Hagen en Selys y A. ulmeca Calvert. Argia columbiana Navás y A. rectangula Navás son tratadas como sinónimos junior subjetivos de Argia medullaris Selys. Se proporciona una clave para las ocho especies conocidas metálicas rojas de Argia de América del Sur.

Editor’s Note: This is a summary of the May episode of the President’s podcast. We encourage you to listen to the episode to hear the full conversation. In this podcast episode, I am joined by Jennifer Miskimins, department head of petroleum engineering at the Colorado School of Mines, to discuss the importance of supporting universities and students through the challenges and opportunities facing the industry. I chose Jennifer to be part of this episode because of her extensive experience in both academia and the industry. This episode aims to delve into the status of petroleum engineering departments and the importance of students in shaping the industry’s future. I emphasize the collaborative effort required from universities, SPE, and its members to attract the next generation to the field. Our conversation revolves around the importance of addressing the challenges faced by petroleum engineering programs and attracting students to the field. I explain that the SPE Board of Directors recognizes the significance of universities, students, and faculty in the industry, including naming them as core constituencies in SPE’s Strategic Plan. Attracting the next generation is one of the top concerns among SPE members. Young professionals and students play a vital role in driving innovation and addressing future challenges, emphasizing the need for a full pipeline of talent to sustain the industry’s progress. I believe that students are essential for shaping the future of energy and fulfilling humanity’s needs, as they aspire to make a meaningful impact in the world. We need the next technical breakthroughs, most of which will come from the students in university today. They want to feel like they’re making a difference in the world. Jennifer adds, “What I frequently hear from students is yes, they want a long-term career but making a difference is very important. And they can do so. So hopefully, we can get more students coming our direction.” Although enrollment in petroleum engineering programs has fluctuated due to industry downturns and external factors like the COVID-19 pandemic, recent data suggests a modest increase in undergraduate enrollment, indicating a potential upswing. There are challenges such as the industry’s public image, perception of job stability, and declining enrollment in STEM education. Addressing these challenges requires reframing the narrative around the energy “transition” to one of “expansion” and highlighting the long-term career opportunities in the industry. We share insights into how universities are incorporating diverse energy-related topics into their curriculum, offering electives on emerging technologies, and engaging with industry professionals to provide students with real-world insights and opportunities. We also emphasize the role of faculty advisors and industry support in sustaining student chapters of organizations like SPE, which play a crucial role in bridging the gap between academia and industry. We further point out the critical role SPE members play in supporting students and universities through mentorship, financial support, and speaking engagements. Active involvement in student chapters helps bridge the gap between academia and industry.

My academic research journey started a decade ago as a Ph.D. student at the Azman Hashim International School, University Technology Malaysia. Since then, I have authored over 150 peer-reviewed journal articles, conference papers, books, and book chapters. In addition to guest editing several special issues for academic journals, I also had an opportunity to serve as the Director of Research for numerous professional organizations. Furthermore, I have served in senior editorial positions for numerous well-established hospitality and services management journals for the last three years. All these roles involve sending out invitations to review the manuscripts. The usual scenario is where some invitees accept to review, and others decline. However, what stands out is that many invitees do not respond to the invitation or send a review comprising three to four sentences. Conferences and special issues usually are tight on time schedules because of deadlines. Journals also need to publish timely research. Most of it is possible with a quality review provided on time. Hospitality and tourism management is a relatively smaller discipline, and it is difficult for many editors/conference chairs to manage reviewers for an increasing number of submissions. Consequently, at times, many scholars receive dozens of review invitations every month with shrinking deadlines to get the job done. Including myself, I know of numerous scholars who review over hundred articles every year. The question, however, is if this is fair to be putting a burden of reviewing on a relatively smaller number of people. Recently a discussion on TRINET MAILSERV attracted some of the prominent scholars in our discipline with exciting viewpoints. An interesting question was raised in the discussion - "How many papers should an active researcher review every year?" To answer the question, while some mentioned a numeric number, others responded with an emphasis on the quality of reviews instead of the quantity. I stand for both of these arguments. I think an active researcher should publish a certain number of papers every year and try to beat that number the following year without compromising the quality of the feedback. I also think that reviewing for a journal should be incentivized. Monetary incentives can be lucrative but not practical. Some journals have started including quality and reliable reviewers on their editorial boards. It is a great practice that can benefit early-career researchers but is not being practiced by all journals. Another incentive can be pushing for the recognition of reviewing process. Recently, there has been an increase in journal editors working with Publons to provide recognition to reviewers. Another reason why many junior faculty members do not want to review academic journals is the simple cost-benefit equation. Providing quality reviews for several papers every year takes considerable time. However, reviewing is often given little weightage in an already minimum share of service for tenure-track faculty members towards their tenure and promotion. Since most of the editors in the hospitality and tourism discipline are senior faculty members, there is an increasing need for them to push for having some weightage to 'reviewing' in the tenure and promotion guidelines within their colleges/schools/departments. It is important because I know a few younger faculty members who love to review papers and provide feedback but cannot do it because it is not considered a performance metric. Lastly, just like anything else, reviewers also need to be developed. Many institutes and conferences hold panel discussions and workshops on research methodology or publishing papers. It is good for the benefit of the authors. However, there are no workshops provided to train reviewers. Recently, I moderated an online webinar, "Academic Peer Review: Benefits and Challenges." Panelists included Dr. Ulrike Gretzel, Dr. Stanislav Ivanov, Dr. Metin Kozak, and Dr. Marissa Orlowski. Here is a link for all of you to watch the webinar and forward it to your students or colleagues. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nJ66YyeEdk). The webinar generated a huge interest from around the world, further strengthening my viewpoint about the need for such activities. In the peer review process, reviewers act as the gatekeepers, which signifies their importance in advancing knowledge. However, most of the reviewers are self-taught or mentored in-house by their advisors. It is time for journal editors and conferences to step up and think about holding workshops to train the reviewers on how to review. It can be done at a major conference such as the Annual ICHRIE Conference or the Graduate Conference with a larger graduate student population to cultivate the next crop of reviewers. It can be a valuable step not only to deal with the shortage of reviewers but also to ensure quality reviews. Overview of This Issue This is the second issue of the Journal of Global Hospitality and Tourism. This issue features five exciting research papers and two viewpoints. The first paper written by Noradiva Hamzah, Norlida Hanım Mohd Salleh, Izuli Dzulkifli, and Tengku Kasmini Tengku Wook, sheds light on intellectual capital from the Islamic Value dimension to Muslim-friendly Medical Tourism. Using a case study approach, this study gives some directions for the hospital's management in developing and managing its intellectual capital and Islamic values. This study also explains how they can better leverage their intellectual capital and create added value to respond successfully to the increasingly competitive environment. It is pioneering research that develops a theoretical model to incorporate Intellectual Capital dimensions and Islamic Values in Muslim-friendly Medical Tourism. The second paper is written by Shaniel Bernard, Imran Rahman, Sijun Liu, and Luana Nanu. It examines the effect of reliance on different sources of information on the credibility of COVID-19 information (BCI). In addition, the effect of BCI on fearfulness and the corresponding fear on intention to use accommodation services and stay at home are analyzed. The authors collected data from 1,017 American consumers and analyzed them using a structural equation model. The results confirm the significant effects of trust in media and government on BCI and the corresponding positive effect of BCI on the scarecrow. However, the adverse effects of fear on intentions to visit hotels and restaurants (general and Chinese) and the positive effects of fear on intentions to stay at home and use third-party meal delivery services are confirmed. Rami K. Isaac conducts the third study from the Breda University of Applied Sciences. This research aims to understand better the impact of terrorism on risk perceptions and attitudes of Dutch travel behavior towards Egypt. The researcher obtained data from 414 respondents, and findings show that (potential) Dutch tourists are less likely to take risks when traveling with children. For example, people who often travel with children avoid traveling to countries in the MENA region due to terrorism-related unrest. Furthermore, it was determined that more than half of the sample size did not consider traveling to Egypt due to the current travel advice of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The fourth paper is written by Michael Vieregge from the University of Western Colorado. Although the demand for rural destinations has increased after the Covid-19 pandemic, the number of studies on this topic is scarce. This study contributes to the field by focusing on local gastronomy in rural communities. The archival research study focuses on 549 Cittaslow and non-Cittaslow towns and cities in 19 European countries. According to the research findings, rural towns offer more local gastronomy than cities, and towns with Cittaslow certification are more common than non-Cittaslow ones. The research suggests rural towns should focus on expanding their local gastronomy, and Cittaslow recommends expanding cities even further. The last article is authored by Cecily Martinez, Amy Bardwell, Julie Schumacher, and Jennifer Barnes. This study is based on implementing six nutrient claims evaluated by a group of registered dietitians. The snack items were conveniently placed near the cash register to "nudge" purchases, and sales of snacks before and after the claims implementation were examined. The authors applied paired-sample t-tests and indicated that after nutrient claims were implemented, sales of snacks increased in both groups. Results indicate that nutrient claims that had a significant impact on sales differed between the two groups. In addition to these five research papers, this second issue of JGHT also has two viewpoints. The first is an academic viewpoint, written by Prof. Stanislav Ivanov from Varna University of Management. He suggests academic research accepts and pays more attention to the economics of technologies in travel, tourism, and hospitality. According to Ivanov, travel, tourism, and hospitality (TTH) are intrinsically connected to technology. At the same time, tourists book their flights and accommodation through technology, reach their destination with the help of technology, explore the destination with technology, and share their experiences online with technology. Economic principles, like any other business, run them. Economic factors also drive their decisions to invest in technology. That is why academic research needs to acknowledge and pay more attention to the economics of technologies in travel, tourism, and hospitality. This academic viewpoint also outlines several directions for future research in the field. The second viewpoint is industry-focused and is authored by Mr. Murat Toktaş. He is the founder/president of KATID (Black Sea Tourist Operators Association), the founder/president of SKAL Karadeniz, and the founder/vice-president of TUROYD (Tourism Hotel Managers Association) and a member of the Board of Directors of TUROFED (Turkish Hoteliers Federation). In his viewpoint, he explains how destination management organizations (DMOs) work with local governments in Turkey. He suggested a successful destination marketing strategy for the Turkish Tourism Promotion and Development Agency (TGA). Collaboration between local and DMOs is essential for destinations to be adequately promoted and become a successful brands. Marketing is effective when a destination's artistic and cultural features are correctly promoted, as in the case of TGA. This viewpoint also concludes with several future research directions.

The killings of Rumain Brisbon, Tamir Rice, Akai Gurley, Dante Parker, Michael Brown, Eric Garner, and many other Black Americans, have brought global attention to racial inequities involving police brutality in the United States. The subsequent non-indictments resulting from the grand juries in Ferguson and Staten Island as well as the bombing outside a NAACP chapter in Colorado have left many Americans outraged. The Editorial Board of the Harvard Public Health Review recognizes that racism has driven health inequities among historically underserved and marginalized populations nationwide, evidenced not only in the extraordinarily disparate rate at which Blacks are killed at the hands of the police compared to Whites, but also through inequities in environmental exposures, limitations in access to health care, and other factors that affect optimal health and well-being. Indeed, Eric Garner died after a police officer violently compressed his neck and chest. This officer’s actions severely limited his ability to breathe, which already had been compromised by asthma, obesity, and hypertensive cardiovascular disease—diseases that occur at substantially higher rates among Blacks than Whites. As the Institute of Medicine (IOM) has noted, the role of racism in undermining Black health is undeniable.

Research methodology The case was developed from two 2-h interviews with the Chief Operating Officer of A-Basin, Alan Henceroth; there is no CEO of A-Basin. The second interview was recorded on a Zoom call to provide accuracy of quotations and information. A variety of secondary sources were used in terms of better understanding the current state of the ski industry, as well as its history. Case overview/synopsis Arapahoe Basin (A-Basin) is a historic, moderately sized, ski area with proximity to metropolitan Denver, Colorado. For over 20 years A-Basin partnered with Vail, allowing skiers to use the Vail Epic Pass, for which A-Basin received some revenue from Vail for each skier visit. The Epic Pass allowed pass holders unlimited days of skiing at A-Basin. More and more skiers were buying the Epic Pass, thus increasing the customer traffic to A-Basin. However, the skier experience was compromised due inadequate parking, long lift lines and crowded restaurants. The renewal of the contract with Vail was coming due, and A-Basin had to consider whether to renew the contract with Vail. The case is framed primarily as a strategic marketing case. The authors use Porter’s five forces model to assess the external environment of A-Basin, and the authors use the resource-based view and the VRIO tool to assess A-Basin’s internal strengths. Both frameworks provide useful analysis in terms of deciding whether to continue A-Basin’s arrangement with Vail or end the contract and pursue a different strategy. In 2019, after consultation with the Canadian parent company Dream, A-Basin made the decision to disassociate itself from the Epic Pass and Vail to restore a quality ski experience for A-Basin’s customers. No other partner had ever left its relationship with Vail. An epilogue details some of A-Basin’s actions, as well as the outcomes for the ski area. Generally A-Basin’s decision produced positive results and solidified its competitive position among competitors. Other ski areas have since adopted a similar strategy as A-Basin. A-Basin’s success is reflected in a pending offer from Alterra, Inc., to purchase the ski area. Complexity academic level The A-Basin case can be used in both undergraduate and graduate strategic (or marketing) management courses. It is probably best considered during the middle of an academic term, as the case requires students to apply many of the theoretical concepts of strategy. One of the best books to enable students to use Porter’s five forces is Understanding Michael Porter by Joan Magretta (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2012). Magretta was a colleague of Porter for many years and was an Editor of the Harvard Business Review. For a discussion of the VRIN/VRIO concept, see Chapter 4 of Essentials of Strategic Management by Gamble, Peteraf and Thompson (New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2019).

Spring 2024 Student News includes a student travelogue from the 244th ECS Meeting and news from the ECS Colorado School of Mines, University of Houston, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Jawaharlal Nehru University, University of Michigan, Technische Universität München, University of the Philippines, Texas A&M, and University of Texas at Austin ECS Student Chapters.

Gray and Pape, Inc., performed an intensive pedestrian cultural resources survey of the Area of Potential Effects of permitted segments of proposed pipeline refurbishment located in Midland and Mitchell Counties, Texas. To date, no federal permitting has been identified for the project. However, approximately 3.2 kilometers (2 miles) of the project area are located on lands owned by the City of Midland and the City of Colorado City, and will be reviewed under the Texas Antiquities Code (Texas Natural Resource Code, Title 9, Chapter 191), Permit number 8677. The area surveyed amounts to approximately 20 hectares (50 acres) of survey corridor, which is considered the Area of Potential Effects. A records and literature review of the project location prior to survey identified two previously recorded archaeological sites and two previously conducted surveys within a 1.6-kilometer (1-mile) radius of the project. Fieldwork was conducted in January and March of 2019. The project required 156-person hours to complete and involved archaeological reconnaissance and shovel testing throughout the entire Area of Potential Effects. A total of 116 shovel tests were excavated along current and previously planned routes, of which 10 were positive for cultural materials. One new previously unrecorded site was identified as a result of survey. Site 41MD58 consists of a low-density surface and buried lithic scatter of a limited number of artifacts and artifact types. The surface of the resource area showed clear disturbance from the adjacent pipeline right-of-way and agricultural activities. A portion of the site was in the process of being disturbed at the time of site delineation by pipeline activities unrelated to the current project consisting of an open trench and associated spoil. Shovel tests within the site showed a lack of integrity primarily as a result of natural and artificial processes resulting in the dispersion of artifacts. The site did not contain temporally or culturally diagnostic artifacts and no artifacts were collected. Nor were any cultural features or historic-age standing resources encountered in the field. Based on the paucity of artifacts, lack of diagnostic materials, and lack of integrity, the site portion located within the Area of Potential Effects is recommended not eligible for State Antiquities Landmark or National Register status. Gray & Pape, Inc. recommends no additional archaeological work for the site or surveyed portions of the project detailed in this report. However, Gray & Pape, Inc. recommends that an unanticipated discoveries plan be put into place in the event that discoveries take place during construction. Gray & Pape, Inc. submitted project records to the Center of Archaeological Studies at Texas State University.

Symposium “Completing the Data Pipeline: Collections Data Use in Research, Education and Outreach. The conference theme, Collections and Data in an Uncertain World, turns the spotlight on a number of opportunities that can advance the experience of undergraduate biology education. Today, millions of records from Natural History Collections worldwide are available to students and educators through portals such as iDigBio, https://www.idigbio.org/portal/search. These records facilitate explorations for disciplinary and interdisciplinary understanding of a changing and uncertain biodiversity landscape across space and time. Biological and paleontological specimens data can be combined with ecological or geological data to investigate large scale questions related to climate change, invasive species or resource management. This session highlights resources and initiatives of the Ecological Society of America (ESA) for undergraduate students and faculty that focus on emerging developments in core competencies, careers and diversity. For too long, undergraduate biology/ecology education has centered primarily round mastery of disciplinary content often involving rote learning. The Vision and Change in Undergraduate Biology Education conference organized by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 2009 identified a set of core competencies that include understanding of the nature of science, communication, collaboration, and quantitative skills. These skills, and the fluency across disciplines such as ecology, environmental science, evolutionary biology and systematics are the hallmarks of the 21st century biologist. www.visionandchange.org ESA has long advocated active learning in the classroom. In 2006, ESA education leaders launched, Teaching Issues and Experiments in Ecology (TIEE), an education journal designed to promote inquiry, scientific thinking, collaborative work, formative evaluation, and alternative assessment in the college classroom. Today, the LifeDiscoveryEd Digital Library (LDDL), www.lifediscoveryed.org, built on the metadata architecture of ESA’s EcoEd Digital Library established in 2006, serves three disciplinary society communities including ESA, Botanical Society of America (BSA) and Society for the Study of Evolution (SSE), encouraging cross-dissemination of resources. Together, the three societies form the LifeDiscovery partners and co-organize the Life Discovery – Doing Science Biology Education conference (LDC) every 18 months, www.esa.org/ldc. A unique feature of the LDC is the Education Share Fair where participants may present teaching ideas at any stage of development to solicit feedback from their peers. In a response to a need for a more robust approach to advancing data literacy, ESA joined with the Quantitative Undergraduate Biology Education and Synthesis (QUBES) project, to offer a series of Faculty Mentoring Networks (FMN) launched in 2016, https://qubeshub.org, http://esa.org/fed/fmn/. Additionally, ESA is a pioneer in undergraduate diversity mentoring through the Strategies for Ecology Education, Diversity and Sustainability (SEEDS) program, www.esa.org/seeds which has a campus chapter network in 100 campuses developed since 1996. In 2016, ESA became involved in the 3dnaturalists project, led by Colorado State University, that seeks to understand how bioblitzes might make a difference in recruiting and retaining underrepresented minorities in ecology and sustainability sciences. In 2017, ESA joined the Core Team of the Biodiversity Literacy in Undergraduate Education (BLUE) network project to liaise with relevant scientific and professional societies and to provide input on engaging diverse participants in the project This session will discuss: how ESA’s education initiatives can be leveraged for faculty professional development in the Biodiversity Literacy in Undergraduate Education (BLUE) project. the ways that engaging students in biodiversity data in ecology research will open the doors to building key biological science competencies and 21st century careers the potential of using place-based specimen data through bioblitzes to engage minority students in a culturally responsive scientific endeavor. how ESA’s education initiatives can be leveraged for faculty professional development in the Biodiversity Literacy in Undergraduate Education (BLUE) project. the ways that engaging students in biodiversity data in ecology research will open the doors to building key biological science competencies and 21st century careers the potential of using place-based specimen data through bioblitzes to engage minority students in a culturally responsive scientific endeavor.

Abstract This chapter provides an overview of the structural and synthetic chemistry, and the industrial applications, of dioxazine pigments, a small group of high performance organic pigments. The color violet (or purple) has frequently assumed a prominent position in history, on account of its rarity and cost. The natural colorant Tyrian purple and the first synthetic textile dye, Mauveine, are prime examples of this unique historical feature. CI Pigment Violet 23, also referred to as Dioxazine Violet or Carbazole Violet, is one of the most universally used organic pigments, by far the most important industrial pigment in the violet shade area. Dioxazine Violet is also unique as the dominant industrial violet pigment providing a brilliant, intense violet color and an excellent all-round set of fastness properties. The pigment has a polycyclic molecular structure, originally described wrongly as a linear arrangement, and later shown to adopt an S-shaped arrangement on the basis of X-ray structural analysis. Two other dioxazine pigments are of rather lesser importance. The synthesis and manufacturing route to CI Pigment Violet 23 is described in the review. Finally, a survey of the principal current applications of the individual dioxazine pigments is presented.

Abstract This introductory chapter presents an overview of the general principles underlying the structural chemistry, manufacturing processes, and application technology of organic pigments. The coverage provides a fundamental theoretical and practical basis for the chapters that follow in this series that are devoted to specific chemical classes of industrially significant organic pigments of the azo, phthalocyanine, carbonyl, dioxazine, and metal complex classes. The initial sections cover the fundamental differences which mean that dyes and pigments are considered universally as two separate types of colorant, based on their solubility characteristics. They also provide discussions of the contrasting chemical, technological, and performance features of organic and inorganic pigments. An outline of the most important historical features in the development of the synthetic organic pigment industry is then presented, from its origins in the 19th century that followed soon after the development of the industrial synthetic dye industry, through its expansion in the 20th century, to its current position as a mature global industry. A section then follows that describes the functions that organic pigments are required to perform in their application, mainly their optical functions that include not only color properties, including hue, strength, brightness, but also the contrasting requirements for transparency or opacity as demanded by specific applications. The pigments are also required to resist the conditions and agencies that they might encounter in applications, assessed as fastness properties, such as fastness to light, heat, solvents and chemicals, amongst many others, to an extent that specific applications demand. The principles, in broad terms, of the ways in which chemical structures determine colour and performance of organic pigments are discussed, with focus not only on the influence of molecular structure, but also on the effect of the crystal structural arrangement and the particulate structure, including particle size and shape and its distribution, on application performance. This is important as these pigments are applied as a dispersion of finely divided crystalline solid particles that are insoluble and are ultimately trapped mechanically in their application medium, often a polymer. The manufacture of organic pigments is discussed in broad terms. The overall process may be considered in stages, initiated by the chemical synthetic sequence in which the pigment is formed, followed by a conditioning stage where the crude product thus obtained is modified to optimise its performance properties, and finally finishing where the product is processed into a form, or preparation, that is suitable for its intended applications. Finally, the technological principles underlying a broad range of the most important application areas for organic pigments, which are mainly in paints, inks, and plastics, are discussed.

Abstract Background The documented lack of infectious disease physicians in the United States has motivated substantial research. A new student group, “InfectED”, was formed at the University of Utah with a particular focus on community and student education in infectious diseases. To explore the efforts of our peer clubs, this study characterized student groups focused on infectious diseases (ID), microbiology (M), or global/public health (GPH) in the Mountain West. Methods A list of undergraduate colleges, including associates/community colleges, with enrollments of 1,000+ students in eight Mountain West states was constructed. Enrollment was verified with the College Navigator service from the NCES. A second list of 26 schools providing either medical (MD & DO) and/or physician assistant degrees was also developed. Club constitutions, campus and social media webpages were consulted to determine club activities and goals. Results Of the 90 final undergraduate schools, 19 (21.2%) had at least one group. 14 M, 16 GPH, and one ID group were found. 4 (12.9%) groups were at private institutions, with the remainder (87.1%) at public universities; none were at associates/community colleges. 11 (35.5%) groups were chapters of either the American Society for Microbiology, GlobeMed, or Operation Outbreak. Of the professional schools, 1 (3.85%) had groups for M, 11 (42.3%) for GPH, and 2 (7.69%) for ID. Community service, student and community education, guest lectures, journal club, and social and enrichment events were frequently mentioned in club bylaws. Undergraduate Groups Found in the Mountain West Thirty-one groups for infectious diseases, microbiology, or global/public health were found in undergraduate universities in Utah, Idaho, Nevada, Colorado, Arizona, Montana, New Mexico, and Wyoming. The state of Montana has no groups, and no groups were found at associates and community colleges. Conclusion We demonstrate a need for ID-related student involvement opportunities. By developing chapters of ID organizations such as IDSA, students can be inspired to consider the field later on. A strong interest in global/public health is seen, which can be leveraged to attract interest in ID. The absence of any groups at associates/community colleges is also striking. To target this gap and increase interest, InfectED is directing education and enrichment efforts in both English and Spanish at local community centers, community colleges, and high schools with audiences reporting higher interest in both healthcare and ID afterward. A qualitative survey with an invitation to collaborate is currently collecting responses from our peer clubs. Audience Interest in ID Increases Answer to the question "this presentation influenced my decision to consider pursuing a career in microbiology and/or infectious disease" by community college and high school students across multiple InfectED presentations. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures.

Lipstick formulations are most widely used to enhance the beauty of lips. However, current lipcare products are often caused irritation (dry lips, chapped lips and wrinkled lips) to the consumers. The use of synthetic ingredients has also raised safety concern due to adverse health effects in the long term use. The objective of this study was to formulate natural lipsticks by using betalain pigments extracted from Hylocereuspolyrhizus and the lipsticks were evaluated for their organoleptic properties (spreading, hardness, shine and gloss), antimicrobial and antioxidant potential. The organoleptic properties of the formulated lipsticks were found to be satisfactory in order to give attractive beauty to the lips. The antimicrobial activities of the formulated lipstick showed significant inhibition compared to commercial lipsticks and the betalain pigment was proved to have antimicrobial effect. The formulated lipstick showed to have significant antioxidant activities compared to the reference ascorbic acid. In DPPH radical scavenging assay, the IC50 value of the formulated lipstick was 54.29 μg/mL, whereas IC50 value for the reference ascorbic acid was 14.56 μg/mL. As the lipsticks were prepared using natural ingredients like dragon fruit, olive oil and vegetable fat, additional medicinal values were added to the product. Adverse health risk effects as concerned by the consumers was minimized and the product can be used without hesitation and confidence. The lipsticks with the natural ingredients like vegetable fat and olive oil is an alternative to synthetic product and serves as an economical and effective cosmoseutical product.

PrologueGlaucoma surgery has been, for many decades now, dominated by the universal gold standard which is trabeculectomy augmented with antimetabolites. Tubes also came into the scene to complement what we use to call conventional or traditional glaucoma surgery. More recently we experienced a changing glaucoma surgery environment with the “advent” of what we have become used to calling Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery (MIGS). What is the unmet need, what is the gap that these newcomers aim to fill?Hippocrates taught us “bring benefit, not harm” and new glaucoma techniques and devices aim to provide safer surgery compared to conventional surgery. For the patient, but also for the clinician, safety is important. Is more safety achieved with new glaucoma surgery and, if so, is it associated with better, equivalent, or worse efficacy? Is new glaucoma surgery intended to replace conventional surgery or to complement it as an ‘add-on’ to what clinicians already have in their hands to manage glaucoma? Which surgery should be chosen for which patient? What are the options? Are they equivalent? These are too many questions for the clinician! What are the answers to the questions? What is the evidence to support answers? Do we need more evidence and how can we produce high-quality evidence? This EGS Guide explores the changing and challenging glaucoma surgery environment aiming to provide answers to these questions.The EGS uses four words to highlight a continuum: Innovation, Education, Communication, and Implementation. Translating innovation to successful implementation is crucially important and requires high-quality evidence to ensure steps forward to a positive impact on health care when it comes to implementation.The vision of EGS is to provide the best possible well-being and minimal glaucomainduced visual disability in individuals with glaucoma within an affordable healthcare system. In this regard, assessing the changes in glaucoma surgery is a pivotal contribution to better care. As mentioned, this Guide aims to provide answers to the crucial questions above. However, every clinician is aware that answers may differ for every person: an individualised approach is needed. Therefore, there will be no uniform answer for all situations and all patients. Clinicians would need, through the clinical method and possibly some algorithm, to reach answers and decisions at the individual level. In this regard, evidence is needed to support clinicians to make decisions. Of key importance in this Guide is to provide an overview of existing evidence on glaucoma surgery and specifically on recent innovations and novel devices, but also to set standards in surgical design and reporting for future studies on glaucoma surgical innovation. Designing studies in surgery is particularly challenging because of many subtle variations inherent to surgery and hence multiple factors involved in the outcome, but even more because one needs to define carefully outcomes relevant to the research question but also to the future translation into clinical practice. In addition this Guide aims to provide clinical recommendations on novel procedures already in use when insufficient evidence exists.EGS has a long tradition to provide guidance to the ophthalmic community in Europe and worldwide through the EGS Guidelines (now in their 5th Edition). The EGS leadership recognized that the changing environment in glaucoma surgery currently represents a major challenge for the clinician, needing specific guidance. Therefore, the decision was made to issue this Guide on Glaucoma Surgery in order to help clinicians to make appropriate decisions for their patients and also to provide the framework and guidance for researchers to improve the quality of evidence in future studies. Ultimately this Guide will support better Glaucoma Care in accordance with EGS’s Vision and Mission.Fotis TopouzisEGS PresidentContributorsAll contributors have provided the appropriate COI visible in detail atwww.eugs.org/pages/guidesurgical/This manuscript reflects the work and thoughts of the list of individuals recognized above, but importantly, it reflects EGS views on the subject matter. Its strength originates from a team effort, where a cohesive group of authors and reviewers have worked towards a common goal and now stand behind the text in its entirety. The EGS nevertheless wishes to thank the following external contributors for their additional expertise, which was particularly valuable to the development of this Surgical Guide: Amanda Bicket, Jonathan Bonnar, Catey Bunce, Kuan Hu, Sheffinea Koshy, Jimmy Le, Tianjing Li, Francisco Otarola, Riaz Qureshi, Anupa Shah, Richard Stead and Marta Toth. A particular appreciation goes to Ian Saldanha for drafting the introductory overview on Core Outcomes on chapter 8. Finally, EGS would like to acknowledge Augusto Azuara Blanco, Chair of the Scientific and Guidelines Committee, for his expertise and advisory role throughout the entire process.Luis Abegao PintoEditorGordana Sunaric MégevandEditorIngeborg StalmansEditorLuis Abegao Pinto, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa NorteHana Abouzeid, Clinical Eye Research Centre Adolph de Rothschild, AZ OphthalmologieEleftherios Anastasopoulos, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou Hospital, Thessaloniki, GreeceAugusto Azuara Blanco, Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University BelfastLuca Bagnasco, Clinica Oculistica, DiNOGMI University of GenoaAlessandro Bagnis, Clinica Oculistica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoJoao Barbosa Breda, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Centro Hospitalar e Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal. KULeuven, BelgiumKeith Barton, University College London, Moorfields Eye HospitalAmanda Bicket, University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI, USA)Jonathan Bonnar, Belfast Health and Social Care TrustChiara Bonzano, Clinica Oculistica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoRupert Bourne, Cambridge University HospitalAlain Bron, University Hospital DijonCatey Bunce, King’s College LondonCarlo Cutolo, Clinica Oculistica, DiNOGMI University of Genoa, and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoBarbara Cvenkel, University Medical Centre Ljubljana Faculty of Medicine, University of LjubljanaAntonio Fea, University of TurinTheodoros Filippopoulos, Athens Vision Eye InstitutePanayiota Founti, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation TrustStefano Gandolfi, U.O.C. Oculistica, University of ParmaJulian Garcia Feijoo, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, MadridGerhard Garhoefer, Medical University of Vienna, AustriaDavid Garway Heath, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London. Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London.Gus Gazzard, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London. Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London.Stylianos Georgoulas, Addenbrooke’s, Cambridge University HospitalsDimitrios Giannoulis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, GreeceFranz Grehn, University Hospitals WuerzburgKuang Hu, NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London – Institute of Ophthalmology – University College LondonMichele Iester, Clinica Oculistica, DiNOGMI University of Genoa, and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoHari Jayaram, Moorfields Eye HospitalGauti Johannesson, Umea UniversityStylianos Kandarakis, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, G. Gennimatas Hospital, Athens, Greece.Efthymios Karmiris, Hellenic Air Force General Hospital & National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, G. Gennimatas Hospital, AthensAlan Kastner, Clinica Oftalmologica Pasteur, Santiago, ChileAndreas Katsanos, University of Ioannina, GreeceChristina Keskini, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA HospitalAnthony Khawaja, Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyAnthony King, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS TrustJames Kirwan, Portsmouth hospitals university NHS trustMiriam Kolko, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital RigshospitaletSheffinea Koshy, University of GalwayAntoine Labbe, Quinze-Vingts ­National Ophthalmology HospitalJimmy Le, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, BaltimoreSanna Leinonen, Tays Eye Centre, Tampere University HospitalSophie Lemmens, University Hospitals UZ LeuvenTianjing Li, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusGiorgio Marchini, Clinica Oculistica, University Hospital, AOUI, Verona, ItalyJosé Martinez De La Casa, Hospital Clinico San Carlos. Universidad ComplutenseAndy McNaught, Gloucestershire Eye UnitFrances Meier Gibbons, Eye Center Rapperswil, SwitzerlandKarl Mercieca, University Hospitals Eye Clinic, Bonn, GermanyManuele Michelessi, IRCCS – Fondazione BiettiStefano Miglior, University of Milan BicoccaEleni Nikita, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation TrustFrancesco Oddone, IRCCS ­Fondazione BiettiFrancisco Otarola, Universidad de La FronteraMarta Pazos, Institute of Ophthalmology. Hospital Clínic Barcelona. Researcher at Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)Norbert Pfeiffer, Mainz University Medical CenterVerena Prokosh, University of Cologne, Center for ophthalmology.Riaz Qureshi, Johns Hopkins Medicine, BaltimoreGokulan Ratnarajan, Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, UKHerbert Reitsamer, University Clinic Salzburg / SALKLuca Rossetti, University of Milan, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milano, ItalyIan Saldanha, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, BaltimoreCedric Schweitzer, CHU Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, INSERM, U1219 – Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, FranceAndrew Scott, Moorfields Eye Hospital LondonRiccardo Scotto, Clinica Oculistica, DiNOGMI University of GenoaAnupa Shah, Queen’s University BelfastGeorge Spaeth, Wills Eye Hospital/Sidney Kimmel Medical College/Thomas Jefferson UniversityIngeborg Stalmans, University Hospitals UZ Leuven, Catholic University KU LeuvenRichard Stead,Nottingham University Hospitals NHS TrustFrancesco Stringa, University Hospital Southampton NHS FTGordana Sunaric, Centre Ophtalmologique de Florissant, Centre de Recherche Clinique en Ophtalmologie Mémorial Adolphe de RothschildAndrew Tatham, University of Edinburgh, Princess Alexandra Eye PavilionMark Toeteberg, University Hospital ZurichFotis Topouzis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA HospitalMarta Toth, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation TrustCarlo Traverso, Clinica Oculistica, DiNOGMI University of Genoa, and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoAnja Tuulonen, Tays Eye Centre, Tampere University HospitalClemens Vass, Medical University of ViennaAnanth Viswanathan, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHSFT and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyRichard Wormald, UCL Institute of OphthalmologyExternal ReviewersAmerican Glaucoma SocietyAsia-Pacific Glaucoma SocietyMiddle East Africa Glaucoma SocietyWorld Glaucoma Societywww.eugs.org/pages/externalreviewersThe team of Clinica Oculistica of the University of Genoa for medical editing and illustrationLuca BagnascoAlessandro BagnisChiara BonzanoCarlo CutoloMichele IesterRiccardo ScottoCarlo Traverso

Introduction Food has always been an essential component of daily life. Today, thinking about food is a much more complicated pursuit than planning the next meal, with food studies scholars devoting their efforts to researching “anything pertaining to food and eating, from how food is grown to when and how it is eaten, to who eats it and with whom, and the nutritional quality” (Duran and MacDonald 234). This is in addition to the work undertaken by an increasingly wide variety of popular culture researchers who explore all aspects of food (Risson and Brien 3): including food advertising, food packaging, food on television, and food in popular fiction. In creating stories, from those works that quickly disappear from bookstore shelves to those that become entrenched in the literary canon, writers use food to communicate the everyday and to explore a vast range of ideas from cultural background to social standing, and also use food to provide perspectives “into the cultural and historical uniqueness of a given social group” (Piatti-Farnell 80). For example in Oliver Twist (1838) by Charles Dickens, the central character challenges the class system when: “Child as he was, he was desperate with hunger and reckless with misery. He rose from the table, and advancing basin and spoon in hand, to the master, said, somewhat alarmed at his own temerity–‘Please, sir, I want some more’” (11). Scarlett O’Hara in Margaret Mitchell’s Gone with the Wind (1936) makes a similar point, a little more dramatically, when she declares: “As God is my witness, I’m never going to be hungry again” (419). Food can also take us into the depths of another culture: places that many of us will only ever read about. Food is also used to provide insight into a character’s state of mind. In Nora Ephron’s Heartburn (1983) an item as simple as boiled bread tells a reader so much more about Rachel Samstat than her preferred bakery items: “So we got married and I got pregnant and I gave up my New York apartment and moved to Washington. Talk about mistakes [...] there I was, trying to hold up my end in a city where you can’t even buy a decent bagel” (34). There are three ways in which writers can deal with food within their work. Firstly, food can be totally ignored. This approach is sometimes taken despite food being such a standard feature of storytelling that its absence, be it a lonely meal at home, elegant canapés at an impressively catered cocktail party, or a cheap sandwich collected from a local café, is an obvious omission. Food can also add realism to a story, with many authors putting as much effort into conjuring the smell, taste, and texture of food as they do into providing a backstory and a purpose for their characters. In recent years, a third way has emerged with some writers placing such importance upon food in fiction that the line that divides the cookbook and the novel has become distorted. This article looks at cookbooks and cookery in popular fiction with a particular focus on crime novels. Recipes: Ingredients and Preparation Food in fiction has been employed, with great success, to help characters cope with grief; giving them the reassurance that only comes through the familiarity of the kitchen and the concentration required to fulfil routine tasks: to chop and dice, to mix, to sift and roll, to bake, broil, grill, steam, and fry. Such grief can come from the breakdown of a relationship as seen in Nora Ephron’s Heartburn (1983). An autobiography under the guise of fiction, this novel is the first-person story of a cookbook author, a description that irritates the narrator as she feels her works “aren’t merely cookbooks” (95). She is, however, grateful she was not described as “a distraught, rejected, pregnant cookbook author whose husband was in love with a giantess” (95). As the collapse of the marriage is described, her favourite recipes are shared: Bacon Hash; Four Minute Eggs; Toasted Almonds; Lima Beans with Pears; Linguine Alla Cecca; Pot Roast; three types of Potatoes; Sorrel Soup; desserts including Bread Pudding, Cheesecake, Key Lime Pie and Peach Pie; and a Vinaigrette, all in an effort to reassert her personal skills and thus personal value. Grief can also result from loss of hope and the realisation that a life long dreamed of will never be realised. Like Water for Chocolate (1989), by Laura Esquivel, is the magical realist tale of Tita De La Garza who, as the youngest daughter, is forbidden to marry as she must take care of her mother, a woman who: “Unquestionably, when it came to dividing, dismantling, dismembering, desolating, detaching, dispossessing, destroying or dominating […] was a pro” (87). Tita’s life lurches from one painful, unjust episode to the next; the only emotional stability she has comes from the kitchen, and from her cooking of a series of dishes: Christmas Rolls; Chabela Wedding Cake; Quail in Rose Petal Sauce; Turkey Mole; Northern-style Chorizo; Oxtail Soup; Champandongo; Chocolate and Three Kings’s Day Bread; Cream Fritters; and Beans with Chilli Tezcucana-style. This is a series of culinary-based activities that attempts to superimpose normalcy on a life that is far from the everyday. Grief is most commonly associated with death. Undertaking the selection, preparation and presentation of meals in novels dealing with bereavement is both a functional and symbolic act: life must go on for those left behind but it must go on in a very different way. Thus, novels that use food to deal with loss are particularly important because they can “make non-cooks believe they can cook, and for frequent cooks, affirm what they already know: that cooking heals” (Baltazar online). In Angelina’s Bachelors (2011) by Brian O’Reilly, Angelina D’Angelo believes “cooking was not just about food. It was about character” (2). By the end of the first chapter the young woman’s husband is dead and she is in the kitchen looking for solace, and survival, in cookery. In The Kitchen Daughter (2011) by Jael McHenry, Ginny Selvaggio is struggling to cope with the death of her parents and the friends and relations who crowd her home after the funeral. Like Angelina, Ginny retreats to the kitchen. There are, of course, exceptions. In Ntozake Shange’s Sassafrass, Cypress & Indigo (1982), cooking celebrates, comforts, and seduces (Calta). This story of three sisters from South Carolina is told through diary entries, narrative, letters, poetry, songs, and spells. Recipes are also found throughout the text: Turkey; Marmalade; Rice; Spinach; Crabmeat; Fish; Sweetbread; Duck; Lamb; and, Asparagus. Anthony Capella’s The Food of Love (2004), a modern retelling of the classic tale of Cyrano de Bergerac, is about the beautiful Laura, a waiter masquerading as a top chef Tommaso, and the talented Bruno who, “thick-set, heavy, and slightly awkward” (21), covers for Tommaso’s incompetency in the kitchen as he, too, falls for Laura. The novel contains recipes and contains considerable information about food: Take fusilli […] People say this pasta was designed by Leonardo da Vinci himself. The spiral fins carry the biggest amount of sauce relative to the surface area, you see? But it only works with a thick, heavy sauce that can cling to the grooves. Conchiglie, on the other hand, is like a shell, so it holds a thin, liquid sauce inside it perfectly (17). Recipes: Dishing Up Death Crime fiction is a genre with a long history of focusing on food; from the theft of food in the novels of the nineteenth century to the utilisation of many different types of food such as chocolate, marmalade, and sweet omelettes to administer poison (Berkeley, Christie, Sayers), the latter vehicle for arsenic receiving much attention in Harriet Vane’s trial in Dorothy L. Sayers’s Strong Poison (1930). The Judge, in summing up the case, states to the members of the jury: “Four eggs were brought to the table in their shells, and Mr Urquhart broke them one by one into a bowl, adding sugar from a sifter [...he then] cooked the omelette in a chafing dish, filled it with hot jam” (14). Prior to what Timothy Taylor has described as the “pre-foodie era” the crime fiction genre was “littered with corpses whose last breaths smelled oddly sweet, or bitter, or of almonds” (online). Of course not all murders are committed in such a subtle fashion. In Roald Dahl’s Lamb to the Slaughter (1953), Mary Maloney murders her policeman husband, clubbing him over the head with a frozen leg of lamb. The meat is roasting nicely when her husband’s colleagues arrive to investigate his death, the lamb is offered and consumed: the murder weapon now beyond the recovery of investigators. Recent years have also seen more and more crime fiction writers present a central protagonist working within the food industry, drawing connections between the skills required for food preparation and those needed to catch a murderer. Working with cooks or crooks, or both, requires planning and people skills in addition to creative thinking, dedication, reliability, stamina, and a willingness to take risks. Kent Carroll insists that “food and mysteries just go together” (Carroll in Calta), with crime fiction website Stop, You’re Killing Me! listing, at the time of writing, over 85 culinary-based crime fiction series, there is certainly sufficient evidence to support his claim. Of the numerous works available that focus on food there are many series that go beyond featuring food and beverages, to present recipes as well as the solving of crimes. These include: the Candy Holliday Murder Mysteries by B. B. Haywood; the Coffeehouse Mysteries by Cleo Coyle; the Hannah Swensen Mysteries by Joanne Fluke; the Hemlock Falls Mysteries by Claudia Bishop; the Memphis BBQ Mysteries by Riley Adams; the Piece of Cake Mysteries by Jacklyn Brady; the Tea Shop Mysteries by Laura Childs; and, the White House Chef Mysteries by Julie Hyzy. The vast majority of offerings within this female dominated sub-genre that has been labelled “Crime and Dine” (Collins online) are American, both in origin and setting. A significant contribution to this increasingly popular formula is, however, from an Australian author Kerry Greenwood. Food features within her famed Phryne Fisher Series with recipes included in A Question of Death (2007). Recipes also form part of Greenwood’s food-themed collection of short crime stories Recipes for Crime (1995), written with Jenny Pausacker. These nine stories, each one imitating the style of one of crime fiction’s greatest contributors (from Agatha Christie to Raymond Chandler), allow readers to simultaneously access mysteries and recipes. 2004 saw the first publication of Earthly Delights and the introduction of her character, Corinna Chapman. This series follows the adventures of a woman who gave up a career as an accountant to open her own bakery in Melbourne. Corinna also investigates the occasional murder. Recipes can be found at the end of each of these books with the Corinna Chapman Recipe Book (nd), filled with instructions for baking bread, muffins and tea cakes in addition to recipes for main courses such as risotto, goulash, and “Chicken with Pineapple 1971 Style”, available from the publisher’s website. Recipes: Integration and Segregation In Heartburn (1983), Rachel acknowledges that presenting a work of fiction and a collection of recipes within a single volume can present challenges, observing: “I see that I haven’t managed to work in any recipes for a while. It’s hard to work in recipes when you’re moving the plot forward” (99). How Rachel tells her story is, however, a reflection of how she undertakes her work, with her own cookbooks being, she admits, more narration than instruction: “The cookbooks I write do well. They’re very personal and chatty–they’re cookbooks in an almost incidental way. I write chapters about friends or relatives or trips or experiences, and work in the recipes peripherally” (17). Some authors integrate detailed recipes into their narratives through description and dialogue. An excellent example of this approach can be found in the Coffeehouse Mystery Series by Cleo Coyle, in the novel On What Grounds (2003). When the central protagonist is being questioned by police, Clare Cosi’s answers are interrupted by a flashback scene and instructions on how to make Greek coffee: Three ounces of water and one very heaped teaspoon of dark roast coffee per serving. (I used half Italian roast, and half Maracaibo––a lovely Venezuelan coffee, named after the country’s major port; rich in flavour, with delicate wine overtones.) / Water and finely ground beans both go into the ibrik together. The water is then brought to a boil over medium heat (37). This provides insight into Clare’s character; that, when under pressure, she focuses her mind on what she firmly believes to be true – not the information that she is doubtful of or a situation that she is struggling to understand. Yet breaking up the action within a novel in this way–particularly within crime fiction, a genre that is predominantly dependant upon generating tension and building the pacing of the plotting to the climax–is an unusual but ultimately successful style of writing. Inquiry and instruction are comfortable bedfellows; as the central protagonists within these works discover whodunit, the readers discover who committed murder as well as a little bit more about one of the world’s most popular beverages, thus highlighting how cookbooks and novels both serve to entertain and to educate. Many authors will save their recipes, serving them up at the end of a story. This can be seen in Julie Hyzy’s White House Chef Mystery novels, the cover of each volume in the series boasts that it “includes Recipes for a Complete Presidential Menu!” These menus, with detailed ingredients lists, instructions for cooking and options for serving, are segregated from the stories and appear at the end of each work. Yet other writers will deploy a hybrid approach such as the one seen in Like Water for Chocolate (1989), where the ingredients are listed at the commencement of each chapter and the preparation for the recipes form part of the narrative. This method of integration is also deployed in The Kitchen Daughter (2011), which sees most of the chapters introduced with a recipe card, those chapters then going on to deal with action in the kitchen. Using recipes as chapter breaks is a structure that has, very recently, been adopted by Australian celebrity chef, food writer, and, now fiction author, Ed Halmagyi, in his new work, which is both cookbook and novel, The Food Clock: A Year of Cooking Seasonally (2012). As people exchange recipes in reality, so too do fictional characters. The Recipe Club (2009), by Andrea Israel and Nancy Garfinkel, is the story of two friends, Lilly Stone and Valerie Rudman, which is structured as an epistolary novel. As they exchange feelings, ideas and news in their correspondence, they also exchange recipes: over eighty of them throughout the novel in e-mails and letters. In The Food of Love (2004), written messages between two of the main characters are also used to share recipes. In addition, readers are able to post their own recipes, inspired by this book and other works by Anthony Capella, on the author’s website. From Page to Plate Some readers are contributing to the burgeoning food tourism market by seeking out the meals from the pages of their favourite novels in bars, cafés, and restaurants around the world, expanding the idea of “map as menu” (Spang 79). In Shannon McKenna Schmidt’s and Joni Rendon’s guide to literary tourism, Novel Destinations (2009), there is an entire section, “Eat Your Words: Literary Places to Sip and Sup”, dedicated to beverages and food. The listings include details for John’s Grill, in San Francisco, which still has on the menu Sam Spade’s Lamb Chops, served with baked potato and sliced tomatoes: a meal enjoyed by author Dashiell Hammett and subsequently consumed by his well-known protagonist in The Maltese Falcon (193), and the Café de la Paix, in Paris, frequented by Ian Fleming’s James Bond because “the food was good enough and it amused him to watch the people” (197). Those wanting to follow in the footsteps of writers can go to Harry’s Bar, in Venice, where the likes of Marcel Proust, Sinclair Lewis, Somerset Maugham, Ernest Hemingway, and Truman Capote have all enjoyed a drink (195) or The Eagle and Child, in Oxford, which hosted the regular meetings of the Inklings––a group which included C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien––in the wood-panelled Rabbit Room (203). A number of eateries have developed their own literary themes such as the Peacocks Tearooms, in Cambridgeshire, which blends their own teas. Readers who are also tea drinkers can indulge in the Sherlock Holmes (Earl Grey with Lapsang Souchong) and the Doctor Watson (Keemun and Darjeeling with Lapsang Souchong). Alternatively, readers may prefer to side with the criminal mind and indulge in the Moriarty (Black Chai with Star Anise, Pepper, Cinnamon, and Fennel) (Peacocks). The Moat Bar and Café, in Melbourne, situated in the basement of the State Library of Victoria, caters “to the whimsy and fantasy of the fiction housed above” and even runs a book exchange program (The Moat). For those readers who are unable, or unwilling, to travel the globe in search of such savoury and sweet treats there is a wide variety of locally-based literary lunches and other meals, that bring together popular authors and wonderful food, routinely organised by book sellers, literature societies, and publishing houses. There are also many cookbooks now easily obtainable that make it possible to re-create fictional food at home. One of the many examples available is The Book Lover’s Cookbook (2003) by Shaunda Kennedy Wenger and Janet Kay Jensen, a work containing over three hundred pages of: Breakfasts; Main & Side Dishes; Soups; Salads; Appetizers, Breads & Other Finger Foods; Desserts; and Cookies & Other Sweets based on the pages of children’s books, literary classics, popular fiction, plays, poetry, and proverbs. If crime fiction is your preferred genre then you can turn to Jean Evans’s The Crime Lover’s Cookbook (2007), which features short stories in between the pages of recipes. There is also Estérelle Payany’s Recipe for Murder (2010) a beautifully illustrated volume that presents detailed instructions for Pigs in a Blanket based on the Big Bad Wolf’s appearance in The Three Little Pigs (44–7), and Roast Beef with Truffled Mashed Potatoes, which acknowledges Patrick Bateman’s fondness for fine dining in Bret Easton Ellis’s American Psycho (124–7). Conclusion Cookbooks and many popular fiction novels are reflections of each other in terms of creativity, function, and structure. In some instances the two forms are so closely entwined that a single volume will concurrently share a narrative while providing information about, and instruction, on cookery. Indeed, cooking in books is becoming so popular that the line that traditionally separated cookbooks from other types of books, such as romance or crime novels, is becoming increasingly distorted. The separation between food and fiction is further blurred by food tourism and how people strive to experience some of the foods found within fictional works at bars, cafés, and restaurants around the world or, create such experiences in their own homes using fiction-themed recipe books. Food has always been acknowledged as essential for life; books have long been acknowledged as food for thought and food for the soul. Thus food in both the real world and in the imagined world serves to nourish and sustain us in these ways. References Adams, Riley. Delicious and Suspicious. New York: Berkley, 2010. –– Finger Lickin’ Dead. New York: Berkley, 2011. –– Hickory Smoked Homicide. New York: Berkley, 2011. Baltazar, Lori. “A Novel About Food, Recipes Included [Book review].” Dessert Comes First. 28 Feb. 2012. 20 Aug. 2012 ‹http://dessertcomesfirst.com/archives/8644›. Berkeley, Anthony. The Poisoned Chocolates Case. London: Collins, 1929. Bishop, Claudia. Toast Mortem. New York: Berkley, 2010. –– Dread on Arrival. New York: Berkley, 2012. Brady, Jacklyn. A Sheetcake Named Desire. New York: Berkley, 2011. –– Cake on a Hot Tin Roof. New York: Berkley, 2012. Calta, Marialisa. “The Art of the Novel as Cookbook.” The New York Times. 17 Feb. 1993. 23 Jul. 2012 ‹http://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/17/style/the-art-of-the-novel-as-cookbook.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm›. Capella, Anthony. The Food of Love. 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SAMUEL C. COLLINS AWARD 2023 Prof. Dr. Ir. H.J.M (Marcel) ter Brake University of Twente, Faculty of Science and Technology The Netherlands In 1965 the Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC) established an award in honor of the late Samuel C. Collins, Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. One of Professor Collins’ most notable works is his invention of the modern helium liquefier. The Collins Award is awarded to an individual who has made outstanding contributions to the identification and solution of cryogenic engineering problems and has additionally demonstrated a concern for the cryogenic community through service and leadership. The award is open to persons regardless of national origin. The CEC Awards Committee reviewed multiple nomination packages for highly qualified individuals and selected Marcel ter Brake as the recipient of the 2023 Samuel C. Collins Award. Marcel ter Brake received his PhD in 1986 at the University of Twente (UT) for his work on a SQUID-based horizontal-access rock magnetometer. Following his PhD, he became member of the Low Temperature Division at UT. Focus of his work was the realization of a Biomagnetic Center equipped with a magnetically shielded room and home-made multichannel SQUID-based neuromagnetometers. These magnetometers were all liquid-helium cooled. The advent of high-temperature superconductivity in 1986 allowed the use of small cryocoolers that were available on the market. The interfacing of these coolers to ultra-sensitive devices such as SQUIDs became an important field of ter Brake’s research. In this ongoing research, MEMS technologies were applied to fabricate cryocooler components. In addition to microcooling he also researched sorption-based compressors combined with Joule-Thomson coolers. These sorption coolers are essentially vibration free and are of interest specifically for optical instruments in scientific space missions but can also be beneficial in terrestrial applications. Marcel ter Brake was appointed Associate Professor at UT in 2000, and Full Professor and chair holder of Energy, Materials and Systems at UT since January 1st, 2010. Next to cryogenic technologies, this research chair investigates the use of superconductivity in high-current applications, focusing on systems to be applied in future energy chains. Marcel’s recent work is on ejectors to achieve lower temperatures and higher system efficiency in JT coolers. His work on the fundamental understanding of counter flow heat exchangers (CFHXs) and the associated mechanisms of flow maldistribution for two-phase flow in JT microcoolers. He has done excellent work on the heat-triggered switching of two-phase flow maldistribution in the heat exchanger of JT microcoolers by using both microscopic and temperature measurements that led to solutions to the challenge. Marcel ter Brake had a 10% Professor appointment at the Technological University of Eindhoven (TUE) from September 2004 to September 2010. He founded the Cryogenics Society of Europe in 2015 and until present he chairs the Board of that Society. Furthermore, he is lifetime member of the Cryogenic Society of America, chairs the International Cryogenic Engineering Committee and is board member of the International Cryocooler Conference. He has supervised and (co)-promoted 19 PhD students, has published more than 200 papers, of which 115 in refereed journals, and written 5 book chapters. Based on Marcel ter Brake’s impact in terms of technical achievement, leadership, and service to the cryogenics community, in the opinion of the awards committee, Marcel is a perfect example of what the Sam Collins Award is meant to recognize. THE RUSSELL B. SCOTT MEMORIAL AWARDS The Russell B. Scott Memorial Awards honor the first head of the Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory of the Boulder Laboratories of the National Bureau of Standards, now the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Mr. Scott was the founder of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC), the first of which was held in 1954 in Boulder, Colorado. He is the author of the book Cryogenic Engineering, published by the Princeton press in 1959. Mr. Scott retired in 1965 after 37 years at NBS and died in 1967. The Scott Memorial Awards provide an incentive for the production and presentation of high-quality papers at the Cryogenic Engineering Conferences, and recognition of authors who, in the judgment of the CEC Board of Directors, presented the best papers at the proceeding conference. The papers are nominated by the reviewers and editors of the conference proceedings. In 2023, two awards for the best papers delivered at the 2021 CEC Virtual Conference, and published in the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 1240, 2022, were presented at the 2023 Honolulu conference to the following: Best Paper for Cryogenic Engineering Research A Anand, A S Gour, T S Datta and V V Rao for their paper “50 kJ SMES magnet design optimization using real coded genetic algorithm” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 1240, 2022; 012137 Best Paper for Cryogenic Engineering Applications I Wells, J Bussey, N Swets, L Reising, C Butikofer, G Wallace, S Kulsa and J Leachman for their paper “Liquid nitrogen removal of lunar regolith simulant from spacesuit simulants” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 1240, 2022; 012003