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Journal articles on the topic 'Color vision'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Bensinger, Richard E. "Color vision and color vision testing." Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 3, no. 1 (February 1992): 108–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00055735-199202000-00015.

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2

Jenny, Bernhard, and Nathaniel Vaughn Kelso. "Color Design for the Color Vision Impaired." Cartographic Perspectives, no. 58 (September 1, 2007): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14714/cp58.270.

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Eight percent of men are affected by color vision impairment – they have difficulties distinguishing between colors and thus confuse certain colors that the majority of people see readily. Designers of maps and information graphics cannot disregard the needs of this relatively large group of media consumers. This article discusses the most common forms of color vision impairment, and introduces Color Oracle, a new software tool that assists the designer in verifying color schemes. Color Oracle filters maps and graphics in real-time and efficiently integrates with existing digital workflows. The paper also discusses color combinations and alternative visual variables for map symbology that those with color vision impairments can distinguish unambiguously. The presented techniques help the cartographer produce maps that are easy to read for those with color vision impairments and can still look good for those with normal color vision.
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3

Bornstein, Marc H. "Selective vision." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20, no. 2 (June 1997): 180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x97231420.

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The physics of color and the psychology of color naming are not isomorphic. Physically, the spectrum is continuous with regard to wavelength – one point in the spectrum differs from another only by the amount of wavelength difference. Psychologically, hue is categorical – colors change qualitatively from one wavelength region to another. The psychological characterization of hue that characterizes color vision has been revealed in a series of modern psychophysical studies with human adults and infants and with various infrahuman species, including vertebrates and invertebrates. These biopsychological data supplant an older psycholinguistic and anthropological literature that posited that language and culture alone influence perceptual processes; language and culture may modify color naming beyond basic categorizations.
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4

Rossi, Michael. "Color vision." Science 369, no. 6501 (July 16, 2020): 259–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abd3644.

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5

LENNIE, PETER. "COLOR VISION." Optics and Photonics News 2, no. 8 (August 1, 1991): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.2.8.000010.

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6

Boynton, R. M. "Color Vision." Annual Review of Psychology 39, no. 1 (January 1988): 69–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.39.020188.000441.

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7

SWANSON, W., and J. COHEN. "Color vision." Ophthalmology Clinics of North America 16, no. 2 (June 2003): 179–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0896-1549(03)00004-x.

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8

DeValois, Karen, and Michael Webster. "Color vision." Scholarpedia 6, no. 4 (2011): 3073. http://dx.doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.3073.

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9

Liggins, Eric P., and William P. Serle. "Color Vision in Color Display Night Vision Goggles." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 88, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 448–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.4605.2017.

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10

Hartman, Dorothy K. "Color Vision and Tests Used to Assess Color Vision." American Orthoptic Journal 36, no. 1 (January 1986): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0065955x.1986.11981717.

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11

Neitz, Maureen. "Molecular Genetics of Color Vision and Color Vision Defects." Archives of Ophthalmology 118, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.118.5.691.

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12

Massof, Robert W. "Color-vision theory and linear models of color vision." Color Research & Application 10, no. 3 (1985): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/col.5080100302.

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13

Shakya, Sudha. "COLOR VISION DEFECT: COLOR BLINDNESS." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 2, no. 3SE (December 31, 2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v2.i3se.2014.3619.

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Humans have many types of sensations such as sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste etc. They originate from stimulants, which a person receives from their external environment, stimulate the stimulating senses i.e. eye, ear, skin, nose and tongue, and produce different sensations. According to Eiseneck (1972), "sensation is a mental process that is no longer divisible." It is produced by external stimuli that affect the senses, and its intensity depends on the stimulus, and its properties depend on the nature of the senses. Apart from these five sensations, there are other sensations such as incidental sensation, static sensation and motion sensation. मानव में कई प्रकार की संवेदनाएं होती हैं जैसे दृष्टि, श्रवण, स्पर्श, गंध, स्वाद आदि। इनकी उत्पत्ति उद्दीपकों से होती है, जिसे व्यक्ति अपने बाह्य पर्यावरण से ग्रहण करता है, यह उद्दीपक ज्ञानेन्द्रियों अर्थात आंख, कान, त्वचा, नाक और जिव्हा को उद्दीप्त करते हैं, और विभिन्न संवेदना को उत्पन्न करते हैं। आइजनेक (1972) के अनुसार ‘‘ संवेदना एक मानसिक प्रक्रम है जो आगे विभाजन योग्य नहीं होता। यह ज्ञानेन्द्रियों को प्रभावित करने वाली बाह्य उत्तेजना द्वारा उत्पादित होता है, तथा इसकी तीव्रता उत्तेजना पर निर्भर करती है, और इसके गुण ज्ञानेन्द्रिय की प्रकृति पर निर्भर करते हैं। इन पांच संवेदनाओं के अतिरिक्त अन्य संवेदना भी है जैसे आंगिक संवेदना, स्थैतिक संवेदना तथा गति संवेदना।
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14

Retter, Talia L., and Michael A. Webster. "Color Vision: Decoding Color Space." Current Biology 31, no. 3 (February 2021): R122—R124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.056.

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15

Parthasarathy, Mohana Kuppuswamy, and Vasudevan Lakshminarayanan. "Color Vision and Color Spaces." Optics and Photonics News 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.30.1.000044.

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16

Pridmore, Ralph W. "Complementary colors theory of color vision: Physiology, color mixture, color constancy and color perception." Color Research & Application 36, no. 6 (September 29, 2011): 394–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/col.20611.

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17

Teller, Davida Y. "Color: A vision scientist's perspective." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26, no. 1 (February 2003): 48–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x03500012.

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AbstractVision scientists are interested in three diverse entities: physical stimuli, neural states, and consciously perceived colors, and in the mapping rules among the three. In this worldview, the three kinds of entities have coequal status, and views that attribute color exclusively to one or another of them, such as color realism, have no appeal.
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18

Tompkins, Nathan, and Karen L. Gunther. "Color Vision Deficiency and Teaching Electromagnetism." Physics Teacher 60, no. 6 (September 2022): 466–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/5.0049803.

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What colors do you use in class when teaching electromagnetism? For many physics educators we simply use what we learned or what is used in the textbook. Browsing through a large collection of introductory physics textbooks reveals that the vast majority use red for the electric field, blue for the magnetic field, and some shade of green for the electric potential. These color choices, although common, may be confusing to students with color vision deficiency. Color vision deficiency (CVD), often incorrectly referred to as color blindness, affects roughly 6% of physics majors (calculated from Refs. 2–4). For people with red/green CVD, the fall colors (red, orange, yellow, green) collapse into shades of yellow. In addition to yellows, those with red/green CVD can perceive blues (and blacks and whites), hence they are not color “blind.” Using an alternative color palette when teaching electromagnetism is a quick and easy way to facilitate the learning of students with CVD.
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19

Shirashige, Yu, Hideaki Orii, Hideaki Kawano, Hiroshi Maeda, and Norikazu Ikoma. "Chromatic Vision Support System with Color Conversion Constraints." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 17, no. 2 (March 20, 2013): 176–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2013.p0176.

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The symptoms of “color blindness” are due to an innate lack or deficit of “cone cells” that recognize colors. People with color blindness have difficulty discriminating combinations of specific colors. In this study, we developed a system to support color blindness. In this system, the brightness of colors is modified using a projector-camera system. Images that contain combinations of specific colors are difficult to discriminate using a camera, so this task is performed by a projector. We conducted experiments, to validate our proposed system using various color combinations.
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20

Randolph, Susan A. "Color Vision Deficiency." Workplace Health & Safety 61, no. 6 (June 1, 2013): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/21650799-20130529-77.

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21

Land, M. F., and D. Osorio. "Extraordinary Color Vision." Science 343, no. 6169 (January 23, 2014): 381–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1249614.

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22

Masland, R. H. "Unscrambling Color Vision." Science 271, no. 5249 (February 2, 1996): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.271.5249.616.

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23

Randolph, Susan A. "Color Vision Deficiency." Workplace Health & Safety 61, no. 6 (June 2013): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507991306100608.

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24

Buck, Steven L., Rigmor Baraas, Barry B. Lee, Delwin T. Lindsey, Michael A. Webster, and John S. Werner. "Color Vision: Introduction." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 29, no. 2 (January 31, 2012): CV1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.29.000cv1.

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25

Gouras, Peter. "Multivariant color vision." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15, no. 1 (March 1992): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00067364.

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26

Blood, Peggy. "Transformative Color Vision." Journal of Visual Literacy 23, no. 2 (January 2003): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23796529.2003.11674597.

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27

Melamud, Alex, Stephanie Hagstrom, and Elias Traboulsi. "Color vision testing." Ophthalmic Genetics 25, no. 3 (January 2004): 159–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13816810490498341.

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28

Webster, Michael A. "Calibrating color vision." Current Biology 19, no. 4 (February 2009): R150—R152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.051.

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29

Yaisawang, S. "Color vision deficiency." Chulalongkorn Medical Journal 51, no. 5 (May 2007): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.58837/chula.cmj.51.5.1.

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30

Hall, Richard J. "The Evolution of Color Vision without Colors." Philosophy of Science 63 (September 1996): S125—S133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/289944.

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31

Lindsey, Delwin T., and Angela M. Brown. "Lexical Color Categories." Annual Review of Vision Science 7, no. 1 (September 15, 2021): 605–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-vision-093019-112420.

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Color is a continuous variable, and humans can distinguish more than a million colors, yet world color lexicons contain no more than a dozen basic color terms. It has been understood for 160 years that the number of color terms in a lexicon varies greatly across languages, yet the lexical color categories defined by these terms are similar worldwide. Starting with the seminal study by Berlin and Kay, this review considers how and why this is so. Evidence from psychological, linguistic, and computational studies has advanced our understanding of how color categories came into being, how they contribute to our shared understanding of color, and how the resultant categories influence color perception and cognition. A key insight from the last 50 years of research is how human perception and the need for communication within a society worked together to create color lexicons that are somewhat diverse, yet show striking regularities worldwide.
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32

Mahotara, NB, and L. Shrestha. "Colour vision deficiency in Nepalese Medical and Nursing Students of different ethnicity." Journal of Institute of Medicine Nepal 39, no. 3 (July 18, 2024): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.59779/jiomnepal.725.

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Introduction: Colour vision deficiency is a common but unnoticed condition. Medical students must be aware of their congenital colour vision deficiency and its effects on their work, so that color vision deficient student may not choose the discipline such as pathology and radiology, where colour vision is very important. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Clinical Physiology, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu from February 2013 to January 2016. Total of 556 medical and nursing students selected by convenient sampling, underwent color vision evaluation by using Ishihara chart. Results: Out of 302 male students, 20 (6.6%) were color vision deficient. Similarly, out of 254 female students, two (0.8%) were colour vision deficient. Among the male students, two (10%) were total colour blind, eight (40%) were suffering from deuteranomaly and 10 (50%) were suffering from deuteranopia. Colour vision deficiencies were observed more in Chhetri (9.5%), followed by Brahmin (7.1%) and Madhesi ethnicity (6.9%). Conclusion: The prevalence of colour vision deficiency in Nepalese medical students is significant. Therefore, they should be screened for colour vision deficiency, so that the students with colour vision defect can choose appropriate discipline as their future carrier where colour vision defect may not affect their work.
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33

Purves, Dale, Beau Lotto, and Thomas Polger. "Color Vision and the Four-Color-Map Problem." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12, no. 2 (March 2000): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892900562011.

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Four different colors are needed to make maps that avoid adjacent countries of the same color. Because the retinal image is two dimensional, like a map, four dimensions of chromatic experience would also be needed to optimally distinguish regions returning spectrally different light to the eye. We therefore suggest that the organization of human color vision according to four-color classes (reds, greens, blues, and yellows) has arisen as a solution to this logical requirement in topology.
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34

Makarov, I. A. "Prevalence of Color Vision Deficiencies." Ophthalmology in Russia 17, no. 3 (September 24, 2020): 414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18008/1816-5095-2020-3-414-421.

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Purpose. The study of color deficiencies prevalence in young people, students of higher educational university.Materials and methods. The study was carried for the half year — fall semester. A total of 1,609 students were examined, aged 17–21. There were 1191 boys and 418 girls. The survey was conducted to determine the health groups in physical training and in various sports sections. An ophthalmologic examination determined refractive disorders and other ocular pathology, which is important for determining health groups. Rabkin polychromatic tables and Neitz color vision test (Neitz Lab (UW Medicine) were used for determining of color deficiencies. The obtained results of these tests were compared in terms of the time spent on the test, the results of the test effectiveness, the determination of dissimulation, and the assessment of the shift in the color spectrum in individuals with impaired color perception.Results. A total of refractive disorders were detected in 856 students (53.2 %). The high degree of myopia was in 40. Disorders of color deficient were noted in 101 students (8.48 %) of 1191 male subjects when using the Neitz color test. Dichromatic eye changes were observed from 2.1 % students: protanopia and deiteranopia were in 0.67 % and 1.43 %. Most of all there were violations with the perception of shades of light brown and light green colors. A third of healthy students noted the impossibility of distinguishing light brown from light gray. This is regardless of the state of refraction. Simultaneous violations of the perception of shades of red, green, yellow and blue were observed in one subject, it was associated with congenital cataracts. In four young people, acquired eye diseases caused. In two girls, violations of the perception of a pastel shade of light green were noted, with one girl (0.24 %) having a violation in two eyes, and was presumably due to a gene anomaly. The second girl had one eye and was associated with partial atrophy of the optic nerve after the optic neuritis.Conclusions. Neitz color test expands the diagnostic possibilities, since in its design it has pastel shades of light green and light brown colors on a gray background, reduces the likelihood of dissimulation, reduces the time of the survey. Neitz color test allows to expand the possibilities for more accurate and differential diagnosis dichromatic and anormal trichromatic subjects and acquired color vision defects.
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35

of America, Optical Society. "Vision and Color Meeting: Vision Sessions." Optics Express 9, no. 8 (October 8, 2001): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.9.000000.

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36

UCHIKAWA, Keiji. "Color Measurement and Color Vision Mechanism." Journal of the Visualization Society of Japan 17, no. 64 (1997): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3154/jvs.17.12.

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37

Price, Trevor D. "Sensory Drive, Color, and Color Vision." American Naturalist 190, no. 2 (August 2, 2017): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/692535.

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38

Spitschan, Manuel. "Lighting, Color Rendering, and Color Vision." Journal of Vision 17, no. 15 (December 1, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/17.15.1.

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39

Lindsey, D., and A. Brown. "Somali color vision and color naming." Journal of Vision 12, no. 9 (August 10, 2012): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/12.9.104.

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40

Jetsu, Tuija, Yasser Essiarab, Ville Heikkinen, Timo Jaaskelainen, and Jussi Parkkinen. "Color classification using color vision models." Color Research & Application 36, no. 4 (November 8, 2010): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/col.20632.

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41

Hunt, Robert W. G. "Color Reproduction and Color Vision Modeling." Color and Imaging Conference 1, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/cic.1993.1.1.art00001.

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42

Jetsu, Tuija, Yasser Essiarab, Ville Heikkinen, Timo Jaaskelainen, and Jussi Parkkinen. "Color Classification Using Color Vision Models." Conference on Colour in Graphics, Imaging, and Vision 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/cgiv.2008.4.1.art00049.

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43

SCHUSTER, GUENTER A. "Review of crayfish color patterns in the Family Cambaridae (Astacoidea), with discussion of their possible importance." Zootaxa 4755, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 63–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4755.1.3.

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The use of color photographs in crayfish species descriptions, state faunal books and popular articles is relatively recent. Except for verbal color descriptions, color and color patterns have not often been explored by crayfish researchers. Carotenoids and carotenoproteins are responsible for much of the color found in the integument and exoskeleton of crayfishes and other crustaceans. Research has shown variation in color may be the result of the environment, diet, molt stage and age, genetics, or a combination of these. Crayfishes possess color vision, may use polarization vision, and have the possibility of fluorescent vision. They also have very good low light vision. Crayfishes have a multichromatic range in color sensitivity; it ranges from blue to red, with no UV sensitivity. Color vision may be an important factor in intraspecific and interspecific competition, territoriality, camouflage, sexual selection, and communication. A distinction is made between base or background colors displayed in crayfishes and their exhibited color patterns. While actual base or background colors may vary among individual crayfishes, a case is made that color patterns show much less intraspecific variation. Distinct color patterns are the result of highly contrasting colors on appendages or parts of appendages such as chelae, leg joints, tail fan, spines, and tubercles. Body regions like the carapace and abdomen may also have contrasting spots, bands or stripes. Color patterns may be useful in better understanding crayfish taxonomy, phylogeny, and evolutionary convergence, and examples are provided.
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44

Shepard, Roger N., and Lynn A. Cooper. "Representation of Colors in the Blind, Color-Blind, and Normally Sighted." Psychological Science 3, no. 2 (March 1992): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00006.x.

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Human adults with normal vision, with three types of color-blindness, or with complete absence of vision since birth rank-ordered the similarities of all pairs of colors corresponding to nine hue names. When presented with the names only, subjects with any color vision produced rankings for which multidimensional scaling yielded Newton's color circle. When subjects were presented with the colors themselves, the recovered color circle remained the same for the normally sighted but collapsed along the red-green dimension for the color-blind. Based on their rankings by color names, the totally blind subjects all fell outside the range of the color-normal subjects but partly overlapped the color-deficient subjects; a rare rod monochromat roughly approximated the color-normal subjects. These results, along with those of Marmor (1978) and Izmailov and Sokolov (this issue), suggest how visual experience, language, and innate structure contribute to the mental representation of colors.
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Buchsbaum, G. "Color signal coding: Color vision and color television." Color Research & Application 12, no. 5 (October 1987): 266–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/col.5080120508.

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46

Witzel, Christoph, and Karl R. Gegenfurtner. "Color Perception: Objects, Constancy, and Categories." Annual Review of Vision Science 4, no. 1 (September 15, 2018): 475–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-vision-091517-034231.

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Color has been scientifically investigated by linking color appearance to colorimetric measurements of the light that enters the eye. However, the main purpose of color perception is not to determine the properties of incident light, but to aid the visual perception of objects and materials in our environment. We review the state of the art on object colors, color constancy, and color categories to gain insight into the functional aspects of color perception. The common ground between these areas of research is that color appearance is tightly linked to the identification of objects and materials and the communication across observers. In conclusion, we argue that research should focus on how color processing is adapted to the surface properties of objects in the natural environment in order to bridge the gap between the known early stages of color perception and the subjective appearance of color.
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47

Haslem, Wendy. "Projecting the Colors of Vision." Screen Bodies 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/screen.2023.080102.

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Abstract “Projecting the Colors of Vision” investigates the role of color in the depiction of changing visual dispositions across four screen texts and the technologies that create them. This article explores the role of color in the depiction of color blindness in the abstract cell animation, Ishihara, directed by Yoav Brill (2010). It examines the role of blue in Derek Jarman's experimental film Blue (1993), and it looks into the ways that both the feature film and the virtual reality version of Notes on Blindness (James Spinney and Peter Middleton, 2016) use color, rain, and sound to sculpt spaces. This article develops an intermedial comparison of each text, focusing on image and sound as dialectical forces that invite an embodied experience of distinct perspectives.
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48

BONNARDEL, VALÉRIE. "Color naming and categorization in inherited color vision deficiencies." Visual Neuroscience 23, no. 3-4 (May 2006): 637–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523806233558.

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Dichromatic subjects can name colors accurately, even though they cannot discriminate among red-green hues (Jameson & Hurvich, 1978). This result is attributed to a normative language system that dichromatic observers developed by learning subtle visual cues to compensate for their impoverished color system. The present study used multidimensional scaling techniques to compare color categorization spaces of color-vision deficient (CVD) subjects to those of normal trichromat (NT) subjects, and consensus analysis estimated the normative effect of language on categorization. Subjects sorted 140 Munsell color samples in three different ways: a free sorting task (unlimited number of categories), a constrained sorting task (number of categories limited to eight), and a constrained naming task (limited to eight basic color terms). CVD color categories were comparable to those of NT subjects. For both CVD and NT subjects, a common color categorization space derived from the three tasks was well described by a three-dimensional model, with the first two dimensions corresponding to reddish-greenish and yellowish-bluish axes. However, the third axis, which was associated with an achromatic dimension in NTs, was not identified in the CVD model. Individual differences multidimensional scaling failed to reveal group differences in the sorting tasks. In contrast, the personal color naming spaces of CVD subjects exhibited a relative compression of the yellowish-bluish dimension that is inconsistent with the typical deutan-type color spaces derived from more direct measures of perceptual color judgments. As expected, the highest consensus among CVDs (77%) and NTs (82%) occurred in the naming task. The categorization behaviors studied in this experiment seemed to rely more on learning factors, and may reveal little about CVD perceptual representation of colors.
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49

BUCK, STEVEN, MAUREEN NEITZ, BARRY B. LEE, and KENNETH KNOBLAUCH. "Guest Editor's Foreword: Proceedings of the 18th Biennial Symposium of the International Colour Vision Society. Held July 2005, Lyon, France." Visual Neuroscience 23, no. 3-4 (May 2006): 295–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523806233005.

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The International Colour Vision Society (ICVS) held its 18th biennial meeting in Lyon, France in July 2005. The ICVS, originally founded in 1967 as the International Research Group in Colour Vision Deficiencies and renamed in 1997, brings together vision scientists and clinicians with a common interest in color vision and color vision deficiencies. With significant technological advances that have permitted new and deeper questions about color vision to be addressed, the subject matter of recent meetings has expanded to include greater contributions from such areas as molecular genetics and evolution, retinal and cerebral imaging studies and computational modeling. The peer-reviewed papers in this volume span these newer and the more traditional topics of interest to the society, covering both applied and fundamental topics.
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50

Hussein, Azad Jameel, and Samim Ahmed Al-Dabbagh. "Prevalence of color vision deficiency among primary school pupils in Duhok city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq." Advanced medical journal 7, no. 1 (July 27, 2022): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.56056/amj.2022.153.

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Background and objectives: Color vision deficiency or color blindness is a difficulty in recognizing certain colors. The color vision deficient persons remain unmindful about their condition and only become aware accidentally when tested for color vision. Color vision deficiency may affect job performance in certain careers like drivers, pilots, electrical and electronic engineers, policemen, artists, and medical practitioners. The study aims to detect the color vision deficiency prevalence among the primary school pupils in Duhok city. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among randomely selected two primary school children in Duhok city, Iraq from 1st February 2019 to 1st May 2019. Socio-demographic data was collected by interview using a questionnaire. All participants underwent color vision evaluation using Ishihara’s pseudo isochromatic test 24 plate editions. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 24. Results: Out of 978 pupils, 491 were males (50.21%) and 487 were females (49.79%), color vision deficiency was detected in 55 pupils giving a prevalence of (5.63%); among them, 38 pupils have had deutan defects (3.89%) and 17 had protan defects (1.74%). Color vision deficient pupils were 47 males (9.6%) and 8 females (1.64%). Conclusions: This study found that 5.63% of pupils were color deficient, with male gender predominance. All of the color deficient pupils were unmindful of their condition. Green color deficient pupils (deutans) were more than red color deficient (protans), with zero cases of total color blindness.
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