Relevant bibliographies by topics / Color transfers

Academic literature on the topic 'Color transfers'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 7 July 2024
Last updated: 7 July 2024

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Color transfers.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Color transfers":

1

Jang, Hae Woong, and Yong Ju Jung. "Deep Color Transfer for Color-Plus-Mono Dual Cameras." Sensors 20, no. 9 (May 11, 2020): 2743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092743.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
Abstract:
A few approaches have studied image fusion using color-plus-mono dual cameras to improve the image quality in low-light shooting. Among them, the color transfer approach, which transfers the color information of a color image to a mono image, is considered to be promising for obtaining improved images with less noise and more detail. However, the color transfer algorithms rely heavily on appropriate color hints from a given color image. Unreliable color hints caused by errors in stereo matching of a color-plus-mono image pair can generate various visual artifacts in the final fused image. This study proposes a novel color transfer method that seeks reliable color hints from a color image and colorizes a corresponding mono image with reliable color hints that are based on a deep learning model. Specifically, a color-hint-based mask generation algorithm is developed to obtain reliable color hints. It removes unreliable color pixels using a reliability map computed by the binocular just-noticeable-difference model. In addition, a deep colorization network that utilizes structural information is proposed for solving the color bleeding artifact problem. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method provides better results than the existing image fusion algorithms for dual cameras.
2

Wu, Jian Jie, and Yu Hui Zhang. "Real-Time Text Detection in Color Images Based on Color Projection." Key Engineering Materials 480-481 (June 2011): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.480-481.84.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
Abstract:
In SMT production line, different types of components may have the same shape but providing different functions. The only difference between these components is the text on surface of a component indicating its type. Therefore, not only geometry defect inspection but also text detection is needed in component inspection to avoid wrong use of components. Traditional algorithms based on pixel comparison of text image are time consuming and sensitive to tiny change of the text as well. A concise text detection algorithm based on color projection is proposed. The algorithm transfers two-dimensional color image to one-dimensional curve for comparison by projection of the text image, which greatly reduces the computing amount, increases speed and makes the algorithm less sensitive to displacement or rotation of the text. Experiments show that the algorithm can ensure effective real-time text detection.
3

Lin, Ching I., Ching Hung Su, and Shih Hung Tai. "Color and Texture Features Based Image Retrieval." Applied Mechanics and Materials 441 (December 2013): 707–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.441.707.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
Abstract:
We propose a practical image retrieval scheme to retrieve images efficiently. We propose a scheme using color and texture features and address the unique algorithm to extract the color pixel features by the HSV color space and Tamura features of the texture features. The proposed scheme transfers each image to a quantized color code using the regulations of the properties in compliance with HSV color space model and then employing the quantized color code along with Tamura features of texture features to compare the images of database. Experimental of the proposed scheme on demonstrate more efficient and effective than the conventional schemes.
4

Futran, Neal D., Brendan C. Stack, and Molly J. Zaccardi. "Preoperative Color Flow Doppler Imaging for Fibula Free Tissue Transfers." Annals of Vascular Surgery 12, no. 5 (September 1998): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100169900182.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Ye, Han Kun. "A Color Error Correction Mode for Digital Camera." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 3706–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.3706.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
Abstract:
Digital camera is the one of the main devices in the computer and multimedia technology and its color management model is the key to guarantee the color consistency in the succedent image production and transfers. The paper presents a color conversion model for digital camera based on polynomial curve generation. First, color rendering principle of digital camera is analyzed. Then digital camera data is pretreated to a unitary field to deduce final model. Third, standard color target is taken for experimental sample and substitutes color blocks in color shade district for complete color space to solve the difficulties of experimental color blocks selecting; Fourth, the model using polynomial curve generation algorithm to correct color error is deduced; Finally, the realization and experiment results show that, compared with some methods which have relatively high accuracy, the algorithm can improve color conversion accuracy and can satisfy the engineering requirement in digital camera color management
6

Su, Ching Hung, Huang Sen Chiu, Mohd Helmy Abd Wahab, and Tsai Ming Hsieh. "An Efficient Image Retrieval Based on Combined Features." Advanced Materials Research 787 (September 2013): 1025–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.787.1025.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
Abstract:
An efficient image retrieval scheme to retrieve images is proposed based on the issue of texture and color space features extractions. The algorithm for an effective image retrieval scheme to retrieve images is presented. We propose a scheme using color and texture features and address the unique algorithm to extract the color pixel features by the HSV color space and the texture features of Homogeneous Texture Descriptor (HTD). The proposed scheme transfers each image to a quantized color code using the regulations of the properties in compliance with HSV color space model and then employing the quantized color code along with the texture feature of Homogeneous Texture Descriptor (HTD) to compare the images of database. Experimental of the proposed scheme performed on SIMPLIcity image database to demonstrate more efficient and effective than the conventional schemes.
7

Su, Ching Hung, Chiun Hsiun Lin, Hsuan Shu Huang, and Kuo Chin Fan. "Using Color Sequences for Cartoon Image Retrieval." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 5308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.5308.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
Abstract:
We propose a practical cartoon image retrieval scheme to retrieve cartoon images efficiently. The proposed scheme transfers each cartoon image to a color sequence using straightforward 8 rules. Subsequently, using the color sequences to compare the cartoon images, namely color sequences comparison. We succeed in transferring the cartoon image retrieval problem to sequences comparison. Thus the computational complexity is decreased obviously. Our system keeps both advantages of the content based cartoon image retrieval system (similarity-based retrieval) and a text based cartoon image retrieval system (very rapid and mature).
8

Tan, Xin, Zhixin Liu, Xuejie Liu, Yuan Ren, Shiyang Sun, and Huiling Jia. "Ab initio study of structural stability and electronic properties of GeV in diamond." International Journal of Modern Physics B 34, no. 06 (February 27, 2020): 2050036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979220500368.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
Abstract:
A complete theory is the guide and explanation of the experiment. According to the first principle, the stable structure of Ge vacancy color center (GeV) is the double vacancy center structure by using the constructed GeV color center supercell. The covalent radius and bond angle of GeV are explored by analyzing the microstructures. The electronic structure of GeV color center is calculated, and the charge transfers of GeV color center are explained, thereby demonstrating the existence of stable bonds. The principle of the energy-level transition of the GeV color center in terms of light emission is described. The effect of each element and energy level orbital is illustrated by the density-of-states diagram.
9

Su, Ching Hung, Huang Sen Chiu, Mohd Helmy A. Wahab, Tsai Ming Hsiehb, You Chiuan Li, and Jhao Hong Lin. "Images Retrieval Based on Integrated Features." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 2292–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.2292.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
Abstract:
We propose a practical image retrieval scheme to retrieve images efficiently. The proposed scheme transfers each image to a color sequence using straightforward 8 rules. Subsequently, using the color sequences to compare the images, namely color sequences comparison. We succeed in transferring the image retrieval problem to sequences comparison and subsequently using the color sequences comparison along with the texture feature of Edge Histogram Descriptor to compare the images of database. We succeed in transferring the image retrieval problem to quantized code comparison. Thus the computational complexity is decreased obviously. Our results illustrate it has virtues both of the content based image retrieval system and a text based image retrieval system.
10

Suzuki, O., M. Koura, K. Takano, Y. Noguchi, K. Uchio-Yamada, and J. Matsuda. "148 PRODUCTION OF PUPS BY OVARIAN TRANSFER IN THE SYRIAN HAMSTER." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20, no. 1 (2008): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv20n1ab148.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
Abstract:
Instead of gametes, ovaries could be used as alternative resources for cryopreservation. In this study, we attempted to produce pups by transplantation of fresh ovaries to foster mothers as a first step to establish a preservation method of hamster strains on the basis of the cryopreservation of ovaries in combination with ovarian transfers. We also checked the possibility of inter-strain transfers of ovaries, since immunological tolerance among hamster strains is suggested by the fact that most Syrian hamsters were derived from only a small number of animals. Fresh ovaries collected from 3-weekold females of HAW (white coat) and APA (albino) strains were transferred into ovarian bursae of 3-week-old recipient females with agouti-coat (Slc:Syrian) under anesthesia with xylazine and ketamine. Halves of ovaries of recipients were removed immediately before the transfers, i.e., both donor and recipient ovaries were present in each ovarian bursa. Successful transplantation of ovaries was checked by the coat color (non-agouti color) of offspring produced by test matings of recipients with Slc:Syrian males after the recipients became mature. Five and six recipients received HAW and APA ovaries, respectively. All 11 recipients tested became pregnant and delivered pups. According to the coat color of the pups, three of five recipients which received HAW ovaries and one of six recipients which received APA ovaries delivered pups derived from transplanted ovaries (two out of eight pups, one out of seven pups, and three out of 11 pups for HAW; one out of five pups for APA). Our results indicate that transplantation of fresh ovaries to foster mothers could be used for production of pups from grafted ovaries in the Syrian hamster. In particular, immunological tolerance for ovarian transfers among at least three strains suggests that recipient strains might not need to be the same as donor strains for practical ovarian transfers in the Syrian hamster. Our results would facilitate the development of a strain preservation system for the Syrian hamster based on ovarian cryopreservation. This work was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan.
More sources
You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Color transfers' for particular source types:
Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Color transfers":

1

Forcales, Fernández Manuel. "Two-color spectroscopy of energy transfers in Si:Er." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2004. http://dare.uva.nl/document/77576.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Carrillo, Hernan. "Colorisation d'images avec réseaux de neurones guidés par l'intéraction humaine." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0016.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
Abstract:
La colorisation est le processus qui consiste à ajouter des couleurs aux images en niveaux de gris. C’est une tâche importante dans la communauté de l’édition d’images et de l’animation. Bien que des méthodes de colorisation automatique existent, elles produisent souvent des résultats insatisfaisants en raison de défauts tels que le débordement de couleur, l’incohérence, des couleurs non naturelles et la nature non trivial du problème. Par conséquent, une intervention manuelle est souvent nécessaire pour obtenir le résultat souhaité. En conséquence, il y a un intérêt croissant à automatiser le processus de colorisation tout en permettant aux artistes d’ajouter leur propre style et vision. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions divers formats d’interaction en guidant les couleurs sur des zones spécifiques d’une image, ou en les transférant à partir d’une image ou d’un objet de référence. Nous introduisons deux méthodes de colorisation semi-automatiques. Tout d’abord, nous décrivons une architecture d’apprentissage profond pour la colorisation d’images qui prend en compte les images de référence de l’utilisateur. Notre deuxième méthode utilise un modèle de diffusion pour coloriser des dessins en utilisant des indications de couleur fournies par l’utilisateur. Cette thèse commence par l’état de l’art des méthodes de colorisation d’images, des espaces de couleur, des métriques d’évaluation et des fonctions de perte. Bien que les méthodes de colorisation récentes basées sur des techniques d’apprentissage profond obtiennent les meilleurs résultats, ces méthodes sont basées sur des architectures complexes et un grand nombre de fonctions de perte, ce qui rend difficile leur compréhension. Pour cela, nous utilisons une architecture simple afin d’analyser l’impact de différents espaces de couleur et fonctions de perte. Ensuite, nous proposons une nouvelle couche d’attention appelée super-attention qui utilise des superpixels. Elle permet d’établir des correspondances entre les caractéristiques hautes résolutions de paires d’images cible et référence. Cette proposition permet d’atténuer le problème de la complexité quadratique des couches d’attention. De plus, elle aide à surmonter les défauts de débordement de couleur dans la tâche de colorisation. Nous étudions son utilisation pour le transfert de couleur, et pour la colorisation basée sur des exemples. Nous proposons également une extension de ce modèle afin de guider spécifiquement la colorisation sur des objets segmentés. Enfin, nous proposons un modèle de diffusion probabiliste basé sur des conditionnements implicites et explicites, pour apprendre à coloriser des dessins au trait. Notre approche permet d’ajouter des interactions utilisateur à travers des indices de couleur explicites tout en s’appuyant sur l’entraînement du modèle de diffusion principal. Nous utilisons un encodeur spécifique qui apprend à extraire des informations sur les indices de couleur fournis par l’utilisateur. Ce modèle permet d’obtenir des images colorisées diverses et de haute qualité
Colorization is the process of adding colors to grayscale images. It is an important task in the image-editing and animation community. Although automatic colorization methods exist, they often produce unsatisfying results due to artifacts such as color bleeding, inconsistency, unnatural colors, and the ill-posed nature of the problem. Manual intervention is often necessary to achieve the desired outcome. Consequently, there is a growing interest in automating the colorization process while allowing artists to transfer their own style and vision to the process. In this thesis, we investigate various interaction formats by guiding colors of specific areas of an image or transferring them from a reference image or object. As part of this research, we introduce two semi-automatic colorization frameworks. First, we describe a deep learning architecture for exemplar-based image colorization that takes into account user’s reference images. Our second framework uses a diffusion model to colorize line art using user-provided color scribbles. This thesis first delves into a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art image colorization methods, color spaces, evaluation metrics, and losses. While recent colorization methods based on deep-learning techniques are achieving the best results on this task, these methods are based on complex architectures and a high number of joint losses, which makes the reasoning behind each of these methods difficult. Here, we leverage a simple architecture in order to analyze the impact of different color spaces and several losses. Then, we propose a novel attention layer based on superpixel features to establish robust correspondences between high-resolution deep features from target and reference image pairs, called super-attention. This proposal deals with the quadratic complexity problem of the non-local calculation in the attention layer. Additionally, it helps to overcome color bleeding artifacts. We study its use in color transfer and exemplar-based colorization. We finally extend this model to specifically guide the colorization on segmented objects. Finally, we propose a diffusion probabilistic model based on implicit and explicit conditioning mechanism, to learn colorizing line art. Our approach enables the incorporation of user guidance through explicit color hints while leveraging on the prior knowledge from the trained diffusion model. We condition with an application-specific encoder that learns to extract meaningful information on user-provided scribbles. The method generates diverse and high-quality colorized images
3

Philbrick, Gregory Eric. "Color Relationship Transfer for Digital Painting." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5552.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
Abstract:
A digital painter uses reference photography to add realism to a scene. This involves making n colors in a painting relate to each other more like n corresponding colors in a photograph, in terms of value and temperature. Doing this manually requires either experience or tedious experimentation. Color relationship transfer performs the task automatically, recoloring n regions of a painting so they relate in value and temperature more like n corresponding regions of a photograph. Relationship transfer also has applications in computational photography. In fact, it introduces a new paradigm for image editing in general, based on treating an image's fundamental relationships.
4

Jeong, Kideog. "OBJECT MATCHING IN DISJOINT CAMERAS USING A COLOR TRANSFER APPROACH." UKnowledge, 2007. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/434.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
Abstract:
Object appearance models are a consequence of illumination, viewing direction, camera intrinsics, and other conditions that are specific to a particular camera. As a result, a model acquired in one view is often inappropriate for use in other viewpoints. In this work we treat this appearance model distortion between two non-overlapping cameras as one in which some unknown color transfer function warps a known appearance model from one view to another. We demonstrate how to recover this function in the case where the distortion function is approximated as general affine and object appearance is represented as a mixture of Gaussians. Appearance models are brought into correspondence by searching for a bijection function that best minimizes an entropic metric for model dissimilarity. These correspondences lead to a solution for the transfer function that brings the parameters of the models into alignment in the UV chromaticity plane. Finally, a set of these transfer functions acquired from a collection of object pairs are generalized to a single camera-pair-specific transfer function via robust fitting. We demonstrate the method in the context of a video surveillance network and show that recognition of subjects in disjoint views can be significantly improved using the new color transfer approach.
5

Thornton, A. L. "Colour object recognition using a complex colour representation and the frequency domain." Thesis, University of Reading, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301911.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Mazauric, Serge. "Modèles spectraux à transferts de flux appliqués à la prédiction de couleurs sur des surfaces imprimées en demi-ton." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSES064/document.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
Abstract:
La protection des documents fiduciaires et identitaires contre la fraude exige le développement d’outils de contrôle fondés sur des effets visuels sans cesse renouvelés, difficiles à contrefaire (même pour un expert ... de la contrefaçon !). Ce projet de recherche s’inscrit dans cette problématique et vise à apporter des solutions originales via l’impression de supports diffusants d’une part, et le développement de modèles de rendu visuel d’autre part. Les effets visuels recherchés sont des ajustements de couleurs entre les deux faces d’un imprimé lorsque celui-ci est observé par transparence devant une source lumineuse. Pour obtenir facilement des ajustements de couleurs quelles que soient les couleurs visées, il est capital d’avoir un modèle à disposition, permettant de calculer les quantités d’encre à déposer. Un modèle doit être capable de prédire les facteurs spectraux de réflexion et de transmission du support imprimé en décrivant les phénomènes de diffusion optique présents en pratique dans les couches d’encre et le support. Nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement aux imprimés translucides contenant des couleurs en demi-ton des deux côtés de la surface avec pour objectif de prédire le rendu visuel pour diverses configurations d’observation. Pour cela, nous proposons une nouvelle approche basée sur l’utilisation de matrices de transfert de flux pour prédire les facteurs spectraux de réflexion et de transmission des imprimés lorsqu’ils sont éclairés simultanément des deux côtés. En représentant le comportement optique des différents composants d’un imprimé par des matrices de transfert, la description des transferts de flux entre ces composantes s’en trouve simplifiée. Ce cadre mathématique mène à la construction de modèles de prédiction de couleurs imprimées en demi-ton sur des supports diffusants. Nous montrons par ailleurs que certains modèles existants, comme le modèle de Kubelka-Munk ou encore le modèle de Clapper-Yule, peuvent également être formulés en termes de matrices de transfert. Les résultats obtenus avec les modèles proposés dans ce travail mettent en évidence des qualités de prédiction équivalentes, voire supérieures, à celles qu’on retrouve dans l’état de l’art, tout en proposant une simplification de la formulation mathématique et de la description physique des échanges de flux. Cette simplification fait de ces modèles des outils de calcul qui s’utilisent très facilement, notamment pour la détermination des quantités d’encre à déposer sur les deux faces de l’imprimé afin d’obtenir des ajustements de couleurs
The protection of banknotes or identity documents against counterfeiting demands the development of control tools based on visual effects that are continuously renewed. These visual effects become thus difficult to counterfeit even by an expert forger ! This research tries to deal with that issue. Its objective is to bring new solutions using on the one side, the printing of diffusing materials, and on the other side the development of visual rendering models that can be observed. The visual effects that are sought-after are the color matching on both sides of a printed document when observed against thelight. To easily obtain a color matching, whatever the colors that are aimed for, it is essential to have a model that helps in calculating the quantity of ink to be left on the document. A model must be used to predict the spectral reflectance and the transmittance factors of the printed document by describing the phenomena of optical diffusion really present in the ink layers and in the document. We shall focus our interest especially on translucent printed documents that have halftone colors on both sides. Our goal here is to predict the visual rendering in different configurations of observation. To that end, we are offering a new approach based on the use of flux transfer matrices to predict the spectral reflectance and transmittance factors of prints when they are simultaneously lit up on both sides. By representing with transfer matrices the optical behavior of the different components present in a printed document, we see that the description of flux transfer between these elements is thus simplified. This mathematical framework leads to the construction of prediction models of halftone printed colors on diffusing materials. We also show that some existing models, such as the Kubelka-Munk or the Clapper-Yule models, can also be formulated in transfer matrices terms. The results that we get with the models used in this work make apparent identical prediction quality and in some cases even better ones to the ones found in the state of the art, while offering a simplification of the mathematical formulation and the physical description of the flux transfer. This simplification thus transforms these models into calculation tools that can easily be used especially for the choice of quantities of ink that must be left on both sides of the document in order to obtain color matching
7

Muhammad, Imran. "Colorizing Grey Scale Images." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Datateknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-6181.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
Abstract:
The purpose of this thesis is to develop a working methodology to color a grey scale image. This thesis is based on approach of using a colored reference image. Coloring grey scale images has no exact solution till date and all available methods are based on approximation. This technique of using a color reference image for approximating color information in grey scale image is among most modern techniques.Method developed here in this paper is better than existing methods of approximation of color information addition in grey scale images in brightness, sharpness, color shade gradients and distribution of colors over objects.Color and grey scale images are analyzed for statistical and textural features. This analysis is done only on basis of luminance value in images. These features are then segmented and segments of color and grey scale images are mapped on basis of distances of segments from origin. Then chromatic values are transferred between these matched segments from color image to grey scale image.Technique proposed in this paper uses better mechanism of mapping clusters and mapping colors between segments, resulting in notable improvement in existing techniques in this category.
8

Nilsson, Linus. "Quality and real-time performance assessment of color-correction methods : A comparison between histogram-based prefiltering and global color transfer." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för informationssystem och -teknologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-33877.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
Abstract:
In the field of computer vision and more specifically multi-camera systems color correction is an important topic of discussion. The need for color-tone similarity among multiple images that are used to construct a single scene is self-evident. The strength and weaknesses of color- correction methods can be assessed by using metrics to measure structural and color-tone similarity and timing the methods. Color transfer has a better structural similarity than histogram-based prefiltering and a worse color-tone similarity. The color transfer method is faster than the histogram-based prefiltering. Color transfer is a better method if the focus is a structural similar image after correction, if better color-tone similarity at the cost of structural similarity is acceptable histogram-based prefiltering is a better choice. Color transfer is a faster method and is easier to run with a parallel computing approach then histogram-based prefiltering. Color transfer might therefore be a better pick for real-time applications. There is however more room to optimize an implementation of histogram-based prefiltering utilizing parallel computing.
9

Furman, Gary S. "The contribution of charge-transfer complexes to the color of kraft lignin." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5644.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Edsborg, Karin. "Color Coded Depth Information in Medical Volume Rendering." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1823.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
Abstract:

Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is used to obtain images showing the vascular system. To detect stenosis, which is narrowing of for example blood vessels, maximum intensity projection (MIP) is typically used. This technique often fails to demonstrate the stenosis if the projection angle is not suitably chosen. To improve identification of this region a color-coding algorithm could be helpful. The color should be carefully chosen depending on the vessel diameter.

In this thesis a segmentation to produce a binary 3d-volume is made, followed by a distance transform to approximate the Euclidean distance from the centerline of the vessel to the background. The distance is used to calculate the smallest diameter of the vessel and that value is mapped to a color. This way the color information regarding the diameter would be the same from all the projection angles.

Color-coded MIPs, where the color represents the maximum distance, are also implemented. The MIP will result in images with contradictory information depending on the angle choice. Looking in one angle you would see the actual stenosis and looking in another you would see a color representing the abnormal diameter.

More sources

Books on the topic "Color transfers":

1

Males, Mike A. The color of justice: An analysis of juvenile adult court transfers in California. San Francisco, CA: Justice Policy Institute, 2000.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Senter, Bill. Color transfer. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1990.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Angela, Sieber Patricia, ed. Red is not the only color: Contemporary Chinese fiction on love and sex between women, collected stories. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Haines, Richard W. Technicolor movies: The history of dye transfer printing. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 1993.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

George, Patricia. Color synergy: How to use the power of color, affirmations, and creative visualizations to transform your life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Cameron, Naomi Luft. Dye diffusion thermal transfer technology. Edited by O'Donnell Michael 1968- and Shepard Chantale. Newtonville, MA (P.O. Box 68, Newtonville 02160): Datek Information Services, 1988.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Sargent, Susan. Susan Sargent's The comfort of color: Inspire, transform, create. New Yotk: Bulfinch Press, 2004.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Pieper, Anne, and Christian Klose. Weihnachtsmotive mit Transfer-Stoffmalfarben: So einfach wie Window color. Rheinfelden: OZ-Verl., 2003.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Zolar. Zolar's magick of color: Use the power of color to transform your luck, prosperity, or romance. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Aspengren, Sara. Melanophores: Functional and morphological studies of intracellular transport and transfer of melanosomes. Göteborg: Dept. of Zoology, Zoophysiology, Göteborg University, 2006.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Book chapters on the topic "Color transfers":

1

Melnyk, Virginia Ellyn. "Punch Card Patterns Designed with GAN." In Proceedings of the 2021 DigitalFUTURES, 69–79. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5983-6_7.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
Abstract:
AbstractKnitting punch cards codify different stitch patterns into binary patterns, telling the machine when to change color or to generate different stitch types. This research utilizes Neural Networks (NN) and image-based Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN), with an image database of knitting punch cards, to generate new punch card designs. The hypothesis is that artificial intelligence will learn the basic underlying structures of the punch cards and the pattern makeup that is inherent across patterns of different styles and cultures. Different neural networks were utilized throughout the research, such as Neural Style Transfer (NST), AdaIN Style Transfers, and StyleGAN2. The results from these explorations offer different insights into pattern design and various outcomes of the different neural networks. Ultimately physically testing these punch card designs, these patterns were knit on a domestic knitting machine, resulting in novel fabrication and design techniques that are both digital and craft-based.
2

Reinhard, Erik. "Color Transfer." In Encyclopedia of Color Science and Technology, 1–6. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27851-8_415-1.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Liu, Shiguang. "Color Transfer." In Synthesis Lectures on Visual Computing: Computer Graphics, Animation, Computational Photography and Imaging, 9–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26030-8_2.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Reinhard, Erik. "Color Transfer." In Encyclopedia of Color Science and Technology, 506–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89862-5_415.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Liu, Shiguang. "Emotional Color Transfer." In Synthesis Lectures on Visual Computing: Computer Graphics, Animation, Computational Photography and Imaging, 21–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26030-8_3.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Klein, Georg. "Theories of Radiative Transfer." In Industrial Color Physics, 295–380. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1197-1_5.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Swirnoff, Lois. "Color and Form: Conform or Transform?" In Dimensional Color, 79–88. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2073-0_7.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Reinhard, Erik, and Tania Pouli. "Colour Spaces for Colour Transfer." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20404-3_1.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Lewis, Kristin L. M., Jeffrey A. Myers, Patrick F. Tekavec, and Jennifer P. Ogilvie. "Two-color two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy of energy transfer." In Springer Series in Chemical Physics, 637–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-95946-5_207.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Nayak, Arvind, Subhasis Chaudhuri, and Shilpa Inamdar. "Color Transfer and its Applications." In Studies in Computational Intelligence, 217–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75398-8_10.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Color transfers":

1

Flanagan, Patrick, Patrick Cavanagh, and Olga Eizner Favreau. "Orientation is processed in chromatic channels." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1987.thpo47.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
Abstract:
Observers adapted to 1-cycle/deg sinusoidal luminance defined (yellow/black) gratings tilted 15°CW from the vertical that alternated with 1-cycle/deg color-defined (red/green) gratings tilted 15°CCW from vertical. Subsequently viewed vertical luminance test gratings appeared tilted up to 3°CCW, while chromatic test gratings appeared tilted up to 3° in the opposite direction, demonstrating independent tilt aftereffects for color and luminance. A tilt aftereffect induced by a chromatic stimulus1 may be mediated by luminance artifacts. However, in our opposing aftereffects procedure,2 any aftereffect resulting from residual luminance differences in the chromatic stimuli will be overwhelmed by the adaptation in the opposite direction produced by the luminance stimulus itself—ensuring that the aftereffect seen on the color test is truly mediated by chromatic mechanisms. The induction of simple aftereffects (with luminance gratings or color gratings) transfers to color and luminance tests showing, as well, some overlap in luminance and color processing of orientation. These data, therefore, demonstrate that at least some color selective units in the cortex must also be selective for orientation.
2

Caballina, Ophélie, William Chaze, Guillaume Castanet, Denis Maillet, Jean-François Pierson, and Fabrice Lemoine. "Instantaneous heat transfers at the impact of a droplet onto a hot surface in the film boiling regime." In ILASS2017 - 28th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ilass2017.2017.4636.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
Abstract:
Heat and mass transfers at the impact of a droplet onto a hot solid surface are investigated experimentally. Millimetersizedwater droplets impinges onto a perfectly flat sapphire surface heated at 600°C. The temperature of the liquidinside the droplet is measured using the two-color laser-induced fluorescence (2cLIF) technique. Water is seededwith a temperature-sensitive fluorescent dye, while a nanosecond pulsed laser is used for the excitation of the fluorescence.The ratio of fluorescence signal detected in two appropriate spectral bands allows to determine the liquidtemperature. One advantage of this non-intrusive optical technique is that it eliminates adverse effects associatedwith signal variations caused by droplet shape during its impact. In parallel, the temperature of the solid surfaceis characterized using infrared thermography. The latter measurements are made possible by the deposition of ananosize coating of titanium aluminium nitride (TiAlN) on the upper surface of the sapphire window. Thanks to thehigh frame rate of the IR camera, the time evolution of the heat flux distribution at the solid surface can be reconstructed. A comparison of IR and 2cLIF techniques enable to correlate the heating of the liquid with the cooling ofthe wall. This reveals that most of the heat removed from the solid surface is devoted to the heating of the liquid,the energy used for liquid vaporization being significantly lower.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.4636
3

Li, Kun, Qionghai Dai, and Wenli Xu. "Color transfer based on wavelet transform." In Electronic Imaging 2008, edited by William A. Pearlman, John W. Woods, and Ligang Lu. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.762238.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Dong, Weiming, Guanbo Bao, Xiaopeng Zhang, and Jean-Claude Paul. "Fast local color transfer via dominant colors mapping." In ACM SIGGRAPH ASIA 2010 Sketches. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1899950.1899996.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Eisner, A. E. "Retinal Chromaticity Co-ordinates and Color Appearance." In Color Appearance. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ca.1987.tub4.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
Abstract:
Color appearance and color constancy depend upon the chromaticity co-ordinates of light falling on the retina, not on the cornea. Many factors can change retinal chromaticity co-ordinates of a given test patch, including viewing conditions, spatial frequency of the stimulus, pupil size, and aging of the lens and other eye pathology. The visibility of white or monochromatic stimuli has long been modeled by the modulation transfer function. Dupuy1 has described a model in which the retinal image is treated as a series of transformations of the physical image. The modulation transfer function of each ocular element is determined, then all elements are combined linearly. Similarly, a simple way to approximate the retinal chromaticity co-ordinates is to compute the contrast of the stimulus at each wavelength, with each factor contributing to a contrast reduction or filter, and with the contribution of factors combined linearly2. For stimuli in maximal (laboratory) viewing conditions, of a moderate range of wavelengths, less than 10 cpd, and viewed with a pupil 2 mm or smaller and a healthy eye, there is usually an insignificant amount of contrast reduction2,3 for an "average" observer. Often these conditions are not met; this paper adds to our previous work a description of the effects of variations in macular pigment and lens densities for observers using color monitors. Determining the change in retinal chromaticity co-ordinates is important for several reasons. First, given the wide range of intra-observer differences in ocular pigmentation and scatter, as well as refractive error, it should be determined whether a given stimulus has chromaticity co-ordinates similar enough across observers to ensure similar color appearance. Second, with the widespread use of color monitors and displays, it is important to know whether information intended to appear a given color will, in fact, appear as intended for all the likely combinations of spatial parameters and adjacent colors. Third, to understand the neural factors involved in color appearance and color contrast, the retinal stimulus must first be determined.
6

Thornton, Jay, Jim Burkhardt, Bill Donovan, and John McCann. "High Resolution "Paint by Number"." In Color Appearance. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ca.1987.tuc3.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
Abstract:
In working with high resolution (eg. 3000x3000 pixels) digital images, hard copy is often a difficult step. In this laboratory, we use a film recorder which writes a high resolution image raster directly onto Polaroid instant color print film. Since our digital images often represent computed responses from a psychophysical color model, we are concerned that the color in the print be controlled as precisely as possible. This concern has led to the development of a special purpose color computer which resides in the film recorder and transforms the input image pixel values into those output exposure control values necessary to attain the desired color on film. This color transformation is done on the fly without slowing down the printing of the image.
7

Zhang, Qian, Pierre-Yves Laffont, and Terence Sim. "Lighting transfer across multiple views through local color transforms." In SA '16: SIGGRAPH Asia 2016. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3005358.3005360.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Ciurria, Michelle, John Voiklis, Laura Niemi, and Uduak Grace Thomas. "What Does a Benevolent Institution Look Like? A Conversation." In Moral Motives & STEM-Informed Action / Motivos morales y acción basada en STEM. Knology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55160/dgnb3259.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
Abstract:
This piece brings four authors, John Voiklis, Laura Niemi, Michelle Ciurria, and Uduak Grace Thomas, into conversation about definitions of trust from different academic disciplines. Voiklis highlights criteria required for trust that draw on literature from multiple sources, including human-robot interactions. Writing from a feminist perspective, Ciurria notes that asymmetrical patriarchal relationships and a contractual approach to trust actually foster distrust between individuals. In turn, that distrust transfers to governments and institutions, including those responsible for science. While hierarchical relationships do not always result in mistrust, for the authors, institutional trust depends at least in part on historical practices and positions. For example, Harriet Washington has written eloquently about the history of abuse and violence towards communities of color perpetuated by scientific institutions, some of which continues to this day. Referencing prior research around trust in zoos and aquariums, Thomas and Voiklis argue that benevolence is the missing link in institutional trust. Meanwhile, Niemi reminds readers not to discount the specificity underlying different issues and the types of institutional actors implicated in each. For example, she questions whether judgments about pharmaceutical companies are made on the same basis as those about zoos.
9

Aviram, Ari, Kwang K. Shih, and Krishna Sachdev. "Thermal transfer printing with heat amplification." In Printing Technologies for Images, Gray Scale, and Color, edited by Derek B. Dove, Takao Abe, and Joachim L. Heinzl. SPIE, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.46341.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Wollmann, Daphne, and Arthur F. Diaz. "Importance of proton transfer in contact charging." In Printing Technologies for Images, Gray Scale, and Color, edited by Derek B. Dove, Takao Abe, and Joachim L. Heinzl. SPIE, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.46352.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Reports on the topic "Color transfers":

1

O'Neill, T. Search for Color Transparency in a (E, E-Prime P) at High Momentum Transfer. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/826669.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Beauchemin, M., and K. B. Fung. Intensity-Hue-Saturation Colour Display Transform for Hyperspectral Data. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/219516.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Boss, R. D., and E. W. Jacobs. Studies of Iterated Transform Image Compression and Its Application to Color and DTED. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada248060.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Levin, Ilan, Avtar K. Handa, Avraham Lalazar, and Autar K. Mattoo. Modulating phytonutrient content in tomatoes combining engineered polyamine metabolism with photomorphogenic mutants. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587724.bard.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
Abstract:
Fruit constitutes a major component of our diet, providing fiber, vitamins, minerals, and many other phytonutrients that promote good health. Fleshy fruits, such as tomatoes, already contain high levels of several of these ingredients. Nevertheless, efforts have been invested in increasing and diversifying the content of phytonutrients, such as carotenoids and flavonoids, in tomato fruits. Increasing levels of phytonutrients, such as lycopene, is highly justified from the perspective of the lycopene extraction industry due to cost effectiveness reasons. Diversifying phytonutrients, in particular those that contribute to fruit color, could potentially provide an array of attractive colors to our diet. Our major goal was to devise a novel strategy for developing tomato fruits with enhanced levels of phytochemicals known to promote good health with special emphasis on lycopene content. A further important goal was to analyze global gene expression of selected genetic lines produced throughout this study in order is to dissect the molecular mechanisms regulating phytonutrients accumulation in the tomato fruit. To achieve these goals we proposed to: 1. combine, by classical breeding, engineered polyamine metabolism with photomorphogenic high pigment mutants in order generate tomato plant with exceptionally high levels of phytonutrients; 2. use gene transfer technology for genetic introduction of key genes that promote phytonutrient accumulation in the tomato fruit, 3. Analyze accumulation patterns of the phytonutrients in the tomato fruit during ripening; 4. Analyze global gene expression during fruit ripening in selected genotypes identified in objectives 1 and 2, and 5. Identify and analyze regulatory mechanisms of chloroplast disassembly and chromoplast formation. During the 3 years research period we have carried out most of the research activities laid out in the original proposal and our key conclusions are as follows: 1. the engineered polyamine metabolism strategy proposed by the US collaborators can not increase lycopene content either on its own or in combination with an hp mutant (hp-2ᵈᵍ); 2. The hp-2ᵈᵍ affects strongly the transcriptional profile of the tomato fruit showing a strong tendency for up- rather than down-regulation of genes, 3. Ontology assignment of these miss-regulated genes revealed a consistent up-regulation of genes related to chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthesis in hp-2ᵈᵍ mutants throughout fruit development; 4. A tendency for up-regulation was also usually observed in structural genes involved in phytonutrientbiosynthesis; however this up-regulation was not as consistent. 5. Microscopic observations revealed a significantly higher number of chloroplasts in pericarp cells of mature-green hp-2ᵈᵍ/hp-2ᵈᵍ fruits in comparison to their normal fully isogenic counterparts. 6. The relative abundance of chloroplasts could be observed from early stages of fruit development. Cumulatively these results suggest that: 1. the overproduction of secondary metabolites, characterizing hp-2ᵈᵍ/hp-2ᵈᵍ fruits, is more due to chloroplast number rather then to transcriptional activation of structural genes of the relevant metabolic pathways, and 2. The molecular trigger increasing metabolite levels in hp-2ᵈᵍ mutant fruits should be traced at early stage of fruit development.
5

The CIE 2016 Colour Appearance Model for Colour Management Systems: CIECAM16. International Commission on Illumination, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25039/tr.248.2022.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
Abstract:
A colour appearance model provides a viewing-condition-specific method for the transformation of the tristimulus values, X, Y, Z, to or from perceptual attribute correlates. This publication describes a specific colour appearance model, CIECAM16, which may be useful for colour management systems, used in the imaging industries, that involve related colours. The main applications of the model are the evaluation of photographic prints and self-luminous displays, where the colours will be perceived as related colours. This model is based on the CAM16 colour appearance model. It consists of a chromatic adaptation transform and equations to calculate a set of perceptual attribute correlates using the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric observer. This report provides revisions to the CIE colour appearance model for colour management systems that involve related colours, CIECAM02. The CIECAM16 model is simpler than the original CIECAM02 model, but it maintains the same prediction performance for visual data as the original model. The evolution and application of this colour appearance model, CIECAM16, are presented, as is additional information about the use of the model in practical applications. The publication is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 38 pages with 6 figures and is readily available from the CIE Webshop or from the National Committees of the CIE.
6

Payment Systems Report - June of 2021. Banco de la República, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2021.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
Abstract:
Banco de la República provides a comprehensive overview of Colombia’s finan¬cial infrastructure in its Payment Systems Report, which is an important product of the work it does to oversee that infrastructure. The figures published in this edition of the report are for the year 2020, a pandemic period in which the con¬tainment measures designed and adopted to alleviate the strain on the health system led to a sharp reduction in economic activity and consumption in Colom¬bia, as was the case in most countries. At the start of the pandemic, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República adopted decisions that were necessary to supply the market with ample liquid¬ity in pesos and US dollars to guarantee market stability, protect the payment system and preserve the supply of credit. The pronounced growth in mone¬tary aggregates reflected an increased preference for liquidity, which Banco de la República addressed at the right time. These decisions were implemented through operations that were cleared and settled via the financial infrastructure. The second section of this report, following the introduction, offers an analysis of how the various financial infrastructures in Colombia have evolved and per¬formed. One of the highlights is the large-value payment system (CUD), which registered more momentum in 2020 than during the previous year, mainly be¬cause of an increase in average daily remunerated deposits made with Banco de la República by the General Directorate of Public Credit and the National Treasury (DGCPTN), as well as more activity in the sell/buy-back market with sovereign debt. Consequently, with more activity in the CUD, the Central Securi¬ties Depository (DCV) experienced an added impetus sparked by an increase in the money market for bonds and securities placed on the primary market by the national government. The value of operations cleared and settled through the Colombian Central Counterparty (CRCC) continues to grow, propelled largely by peso/dollar non-deliverable forward (NDF) contracts. With respect to the CRCC, it is important to note this clearing house has been in charge of managing risks and clearing and settling operations in the peso/dollar spot market since the end of last year, following its merger with the Foreign Exchange Clearing House of Colombia (CCDC). Since the final quarter of 2020, the CRCC has also been re¬sponsible for clearing and settlement in the equities market, which was former¬ly done by the Colombian Stock Exchange (BVC). The third section of this report provides an all-inclusive view of payments in the market for goods and services; namely, transactions carried out by members of the public and non-financial institutions. During the pandemic, inter- and intra-bank electronic funds transfers, which originate mostly with companies, increased in both the number and value of transactions with respect to 2019. However, debit and credit card payments, which are made largely by private citizens, declined compared to 2019. The incidence of payment by check contin¬ue to drop, exhibiting quite a pronounced downward trend during the past last year. To supplement to the information on electronic funds transfers, section three includes a segment (Box 4) characterizing the population with savings and checking accounts, based on data from a survey by Banco de la República con-cerning the perception of the use of payment instruments in 2019. There also is segment (Box 2) on the growth in transactions with a mobile wallet provided by a company specialized in electronic deposits and payments (Sedpe). It shows the number of users and the value of their transactions have increased since the wallet was introduced in late 2017, particularly during the pandemic. In addition, there is a diagnosis of the effects of the pandemic on the payment patterns of the population, based on data related to the use of cash in circu¬lation, payments with electronic instruments, and consumption and consumer confidence. The conclusion is that the collapse in the consumer confidence in¬dex and the drop in private consumption led to changes in the public’s pay¬ment patterns. Credit and debit card purchases were down, while payments for goods and services through electronic funds transfers increased. These findings, coupled with the considerable increase in cash in circulation, might indicate a possible precautionary cash hoarding by individuals and more use of cash as a payment instrument. There is also a segment (in Focus 3) on the major changes introduced in regulations on the retail-value payment system in Colombia, as provided for in Decree 1692 of December 2020. The fourth section of this report refers to the important innovations and tech¬nological changes that have occurred in the retail-value payment system. Four themes are highlighted in this respect. The first is a key point in building the financial infrastructure for instant payments. It involves of the design and im¬plementation of overlay schemes, a technological development that allows the various participants in the payment chain to communicate openly. The result is a high degree of interoperability among the different payment service providers. The second topic explores developments in the international debate on central bank digital currency (CBDC). The purpose is to understand how it could impact the retail-value payment system and the use of cash if it were to be issued. The third topic is related to new forms of payment initiation, such as QR codes, bio¬metrics or near field communication (NFC) technology. These seemingly small changes can have a major impact on the user’s experience with the retail-value payment system. The fourth theme is the growth in payments via mobile tele¬phone and the internet. The report ends in section five with a review of two papers on applied research done at Banco de la República in 2020. The first analyzes the extent of the CRCC’s capital, acknowledging the relevant role this infrastructure has acquired in pro¬viding clearing and settlement services for various financial markets in Colom¬bia. The capital requirements defined for central counterparties in some jurisdic¬tions are explored, and the risks to be hedged are identified from the standpoint of the service these type of institutions offer to the market and those associated with their corporate activity. The CRCC’s capital levels are analyzed in light of what has been observed in the European Union’s regulations, and the conclusion is that the CRCC has a scheme of security rings very similar to those applied internationally and the extent of its capital exceeds what is stipulated in Colombian regulations, being sufficient to hedge other risks. The second study presents an algorithm used to identify and quantify the liquidity sources that CUD’s participants use under normal conditions to meet their daily obligations in the local financial market. This algorithm can be used as a tool to monitor intraday liquidity. Leonardo Villar Gómez Governor

To the bibliography