Journal articles: 'Color fading'

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Zhang, Runzhe, Eric Maggard, Yousun Bang, Minki Cho, Mark Shaw, and Jan Allebach. "Color Text Fading Detection." Electronic Imaging 2021, no. 16 (January 18, 2021): 253–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.16.color-253.

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The text fading defect is one of the most common defects in electrophotographic printers; and it dramatically affects print quality. It usually appears in a significant symbol Region of Interest (ROI), easily noticed by a user on his or her print. We can detect text fading by the density reduction for the black and white printed symbol ROI. It is difficult to detect the color text fading only by density reduction, because the depleted cartridge may only cause the color distortion without density reduction in the color printed symbol ROI. In our previous work with print quality defects analysis, the text fading detection method only works for black text fading defect detection [1]. Our new text fading method can detect the color text fading defect and predict the depleted cartridge. In this new text fading detection method, we use whole page image registration and the median threshold bitmap (MTB) matching method to align the text characters between the master and test symbol ROIs, because with the aligned text characters, it is easy to extract the difference between the master and the test text characters to detect the text fading defect. We use a support vector machine classifier to assign a rank to the overall quality of the printed page. We also use the gap statistic method with the K-means clustering algorithm to extract the different text characters’ different colors to predict the depleted cartridge.

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DONAHEY, JOHN W., and RALSTON RUSSELL. "Color Fading of Underglaze Decalcomania." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 33, no. 9 (June 2, 2006): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1950.tb12799.x.

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Hasan, Md Zahid. "A New Approach for Surface Ornamentation of Denim Fabric." AATCC Journal of Research 7, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14504/ajr.7.3.2.

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Fading increases the aesthetic properties of garments produced from denim fabrics. Different fading processes (e.g., laser fading, hand sand brushing, and potassium permanganate (PP) spraying) are applied on denim fabric to modify fabric appearance. A new approach was developed using gamma irradiation prior to the fading process. A design was produced using a CO2 laser for 130 μs. The same design was produced by hand sand brushing and PP spraying. Physical, mechanical, color, and other aesthetic properties were tested, including fabric grams per square meter (GSM), fastness to rubbing and abrasion resistance, tensile and tearing strength, color change (ΔE) values, yellowness index (YI), and color strength (K/S).

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Saito, Masako, Chizuyo Minemura, Naomi Nanashima, and Maresuke Kashiwagi. "Color Fading Behavior of Anthraquinone Dyes Due to Environmental Conditions." Textile Research Journal 58, no. 8 (August 1988): 450–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051758805800804.

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The color fading behavior of natural anthraquinone dyes due to environmental condition has been investigated. The results show that the chemical nature of the substrate fibers determines the direction of the light fading reaction involved. The extent of the color fading of those dyes under light irradiation is clearly related to the oxidation index of each dye for cellulosic fibers, whereas a different mechanism operates for proteinaceous fibers.

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Hofmann, Manfred, and Rita Hofmann-Sievert. "Spectral Light Fading of Inkjet Prints." Heritage 5, no. 4 (December 9, 2022): 4061–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5040209.

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(1) Background: The use of light-emitting diode (LED) lighting is increasingly replacing traditional light sources in museums. There is a need to anticipate the damage caused by LED lighting to photographic prints. The aim of this study is to quantitatively predict fading on three inkjet color patches exposed to different white light LED; (2) Method: The novel approach of this work is to measure the wavelength-dependent photochemical efficiency on color patches using a narrow band LED. First, the color patches are exposed to narrow band LED lamps in a proprietary light chamber. Sensitivity curves are obtained by plotting the density changes caused by narrow band exposure as a function of the exposure. In the second step, action spectra are derived from the slopes of the sensitivity curves. The action spectra correspond to the rates of change of a color patch to exposure with different wavelengths of light. In the third step, the narrow band light emissions are fitted to the emission spectra of the white LED of interest. The fitting factors are used to calculate the weighted sum of the density changes; (3) The method predicts the absolute density change of color patches for several white light LED exposures.

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Xiao, Zuguang, Shaoyuan Xu, Eric Maggard, Katie Morse, Mark Shaw, and Jan Allebach. "Detection of Color Fading in Printed Customer Content." Electronic Imaging 2018, no. 16 (January 28, 2018): 297–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2018.16.color-297.

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Liu, Xiang. "Preventing Color Fading in Artist’s Oil Paintings Based on Nano-PZT Ferroelectric Thin Film." Mobile Information Systems 2022 (September 22, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3649857.

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Due to the excellent electrical properties, stable temperature characteristics, and abundant material systems of ferroelectric thin film materials, in recent years, ferroelectric devices based on silicon technology have been used in microelectronic mechanical systems, new energy photovoltaics, especially nonvolatile memory and other fields. During the preservation of the artist’s oil painting works, the temperature change will directly cause the physical effects of thermal expansion and contraction of the oil painting and the chemical reaction speed of the material in nature. Therefore, it is of great significance to introduce the technology of nano-PZT ferroelectric thin film into oil paintings to prevent fading. This article aims to study the research on preventing fading of the artist’s oil paintings based on nano-PZT ferroelectric thin films and analyze the characteristics of ferroelectric materials, the application of ferroelectric films, the preparation methods of ferroelectric films, and the basis of the main environmental factors that affect the fading of oil paintings. In the above, we studied the fading process of different concentrations of oil paints under simulated sunlight aging and the effect of different concentrations and thicknesses of PZT ferroelectric thin films coated with nano-TiO2 coatings on the color stability of oil paints. The experimental results show that after five times of simulated solar aging for the four concentrations, the total color difference △E: 0.05% group is the largest, 0.4% group is the smallest, the higher the oil paint concentration, the smaller the color difference, the better the color stability, and the antisimulation of sunlight fading.

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Wirtz, Marcel, Andreas Grüter, Philipp Rebmann, Tobias Dier, Dietrich A. Volmer, Volker Huch, and Gregor Jung. "Two-color emissive probes for click reactions." Chem. Commun. 50, no. 84 (2014): 12694–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc05288a.

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CuAAC is visualized using a BODIPY reaction system by the bathochromic shift of the fluorescence wavelength in ensemble and microscopy experiments. Reaction progress is correlated with chromophore elongation fading out disturbing background fluorescence.

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Mahapatra, Niharendu, and Mintu Halder. "Facile reversible LSPR tuning through additive-induced self-aggregation and dissemination of Ag NPs: role of cyclodextrins and surfactants." RSC Adv. 4, no. 36 (2014): 18724–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra01523a.

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An easy and economical protocol for the reversible LSPR tuning of Ag NPs through cyclodextrin-induced self-aggregation and color fading, followed by surfactant-induced dissemination of self-assembly and consequent color reappearance.

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MIKI, Katsuo, Kazutoshi ABE, and Gorou NAGAO. "Color Change and Fading of Atomotive Coating Film." Journal of the Japan Society of Colour Material 58, no. 10 (1985): 608–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4011/shikizai1937.58.608.

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Houser, Terry A., Joseph G. Sebranek, Wigberto Núñez Maisonet, Joseph C. Cordray, Dong U. Ahn, and Philip M. Dixon. "Irradiation-induced Cured Ham Color Fading and Regeneration." Journal of Food Science 70, no. 4 (May 31, 2006): C281—C285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb07174.x.

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Susiati, Yasmi Teni, and Enggar Kartikasari. "FIKSATOR UNTUK PEWARNA ALAMI (Natural Dyes Fixator)." Science Tech: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30738/jst.v3i1.1138.

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Natural dyes has a feature to produce soft colors. One of the natural dyes that can be used is pinang extract which applied to the jumputan textile. This research generally try to discover the effectiveness of pinang extracts for textiles coloring in terms of color fading endurance against the washing using whiting fixator and gambir. The research was conducted in PKK FKIP UST laboratory. The research population was: textiles, pinang extract, whiting and gambir. The research samples : textiles, pinang extract, whiting and gambir with the two treatments, the 10% and 20% concentration. This research using experimental methods and then tested in the Laboratorium Balai Batik. The assessment Â results Â of Â IndonesianÂ National Â StandardÂ (SNI) is Â grey Â scale. Visually, the result produced light brown color without the fixator, while using the whiting fixator produced a dark brown color and gambir produced yellowish brown color. Whiting fixator better than gambir because it produce sharper colors and has a higher value of color change.

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Beckett, Fiona, and Aaron Shugar. "Following the Light: Use of Multimodal Imaging and Fiber Optic Spectroscopy to Evaluate Aging in Daylight Fluorescent Artists’ Pigments." Colorants 1, no. 2 (May 23, 2022): 208–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colorants1020013.

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Daylight fluorescent artists’ colors have been well established as fugitive. Upon exposure to light, these vibrant colors can fade and exhibit color shifts. Artwork containing these fluorescent colorants presents complex challenges for art conservators faced with conserving these inherently problematic materials. This paper examined nine fluorescent colorants obtained from Kremer Pigmente, referred to the previous literature and research, and attempted to quantify the visual and photographic observations of fading and color changes. It provides additional information that could be useful in considering conservation documentation and treatment. Fiber optic spectroscopy using ultraviolet and visible light sources was used to measure the spectral shifts of the colorants before and after exposure to light. The fluorescent colors exhibited alterations in intensity coupled with primary peak shifts in the spectrum corresponding to the optical fading and color shifts. Multimodal imaging was executed to analyze the pigments in different regions of the spectrum before and after aging, which has not been documented before with these fluorescent colorants. Imaging in various regions of the spectrum indicated differences in absorption and reflectance between the pigments as captured by a modified camera. The results were compared to recently published research including the identification of the dyes present in the Kremer line of pigments. Multimodal imaging and fiber optic spectroscopy provided valuable information for future documentation and conservation of artworks containing these colorants. Specifically, these non-invasive techniques provide a method to document and identify the spectral changes between the aged and unaged pigment, graph and predict the direction of overall color change, and provide useful data for establishing future conservation treatment protocols.

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Noithong, Pannipa, Panee Pakkong, and Kittisakchai Naemchanthara. "Color Change of Spodumene Gemstone by Electron Beam Irradiation." Advanced Materials Research 770 (September 2013): 370–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.770.370.

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Study on the electron beam irradiation color change induction of spodumene (LiAlSi2O6) samples, which color exhibit green, pink and colorless. Characteristic the electron-beam irradiation dose were selected 30,000 kGy, 40,000 kGy and 50,000 kGy. The color and fading of spodumene samples were analyzed by UV-VIS spectrophotometer , crystal structure were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrometer, free radical species of impurities were determined by Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectrometer before and after irradiation. The results revealed the color of spodumene samples changed after irradiation, from green spodumene became a little darker color, pink spodumene became green color, colorless spodumene became pink to purple color the results of the color analysis and fading displayed on the CIE L* a* b* color system, color change spodumene samples were determined by values changed of a* and b*. Color fade of spodumene were determined by values changed of L*. The results of all samples crystal structure analysis were shown on the XRD patterns of the JCPDS No. 89-6662 (Spodumene) with monoclinic structure. The radical analysis results of impurity elements, green and pink only appear the ESR pattern of manganese (Mn2+), and chromium (Cr3+), respectively. It can be conclusion that intensity of color change depend on the irradiation dose and impurity elements in spodumene samples.

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Arai, Katsutoshi, Yoichi Kobayashi, and Jiro Abe. "Rational molecular designs for drastic acceleration of the color-fading speed of photochromic naphthopyrans." Chemical Communications 51, no. 15 (2015): 3057–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc10294k.

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Riutort-Mayol, Gabriel, Virgilio Gómez-Rubio, José Luis Lerma, and Julio M. del Hoyo-Meléndez. "Correlated Functional Models with Derivative Information for Modeling Microfading Spectrometry Data on Rock Art Paintings." Mathematics 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 2141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8122141.

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Rock art paintings present high sensitivity to light, and an exhaustive evaluation of the potential color degradation effects is essential for further conservation and preservation actions on these rock art systems. Microfading spectrometry (MFS) is a technique that provides time series of stochastic observations that represent color fading over time at the measured points on the surface under study. In this work, a reliable and robust modeling framework for a short and greatly fluctuating observation dataset collected over the surfaces of rock art paintings located on the walls of Cova Remigia in Ares del Maestrat, Castellón, Spain, is presented. The model is based on a spatially correlated spline-based time series model that takes into account prior information in the form of model derivatives to guarantee monotonicity and long-term saturation for predictions of new color fading estimates at unobserved locations on the surface. The correlation among the (spatially located) time series is modeled by defining Gaussian process (GP) priors over the spline coefficients across time series. The goal is to obtain a complete spatio-temporal mapping of color fading estimates for the study area, which results in very important and useful information that will potentially serve to create better policies and guidelines for heritage preservation and sustainable rock art cultural tourism.

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Oren-Shamir, M., and Dela Gal. "150 Color Fading of Rose Petals Due to a Transient High Temperature Stress." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 415D—415. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.415d.

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Changes in temperature during rose flower development, often cause a significant fading of flower color, decreasing its market value. We are studying the effect of transient high temperature stress on red roses (Rosa ×hybrida, `Jaguar'). We have found that a transient temperature stress of 39/18 °C day/night respectively for 3 days, in comparison to the growth temperature of 26/18 °C, caused a significant fading to flower color at a mature bud stage. The plant organ responsible for color fading is the flower bud only. When the stress was applied to the whole plant, not including the flower buds, there was no change on the mature bud color. We have also shown that there are specific flower developmental stages sensitive to the transient increase in temperature. Flower buds at the critical stage of development, that have been exposed to temperature increase have a faded pink-red color when matured. Total anthocyanin levels of faded flowers, due to temperature stress, decreased to ≈50%. In addition, the ratio between the two anthocyanidins composing the red color, cyanidin and pelargonidin, changed dramatically due to the temperature stress: flowers on plants that have not overcome a temperature stress had a ration of 1:1, while those that have faded due to the temperature stress have a ration of 2:1 of pelargonidin to cyanidin, respectively. These findings hint to specific stages of anthocyanin synthesis, that are hypersensitive to increased temperature. We are now in the process of identifying and characterizing these stages.

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He, Zhenglei, Mengru Li, Danying Zuo, Jie Xu, and Changhai Yi. "Effects of color fading ozonation on the color yield of reactive-dyed cotton." Dyes and Pigments 164 (May 2019): 417–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2019.01.006.

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Neubrech, Frank, Xiaoyang Duan, and Na Liu. "Dynamic plasmonic color generation enabled by functional materials." Science Advances 6, no. 36 (September 2020): eabc2709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc2709.

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Displays are an indispensable medium to visually convey information in our daily life. Although conventional dye-based color displays have been rigorously advanced by world leading companies, critical issues still remain. For instance, color fading and wavelength-limited resolution restrict further developments. Plasmonic colors emerging from resonant interactions between light and metallic nanostructures can overcome these restrictions. With dynamic characteristics enabled by functional materials, dynamic plasmonic coloration may find a variety of applications in display technologies. In this review, we elucidate basic concepts for dynamic plasmonic color generation and highlight recent advances. In particular, we devote our review to a selection of dynamic controls endowed by functional materials, including magnesium, liquid crystals, electrochromic polymers, and phase change materials. We also discuss their performance in view of potential applications in current display technologies.

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Post, Phillip C., and Mark A. Schlautman. "Measuring Camellia Petal Color Using a Portable Color Sensor." Horticulturae 6, no. 3 (September 3, 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae6030053.

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The color of petals of flowering plants is often determined by comparing one or more of the petals to various Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) Colour Chart cards until a color match is found. However, these cards are susceptible to fading with age and can also provide inaccurate results if lighting is not optimal. The cards also rely on the human eye to determine a match, which introduces the possibility of human error. The objectives of this study were to determine camellia (Camellia japonica L.) petal color using the RHS Colour Chart, to determine camellia petal color with the NixTM Pro color sensor (Nix Sensor Ltd., Hamilton, Ontario, Canada), and to compare these measurements using different color measuring approaches. Color measurements of camellia flower petals using the NixTM Pro color sensor were compared to published CIELAB values from the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) Colour Chart. Forty-five petal color samples were collected from fifteen different camellia shrubs. The RHS Colour Chart was used for each of the petals, and the RHS identifications were recorded. Measurements using the NixTM Pro color sensor were compared to RHS-provided CIELAB values that corresponded with the recorded identification for each petal to determine accuracy. The NixTM Pro color sensor’s measurements were also compared to a mean of the values, multiple measurements on the same petal location, and multiple measurements on different petal locations to determine precision and variation. The Nix™ Pro color sensor’s readings were precise in petal color determination and provided more nuanced differences between petals of the same plant and plants of the same variety in each of the color categories. The RHS Colour Chart provided an accurate depiction of most petals, but it was difficult to use with petals that had wide color variation over the entire petal. The Nix™ Pro color sensor’s measurements appeared to have more variation in the b* color space. However, overall, the Nix™ Pro color sensor L*, a*, and b* values were highly correlated with the provided RHS values (p < 0.01), showing that the sensor can be used as an accurate and precise substitute for the RHS Colour Chart. The Nix™ Pro color sensor can be a useful, cost-effective tool to measure the petal color of camellia and other flowering plants and rectifies many of the problems associated with the RHS Colour Chart.

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Long, Chen, Jiahua Zhu, Gun Jin Yun, and Mohammad Reza Rahimi. "Color-fading reaction mechanisms of TiO2-coated photoluminescent materials." Materials Express 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2018.1422.

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He, Zhenglei, Mengru Li, Danying Zuo, and Changhai Yi. "The effect of denim color fading ozonation on yarns." Ozone: Science & Engineering 40, no. 5 (February 12, 2018): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01919512.2018.1435259.

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Liu, Jie, and Wei Ming Zhang. "Study on Attenuation of Color of Buildings Material in Cold Regions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 685 (October 2014): 429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.685.429.

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With the surface materials of cold region buildings as the research object in this paper, a study on the changes in the color of surface materials in the cases of discoloration, fading and yellowing is made. The changes in the chroma, brightness and hue of visible colors in the case of the use of different building materials are analyzed. The results show: the brightness increases with an increase in the time of exposure, chroma decreases with an increase in time, chromaticness declines fastest and the changes and attenuation of hue are the slowest.

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Yue, Yuanzheng, Jiawei Liu, Tingting Shi, Min Chen, Ya Li, Juhua Du, Haiyan Jiang, Xiulian Yang, Huirong Hu, and Lianggui Wang. "Integrating Transcriptomic and GC-MS Metabolomic Analysis to Characterize Color and Aroma Formation during Tepal Development in Lycoris longituba." Plants 8, no. 3 (February 28, 2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8030053.

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Lycoris longituba, belonging to the Amaryllidaceae family, is a perennial bulb bearing flowers with diverse colors and fragrance. Selection of cultivars with excellent colored and scented flowers has always been the breeding aim for ornamental plants. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying color fading and aroma production during flower expansion in L. longituba remain unclear. Therefore, to systematically investigate these important biological phenomena, the tepals of L. longituba from different developmental stages were used to screen and analyze the metabolic components and relevant genes. Utilizing the Illumina platform, a total of 144,922 unigenes were obtained from the RNA-Seq libraries. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated that the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways might play important roles during color and aroma changes. Metabolomic analysis identified 29 volatile organic components (VOCs) from different developmental stages of L. longituba tepals, and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA) revealed that trans-β-ocimene—a terpene—was the most important aroma compound. Meanwhile, we found the content of anthocyanin was significantly reduced during the tepal color fading process. Then, we identified two dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) and three terpene synthase (TPS) genes, for which expression changes coincided with the production patterns of anthocyanins and trans-β-ocimene, respectively. Furthermore, a number of MYB and bHLH transcription factors (TFs) which might be involved in color- and aroma-formation were also identified in L. longituba tepal transcriptomes. Taken together, this is the first comprehensive report of the color and fragrance in tepals of L. longituba and these results could be helpful in understanding these characteristics and their regulation networks.

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Tian, Li. "Analysis of Chinese Painting Color Teaching Based on Intelligent Image Color Processing Technology in the Network as a Green Environment." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (June 21, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8303496.

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This work was conducted to study the Chinese painting color teaching analysis of intelligent image color processing technology under the network environment. First, the paper preprocesses the obtained color mural images, realizes the automatic recognition and marking of the images with different defect degrees and color fading, and uses denoising and texture background elimination to remove unnecessary background information. Then, according to the characteristic that the repair order of boundary points in the Criminisi algorithm is determined by the size of priority weight, the data items and confidence items are added. Finally, the design uses image processing technology and the loss formula to identify the connecting edge of the color area to be taught, establish the color extraction area, calculate the bit weight of the best color, find out the color extraction position, and synthesize different colors according to the original painting color superposition method. The partial differential equation is used to set the teaching code of color teaching system to realize the teaching of Chinese painting color. The experimental results show that compared with the original teaching system, the designed color teaching system has a stronger ability to recognize the edge of Chinese painting color teaching, and the quality of Chinese painting after teaching is higher. It can be seen that the color teaching system can be applied to the color teaching of Chinese painting.

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Brown, Melissa, Lori Turgeon, and Branko Bojovic. "787 Two Year Follow Up of Microblading in Patients with a Facial Burn Injury." Journal of Burn Care & Research 43, Supplement_1 (March 23, 2022): S200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irac012.338.

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Abstract Introduction Recovery from a facial burn injury can be challenging. Excessive reconstructive interventions and the emotional devastation can be taxing. Microblading, semi-permanent eyebrow tattooing, is a potential non-invasive alternative treatment. Little research exists on microblading’s longevity and durability over burn scar or its impact on self-esteem. A single case study showed positive impact on patient perceived body image and maintenance of shape and color. Two years post microblading new data supports its efficacy as a potential treatment for patients with a facial burn. Methods Single case study two years post microblading of a 22-year-old female who sustained a 30% total body surface area burn injury to bilateral upper extremities, hands and face at age one. Based on referral from her plastic surgeon, she underwent first microblading treatment March 2019 with a standard touch up session May 2019. Patient has not undergone any additional sessions since. Photos obtained two years post treatment were compared to before/after photos immediately following microblading to assess longevity and durability on scar tissue. Self-reported patient outcomes obtained two years after microblading assessed impact on self-esteem and body image. Results Photos were taken pre/post microblading, at nine months, and 2.5 years post. Comparison of photos over time showed some expected fading but maintenance of overall shape. Patient self-reports using an eyebrow pencil to darken when she desires brows that are more vibrant and trims hair as needed to maintain shape. Patient reports positive impact to her self-esteem post-microblading. “I most definitely did notice some changes in my self-esteem.” She notes feeling happier and more confident, especially in social situations with peers. Comparison of responses immediately post-microblading with 2.5 years later show focus on improved self-esteem versus satisfaction with appearance of the eyebrow. Conclusions Comparison of follow up photos obtained 2.5 years after initial microblading shows maintenance of eyebrow shape with some fading of color. Further research is needed to determine if color fading is as expected or more pronounced in patients with scarred skin. Also important is the impact of characteristic dryness of scars on fading rate. To maintain adequate color, additional treatments would be recommended. Better understanding of factors affecting fading would help determine frequency and timing of maintenance sessions. Patient report indicates increasingly improved self-esteem over time as evidenced by focus on confidence versus appearance. Despite some fading, data supports microblading as an effective non-surgical treatment in establishing eyebrow appearance and function over burn scar.

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Chen, Yuan, Qiong Li, Wan Ping Zhang, Jian Jie Cui, and Xiao Jian Wu. "Effect of Honeysuckle Extract for Color Protection of Human Hair Exposed to Sunlight Radiation." Advanced Materials Research 821-822 (September 2013): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.821-822.28.

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Color protective effects of honeysuckle extract, benzophenone-3, and non-ionic silicon emulsion to hair fibers were compared by measuring color change of hair exposed to UV irradiation. Dyed color fades faster than natural pigment of hair after sunlight irradiation. Experiment results indicate that honeysuckle extract prevented color fading of dyed red hair in 49.52% and virgin black hair in 19.35% due to its strong antioxidant ability, while color protection effect of benzophenone-3 is not obvious. Non-ionic silicone emulsion provided the best maintenance of hair color of 81.46% in dyed red hair and 41.94% in virgin black hair. However, the synergy of honeysuckle extract with non-ionic silicone emulsion for hair color protecting was not encouraged.

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Haque, M. D., S. E. Ullah, M. M. Rahman, and M. Ahmed. "BER Performance Analysis of a Concatenated Low Density Parity Check Encoded OFDM System in AWGN and Fading Channels." Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 1 (December 25, 2009): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v2i1.2724.

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In this paper, we investigate the bit error rate (BER) performance of a concatenated low density parity check (LDPC) encoded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system on color image transmission. In FEC concatenated channel coding, the OFDM wireless communication system incorporates 1/2-rated convolution encoder under various digital modulations (QPSK, 8PSK, QAM, 8QAM, 16QAM and 32QAM) over an additative white gaussian noise (AWGN) and other fading (Raleigh and Rician) channels. Computer simulation results on BER demonstrate that the LDPC encoded OFDM system outperforms with QAM modulation technique as compared to other digital modulation scheme and the system is highly effective to combat inherent interferences under Rayleigh and Rician fading channels. The transmitted color image is found to have retrieved effectively under noisy and fading situations with implementation of sum-product algorithm, an effective iterative based LDPC decoding scheme. It has also been anticipated that the performance of the communication system degrades with the increasing of noise power. Keywords: Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM); Low density parity check (LDPC); Bit error rate (BER). © 2010 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v2i1.2724 J. Sci. Res. 2 (1), 46-53 (2010)

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Kan, C. W., C. W. M. Yuen, and C. W. Cheng. "Color Fading of Indigo-Dyed Cotton Denim Fabric by Laser." Advanced Materials Research 441 (January 2012): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.441.187.

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Laser allows short-time surface engraving of the patterns of desired variety, size, and intensity on a wide range of textile surfaces with precision and without much damaging the texture of the materials. The laser application in textile material has been applied possible to make denim fabric looked faded and worn out without the use chemical process. In this study, laser was applied on the denim fabric in order to evaluate its effect on fabric shade. The laser power density increased in response to the increase in the level of pixel time and resolution. Under the effect of high laser power density, a paler surface appearance was noted in the denim fabrics and the K/Ssum values indicated that the amount of dye on denim fabric was decreased significantly.

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Hasegawa, Masaru, Emi Arai, Mamoru Watanabe, and Masahiko Nakamura. "Methods for correcting plumage color fading in the Barn Swallow." Ornithological Science 7, no. 2 (December 2008): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2326/1347-0558-7.2.117.

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He, ZhengLei, Mengru Li, DanYing Zuo, and ChangHai Yi. "Color fading of reactive-dyed cotton using UV-assisted ozonation." Ozone: Science & Engineering 41, no. 1 (June 20, 2018): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01919512.2018.1483817.

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Zhou, Yan, Lechuan Hu, Chengchao Wang, and Lanxin Ma. "Evaluation and Design of Colored Silicon Nanoparticle Systems Using a Bidirectional Deep Neural Network." Nanomaterials 12, no. 15 (August 7, 2022): 2715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12152715.

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Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) with lowest-order Mie resonance produce non-iridescent and non-fading vivid structural colors in the visible range. However, the strong wavelength dependence of the radiation pattern and dielectric function makes it very difficult to design nanoparticle systems with the desired colors. Most existing studies focus on monodisperse nanoparticle systems, which are unsuitable for practical applications. This study combined the Lorentz–Mie theory, Monte Carlo, and deep neural networks to evaluate and design colored SiNP systems. The effects of the host medium and particle size distribution on the optical and color properties of the SiNP systems were investigated. A bidirectional deep neural network achieved accurate prediction and inverse design of structural colors. The results demonstrated that the particle size distribution flattened the Mie resonance peak and influenced the reflectance and brightness of the SiNP system. The SiNPs generated vivid colors in all three of the host media. Meanwhile, our proposed neural network model achieved a near-perfect prediction of colors with high accuracy of the designed geometric parameters. This work accurately and efficiently evaluates and designs the optical and color properties of SiNP systems, thus accelerating the design process and contributing to the practical production design of color inks, decoration, and printing.

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Lee, Jennifer, and Frank D. Bean. "Redrawing the Color Line?" City & Community 6, no. 1 (March 2007): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2007.00198.x.

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In 1903, W.E.B. Du Bois prophesied that the “problem of the twentieth–century is the problem of the color line,” by which he meant the tenacious black–white divide that has long characterized the nature of race relations in the United States ([1903] 1997: 45). Nearly a century later, Herbert J. Gans speculated the traditional black–white fault line may soon be replaced by a black–nonblack divide that may be qualitatively different from the black–white divide, but is hardly new for blacks, who are likely to remain at the bottom of America's racial hierarchy. Taking into account the new racial and ethnic diversity of the United States brought about by contemporary immigration, we examine patterns of intermarriage and multiracial identification to assess where color lines are fading most rapidly and where they continue to endure. We adjudicate whether a black–white divide remains the most salient, whether a Hispanic–Anglo divide is imminent, or whether a black–nonblack fault line is emerging, as Gans forecasts.

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Hsieh, P. J., and P. U. Tse. "Illusory color mixing upon perceptual fading and filling-in does not result in ‘forbidden colors’." Vision Research 46, no. 14 (July 2006): 2251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2005.11.030.

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Baydogan, N., B. Erkan, A. B. Tugrul, and Huseyin Cimenoglu. "Irradiation Effect on Ta₂O₅ Thin Films." Defect and Diffusion Forum 353 (May 2014): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.353.205.

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Long-term effects of time-dependent solarization behavior on optical density and optical band gap of the gamma and beta irradiated Ta2O5 thin films were investigated to examine the optical aging of films at different absorbed dose levels. Irradiation process caused to induce defect centres. The population inversion of the colour centres was increased by controlling the absorbed dose at certain radiation dose levels. The efficient absorption of photons in tantalum reduced transmittance. The grain boundaries of the Ta2O5 thin film decreased at the end of irradiation process. The average grain boundaries changed after the irradiation process at 4.5 kGy and average grain boundaries decreased from ~ 11.5 to 5.5 μm. The optical fading behavior of induced color centers addressed to the potential opportunities of Ta2O5 thin film by monitoring absorption of photons in optoelectronic technology. Optical fading of the Ta2O5 thin film presented an importance to investigate the material stored ionizing radiation dose in it with the increase of elapsed time after the irradiation treatment.

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Batstone, Martin D., Carly M. Fox, Mary E. Dingley, and C. Peter Cornelius. "Cosmetic Tattooing of Free Flaps following Head and Neck Reconstruction." Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction 6, no. 1 (March 2013): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1330840.

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Free flap reconstruction of the head and neck is a widespread procedure. The aesthetic outcome is frequently compromised by color mismatch between the donor site skin and the complex pigmentation of the face. Various surgical procedures have been described to improve the appearance of external skin paddles. Medical tattooing is commonly used for nipple pigmentation in breast reconstruction and cosmetic procedures such as permanent makeup. This article describes the technique and its application to head and neck reconstruction. Medical tattooing can be used to improve the cosmetic appearance of head and neck free flaps. There is no donor site morbidity and subtle changes in color can be replicated. The article describes the technique of medical tattooing with the use of illustrative cases. Medical tattooing is a viable alternative for improving the appearance of cutaneous skin paddles following head and neck reconstruction with free flaps. Its advantages include no donor site morbidity, availability of an infinite range of colors, no requirement for general anesthesia, and the ability to use multiple colors in the one flap for complex pigmentation requirements. Its disadvantages include the need for specialized skills and equipment and the fading of color over time.

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Kartikasari, Enggar, and Yasmi Teni Susiati. "PENGARUH FIKSATOR PADA EKSTRAK DAUN MANGGA DALAM PEWARNAAN TEKSTIL BATIK DITINJAU DARI KETAHANAN LUNTUR WARNA TERHADAP KERINGAT." Science Tech: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi 2, no. 1 (January 7, 2016): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30738/jst.v2i1.429.

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In general, this research aims to find out the influence of fixer on mango leave extract in dyeing batik cloth on the basis of its color fading tenacity from sweat. The hypotheses of this research predict that: (1)Â there is a positive influence of lime fixer on mango leave extract on the basis of its color tenacity from sweat, (2) there a positive influence of lotus fixer on mango leave extract on the basis of its color tenacity from sweat, and (3) there is a difference between lime and lotus fixer on the basis on their color tenacity from sweat. This research was conducted in the laboratory of Family Welfare Education Department of the Teachers Training and Education Faculty of Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa University. The research populationÂ involved batik painting technique, mango leave extract, and lime and lotus fixers. The research sample involved batik cloth, natural dye from mango leave extract, lime and lotus fixer with two treatments; they are the first fixation before dyeing and the last fixation that was done after dyeing. The research data was collected through experiment. The research results found that there is a positive and significant influence in changing and fading color. Visually, the results of batik dyeing show differences in color; in the treatment with lime fixation, in the first dyeing process, the color was pale yellow, while in the last treatment with lime fixation, the color tended to change to yellowish brown. In the treatment withÂ lotus fixation, in the firstÂ dyeing process, the color was greenish brown, while in the last one withÂ lotus fixation,Â the color changed to greenish dark brown, and the dyeing process without any fixation (control) resulted in yellow color. There is a difference between lotus and lime fixers in the two treatments on the basis of color tenacity from sweat. Therefore, is suggested that batik craftsmen use natural dyes, especially mango leave extract, while for batik lovers, it is suggested that they prefer batik with natural dyes

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Nnolim, Uche A. "FPGA-Based Multiplier-Less Log-Based Hardware Architectures for Hybrid Color Image Enhancement System." International Journal of Image and Graphics 17, no. 01 (January 2017): 1750004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219467817500048.

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Logarithmic image processing (LIP) models provide a viable framework for image enhancement, particularly the color-based models. These techniques, due to their vector nature, avoid the problems of grayscale methods applied to RGB color image processing. Furthermore, the absence of multiply-accumulate (MAC) operations makes them amenable to hardware realization for faster operation when compared with spatial filter kernel-based approaches. However, details of image scenes are not always revealed after processing and homomorphic filters are still a popular low-complexity option for correction of images acquired under uneven illumination conditions, notwithstanding the fading that occurs when processing RGB color images. Though nonlinear color space converter hardware architectures have been implemented and reported in the literature for improving results from conventional illumination correction techniques, they add to the hardware complexity. The contributions of the work described in this paper includes original, practical, standard and logarithmic, multiplier-less high-speed architectures for a variant of the LIP model in addition to standard and log-hybrid architectures for a modified spatial homomorphic filter (MSDHF) to reduce color fading in RGB space. The modified homomorphic filter is able to enhance both faded/bright and dark low-contrast images, giving it an edge over standard illumination correction systems. A combined approach utilizing the MSDHF and simplified LIP algorithms enhances the strengths of the individual algorithms while minimizing their individual weaknesses. Comparisons of the developed systems are made with the standard homomorphic filter architecture and similar works from the literature.

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Huangfu, Xiao Dong, Min Wang, and Jun Li. "Analyzing the Combustion Characters of Fire Protective Clothing Exposed to Flash Fire." Advanced Materials Research 821-822 (September 2013): 673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.821-822.673.

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Combustion characters such as afterflame, color fading, thermal shrinkage, carbonization, smoke production provide a comprehensive reflection of the garment performance as a whole. Based on the flame manikin testing system, six kinds of garments which can be divided into two groups (PSA clothing and aramid clothing) were used for combustion experiments, and the combustion characters were analyzed under the same exposure conditions. Results show that the after flame time of PSA clothing was longer than that of aramid clothing, showing poorer flame resistant performance. Large areas of color fading happened to most of the test samples. The average thermal shrinkage of the PSA clothing is greater than the aramid clothing with similar weight and weaving structure. Clothing with larger fabric gram weight and thickness tends to have smaller shrinkage degree. The carbonization degree of PSA clothing was more serious than that of aramid clothing. Smoke amount may relate to the dying and finfish of fabric.

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Brański, Robert, and Andrzej Radomski. "Investigating cotton dyeing using exotic wood waste sawdust." Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology 120 (December 28, 2022): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.1927.

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Investigating cotton dyeing using exotic wood sawdust. The study investigated the possibility of using extracts from various species of exotic wood, obtained from waste sawdust, for dyeing cotton fabrics. Material from Obeche, Iroko, Merbau, Apple tree, American walnut, Tulip tree, Cumaru and Rosewood were used for the tests. Solutions of oxalic acid, tin chloride, aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride were used as mordants, along with no-mordant tests. The color was determined in the CIE L*a*b* coordinate system. Color fastness was tested using n-hexane for dry cleaning and acidic, alkaline and hydrogen peroxide bleach solutions. The results showed a strong dependence on the type of wood, the mortar used and the washing agent and covered a wide spectrum of color intensity and fastness. The best results were obtained for Rosewood, Merbau and Apple trees, while Tulip tree and American walnut turned out to be practically useless. Among the mordants used, the most intense colors were produced by metal salts, including ferric chloride, which strongly darkened fabrics. Dry cleaning proved to be the mildest of those tested, with the least effect on color fading.

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MASUDA, Tomoko, Koretaro TAKAHASHI, and Mutsuo HATANO. "Fading of Muscle Color by Heat Processing of Fall Chum Salmon." NIPPON SHOKUHIN KAGAKU KOGAKU KAISHI 43, no. 5 (1996): 552–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3136/nskkk.43.552.

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Ryu, Hyo-Seon, Eun-Ah Kim, and Chang-Sang Yun. "The Color Fading and Staining of Fabrics by Drum-type Washer." Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles 32, no. 6 (June 30, 2008): 947–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5850/jksct.2008.32.6.947.

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Saito, Masako, Sumiko Goto, and Maresure Kashiwagi. "Color Fading Behavior of C.I. Disperse Blue 3 by NO2 Gas." Sen'i Gakkaishi 49, no. 6 (1993): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.49.6_331.

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Sousa, Céu M., and Paulo J. Coelho. "Joining High Coloration and Fast Color Fading with Photochromic Fused-Naphthopyrans." European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2020, no. 8 (February 12, 2020): 985–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.201901814.

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Kan, C. W., C. W. M. Yuen, and W. Y. Wong. "Optimizing color fading effect of cotton denim fabric by enzyme treatment." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 120, no. 6 (February 14, 2011): 3596–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.33561.

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Chen, Chang Lang, Yu Tung Chang, Sheng Hao Taso, and Weichieh Hsu. "The Study on Color Quality Attributes of IMR with PET on White Ink by UV Inkjet." Advanced Materials Research 1004-1005 (August 2014): 799–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1004-1005.799.

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The In-Mold Roller is a revolutionary printing process by which objects are 3D decorated. Products decorated by In-Mold Roller are waterproof and protected from fading. What’s more, these kinds of decorations strongly increase the beauty, desirability and value of the objects. The In-Mold Roller is now using either of gravure printing and screen printing to print PET film. However, there are some problems with these two techniques. This research is to investigate potential usages of combining In-Mold Roller with digital UV inkjet printing in 3D decoration, e.g. in personalized printing services. Study results found that when the coverage and the resolution of inkjet printing become higher, the SIDs will become higher as well. When transferred to ABS, SIDs in each combination will increase. Each combination of inkjet conditions, with the isolation of white ink, color differences are less variant. TVIs of white ink decrease 30% to 40% halftone and display in “M” type. In print contrast, C and K colors of each combination are better than M and Y colors. After transferred into print contrast, each combination of PC will be higher about 2 to5. When transferred to ABS, color variances of each combination are not huge, and color differences are about 3to5.

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Jia, Yumei, Liyuan Zhang, Kai Liu, Ruoyang Chen, Caiqian Zhang, Juliang Yin, Wei Shen, and Jinxin He. "Effects of the perspiration on the photo-fading of reactive dyes." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 5 (February 5, 2018): 688–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517753639.

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In this paper, we aim to study the effects of artificial sweat components on the photo-fading of reactive dyes on cotton fabrics. Two standards of artificial perspiration were tested according to the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS L 0888 standard) and the Association for Textile Technical Study (ATTS standard), respectively. The light and perspiration stability of reactive dyes was characterized using the color difference value (DE). Standard orthogonal experiments were designed to study the influences of each artificial sweat component and the interaction between these components on the photo-fading reaction of the selected reactive dyes. The results indicated that L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate (0.5 g/L) was the dominant influencing factor on the light and perspiration stability of the reactive dyes exposing under both standards of artificial perspiration. In the JIS L 0888 standard, sodium chloride (5.0 g/L) played the significant role in the photo-fading reaction of the reactive dyes, while the influences caused by other components could be neglected. In the ATTS standard, sodium chloride (5.0 g/L), DL-aspartic acid (0.5 g/L) and glucose (5.0 g/L) aggravated the photo-fading of the selected reactive dyes.

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Steyn, W. J., D. M. Holcroft, S. J. E. Wand, and G. Jacobs. "Regulation of Pear Color Development in Relation to Activity of Flavonoid Enzymes." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 129, no. 1 (January 2004): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.129.1.0006.

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Changes in activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and UDPGalactose: flavonoid-3-o-glycosyltransferase (UFGT) during the development of pear (Pyrus communis L.) fruit and in response to cold fronts were assessed and related to changes in red color. Red and blushed pear cultivars attained maximum redness and highest anthocyanin concentrations in immature fruit. Red color generally faded toward harvest. UFGT activity increased over fruit development and was apparently not limiting to color development. However, the fading of red color and the decreasing level of phenolic compounds toward harvest might relate to decreasing PAL activity. Skin color and enzyme activity in the red pear `Bon Rouge' displayed little responsiveness to low temperatures. In contrast, low temperatures increased red color and activity of both PAL and UFGT in the blushed pear `Rosemarie'. Consistent with the general pigmentation pattern described above, the effect of temperature on enzyme activity was much greater early during fruit development than in the week before harvest.

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Li, Wen Bo, Li Xin Mo, Lu Hai Li, Xu Wei Hu, Xian Leng, Hua Fang, Wei Wei Li, and Shu Kun Li. "Study on Application Performance of Water-Based Pigment Ink on Uncoated Paper." Advanced Materials Research 380 (November 2011): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.380.52.

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The performances of three kinds of water-based pigment inks were compared and studied, which include self-made ink, original printing ink and compatible ink. Art paper, matte paper and white card paper were used as the substrates. Testing the contact angle of ink droplets, the spreading, wetting, and drying rate of inks were investigated. The color density and CIE L*a*b* values of the printed samples were measured, to evaluate the hue error and color gamut. The water resistance was studied with corresponding experiments. The result indicates: self-made water-based pigment ink has the smallest contact angle on coated paper, showing a faster drying rate. Its color gamut is similar to the original printing ink on art paper, and the hue error is low. Through the water resistance test, the color density measured on art paper and matte paper had no changes, without color dissolving and color fading, showing good water resistance applicability.

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Brazevic, Sabina, Michel Sliwa, Yoichi Kobayashi, Jiro Abe, and Gotard Burdzinski. "Disclosing Whole Reaction Pathways of Photochromic 3H-Naphthopyrans with Fast Color Fading." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 8, no. 5 (February 9, 2017): 909–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b03068.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Color fading'

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