To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Colonies.
Journal articles on the topic 'Colonies'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Colonies.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Metzger, Chantal. "D’une puissance coloniale à un pays sans colonies : l’Allemagne et la question coloniale (1914-1945)." Revue d’Allemagne et des pays de langue allemande 38, no. 4 (2006): 555–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/reval.2006.5914.
Full textAbstract:
Venue tard à la colonisation, l’Allemagne possède, à la déclaration de guerre en 1914, un empire colonial correspondant à cinq fois sa superficie. Les buts de guerre allemands prévoient l’extension de cet empire en Mittelafrika aux dépens des autres empires coloniaux. Défaite dans ses colonies et sur le continent européen, l’Allemagne perd, lors du traité de Versailles, toutes ses possessions coloniales et devient un pays sans colonies. Cette humiliation sera mal perçue par les autorités et par la population. Les colonies sont jugées indispensables à l’avenir politique et économique du pays. Durant la République de Weimar et sous le Troisième Reich, les ligues et associations coloniales vont avec l’accord et l’aide de leur gouvernement multiplier les manifestations prouvant aux vainqueurs qu’elles n’oublient pas l’empire dont elles ont été dépossédées.
2
Kara L. Lefevre, Elizabeth Forys, Adam DiNuovo, and Adam D. Smith. "Insights from attempts to track movement of Black Skimmer (<em>Rynchops niger</em>) fledglings in the southern Gulf of Mexico with automated telemetry and band resighting." Journal of Caribbean Ornithology 36 (October 3, 2023): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55431/jco.2023.36.107-113.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract
Sound management of coastal bird populations depends on detailed knowledge of where individuals move after dispersal from their natal colonies. This study tracked the movement of Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger niger) chicks after they fledged from two important colonies on the Gulf of Mexico (in Pinellas and Collier counties of southern Florida, USA). A total of 35 flight-capable chicks approximately 3 weeks old were fitted with digitally-encoded VHF “nanotags” during July–August of the 2017 and 2018 breeding seasons. Chicks were followed with manual telemetry, automated tracking via the Motus Network, and systematic band resighting. Nanotags stayed attached for a mean minimum of 21 days, and chicks remained at their natal colony for a minimum of 24 days after being tagged. Only 10% of tags were deemed to be detected by Motus towers and all of those detections were dismissed as false positives. Band resightings demonstrated exchange of fledglings between colonies, with the furthest known movement being 370 km from St. Pete Beach to Key West. This paper documents inter-colony movement of skimmer chicks, shares lessons about the use of automated telemetry, and helps to frame questions for future research about regional movement patterns to support conservation of this colonial waterbird.
Keywords
breeding, Caribbean, colonial waterbird, dispersal, Florida, Motus, Rynchopinae, Rynchops niger
Resumen
Conocimientos obtenidos a partir de los intentos de rastrear el movimiento de volantones de Rynchops niger en el sur del Golfo de México con telemetría automatizada y reavistamiento de anillos • El manejo adecuado de las poblaciones de aves costeras depende del conocimiento detallado de los lugares a los que se desplazan los individuos tras la dispersión desde sus colonias de origen. En este estudio se realizó un seguimiento de los movimientos de los pichones de Rynchops niger niger después de que abandonaron dos colonias importantes en el Golfo de México (en los condados de Pinellas y Collier, en el sur de Florida, EE. UU.). Durante julio y agosto de las temporadas reproductivas de 2017 y 2018, un total de 35 pichones capaces de volar, de aproximadamente 3 semanas de edad, fueron equipados con "nanoetiquetas" VHF codificadas digitalmente. Los pichones fueron seguidos con telemetría manual, seguimiento automatizado a través de la red Motus y reavista- miento sistemático de anillos. Las nanoetiquetas permanecieron adheridas durante una media mínima de 21 días, y los pichones permanecieron en su colonia natal durante un mínimo de 24 días después de haber sido marcados. Sólo el 10% de las marcas fueron detectadas por las torres Motus y todas esas detecciones fueron descartadas como falsos positivos. Los reavistamientos de anillos demostraron el intercambio de volantones entre colonias, siendo el movimiento más lejano conocido de 370 km, desde St. Pete Beach hasta Cayo Hueso. Este artículo documenta el movimiento de pichones de esta especie entre colonias, comparte lecciones sobre el uso de la telemetría automatizada y ayuda a formular preguntas para futuras investigaciones sobre patrones de movimiento regional para apoyar la conservación de esta ave acuática colonial.
Palabras clave
ave acuática colonial, Caribe, cría, dispersión, Florida, Motus, Rynchopinae, Rynchops niger
Résumé
Aperçu des essais de suivi des déplacements de jeunes Becs-en-ciseaux noirs (Rynchops niger) après l’envol dans le sud du golfe du Mexique par télémétrie automatisée et lecture de bagues • Une bonne gestion des populations d’oiseaux côtiers dépend de la connaissance détaillée des lieux vers lesquels les individus se dispersent après avoir quitté leur colonie natale. Cette étude a permis le suivi des déplacements de jeunes Becs-en-ciseaux noirs (Rynchops niger niger) après leur envol de deux importantes colonies du golfe du Mexique (dans les comtés de Pinellas et Collier, au sud de la Floride, aux États-Unis). Au total, 35 jeunes volants, âgés d’environ 3 semaines, ont été équipés de « nanoémetteurs » VHF codés numériquement, au cours de la saison de reproduction, en juillet-août 2017 et 2018. Ils ont été suivis par télémétrie manuelle, par suivi automatisé via le réseau Motus et par relecture systématique des bagues. Les nanoémetteurs sont restés fixés au moins 21 jours en moyenne, et les jeunes sont restés dans leur colonie d’origine au moins 24 jours après avoir été marqués. Seulement 10 % des émetteurs ont été détectés par les stations Motus et toutes ces détections ont été considérées comme de faux positifs. Les lectures de bagues ont démontré l’échange de jeunes entre les colonies, le plus long déplacement connu étant de 370 km de St Pete Beach à Key West. Cet article présente des données sur les déplacements de jeunes Bec-en-ciseaux entre les colonies, partage des enseignements tirés de l’utilisation de la télémétrie automatisée, et aide à formuler des questions pour les recherches futures sur les modèles de déplacements régionaux visant à soutenir la conservation de cet oiseau d’eau colonial.
Mots clés
Caraïbes, dispersion, Floride, Motus, oiseau d’eau colonial, reproduction, Rynchopinae, Rynchops niger
3
Repussard, Catherine. "Le conquistadore et le grand commis de l’État : Karl Peters et Bernhard Dernburg : deux hommes et deux périodes de l’histoire coloniale allemande." Revue d’Allemagne et des pays de langue allemande 38, no. 4 (2006): 493–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/reval.2006.5910.
Full textAbstract:
Karl Peters, le «fondateur» de l’Afrique orientale allemande, territoire protégé par le Reich à partir de 1884, est le «colonial» par excellence : explorateur à la tête de nombreuses expéditions, aventurier sans vergogne, «agitateur» colonial de premier ordre, piètre gestionnaire, objet de scandales coloniaux retentissants. Son nom restera durablement synonyme de violences et d’arbitraire colonial. L’arrivée en 1907 de Bernhard Dernburg à la tête du ministère des Colonies marque un véritable tournant dans les affaires coloniales allemandes. Dernburg est un gestionnaire et surtout un grand réformateur qui a, pour les colonies, un véritable programme de développement, mais que de nombreux cercles considéreront comme trop libéral et «non-allemand». L’article se propose de présenter ces deux personnages que tout oppose, mais qui auront marqué, chacun à sa façon, l’histoire coloniale allemande.
4
Ojeda, Cherry. "The Pursuit of Longevitiy and Continuity." Toro Historical Review 10, no. 1 (April 12, 2021): 168–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.46787/tthr.v10i1.2493.
Full textAbstract:
Colonial American historians have analyzed the migration and settlement of the colonies in a multifaceted aspect. Historians of colonial America continue to analyze how the migration and settlement of the settlers shaped the colonies they inhabited. Furthermore, historians have also considered the colonies to be interconnected with the greater Atlantic world and strive to make connections not only between the first English thirteen colonies but also have begun to consider how Canadian and Spanish colonies have been shaped by their settlers in the Atlantic world. Through this thought, Historians may begin to compare the colonies to each other and find that their migration and settlement patterns share similar goals and values that they may not have considered before. This paper will compare Colonial NEw England and New Mexico and analyze the goals and values that shape each of these colonies.
5
Carli, Maddalena. "Un imaginaire colonial sans colonies." Mil neuf cent 27, no. 1 (2009): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/mnc.027.0147.
Full text
6
Jellonek, Szymon. "Final Chapter of Roman Colonial Coinage (AD 235–275): Reminiscence of Romanitas / Końcowy rozdział rzymskiego mennictwa kolonialnego (235–275). Reminiscencja Romanitas." Notae Numismaticae - Zapiski Numizmatyczne, no. 17 (June 30, 2023): 159–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.52800/ajst.1.17.a7.
Full textAbstract:
Between AD 235–275, 36 Roman colonies emitted their final coins, with more than five hundred iconographic motifs represented. On the one hand, “veteran” colonies, having a long tradition of colonial coinages, maintained the Roman character of their issues. On the other hand, most colonies created in the 3rd century, recognised by scholars as “titular”, since no colonists were supposed to be settled there, also decided to follow the pattern of universal colonial coinage. The use of Latin, the exposure of status and typical colonial motifs such as a “foundation scene”, military emblems and Marsyas were exploited in the final issues of the Roman colonies. Even though the Romanitas of many colonies was merely superficial, coins performed the role of a medium which manifested the Roman nature of the colonies.
7
Choate, Mark I. "From territorial to ethnographic colonies and back again: the politics of Italian expansion, 1890–1912." Modern Italy 8, no. 1 (May 2003): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1353294032000074089.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryFor Italy, unprecedented mass migration in the late nineteenth century overshadowed the European Scramble for Africa. To secure Italy's place in the new imperial order, Francesco Crispi proposed to harness emigration for colonial expansion, by settling Italy's East African colonies with the surplus Italian population. Defeat at Adwa in 1896 shattered Crispi's project, and turned attention to colonial possibilities elsewhere. Luigi Einaudi and other Liberals trumpeted the value of Italian collectivities or colonie across the Atlantic, where Italy exerted only indirect influence. In theory, these ‘spontaneous colonies’ would boost the Italian economy at little expense. Italian colonialist societies turned from Africa to the Americas, working to make Italian migration more prestigious, successful and profitable. After 1908, however, Enrico Corradini and the Italian Nationalists mocked these initiatives, and called upon the Italian state to return to traditional imperialism in Africa.
8
Jellonek, Szymon. "The Foundation Scene on Roman Colonial Coins from the Near East in the 3rd Century CE." Studies in Ancient Art and Civilisation 26 (December 18, 2022): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/saac.26.2022.26.08.
Full textAbstract:
One of the most common iconographic motifs of Roman colonial coinage is the ‘foundation scene’. Colonies modelled on Rome were established according to the aratrum ritual, in imitation of the manner in which, according to myths, Romulus founded Rome. Veteran colonies, established between the 1st century BCE and the 2nd century CE, gladly exploited that motif to commemorate the colonial foundation and to manifest their bond with Rome. However, colonies set up under Septimius Severus and later were considered as purely titular foundations. Nevertheless, they also occasionally presented the foundation scene on civic coins. If they were not colonists, the question arises as to the message that such coins conveyed. In this paper, the author makes an attempt to examine the foundation scene on Roman colonial coins from the Near East in the 3rd century CE. The concepts of veteran and titular colonies are contrasted. It is a noteworthy that while the colonies in northern Syria and Mesopotamia (except Rhesaena) never introduced the foundation scene on their coinages, the southern colonies (except Philippopolis) proudly manifested their connections with Rome. Eventually, the foundation scene disappeared from colonial coins of the Near East in the mid-3rd century.
9
Filin, S. A. "The Policy of the German Colonial Administration in African Colonies." Prepodavatel XXI vek, no. 2/2 (March 30, 2023): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2073-9613-2023-2-255-265.
Full textAbstract:
The article explores the colonial policy pursued by the German Empire in the African colonies. Africa was the region where the largest and most importan colonies for Germany were located. The author sets himself the task not only to analyze the organization of the colonial authorities in various regions of Africa, but also to consider the main actions of the administrations and their role in the entire colonial policy of the German Empire. Based on the analysis of the memoirs of German governors and field commanders, as well as the involvement of published documents, the process of establishing German power in the African colonies is analyzed. In the article, the author also provides a description of each of the German colonies to form an idea about them. The author gives a description of the colonies, the relationship between them and the metropolis. Since all the colonies existed for the export of raw materials to the mother country, the economic goals in each colony are also considered. The German guard troops, whose importance for maintaining power and security in the region is beyond doubt, are shown as the part of the “system” of the colonial administration. The article provides information not only about their functions, but also about the membership, command and structure. In addition, the article considers such aspects of colonial administrations as taxation, the abolition of slavery and Christian missions, which were the most important part of the entire colonial policy of the German empire.
10
McKenzie, Peter. "A shared commercial legal heritage - reflections on commercial law reform in former British Colonies and Dependencies." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 39, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v39i4.5478.
Full textAbstract:
This article reflects on Professor Tony Angelo's contributions to the laws of various British colonies, particularly Mauritius. The author illustrates different types of jurisdiction by reference to individual countries. First, the author discusses colonies with a received legal heritage – Mauritius, who has influences from its French colonial administration and English law, and Botswana who has hints of English commercial statutes. Secondly, the author discusses colonies with an underlying common law system – Uganda, Sierra Leone, and Samoa. None of these nations were settled colonies, but colonial administrators took with them a common law structure for contracts, and civil and commercial obligations, while retaining customary law and practices in relation to land. Finally, the Maldives is discussed as a "special case". The author then discusses his reflections on the colonial legal legacy, including the impact of the English language, the shared nature of the colonies' legal systems (including a common accounting and business framework), and the "colonial legal patchwork". The author hopes that the impetus given by Professor Angelo to law reform in Mauritius, as well as other nations, will continue.
11
Sherwood, Marika. "Quakers, colonies and colonials, 1938–48." Immigrants & Minorities 10, no. 3 (November 1991): 19–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02619288.1991.9974765.
Full text
12
Hernández Fernández, Leslie, Mayrene Guimarais Bermejo, Rodolfo Arias Barreto, and Lídice Clero Alonso. "COMPOSICIÓN DE LAS COMUNIDADES DE OCTOCORALES Y CORALES PÉTREOS Y LA INCIDENCIA DEL BLANQUEAMIENTO DEL 2005 EN JARDINES DE LA REINA, CUBA." Revista Ciencias Marinas y Costeras 3 (December 31, 2011): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/revmar.3.6.
Full textAbstract:
En los años 2001 y 2005, se estudió la composición de las comunidades de octocorales y corales pétreos en el archipiélago de los Jardines de la Reina. Se analizó, en la comunidad de corales pétreos, la incidencia del blanqueamiento ocurrido en el 2005 en el Caribe. Para ello se establecieron doce estaciones de muestreo (siete en el arrecife frontal somero y cinco en el arrecife de cresta), en cada una de estas se estimó la densidad mediante el marco cuadrado de 1 m de lado. En el arrecife frontal somero se identificaron un total de 62 especies (26 de octocorales y 36 de corales), siendo las más abundantes: Pseudopterogorgia americana (2.4 colonias/m2), Eunicea flexuosa (1.1 colonias/m2), Siderastrea siderea (5.0 colonias/m2) y Agaricia agaricites (4.0 colonias/m2). En el arrecife de cresta se identificaron un total de 31 especies (13 de octocorales y 18 de corales), predominando: Briareum asbestinum (1.3 colonias/m2), Porites astreoides (2.5 colonias/m2) y Millepora complanata (1.0 colonias/m2). Las especies más sensibles al blanqueamiento fueron: A. agaricites , Millepora spp. y Montastraea annularis. En sentido general, dicho suceso tuvo una incidencia pobre sobre los corales pétreos. Es menester la ejecución de monitoreos al permitir ajustar los planes de manejo en función de los cambios que puedan ocurrir en la estructura de las comunidades bentónicas.ABSTRACT Octocoral and stony coral communities in the Jardines de la Reina archipelago (Cuba) were studied in 2001 and again in 2005. The incidence of the 2005 bleaching event in the Caribbean was analyzed in the stony coral community. Twelve sampling stations were established: seven in the shallow forereef and five in reef crests, with one square meter quadrants to estimate density. A total of 62 species (26 octocorals and 36 stony corals) were identified in the shallow forereef, including Pseudopterogorgia americana (2.4 colonies/m2), Eunicea flexuosa (1.1 colonies/m2), Siderastrea siderea (5.0 colonies/m2) and Agaricia agaricites (4.0 colonies/m2). In the reef crest, 31 species were identified (13 octocorals and 18 stony corals), with Briareum asbestinum (1.3 colonies/m2), Porites astreoides (2.5 colonies/m2) and Millepora complanata (1.0 colonies/m2) being the most abundant. The most sensitive species to bleaching were: A. agaricites, Millepora spp. and Montastraea annulariS. In general, this event showed a poor incidence with stony corals. Constant monitoring is necessary to adjust the management plan to the changes that may occur in the structure of the benthic communities.
13
Green, Nancy L., Giulia Bonacci, Elena Cuq-Monges, Laura Hobson faure, Elisa Rodriguez-Ortiz, and Yann Scioldo-Zürcher. "Colonies d'ailleurs, colonies d'ici." Hommes et Migrations 1276, no. 1 (2008): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/homig.2008.4815.
Full text
14
PIá‡ARRA, MARIA DO CARMO. "”CINEMA IMPÉRIO”: a projeção colonial do Estado Novo português nos filmes das exposições entre guerras mundiais." Outros Tempos: Pesquisa em Foco - História 13, no. 22 (December 28, 2016): 126–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18817/ot.v13i22.551.
Full textAbstract:
Este artigo analisa como é que Portugal ”imaginou” as ex-colónias através do cinema focando a produção de filmes feitos quer para projecção de Portugal como potência colonial nas exposições internacionais entreguerras quer para fixação das grandes exposições nacionais de afirmação e legitimação do regime ditatorial do Estado Novo português. A análise da instrumentalização do cinema pela propaganda colonial ocidental só agora começa a ser feita, mas se comprova a necessidade de uma investigação abrangente para melhor compreensão do uso propagandista do cinema, pela ditadura portuguesa, para promover a polática colonial. Na investigação pós-doutoral em curso, intitulada ””˜Cinema Império”™. Portugal, França e Inglaterra, representações do império no cinema”, analiso as representações cinematográficas coloniais na longa duração. Neste artigo, porém, analiso especificamente a produção portuguesa de filmes para participação (e sobre as) nas grandes exposições coloniais nacionais ”“ Colonial, do Porto, e Exposição do Mundo Português, em Lisboa ”“ e internacionais ”“ Sevilha, Antuérpia e Paris ”“ entre 1930 e 1940. Que filmes foram feitos, por quem e para quem? Com que propósitos? Que representações propuseram? ”“ são estas as questões que abordo, através da análise fálmica e de algumas fontes documentais que ainda não tinham sido referenciadas.Palavras chave: Cinema colonial. Exposições internacionais. Propaganda colonial. Estado Novo.”EMPIRE CINEMA”: the colonial projection of the Portuguese ”˜Estado Novo”™ in the films of the exhibitions between the World WarsAbstract: This article analyses how Portugal ”imagined” its former colonies through the cinema focusing on a production of films made for the projection of Portugal as a colonial power in the international expositions between the Twentieth Century World Wars or for the registration of the great national exhibitions of affirmation and legitimation of the Estado Novo dictatorial regime. The analysis of the uses of cinema by Western colonial propaganda has begun to be made only recently. There are few studies on how the cinema has represented the former colonies. They confirm the need for a comprehensive investigation for a better understanding of the propagandist use of cinema, especially by the Portuguese dictatorship, to promote colonial politics. In my ongoing postdoctoral research, entitled ””™Empire Cinema”™. Portugal, France, and England, representations of the empire in the cinema”, I analyse the colonial cinematographic representations in the ”long-duration”. In this article, however, I specifically analyse the Portuguese production of films for projection in (and also the films produced about) the great national expositions ”“ the Colonial Exposition, at Porto, and the ”Portuguese World” Exposition, in Lisbon - and international expositions - Seville, Antwerp and Paris - between 1930 and 1940. What movies were made, by whom and for what audiences? For what purposes? What colonial representations did they propose? - these are the questions I address, through film analysis and some documentary sources that have not yet been referenced.Keywords: Colonial cinema. International expositions. Colonial propaganda. Estado Novo. "CINEMA IMPERIO": la proyección colonial del ”˜Estado Novo”™ portugués en las peláculas de las exposiciones entre guerras mondialesResumen: Este artáculo analiza como Portugal ”imaginó” las ex-colonias a través del cine, haciendo foco en la producción de peláculas realizadas tanto para proyección de Portugal en cuanto potencia colonial en las exposiciones internacionales de entreguerras como para las grandes exposiciones nacionales de afirmación y legitimación del régimen dictatorial del Nuevo Estado portugués. El análisis de la instrumentalización del cine por la propaganda colonial occidental es reciente, pero se comprueba la necesidad de una investigación más abarcadora para una mejor comprensión del uso propagandista del cinema por la dictadura portuguesa, con el fin de promover la polática colonial. En la investigación postdoctoral en curso, titulada ”Cinema Imperio. Portugal, Francia e Inglaterra representaciones del imperio en el cine”, analizo en la larga duración (Braudel) las representaciones cinematográficas coloniales. En este artáculo, sin embargo, me centraré especáficamente en la producción de peláculas para (y sobre) participación en las grandes exposiciones coloniales nacionales ”“ Colonial, do Porto y ”˜Exposição do Mundo Português”™, en Lisboa ”“ e internacionales Sevilla, Antuérpia y Parás ”“ entre 1930 y 1940. ¿Qué largometrajes fueron hechos, por qué y para quién? ¿Con qué propósitos? ¿Qué representaciones proponen? Son estas las cuestiones que abordo, a través del análisis fálmico y de algunas fuentes documentales que hasta hoy no habáan sido referenciadas.Palabras clave: Cine colonial. Exposiciones coloniales. Propaganda. Nuevo Estado.
15
Nekliudova, Uliana A., Ksenia V. Shunkina, Alexey V. Grishankov, Marina A. Varfolomeeva, Andrey I. Granovitch, and Andrew N. Ostrovsky. "Colonies as dynamic systems: reconstructing the life history of Cribrilina annulata (Bryozoa) on two algal substrates." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99, no. 06 (May 14, 2019): 1363–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315419000286.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractQuantifying interconnected performances of the modules in a colonial organism (feeding, sexual reproduction, rejuvenation, dormancy) into an integral picture enables studying functional dynamics and resource allocation at different levels – from module to population. Testing this approach on the common boreal-Arctic bryozoan Cribrilina annulata in the White Sea, we describe its life history, comparing colonies on two algal substrates with contrasting size and lifespan. Colonies living on kelps were much larger and had a higher proportion of dormant zooids, whereas the percentage of reproducing, feeding and rejuvenating zooids was higher in colonies on red algae (with the colonies also exhibiting longer reproductive period). Colony lifespan was dependent both on substrate type and on time of colony establishment, lasting from 4–5 to up to 17 months on kelps and 14–18 months on red algae. During the reproductive season (May–September) the C. annulata population consisted of colonies of three cohorts on both substrata: overwintered and two summer generations that behaved differently. Whereas overwintered and summer colonies established in June–early August produced larvae, most of the colonies established after mid-summer were preparing for hibernation and postponed reproduction until next spring. Moreover, young reproducing colonies formed brooding hermaphrodite zooids of ordinary size, whereas overwintered colonies budded smaller-sized basal and frontal (dwarf) hermaphrodites. Finally, overall zooidal performance in co-existing colonies of the overwintered and young generations was different on kelps, but similar on red algae. Altogether our findings indicate that the life histories of colonial epibionts are much more complex and evolutionarily flexible than generally acknowledged.
16
Paine, Jack. "Democratic Contradictions in European Settler Colonies." World Politics 71, no. 3 (June 6, 2019): 542–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887119000029.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractHow did political institutions emerge and evolve under colonial rule? This article studies a key colonial actor and establishes core democratic contradictions in European settler colonies. Although European settlers’ strong organizational position enabled them to demand representative political institutions, the first hypothesis qualifies their impulse for electoral representation by positing the importance of a metropole with a representative tradition. Analyzing new data on colonial legislatures in 144 colonies between the seventeenth and twentieth centuries shows that only British settler colonies—emanating from a metropole with representative institutions—systematically exhibited early elected legislative representation. The second hypothesis highlights a core democratic contradiction in colonies that established early representative institutions. Applying class-based democratization theories predicts perverse institutional evolution—resisted enfranchisement and contestation backsliding—because sizable European settler minorities usually composed an entrenched landed class. Evidence on voting restrictions and on legislature disbandment from Africa, the British Caribbean, and the US South supports these implications and rejects the Dahlian path from competitive oligarchy to full democracy.
17
Vinck, Honoré. "Livrets Scolaires Coloniaux: Méthodes d'Analyse—Approche Herméneutique." History in Africa 26 (January 1999): 379–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172147.
Full textAbstract:
Le livret scolaire africain n'a guere reçu l'attention des historiens de la colonisation ni celle des théoriciens des programmes scolaires qui ont été particulèrement actifs en Occident pendant les trois dernières décénnies. Et pourtant le livret scolaire a joué un très grand rôle dans la divulgation de l'idéologie coloniale et par ricochet dans l'éveil des tendances qui ont mené à la décolonisation. Ici et là ils nous donnent des éléments pour une meilleure compréhension des attitudes des responsables politiques africains du moment.Le livret scolaire colonial est spécialement conçu pour la colonie. Nous excluons donc les livrets des écoles métropolitaines bien que parfois utilisés dans la colonie. Il doit être étudié dans son propre contexte et par conséquent, les approches seront différentes selon qu'il s'agit de la colonisation belge, française, anglaise ou portugaise.Dans les colonies françaises et portugaises la langue nationale des colonisateurs était en règle générale aussi celle de l'enseignement. Ceux-ci ne seront pas pris en considération, nos investigations se limitant aux livrets en langues africaines.Le système d'éducation dans la Colonie Belge était entièrement entre les mains des missionnaires chrétiens jusqu'aux années cinquante. Mêmes les rares écoles organisées par l'Etat (Colonies scolaires et Ecoles ‘congrégationistes’ ou ‘Groupes Scolaires’) ou par certaines Compagnies étaient pour leur organisation effective confiées aux missionnaires catholiques.
18
Zijlstra, Suze. "Competing for European Settlers." Journal of Early American History 4, no. 2 (July 9, 2014): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18770703-00402005.
Full textAbstract:
This article deals with the quest for settlers of the colonial governments in Dutch Suriname and English Jamaica in the 1660s and 1670s. The governors of both newly conquered colonies were eager to further develop the plantations and considered acquiring new colonists as essential. However, not many people were willing to move to the Caribbean and experienced colonists were particularly hard to recruit. This article compares the attempts of the governments of Suriname and Jamaica to attract colonists from other colonies. While a strong rivalry existed between colonies of different European countries, this article will demonstrate that competition between colonies of the same country was also intense. These colonial governments disregarded broader imperial interests when it was in their own colony’s interest, which demonstrates their relatively independent attitude and the local focus of their loyalty.
19
O'Reilly, William. "Working for the Crown: German Migrants and Britain's Commercial Success in the Early Eighteenth-Century American Colonies." Journal of Modern European History 15, no. 1 (February 2017): 130–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/1611-8944-2017-1-130.
Full textAbstract:
Working for the Crown: German Migrants and Britain's Commercial Success in the Early Eighteenth-century American Colonies Relaxation in the movement of foreigners into Britain and the origins of the Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act of 1708 (7 Ann c 5) have been seen to lie in the arrival of religious refugees in England and the unsuitability of existing legislation to accommodate large numbers of foreigners. This paper proposes that trade and commercial interests in the American colonies promoted the cause of naturalisation by inciting German migration, causing Parliament to relax access to the domestic labour market and crucially allow German labour to be trafficked to the colonies. Reform was dictated by the needs of commerce and colonial enterprise, not just by politicians, courtiers and bureaucrats in London. The passing of the Naturalization Act (1708) and the subsequent General Naturalization Act (1709) both took advantage of European warfare and economic destruction, and were a direct response to the colonial needs to source continental labour. The Acts owed much to colonial Americans like Carolina Governor John Archdale who, like his co-religionist neighbour William Penn, acted in the interest of commerce and the colonial classes, broadening the base of non-Anglican access to the colonies. Opportunities afforded to German migrants in the American colonies, in particular, grew from this signal legislative change.
20
Tuccillo, Alessandro. "Antiesclavagisme sans colonies : Illuminismo et esclavage colonial." Dix-huitième siècle 45, no. 1 (2013): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/dhs.045.0629.
Full text
21
Lee, Sang-Bin, Aaron Mullins, Daniel Aguilera-Olivares, Thomas Chouvenc, and Nan-Yao Su. "Fused Colonies of the Formosan Subterranean Termite (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) for Laboratory Experiments." Journal of Economic Entomology 112, no. 5 (June 5, 2019): 2311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz154.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Laboratory studies of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) often employ the use of field-collected foraging populations of individuals as defined colonies. The biological relevance of this practice is often called into question, because these colonies lack a full composition of reproductive castes and brood, which may have physiological and behavioral consequences. Rearing intact laboratory colonies can be done; however, it is time-consuming and labor-intensive. The artificial fusion of field-collected foraging populations with a young, laboratory-reared incipient colony may provide whole, intact colonies for laboratory research. The current study measures survivorship of fused colonies using laboratory-reared complete incipient colonies ranging in age from 0 to 5 mo, fused with 100 workers and 10 soldiers from field-collected populations of different colonial origin. Results indicate that 60% of colony fusion was successful when the incipient colony introduced is 5 mo of age. This method of colony fusion will provide researchers with intact colonies using minimal resources.
22
KHAN, SHAHID B., SÁLIM JAVED, SHAKEEL AHMED, EISSA ALI AL HAMMADI, ABDULLAH ALI AL HAMMADI, and SHAIKHA AL DHAHERI. "Does a recent surge in Socotra Cormorant Phalacrocorax nigrogularis nesting population and establishment of new breeding colonies ensure long term conservation? Pragmatic assessment of recent augmentation in Abu Dhabi Emirate, UAE." Bird Conservation International 29, no. 03 (October 2, 2018): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270918000242.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryUnited Arab Emirates is an important range country for the ‘Vulnerable’ Socotra Cormorant Phalacrocorax nigrogularis and Abu Dhabi Emirate holds most of the remaining breeding colonies. Emirate-wide monitoring of all breeding colonies was undertaken annually for 11 breeding seasons from 2006–2007 to 2016–2017 to monitor the status of breeding colonies and estimate the nesting population. Breeding was recorded in 10 colonies that were used intermittently with an average of four (± 1.3 SD) colonies active each year. The highest number of eight active colonies was recorded in 2016–2017. Establishment of two new breeding colonies on Butinah and Digala in 2016–2017 and recolonisation of three previously inactive colonies during the monitoring period emphasised the ability of the species to relocate and colonise suitable sites. Continued threats at some breeding colonies caused abandonment and subsequent relocation, resulting in a gradual shift of breeding colonies to safer areas. Presently, most of the breeding sites (62%) with an increased number of breeding birds are found in colonies with restricted access. The Emirate-wide nesting population witnessed a 10-fold increase in the last decade; after an initial decline in 2006–2007 it increased from about 5,000 pairs in 2007–2008 to nearly 52,000 nesting pairs in 2016–2017. Combined with the nesting population from the Siniya colony, the overall UAE nesting population is estimated at 60,000 to 70,000 pairs, nearly half of the global breeding population. Further augmentation of the current breeding numbers is possible if breeding colonies remain safe from human disturbance and invasive predators. For long-term conservation of Socotra Cormorant, protection of all remaining colony sites, including inactive ones, is important in addition to minimising disturbance along with widespread public awareness to change the people’s perception of the species as a competitor to commercial fisheries.
23
Mirzekhanov, Velikhan. "Imperial Myth as a National Idea: Explicit and Hidden Meanings of the 1931 International Colonial Exhibition in Paris." ISTORIYA 12, no. 6 (104) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016273-9.
Full textAbstract:
The article presents an analysis of the colonial exhibition of 1931 in the context of the metamorphosis of the colonial idea in France. After the First World War, the difficulties in managing the colonies were increasingly felt in France. The French political class hoped to give new vitality to the national consciousness, which was threatened by various social-revolutionary and anti-colonial movements, through the reform of colonial policy. The colonial exhibition of 1931 became the apogee of imperial propaganda in the metropolis and a symbol of unity between the Third Republic with its colonies. Its success was associated with the extent to which the colonial idea penetrated French society and with the stabilization of the mother country's relations with her colonies between the two world wars. The colonial discourse of the 1931 exhibition was an apology for republican centrism expressed through the firm positioning of racial superiority, the demonstration of the validity of the ideals of progress inevitably brought about by colonization, and the dominance of French values. The author demonstrates that the new political situation that developed after the Great War contributed to the achievement of colonial consolidation, on the part of the majority of parties and, mainly, through the deployment of the state propaganda machine. The colonies and the colonial question marked the outlines, the brushstrokes, as it were, of a national union. This union between the national and the colonial, the nation and the empire, was twofold. Between the two world wars, national and colonial issues became logically interlinked and interdependent. The author concludes that the 1931 exhibition propagated the idea of the imperial order through the display and presentation of idealized indigenous cultures represented by a variety of artifacts, fine arts, and architecture. The 1931 exhibition became a general imperial holiday, and was intended to serve the unity between the imperial centre and the colonies. It became an important tool of imperial construction, a fairly effective means of broadcasting the official imperial ideology, and a metaphor for the colonial republic, which embodied the cultural, social, and mental characteristics of the imperial nation; its hidden meaning was directed against the growing ideas of colonial nationalism and resistance.
24
Yusifzada, Aida. "Italian aggression in North Africa." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2024, no. 2 (February 1, 2024): 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202402statyi20.
Full textAbstract:
The article examines the period of Italy's creation of colonies in Libya. The reasons, actions and results of the colonial policy are shown. It is noted that the defeat of fascist Italy in World War II led to the liquidation of colonies in Libya.
25
Frankema, Ewout. "Raising revenue in the British empire, 1870–1940: how ‘extractive’ were colonial taxes?" Journal of Global History 5, no. 3 (October 27, 2010): 447–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022810000227.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractColonial tax systems have shaped state–economy relationships in the formative stages of many present-day nation-states. This article surveys the variety in colonial tax systems across thirty-four dominions, colonies, and protectorates during the heyday of British imperialism (1870–1940), focusing on a comparison of colonial tax levels. The results are assessed on the basis of different views in the literature regarding the function and impact of colonial fiscal regimes: are there clear differences between ‘settler’ and ‘non-settler’ colonies? I show that there is little evidence for the view that ‘excessive taxation’ has been a crucial characteristic of ‘extractive institutions’ in non-settler colonies because local conditions (geographic or institutional) often prevented the establishment of revenue-maximizing tax machineries. This nuances the ‘extractive institutions’ hypothesis and calls for a decomposition of the term ‘extractive institutions’ as such.
26
Falcucci, Beatrice. "Creating the empire." Journal of the History of Collections 32, no. 2 (April 2, 2019): 341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhc/fhz014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The Istituto Agricolo Coloniale Italiano was established in Florence in 1904 by Professor Gino Bartolommei Gioli, whose aim was to create a study centre that would support Italian colonial policy, contribute to the training of experts on tropical agriculture, and inspire admiration and love for Italy’s colonies. The nation's overseas empire was, in the opinion of many intellectuals, greatly neglected both by the Italian population at large and by the industrial leaders, who commonly disregarded the potential and richness of the colonies. The museum formed an essential part of the colonial project, displaying the material aspect of the African territories, presenting their economic potential, addressing the colonies as a place where Italians could invest and stimulating their imperial vocations. This article interrogates the museum and its evolution as an educational tool, from the first decade of the twentieth century to the post-colonial era, focusing on the history of the colonial collection and on how it was exhibited.
27
Pálfi, László. "Being World Power and Economic Utility: The Economic History of Germany’s African Colonies." Journal of Central and Eastern European African Studies 3, no. 1 (2023): 170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.59569/jceeas.2023.3.1.157.
Full textAbstract:
As a late colonial power, Germany was seeking to conquer territories in Africa and Oceania in the last third of the 19th century. The two major purposes for founding colonies were 1) to reduce the immigration of Germans to America; and 2) to represent the young German nation state as a mature power, which can compete with the United Kingdom (called simply England in the historical sources) and with the despised Western neighbour France. The most important lobby and pressure group of German colonial aims was the German Colonial Society (Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft), a group of widely respected intellectuals, influential businessmen and politicians. After the accession on the throne of Emperor Wilhelm II, the colonial lobby became more influential, and the process of colonial expansion was accelerated. Nevertheless, there was an Achilles’ heel in this policy: gaining territories did not seem to be profitable in the short term. Thus, theorists and propagandists of colonization, such as Paul Rohrbach, published papers about possible measures that could have made the colonies financially fruitful territories. This thought remained vivid in the National Socialist era as well: Germany’s right to have colonies was explained on the base of the need for raw materials and the overpopulation of the German fatherland. This study has been written for the purpose to summarize the colonial economic policy of the German Kaiserreich and to briefly explain the economic plans of National Socialist German state regarding Germany’s former colonies in Africa.
28
Takács, Marianna, and János Oláh. "The effect of the queen's age on the Varroa mite (Varroa destructor) burden of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 75 (December 28, 2018): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/75/1651.
Full textAbstract:
An apiary trial was conducted in 2016 August to October in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County, Nyírmada to evaluate the influence of queen’s age on the Varroa destructor-burden in the treatment colonies. Sixty colonies of bees belonging to the subspecies Apis mellifera carnica pannonica in Hunor loading hives (with 10 frames in the brood chamber/deep super) were used. The colonies were treated with amitraz and the organophosphate pesticide coumaphos active ingredients. The amitraz treatment includes 6 weeks. The coumaphos treatment with Destructor 3.2% can be used for both diagnosis and treatment of Varroasis. For diagnosis, one treatment is sufficient. For control, two treatments at an interval of seven days are required. The colonies were grouped by the age of the queen: 20 colonies with one-year-old, 20 colonies with two-year-old and 20 colonies with three-year-old queen. The mite mortality of different groups was compared. The number of fallen mites was counted at the white bottom boards. The examination of spring growth of honey bee colonies has become necessary due to the judgement of efficiency of closing treatment. The data was recorded seven times between 16th March 2017 and 19th May 2017.
Data on fallen mites were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Post-Hoc Tukey-test. Statistical analysis was performed using the software of IBM SPSS (version 21.). During the first two weeks after treatments, the number of fallen mites was significantly higher in the older queen’s colonies (Year 2014). The total mite mortality after amitraz treatment in the younger queen’s colonies was lower (P<0.05) compared to the three-year-old queen’s colonies. According to Takács and Oláh (2016) although the mitemortality tendency, after the coumaphos (closing) treatment in colonies which have Year 2014 queen showed the highest rate, considering the mite-burden the colonies belongs to the average infected category. The colonial maintenance ability of three-year-old queen cannot be judged based on the influencing effect on the mite-burden. The importance of the replacement of the queen was judged by the combined effect of several factors.
During the spring-growth study (16th March–19th May) was experienced in the three-year-old queen’s colonies the number of brood frames significantly lower compared to the one- and two-year-old queen’s colonies. In the study of 17th April and 19th May each of the three queen-year-groups were varied. Therefore in the beekeeping season at different times were determined the colonial maintenance ability of queens by more factors: efficiency of closing treatment in early spring, the spring-growth of bee colonies, the time of population shift (in current study, this time was identical in each queen-year), honey production (from black locust).
29
Costanzi, Michela. "Les fondations grecques de deuxième degré en Italie du sud et en Sicile : amies des «autres», ennemies des grecs ?" Revue des Études Anciennes 111, no. 2 (2009): 429–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rea.2009.6637.
Full textAbstract:
Les causes de la fondation de colonies par des cités grecques qui sont elles-mêmes des colonies peuvent être très variées. Des raisons économiques, tantôt agricoles, tantôt commerciales, motivent certaines de ces fondations de deuxième degré. Pour d’autres initiatives coloniales, cependant, les intentions d’ordre stratégique semblent l’emporter : il s’agit d’approcher des populations de civilisations différentes et de nouer des liens commerciaux et culturels avec elles, ou bien de créer une barrière à l’expansion, réelle ou possible, de colonies grecques limitrophes.
30
Brunelle, Gayle K. "Ambassadors and Administrators: The Role of Clerics in Early French Colonies in Guiana." Itinerario 40, no. 2 (August 2016): 257–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115316000358.
Full textAbstract:
Of all of France’s early modern colonial ventures, the least studied and most obscure are the French efforts to establish settlements, missions, and plantations in Guiana. Still, the seventeenth-century French colonies in Guiana had much in common with the sixteenth-century French efforts to colonize Florida and Brazil, and their trajectories were every bit as dramatic and their outcomes equally dismal. Although not sponsored as Huguenot refuges in the New World from Catholic oppression in the Old, and thus not burdened with the fierce competition between Protestant and Catholic colonists that plagued the sixteenth-century ventures, the Guiana colonies were also prey to deep internal divisions over piety and morality, and even more over power and the purpose of the colony. Were they primarily missions to the Native peoples, plantations, or commercial ventures focused on locating sources of precious metals or establishing plantations? This paper examines the role of clerics in the genesis, financing, trajectories, and collapse of the earliest French colonies in Guiana, in particular two colonies founded about ten years apart, in 1643 and 1652. I will the argue that whereas historians have often assumed that missionaries and evangelizing were often little more than an encumbrance to early colonial ventures, useful mostly for raising funds in France, in reality clerics played a central role in shaping chartered colonial companies and the colonies they founded, for good and for ill.
31
Mohammed, Nyan J. "Bacterial Contamination Associated with Mobile Phones." Pharmacy and Applied Health Sciences 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.59480/phahs.v1i1.3.
Full textAbstract:
Bacterial cells adhere to mobile phone surfaces and could form organized colonies. Once the bacteria move to the mobile phone they can live well because these surfaces are hard to clean. This research, included isolation of pathogenic bacteria from mobile phones of Knowledge University students. A total of 100 mobile phones of Knowledge university staff and students were selected for this study. The single sterile swab stick was moistened with sterile normal saline solution and moved over the surfaces of mobile phones. The swab sticks were immediately transported to the laboratory. All swabs were cultured in (Nutrient agar), Then incubated for 24 hours. The obtained bacterial colonies were subjected to Gram stain, and colonial characteristics for their identification. Biochemical Examination for selected colonies has been done. From a total 100 mobile phone swabs. A total of 138 bacterial isolates were recognized as: 47 bacterial colonies of Staphylococcus aureus, 33 bacterial colonies of Staphylococcus epidermidis, 23 bacterial colonies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 19 bacterial colonies of Escherichia coli, 7 bacterial colonies of Streptococcus spp., 6 bacterial colonies of Bacillus subtilis, 2 bacterial colonies of Neisseria and 1 bacterial colonies of Enterobacter aerogene. The study revealed that bacteria can survive on mobile phones of students and the contaminated mobile phones are able to transport microbes that may be able to produce disease. There is a need for preventive care to reduce the impact of contaminated mobile phones on the spread of microbes and control measures should be applicable for this reason.
32
Curtis, S. K., M. H. Kothary, R. J. Blodgett, R. B. Raybourne, G. C. Ziobro, and B. D. Tall. "Rugosity in Grimontia hollisae." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 4 (December 22, 2006): 1215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02553-06.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Grimontia hollisae, formerly Vibrio hollisae, produces both smooth and rugose colonial variants. The rugose colony phenotype is characterized by wrinkled colonies producing copious amounts of exopolysaccharide. Cells from a rugose colony grown at 30�C form rugose colonies, while the same cells grown at 37�C form smooth colonies, which are characterized by a nonwrinkled, uncrannied appearance. Stress response studies revealed that after exposure to bleach for 30 min, rugose survivors outnumbered smooth survivors. Light scatter information obtained by flow cytometry indicated that rugose cells clumped into clusters of three or more cells (average, five cells) and formed two major clusters, while smooth cells formed only one cluster of single cells or doublets. Fluorescent lectin-binding flow cytometry studies revealed that the percentages of rugose cells that bound either wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) or Galanthus nivalis lectin (GNL) were greater than the percentages of smooth cells that bound the same lectins (WGA, 35% versus 3.5%; GNL, 67% versus 0.21%). These results indicate that the rugose exopolysaccharide consists partially of N-acetylglucosamine and mannose. Rugose colonies produced significantly more biofilm material than did smooth colonies, and rugose colonies grown at 30�C produced more biofilm material than rugose colonies grown at 37�C. Ultrastructurally, rugose colonies show regional cellular differentiation, with apical and lateral colonial regions containing cells embedded in a matrix stained by Alcian Blue. The cells touching the agar surface are packed tightly together in a palisade-like manner. The central region of the colony contains irregularly arranged, fluid-filled spaces and loosely packed chains or arrays of coccoid and vibrioid cells. Smooth colonies, in contrast, are flattened, composed of vibrioid cells, and lack distinct regional cellular differences. Results from suckling mouse studies showed that both orally fed rugose and smooth variants elicited significant, but similar, amounts of fluid accumulated in the stomach and intestines. These observations comprise the first report of expression and characterization of rugosity by G. hollisae and raise the possibility that expression of rugose exopolysaccharide in this organism is regulated at least in part by growth temperature.
33
Longmore, Paul K. "“Good English without Idiom or Tone”: The Colonial Origins of American Speech." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 37, no. 4 (April 2007): 513–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh.2007.37.4.513.
Full textAbstract:
The interplay between modes of speech and the demographical, geographical, social, and political history of Britain's North American colonies of settlement influenced the linguistic evolution of colonial English speech. By the early to mid-eighteenth century, regional varieties of English emerged that were not only regionally comprehensible but perceived by many observers as homogeneous in contrast to the deep dialectical differences in Britain. Many commentators also declared that Anglophone colonial speech matched metropolitan standard English. As a result, British colonials in North America possessed a national language well before they became “Americans.” This shared manner of speech inadvertently helped to prepare them for independent American nation-hood.
34
Grubb, Farley. "Colonial American Paper Money and the Quantity Theory of Money: An Extension." Social Science History 43, no. 1 (November 23, 2018): 185–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2018.30.
Full textAbstract:
The quantity theory of money is applied to the paper money regimes of seven of the nine British North American colonies south of New England. Individual colonies, and regional groupings of contiguous colonies treated as one monetary unit, are tested. Little to no statistical relationship, and little to no magnitude of influence, between the quantities of paper money in circulation and prices are found. The quantity theory of money does not explain the value and performance of colonial paper monies well. This is a general and widespread result, and not a rare and isolated phenomenon.
35
Be'er, Avraham, Rachel S. Smith, H. P. Zhang, E. L. Florin, Shelley M. Payne, and Harry L. Swinney. "Paenibacillus dendritiformis Bacterial Colony Growth Depends on Surfactant but Not on Bacterial Motion." Journal of Bacteriology 191, no. 18 (July 17, 2009): 5758–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00660-09.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Most research on growing bacterial colonies on agar plates has concerned the effect of genetic or morphotype variation. Some studies have indicated that there is a correlation between microscopic bacterial motion and macroscopic colonial expansion, especially for swarming strains, but no measurements have been obtained for a single strain to relate the microscopic scale to the macroscopic scale. We examined here a single strain (Paenibacillus dendritiformis type T; tip splitting) to determine both the macroscopic growth of colonies and the microscopic bacterial motion within the colonies. Our multiscale measurements for a variety of growth conditions revealed that motion on the microscopic scale and colonial growth are largely independent. Instead, the growth of the colony is strongly affected by the availability of a surfactant that reduces surface tension.
36
Rao, R. Rama. "Developing Countries: Threats to Their Security." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 42, no. 1 (January 1986): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492848604200102.
Full textAbstract:
Most developing countries in Asia, Africa and the Caribbean were, until recently, colonies of one or other Western power. The nations of Central and South America too were under the colonial rule of Spain and Portugal. But these Western powers had to vacate their Latin American colonies partly because of pressures by United States and partly because of indigenous freedom movements. In contrast, Asian and African people enslaved by European powers regained their freedom only when the latter had to retreat to their home countries after the Second World War. The United States had then also played its part in facilitating this retreat by Western powers. Colonial rule extending over centuries had effectively reduced the local inhabitants of colonial Asia and Africa to the status of serfs in their own countries impoverishing them and stifling their initiative. This was inevitable considering that the objectives of colonial rulers were to exploit the natural resources of their colonies and utilise the latter's geo-strategic locations to serve their own imperial interests.
37
Jacobson, Liesbeth Rosen. "‘Preparing Children of Colonialism for a Postcolonial Future’: A Comparison of Orphanages for Eurasians in the Dutch East Indies, British India, and French Indochina during the Decolonisation Period, 1930–1975." Journal of Migration History 4, no. 1 (March 21, 2018): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00401002.
Full textAbstract:
In most colonies children of mixed European and indigenous origin were a concern for colonial authorities, who feared that if these children were abandoned by their European fathers they could harm white prestige, and with that endanger the colonial project. This article compares European-run orphanages in the Dutch East Indies, British India and French Indochina on the eve of decolonisation. At that time, the leaders of the orphanages and the older children in all three colonies faced a dilemma: should the Eurasian children leave or stay after decolonisation? In this article I look at how the orphanages dealt with the impending decolonisation, and how differences in this process between the colonies can be explained. I answer these questions by using archival material from orphanages in the three colonial contexts. I conclude that the differences between the contexts were explained best by the type of legal position Eurasians had in each colony.
38
FERGUSON, NIALL, and MORITZ SCHULARICK. "The Empire Effect: The Determinants of Country Risk in the First Age of Globalization, 1880–1913." Journal of Economic History 66, no. 2 (June 2006): 283–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205070600012x.
Full textAbstract:
This article reassesses the importance of colonial status to investors before 1914 by means of multivariable regression analysis of the data available to contemporaries. We show that British colonies were able to borrow in London at significantly lower rates of interest than noncolonies precisely because of their colonial status, which mattered more than either gold standard adherence or the sustainability of fiscal policies. The “empire effect” was, on average, a discount of around 100 basis points, rising to around 175 basis points for the underdeveloped African and Asian colonies. Colonial status significantly reduced the default risk perceived by investors.
39
Bolt, Jutta, and Leigh Gardner. "How Africans Shaped British Colonial Institutions: Evidence from Local Taxation." Journal of Economic History 80, no. 4 (October 2, 2020): 1189–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050720000455.
Full textAbstract:
The institutions that governed most of the rural population in British colonial Africa have been neglected in the literature on colonialism. We use new data on local governments, or “Native Authorities,” to present the first quantitative comparison of African institutions under indirect rule in four colonies in 1948: Nigeria, the Gold Coast, Nyasaland, and Kenya. Tax data show that Native Authorities’ capacity varied within and between colonies, due to both underlying economic inequalities and African elites’ relations with the colonial government. Our findings suggest that Africans had a bigger hand in shaping British colonial institutions than often acknowledged.
40
Mirzekhanov, Velikhan. "Civilisation and the Excluded: Ideas and Practices of Differentiation in the Colonies during the Interbellum." ISTORIYA 13, no. 9 (119) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840022994-2.
Full textAbstract:
In this article the author analyses the complex nature of the relationship between Europeans and local populations in the colonies. The colonisation process implied an 'alliance' of political dominance and cultural hegemony. Colonisation was an exercise of power structured by distinctions. Although the Great War undermined the white man's civilising image, it by no means destroyed his civilising impulse. After 1918, all colonial powers gradually shifted to a “developmental” style and humanitarian rhetoric of colonial rule more in keeping with the spirit of the times. However, ideas and practices of differentiation, exclusion, segregation and everyday racism towards the indigenous population of the colonies continued to be normative. Opposition between Europeans and local populations thus remained characteristic of most colonial communities. The smooth operation of the system was conditioned by a clearly delineated divide between the coloniser and the colonised. Ideas of superiority and racial doctrines continued to shape the colonial situation in the 1920s and 1930s. Segregation and exclusion from political and social life of local elites and populations divided European colonial societies, at the heart of which was the indigenous type. It modestly participated in shaping their own destiny under the leadership of the colonisers, being one of the main elements of differentiation and exclusion in the colonies between the two world wars. Despite the active rapprochement and diversity of communicative practices between the 'men of empire' and the local non-European population in the colonies, there remained a clear caesura of the differences between them.
41
Arneil, Barbara. "Domestic Colonies in Canada: Rethinking the Definition of Colony." Canadian Journal of Political Science 51, no. 3 (February 26, 2018): 497–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423917001469.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractWhat is a colony? In this article, I reconsider the meaning of colony in light of the existence of domestic colonies in Canada around the turn of the twentieth century. The two case studies examined are farm colonies for the mentally disabled and ill in Ontario and British Columbia and utopian colonies for Doukhobors in Saskatchewan. I show how both kinds of colonies are characterized by the same three principles found in Lockean settler colonialism: segregation, agrarian labour on uncultivated soil and improvement/cultivation of people and land. Defining “colony” in this way is theoretically interesting as it is different from the definition found in most dictionaries and post-colonial scholarship. There is also an inherent contradiction within domestic colonies as they both support state power over indigenous peoples, Doukhobors and the mentally ill and disabled but also challenge the principles of domination, individualism, private property and sovereignty upon which the Canadian settler state was founded.
42
Karadge, Uma, Minja Gosto, and Matthew Nicotra. "Friend or foe? How an invertebrate distinguishes self from non-self in a natural histocompatibility interaction. (TRAN3P.912)." Journal of Immunology 192, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2014): 202.51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.202.51.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The existence of sophisticated self/non-self systems is not limited to vertebrates. Several colonial marine invertebrates have evolved systems that distinguish between conspecifics via cell-cell contact. This phenomenon, known as allorecognition, occurs when colonies encounter each other as they grow across their substrate. Compatible colonies fuse or co-exist, while incompatible colonies reject and often aggressively compete for space. In all taxa studied to date, allorecognition phenotypes are determined by highly polymorphic loci, which ensure that colonies are only compatible with themselves or close kin. How allorecognition molecules achieve this specificity remains unknown. Allorecognition in Hydractinia is controlled by at least two genes, alr1 and alr2, which encode highly polymorphic transmembrane proteins similar to immunoglobulin superfamily molecules. Colonies with matching alleles at alr1 and alr2 fuse, while colonies with no matching alleles reject. Using in vitro assays with recombinant proteins, we demonstrate that alr1 alleles bind to themselves but not to other alr1 alleles. We suggest that, in vivo, compatibility between colonies is also determined by allele-specific homophilic binding of alr proteins. Since fusion is rare in nature and single populations contain hundreds of unique alr alleles, the Hydractinia allorecognition system appears to be based on a biophysical mechanism with unprecedented allelic diversity and specificity.
43
McConnel, Katie. "The Centrepiece of Colonial Queensland's Celebration and Commemoration of Royalty and Empire: Government House, Brisbane." Queensland Review 16, no. 2 (July 2009): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600005080.
Full textAbstract:
Her Majesty's birthday was right royally celebrated last evening by His Excellency the Governor on the occasion of the annual birthday ball at government house.‘Royalty’ and ‘Empire’ were, throughout the second half of the nineteenth century. of supreme significance to all the Australian colonies. While each colony was well integrated within the Imperial framework, they remained largely reliant on the economic and geopolitical management of the British Empire. Though different colonial/national identities developed in Australia, the colonies' economic, military and diplomatic dependence on Britain strongly orientated them towards the Queen and ‘home’. Colonial Governors served as the vital link between the colonies and both the Imperial government and the Queen of the British Empire. Appointed by Britain and entrusted with the same rights, powers and privileges as the Queen, the role of Governor was one of great influence and authority.
44
Moum, Truls, Kjell Einar Erikstad, and Eirik Bjørklid. "Restriction fragment analysis of mitochondrial DNA in Common Murres, Uria aalge, from four Norwegian seabird colonies." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): 1577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-221.
Full textAbstract:
Alcid species (auks) breed in a restricted number of large seabird colonies and are considered highly philopatric. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Common Murres, Uria aalge, from four Norwegian colonies was investigated by restriction analysis to assess the amount of geographic population structure and genetic variability in a colonial breeder. Eleven restriction endonucleases revealed 13 mtDNA genotypes among 51 individuals. Genetic diversity was low, with an average of 0.11% (range 0.0–0.55%) sequence divergence between all individuals. Population divergence within the surveyed region seems to be minimal, demonstrated by the low levels of sequence divergence between colonies and lack of spatial structuring of genotypes. Such results can be expected if birds originated from a smaller ancestral population during glaciation, and may have been reinforced by repeated population bottlenecks and considerable gene flow between colonies.
45
Olukoju, Ayodeji. "Slamming the ‘Open Door’: British Protectionist Fiscal Policy in Inter-War Nigeria." Itinerario 23, no. 2 (July 1999): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300024748.
Full textAbstract:
Until recently, when it ceased to be an important pastime, scholars engaged in debate over the motives behind, and the nature of, European imperial enterprise in the colonial territories of Africa. Opinion was divided between those who stressed the altruistic goals and the positive impact of the European ‘civilising’ mission in Africa and others who highlighted the ulterior motives behind, and the uncomplimentary features of, colonial rule. One issue in contention as far as British imperialism was concerned, was the policy of ‘free trade’ in the colonies. It was held by some that Britain operated the ‘imperialism of Free Trade’, that is, it hid under the espousal of that policy in order to acquire colonies and to gain advantage over its rivals in the contest for colonial trade. On the other hand, much was made of Britain's ‘open door’ policy in its colonies as contrasted with the French, for example, who were for the most part protectionists. Yet, as a number of studies have shown, the British were no less protectionist given certain circumstances, and this case study provides further examples of this tendency in inter-war Nigeria. To place the discussion in a proper context, we shall clarify the nature of the fiscal system in British colonies, for this was the linchpin of the administration and the key to understanding economic policy.
46
Furby, Kathryn Anne, Jennifer Ellen Smith, and Stuart Adrian Sandin. "Porites superfusamortality and recovery from a bleaching event at Palmyra Atoll, USA." PeerJ 5 (May 2, 2017): e3204. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3204.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundThe demography of a coral colony is not a binary trajectory of life and death. Based on the flexibility afforded by colonial organization, most reef-building corals employ a variety of dynamic survival strategies, including growth and shrinkage. The demographic flexibility affects coral size, shape and reproductive output, among other factors. It is thus critical to quantify the relative importance of key dynamics of recruitment, mortality, growth and shrinkage in changing the overall cover of coral on a reef.MethodsUsing fixed photographic quadrats, we tracked the patterns of change in the cover of one common central Pacific coral,Porites superfusa, before and after the 2009 ENSO event.ResultsCoral colonies suffered both whole and partial colony mortality, although larger colonies were more likely to survive. In subsequent years, recruitment of new colonies and regrowth of surviving colonies both contributed to the modest recovery ofP. superfusa.DiscussionThis study is unique in its quantitative comparisons of coral recruitment versus regrowth during periods of areal expansion. Our data suggest that recovery is not limited simply to the long pathway of settlement, recruitment and early growth of new colonies but is accelerated by means of regrowth of already established colonies having suffered partial mortality.
47
Blackall, Pat J. "Pasteur, rabbits and Cumberland disease." Microbiology Australia 41, no. 4 (2020): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma20054.
Full textAbstract:
This article outlines the generally well known story of the attempt by Louis Pasteur to win the significant reward offered by the colonial governments of what would become Australia for biological control of the rabbit plague then infesting the continent. While the Pasteur bid, led by his nephew Adrien Loir, was not awarded the prize, there were significant flow-on benefits for agriculture in the colonies. The major benefit was the production of an effective vaccine for what the colonials called Cumberland disease (now known as anthrax). Loir also developed and/or provided vaccines for bovine pleuropneumonia and blackleg of cattle. Benefits also flowed back to France as the funds from the Cumberland disease vaccine sales to the colonial farmers helped support the newly established Pasteur Institute. The on-going controversy in the colonies and in the early days of the new nation of Australia over the use of a biological control agent (the organism we now know as Pasteurella multocida) is covered. This includes how a proposed biological control program using P. multocida became part of a class war. Finally, the irony that history continues to repeat itself – Hollywood’s recently most famous dogs (Pistol and Boo) were simply repeating the story line of Star and Chouette - is covered.
48
Maćkowska, Katarzyna. "PRZESTĘPSTWA I KARY W REGULACJACH PRAWNYCH NOWOANGIELSKICH KOLONII W AMERYCE PÓŁNOCNEJ W XVII WIEKU." Zeszyty Prawnicze 11, no. 2 (December 21, 2016): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2011.11.2.14.
Full textAbstract:
CRIMES AND PUNISHMENTS IN LEGAL REGULATIONS OF NEW ENGLAND COLONIES IN THE 17TH CENTURY Summary The subject of this article pertains to a colonial criminal law of New England colonies in 17th century. There are few studies on this matter, however the dominating aspects relates to a history of constitutional solutions. Comparison between normative aspect and examples of their application undoubtedly confirms some undemocratic background of colonial life. Moreover, contemporary interest in historical sciences seems to be increasing what should be sufficient reason for refreshing the older researches. Although New England colonies were founded under specific circumstances implied by relation between state and religion, they manager to set up a public system of criminal law. Nonetheless, colonists, while mainly focused on constitutional basis for their self-government, they used English and biblical paradigms for criminal regulations. One may find, however, that colonial documents consisted of rules describing a meaning of selected crimes and created relatively systematic catalogues. Detailed problems here analyzed are as following: general features of colonial criminal laws, crimes against a state and a government, against religion, against an individual and a property, against a family, crimes connected to administrative indications and selected instances of penalties.
49
Wilson, Scott. "Abundance, distribution, and species assemblages of colonial waterbirds in the boreal region of west-central Manitoba and east-central Saskatchewan." Canadian Field-Naturalist 127, no. 3 (December 2, 2013): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v127i3.1483.
Full textAbstract:
Central and southern Manitoba contain some of the largest breeding populations of several colonial waterbird species in North America. Despite the value of this region for waterbirds, very little monitoring has been conducted on Lake Winnipeg, Lake Winnipegosis, or Lake Manitoba in the past three decades and little is known about the smaller boreal lakes in adjacent areas to the north. In June 2011, boat surveys were conducted on 11 boreal lakes in west-central Manitoba and east-central Saskatchewan to examine current abundance and distribution of colonial waterbirds in that region. Data from this survey were compared with abundance of colonial waterbirds on Lake Winnipegosis and Lake Manitoba from an aerial survey of these lakes in 2012. Waterbird colonies were located on 7 of the 11 lakes in 2011 and included Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) (2373 adults, 1134 pairs in 7 colonies), Common Terns (Sterna hirundo) (1367 adults, 772 pairs in 29 colonies), Forster’s Terns (Sterna forsteri) (20 adults, 11 pairs in 1 colony), Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus) (876 adults, 568 pairs in 23 colonies), and Ring-billed Gulls (Larus delawarensis) (3752 adults, 16 colonies). Common Terns and Herring Gulls appeared to be predominantly breeders and pair abundance for both species increased in a sigmoidal fashion; lakes <100 km2 in area had few breeding pairs. Numbers of Double-crested Cormorants and especially, Ring-billed Gulls, may have included a sizeable non-breeding component. Densities (pairs/lake area) of Common Terns and Herring Gulls were about 2 and 4 times higher, respectively, on these lakes than on Lake Winnipegosis and Lake Manitoba, while Double-crested Cormorant and Ring-billed Gull densities were higher on lakes Winnipegosis and Manitoba. Additional studies of productivity in relation to lake characteristics and connectivity among colonies throughout the region would further our understanding of the importance and sustainability of waterbird populations in this region of the boreal forest.
50
Lindner, Ulrike. "The transfer of European social policy concepts to tropical Africa, 1900–50: the example of maternal and child welfare." Journal of Global History 9, no. 2 (May 23, 2014): 208–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022814000047.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractConcerns about a sinking birth rate and possible ‘national degeneration’ led to the implementation of various measures in maternal and child welfare across Europe at the dawn of the twentieth century. Infant health was strongly connected with the idea of population as both a national and imperial resource. In the colonies of the imperial powers, similar issues started to be addressed later, mostly after the First World War, when colonial administrations, who until then had predominantly worried about the health of the white European colonizers, started to take an interest in the health of the indigenous population. This article investigates the transfer of maternal and infant health policies from Britain and Germany to their tropical African colonies and protectorates. It argues that colonial health policy developed in a complex interplay between imperial strategies and preconceptions as well as local reactions and demands, mostly reifying racial demarcation lines in colonial societies. It focuses on examples from German East Africa, which became the British Tanganyika mandate after the First World War, and from the British sub-Saharan colonies Kenya and Nigeria.