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1
Liou, Tzeng Chyuan. "Les Colonisations agricoles (colonies militaires, colonies marchandes et colonies agricoles) sous la dynastie des Ming : 1368-1644." Paris, EHESS, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989EHES0030.
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Ma these comprend six parties, dont le contenu est le suivant: dans l'introduction, je presente l'essentiel des documents historique sur lesquels je me suis appuye pour rediger ma these, ainsi que la methode que j'ai utilisee. La deuxieme partie donne une description du regime des colonies militaires, et j'essaie de definir ce qu'implique ce regime : l'origine des garnisons et des postes, les familles de l'armee, et enfin la formation, l'apogee et le declin du regime des colonies militaires. La troisieme partie analyse les resultats obtenus, sur le plan economique, par les colonies militaires, en centrant ma recherche sur le hexi, le liaodong, le yunnan et taiwan. Dans la quatrieme partie, je decris les differences qui existaient entre colonies militaires, colonies paysannes et colonies marchandes, et j'essaie plus particulierement de comprendre leur organisation, leur nature et leurs resultats. La cinquieme partie traite de l'effondrement du systeme des colonies militaires, et je me penche sur les raisons de cet effondrement : l'augmentation des dotations annuelles, l'emploi des soldats au benefice d'interets prives, les accaparements des riches, les destructions causees par les guerres, et latransformation des terres des colonies militaires en terres paysannesThe first chapter, which is also the introduction, presents the main referential historical documents, as well as the method employed. The second chapter is a description on the regime of the "colonies of armies" in the ming dynasty. In the third chapter, an analysis of the economic achievements of the "reclaimation colonies of armies" is made, focused on the provinces of hexi, yunnan and taiwan. Chapter four, it is mainly a distinction among the "reclaimation colonies" of armies, of peasants, and of merchants; their organisations, natures and achievements are particularly studied. Chapter five comes to the collapse of the regime of the "reclaimation colonies of armies". Finally, the thesis is concluded in chapter six
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Jones, Margaret. "British colonial health policy 1900-1940 : Ceylon and the Asian colonies." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325805.
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Dorel-Ferré, Gracia. "Les colonies industrielles en Catalogne : le cas de la Colonia Sedo." Paris, EHESS, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989EHES0045.
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L'etude de la colonia sedo a permis de decrire la genese et le developpement d'une colonie industrielle consacree a la production de tissus de coton (origine des entrepreneurs, motivations, raisons du choix d' implantation, conditions de la production, identification de la clientele. . . ). On a pu mettre en evidence la dependance de l'entreprise par rapport a la source d'energie et la recherche des moyens pour en augmenter la puissance. On a souligne les politiques d'attraction d'une main d'oeuvre, aussi bien d'origine industrielle que paysanne. On a pu suivre la conquete progressive d'un marche interieur de plus en plus etendu, seul debouche reel d'une production sensible aux crises et tres concurrencee sur le plan international. Enfin, l'etude de cas a pu mettre en evidence les strategies patronales vis a vis d'une main d'oeuvre revendicative, profondement travaillee par les mots d'ordre de la 1ere internationale. A la fin du siecle, le systeme des colonies industrielles porte ses fruits et aboutit a une veritable domestication de la population ouvriere.
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Hattori, Mina. "National and colonial language discourses in Japan and its colonies, 1868-1945." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/38131.
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This thesis focuses on the colonialist discourse in Japanese linguistics in the period from 1868 to 1945, the time when Japan changed from a semi-feudal isolated country to a modernized nation and a colonizer. To address the complexity caused by such rapid development, and namely, to show how modernization and colonialism shaped Japanese language studies during this period, I present my analysis in two parts: the first part explores multiple facets of Japanese language education in the colonial period, both on Japanese territory and in Japanese colonies, particularly on the Korean Peninsula; the second part is a study of language manuals for Japanese soldiers. Although I examine some multilingual manuals, my main focus is on Korean language manuals because their number far exceeds that of other languages and also because Korea is my primary research area.
My claim is that a careful examination of language manuals as well as of Japanese language education both in Japan and its colonies reveals one of the characteristic features of Japanese colonial linguistics: a situation when a standard-in-the-making was simultaneously being exported to colonial sites with variable success rates. Before the Japanese language went abroad, and more importantly, after its export, the struggle over what kind of Japanese language to teach continued to be a matter of controversy and was never settled until the U.S. occupied Japan and implemented educational reforms. But superimposed on all the debates was always the conflicting concept of kokugo (national language), which was so over-politicized that it precluded the possibility of any academic reforms or structural refinements in tandem with its political expansion overseas. As my study shows, one of the reasons for this complexity was that not only nationalism but also pan-Asianist discourse played a significant role in the Japanese colonial enterprise in East Asia. The language manuals for Japanese soldiers that I examine were published between 1882 and 1935. As the publication years grow more recent, we can see, in the prefaces and the contents, shifts in the forms of nationalism and pan-Asianist rhetoric occurring simultaneously with the rise of colonialist discourse.
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Mateer, Evan. "Colonial Union : plans to unite the American colonies from 1696 to 1763." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1457.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Arts and Humanities
History
6
Morando, Laurent. "Les instituts coloniaux et l'Afrique : 1893-1940 : ambitions nationales, réussites locales." Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX10062.
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Certains " grands ancêtres étrangers " sont des références pour les Instituts coloniaux français qui, sauf celui de Nancy, sont des associations privées. Le premier Institut colonial est créé à Marseille en 1893 grâce au concours de la Chambre de Commerce. Son but est de développer la recherche scientifique et l'enseignement colonial pour permettre une mise en valeur rationnelle de l'Empire. Deux autres Instituts sont fondés à Bordeaux et à Nancy (1901 et 1902). Durant la Grande Guerre, ils remplissent un rôle d'expertise auprès du gouvernement pour le ravitaillement de la métropole en produits coloniaux, notamment les arachides de l'A. O. F. L'Institut colonial français est fondé à Paris en 1920. Il a une ambition nationale. Les années 1920 voient les dernières créations en France et en Europe : Nice (1927), Le Havre (1929), Amsterdam (1926). Si les années 1920 constituent l'âge d'or des Instituts coloniaux, les années 1930 sont une période de crise et de mutations. Les grandes Expositions coloniales organisées par la Chambre de Commerce de Marseille en 1906 et 1922 ont pour but de présenter l'Empire au grand public. La propagande coloniale des Instituts est multiforme : expositions permanentes, temporaires, stands dans diverses foires, conférences, propagande scolaire. Son efficacité reste limitée. L'administration refuse d'étendre aux grandes Chambres de Commerce le recrutement des administrateurs coloniaux réservé à l'École coloniale de Paris. Elles fondent alors un enseignement colonial supérieur destiné à former les cadres économiques nécessaires à la mise en valeur de l'Empire. Cet enseignement répond le plus souvent aux besoins locaux grâce à un contenu pratique et un corps enseignant stable et compétent. Certains Instituts créent des services de documentation et de recherche scientifique et technique au service des entreprises adhérentes. Cette action locale et pratique rencontre un vif succès. Les Instituts les plus actifs participent aux grands débats doctrinaux, notamment douanier, concernant la mise en valeur de l'Empire.
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Saada, Emmanuelle. "La "question des métis" dans les colonies françaises : socio-histoire d'une catégorie juridique (Indochine et autres territoires de l'Empire français, années 1890-années 1950)." Paris, EHESS, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EHES0002.
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RODRIGUES, FLAVIA ARRUDA. "NARRATIVES OF DOMINATION IN GENERAL AGENCY OF COLONIES’ COLONIAL LITERATURE CONTEST (1926-1951)." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=16487@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIORCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma análise da construção discursiva da colonialidade portuguesa a partir da leitura de narrativas que receberam o Prêmio de Literatura Colonial da Agência Geral das Colónias (AGC), distinção concedida pelo Estado Novo português entre 1926 e 1951. Trata-se do estudo dos processos de dominação e hierarquização social realizados pela via literária nas antigas colônias de Moçambique, Angola, e Timor-Leste. Para tanto, três obras foram privilegiadas para leitura: Oiro africano, Na pista do marfim e da morte: reportagens vividas e escritas por Ferreira da Costa e Gentio de Timor, escritas pelos colonialistas portugueses Julião Quintinha, Ferreira da Costa e Armando Pinto Corrêa nos anos de 1929, 1944 e 1935, respectivamente. Além de destacar e analisar aspectos significativos do discurso colonial, este trabalho evidencia, em paralelo, a dimensão política e cultural desses textos, que, usados como ferramenta da ação colonial, acabaram também fazendo um autorretrato dos próprios portugueses que colonizaram aquelas terras. Faz-se, ainda, pela análise de fontes primárias como materiais de jornais de época, uma correlação entre o lançamento dos títulos no mercado editorial português, a atuação social de seus autores como articulistas na imprensa e os papeis que exerceram como educadores ou administradores coloniais.
The aim of this work is to draw an analysis of the discursive construction of the portuguese coloniality trough the reading of narratives that won the General Agency of Colonies` Colonial Literature Prize, an award granted by the portuguese Estado Novo between 1926 and 1951. It focuses on the study of domination and social hierarchization set up by literary means in the former colonies of Mozambique, Angola and East Timor. For such task, three books were chosen: Oiro africano, Na pista do marfim e da morte: reportagens vividas e escritas por Ferreira da Costa e Gentio de Timor, respectively written by portuguese colonialists Julião Quintinha, Ferreira da Costa and Armando Pinto Corrêa in 1929, 1944 and 1935. Besides pointing out relevant aspects of the colonial discourse, this work highlights the cultural and political dimension of these texts, wich, used as a tool for the colonial action, ended out by making a portrait of the same portuguese people who colonized those lands. Still, the release of those titles in the portuguese editorial market is put into perspective with the authors` social performance as news articulists and their roles as educators or colonial managers. Primary sources, as newspapers, help accomplish this work.
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Salmon, Élodie. "L'Académie des Sciences coloniales. Une histoire de la « République lointaine » au XXème siècle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUL056.
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C’est une « certaine idée de la France » que cette thèse se propose de dépeindre à travers l’histoire de l’Académie des Sciences coloniales (ASC), aujourd’hui Académie des Sciences d’Outre-mer, de sa création en 1922 aux années 1970. Contribuant à l’étude des « sciences coloniales » et de leur rapport au pouvoir, l’examen de cette société savante est une porte d’entrée vers plusieurs champs relatifs à la pensée coloniale et ses prolongements. Généraliste, pluridisciplinaire et modelée par des personnalités parmi les plus influentes de l’ancien « parti colonial », l’ASC est représentative des milieux coloniaux de l’entre-deux-guerres. L’étude de sa composition permet de cerner les contours d’une véritable « classe coloniale », intégrée à la classe dirigeante française, farouchement souverainiste et chantre de la « notion d’empire ». La pensée qu’incarnent ces coloniaux associe intimement l’universalisme du messianisme républicain français, et le relativisme particulariste propre à la domination de l’Autre. Ces deux postulats théoriquement opposés ont longtemps été traduits par la formulation d’une contradiction dans l’idée d’une République colonisatrice. L’expression « République lointaine », qui décrit à la fois une réalité géographique et une approche conceptuelle, est forgée à l’occasion de ce travail pour récuser ce faux paradoxe. Il s’agit ainsi d’analyser les évolutions de cette pensée, dont les deux composantes caractérisent l’ensemble de la période étudiée.La résilience et les adaptations de cette Académie, qui survit à sa raison d’être et en devient le conservatoire mémoriel, méritent enfin une attention toute particulière. Par ce prisme, on parcourt les conversions terminologique, thématique et réticulaire de la classe coloniale dans son ensemble. Décolonisation des mots, introduction des thèmes fédérateurs que sont la coopération et la francophonie, dilution et ouverture internationale de l’ancienne classe coloniale sont au cœur de cette transitionThis thesis proposes to study a “ certain vision“ of France through the History of the Académie des Sciences coloniales (ASC) now called the Académie des Sciences d’Outre-mer, since its formation in 1922 until the 1970’s. Contributing to the analysis of the “colonial sciences” and its connections with the centre of power, the research about this society of experts is a gateway towards several fields regarding the colonial thought and its developments.Generalist, multidisciplinary and created by some of very important personalities from the ancient “parti colonial”, the ASC is representative of the French colonial circles of the interwar period. The study of its composition allows us to outline a real “colonial class”, part of the French ruling class, fiercely sovereignist and promoting the “empire notion”. The thought which embodies these “coloniaux” combines closely the universalism of the French Republic messianism and the particularist relativism proper to the domination of “the Other”. Those two postulates are theoretically opposite. For a long time, the historiography has presented the fact that the colonisation by the French republic is contradictory to its original premise. The expression “République lointaine” (“Distant Republic”) which is both a geographic reality and a conceptual approach is forged to refute this false paradox. This work leads to an analysis of this thought evolution.The resilience and the adaptation of this Academy, which outlasts its fundamental purpose, becoming its “memorial repository”, deserve at least a specific attention. Through this research subject, we observe terminological, thematic and reticular conversions of the entire “colonial class”. Decolonization of words, introduction of the integrating themes of cooperation and francophonie, dilution of the former “colonial class” and its opening to the international networks, are indeed crucial to understand this transition
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Hayward, Rebecca K. "Resource distribution in ant colonies." Thesis, University of Bath, 2010. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527789.
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The distribution of resources is vital to any system or society. This is particularly true of social insect colonies where independent access to resources is not available to all members. Only a fraction of individuals are responsible for obtaining food for the colony from outside the nest. Surprisingly little is known about how this food is subsequently distributed to members inside the nest. The work in this thesis is focused around a set of food distribution experiments conducted using four colonies of the ant Temnothorax albipennis. The study applies a well-used technique in a new way to investigate the distribution of food under two different scenarios: feeding under normal conditions and famine relief feeding after a period of starvation. All ants in each colony are marked and then individually tracked recording every feeding interaction to obtain a complete network of food transmission. This work has shown that all four colonies efficiently relieved the famine within 30 minutes of introducing new food. This process was facilitated by workers abandoning their spatial structure and expanding their space use; feeding multiple recipients from a single donor; and simultaneously spreading stored food and new food. Recruitment of foragers did not play a major role in relieving the famine but foragers were responsible for most of the first round of feeding. The study revealed that not all members received the same amount of food and most ants received food in multiple feeding interactions. The transmission pathways used to distribute the food present an opportunity for harmful substances to spread. The pathways are explored in this context to see whether the colonies might aim to minimize the spread by partitioning the pathways or maximise spread by mixing to promote social immunity. The study reveals behavioural differences between the four colonies which are likely to result from the inherent variation in demographic and geometric properties. These differences highlight the flexibility of ant colonies during problem solving under different conditions.
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Pirk, Christian Walter Werner. "Reproductive conflicts in honeybee colonies." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005443.
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In advanced eusocial hymenopteran societies workers have ovaries and can lay eggs, but are unable to mate. Workers are more related to their own offspring than to every other member of the colony. So worker reproduction contains both worker-worker and worker-queen conflict. The queen- worker conflict is discussed elsewhere, but if the queen mates with more than two males, worker policing should be selected to lower potential conflicts. However in the Cape honeybee it was predicted that worker policing is absent or less expressed than in other honeybee subspecies, because workers produce female offspring thelytokously. So laying workers and their offspring are nearly genetically identical, which results in the fact that other workers are as related to workers derived from eggs laid by the queen as laid by a worker. However, worker reproduction may be costly and therefore worker policing could be an evolutionary adaptation in the Cape honeybee to lower the costs derived from laying worker activity. Indeed, Cape honeybee colonies show efficient egg removal behaviour, suggesting that other factors like colony efficiency could favour egg removal behaviour. Since egg removal behaviour is a colony phenomenon, factors that affect colony performance could also affect egg removal behaviour. Egg removal behaviour was considerably affected by environmental changes, indicating that other tasks have a higher priority than egg removal behaviour. Thousands of queenright colonies of the neighbouring subspecies (A. m. scutellata) were taken over by laying A. m. capensis workers, showing that A. m. capensis workers are facultative social parasites. These observations strongly indicate that laying workers of A. m. capensis are able to evade worker policing and the inhibitory effects of the queen pheromones, but what potential strategies could these laying workers use to increase the survival of their eggs and evade the queen? On the one hand, egg removal behaviour is variable. One behavioural strategy of laying workers to achieve successful reproduction could be that they lay during periods with low egg removal behaviour. On the other hand, the inhibitory effect of the queen’s pheromones diminishes with distance. Maybe the level of egg removal also depends, like the inhibitory effect of the queen pheromones, on the distance from the queen. Indeed, further away from the queen the effect of the queen pheromone and the level of egg removal is reduced, making successful worker reproduction possible. In both subspecies, A. m. capensis and A. m. scutellata, egg removal behaviour is reduced further away from the queen. In the case of A. m. scutellata egg removal is lacking further away from the queen. This explains why colonies of scutellata are so prone to takeovers by laying Cape honeybee workers. One question in the context of parasitic Cape honeybees is how they manage to get into the host colony. One way could be that they get into the colonies during a natural colony merger which is common in African bees. Two unrelated colonies merged and it took them only 24 hours to show effective integration. Because both colonies are unrelated, the potential reproductive conflict among workers should be more strongly expressed than in a normal colony, which is not the result of a merger. Therefore, the effect of nestmate recognition for eggs on the egg removal behaviour was investigated. The results suggest that workers recognise the origin of an egg and that the standard policing experiments overestimate the level of egg removal and only represent relative values. Moreover, the results show that colony specific components on the eggs are more important than a postulated queen egg marking pheromone. Finally, for the first time empirical evidence from a population of the parasitic laying Cape honeybee workers, invading thousands of colonies of A. m. scutellata in northern South Africa, for a short-sighted selection theory is presented.
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Goodwin, James Royce. "Vibrational microspectroscopy of bacterial colonies." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2006. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16478/1/James_Goodwin_Thesis.pdf.
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Vibrational spectroscopy, mainly infrared spectroscopy, has been applied to bacteria, yeast and archaea cells for many years, for example, for the purpose of developing a rapid method of identification. More recently microcolonies have been used for consistency with the preparation and culture protocols of traditional microbiological methods. Heterogeneity of microcolonies has not been well studied. Investigation of heterogeneity may provide detailed biochemical information leading to an understanding of how colonies grow and the link to the growth cycle.
Investigation of regions within bacterial colonies using FT-IR microspectroscopy was applied to two prokaryotes, the Gram-negative archaeon Halobacterium salinarium and the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus stearothermophilus. Two-dimensional maps of the entire colony and point maps, spectra taken from key regions such as the periphery and centre of the colony, were acquired. The approximate size of the colonies ranged from 250-950 μm.
The infrared data for the Gram-negative archaeon, H. salinarium supports that for the Gram-positive bacterium, B. stearothermophilus, despite the microorganisms being of different domains and Gram types. It was concluded that the periphery of the microcolony approximately equates to the exponential growth phase (and possibly the lag phase) where the younger cells reside, while the centre approximates to the death and stationary phases. However the spatial resolution proved to be a limiting factor, so Raman microspectroscopy was employed to address this.
Raman spectra across the diameter of microcolonies ranging from 100-300 μm of the pigmented bacterial species Halobacterium salinarium revealed variations in the carotenoid bands. It was suggested that these variations correspond to growth rings, which relate to the growth cycle and the consolidation and migration phase of the cells. The carotenoid variation was rather clear mainly due to the enhanced spectral intensity due to resonance with the laser excitation source. Hence, pigmented bacterial colonies are ideal to study by Raman spectroscopy. The results of this particular aspect of the research are to be published in the Journal of Raman Spectroscopy [1]. In addition, a connection between the consolidation and migration phases and the phases of the growth cycle has been postulated as a novel hypothesis to link the periodic dynamics of the colony and the growth mechanisms at the cellular level.
The Raman microspectroscopic study was extended to non-pigmented bacterial colonies directly on the growth medium. This was a more difficult endeavour as the spectra taken do not have the resonance enhanced advantage of a pigmented bacterium. In addition the sampling volume can consist of variable amounts of growth medium thus decreasing the signal-to-noise ratio and reducing the accuracy of subsequent spectral calculations. However, this was overcome to a large extent by the use of confocal microscopy. The non-pigmented bacterial colonies investigated were Bacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus subtilis. Analysis, by band area ratios and by chemometric approaches, of radial line map spectra of both Bacillus species revealed variation of nucleic acid concentration. The higher nucleic acid concentration is likely to be a result of cells in the exponential growth phase as rapid growth of new cells is occurring.
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Goodwin, James Royce. "Vibrational microspectroscopy of bacterial colonies." Queensland University of Technology, 2006. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16478/.
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Vibrational spectroscopy, mainly infrared spectroscopy, has been applied to bacteria, yeast and archaea cells for many years, for example, for the purpose of developing a rapid method of identification. More recently microcolonies have been used for consistency with the preparation and culture protocols of traditional microbiological methods. Heterogeneity of microcolonies has not been well studied. Investigation of heterogeneity may provide detailed biochemical information leading to an understanding of how colonies grow and the link to the growth cycle. Investigation of regions within bacterial colonies using FT-IR microspectroscopy was applied to two prokaryotes, the Gram-negative archaeon Halobacterium salinarium and the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus stearothermophilus. Two-dimensional maps of the entire colony and point maps, spectra taken from key regions such as the periphery and centre of the colony, were acquired. The approximate size of the colonies ranged from 250-950 μm. The infrared data for the Gram-negative archaeon, H. salinarium supports that for the Gram-positive bacterium, B. stearothermophilus, despite the microorganisms being of different domains and Gram types. It was concluded that the periphery of the microcolony approximately equates to the exponential growth phase (and possibly the lag phase) where the younger cells reside, while the centre approximates to the death and stationary phases. However the spatial resolution proved to be a limiting factor, so Raman microspectroscopy was employed to address this. Raman spectra across the diameter of microcolonies ranging from 100-300 μm of the pigmented bacterial species Halobacterium salinarium revealed variations in the carotenoid bands. It was suggested that these variations correspond to growth rings, which relate to the growth cycle and the consolidation and migration phase of the cells. The carotenoid variation was rather clear mainly due to the enhanced spectral intensity due to resonance with the laser excitation source. Hence, pigmented bacterial colonies are ideal to study by Raman spectroscopy. The results of this particular aspect of the research are to be published in the Journal of Raman Spectroscopy [1]. In addition, a connection between the consolidation and migration phases and the phases of the growth cycle has been postulated as a novel hypothesis to link the periodic dynamics of the colony and the growth mechanisms at the cellular level. The Raman microspectroscopic study was extended to non-pigmented bacterial colonies directly on the growth medium. This was a more difficult endeavour as the spectra taken do not have the resonance enhanced advantage of a pigmented bacterium. In addition the sampling volume can consist of variable amounts of growth medium thus decreasing the signal-to-noise ratio and reducing the accuracy of subsequent spectral calculations. However, this was overcome to a large extent by the use of confocal microscopy. The non-pigmented bacterial colonies investigated were Bacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus subtilis. Analysis, by band area ratios and by chemometric approaches, of radial line map spectra of both Bacillus species revealed variation of nucleic acid concentration. The higher nucleic acid concentration is likely to be a result of cells in the exponential growth phase as rapid growth of new cells is occurring.
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Fortier, Bénédicte. "Instruction publique et statut colonial : histoire analytique d'un processus d'émancipation dans les quatre vieilles colonies françaises avant 1848." Dijon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DIJOD002.
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Vargaftig, Nadia. "Des empires en carton : les expositions coloniales au Portugal et en Italie (1918-1940)." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA070028.
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Ce travail se propose de croiser deux phénomènes politiques, sociaux et culturels qui ont marqué le vingtième siècle européen : l'expansion du vieux continent par l'impérialisme colonial initié dans les années 1870 et les dictatures fascistes et corporatistes de la période qui sépare les deux conflits mondiaux. Dans une approche comparatiste, il s'agit de comprendre par quels mécanismes les représentations de la colonisation portugaise e italienne telles qu'elles apparaissent dans les expositions coloniales de la période reflètent et renforcent des appareils de domination qui s'exercent sur les sociétés métropolitaines et coloniales. En analysant les modalités de fabrication, en dressant l'inventaire des institutions, organisations et individus mobilisés, puis en examinant les ressorts esthétiques, historiques et scientifiques des expositions, foires et participations du Portugal de Salazar et de l'Italie de Mussolini aux expositions internationales, on cherche à identifier les continuités et les ruptures propres à chaque régime dans son approche et son interprétation du fait colonial. Oi constate ainsi combien ces expositions sont le fruit de rapports de force conjoncturels dans lesquels les réalité: du terrain colonial ne constituent qu'un facteur parmi d'autres, comme l'équilibre des pouvpirs au sein des États fasciste et salazariste, les luttes d'influence entre institutions ou les rivalités intereuropéennes, dans un contexte international particulièrement tendu. Enfin, l'étude de la présence des ressortissants des territoires coloniaux permet de mesurer la dimension raciste de ces mises en scène de la domination européenneThis work proposes to confront two political, social and cultural phenomena that marked the twentieth century in Europe: the expansion of the old continent by colonial imperialism which started in the 1870s and the corporatist and fascist dictatorships of the interwar period. A comparative approach enables to understand the mechanisms by which representations of the Portuguese and Italian colonizations as they appeared in the colonial exhibitions of the period reflected and reinforced devices of domination exerted on metropolitan and colonial societies. Examining the aesthetic, historical and scientific motives of exhibitions, fairs and participations of Salazar's Portugal and Mussolini's Italy in international exhibitions, analyzing their manufacturing arrangements, and finally assessing the institutions, organizations and individuals involved in the process, permits to identify continuities and changes in the approach and interpretation of the colonial fact by each regime. These exhibitions were thus the result of evolving power relations in which the realities of the colonial ground were only one factor among others, as the balance of power in the fascist and salazarist states, struggles of influence between institutions, or inter-European rivalries in a particularly tense international context. Finally, the study of the presence of nationals of colonial territories permits to measure the racial dimension of these stagings of European domination
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Butt, Nouman. "BEE COLONIES APPLIED TO MULTIPROCESSOR SCHEDULING." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Datateknik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-3793.
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In order to achieve the high performance, we need to have an efficient scheduling of a parallelprogram onto the processors in multiprocessor systems that minimizes the entire executiontime. This problem of multiprocessor scheduling can be stated as finding a schedule for ageneral task graph to be executed on a multiprocessor system so that the schedule length can be minimize [10]. This scheduling problem is known to be NP- Hard.In multi processor task scheduling, we have a number of CPU’s on which a number of tasksare to be scheduled that the program’s execution time is minimized. According to [10], thetasks scheduling problem is a key factor for a parallel multiprocessor system to gain betterperformance. A task can be partitioned into a group of subtasks and represented as a DAG(Directed Acyclic Graph), so the problem can be stated as finding a schedule for a DAG to beexecuted in a parallel multiprocessor system so that the schedule can be minimized. Thishelps to reduce processing time and increase processor utilization. The aim of this thesis workis to check and compare the results obtained by Bee Colony algorithm with already generatedbest known results in multi processor task scheduling domain.
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Riddick, Stuart. "Global ammonia emissions from seabird colonies." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2012. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/global-ammonia-emissions-from-seabird-colonies(9052993d-9fa5-4a95-9486-252c7276cb88).html.
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Seabirds transport significant amounts of nitrogen from the ocean to the land in the form of excreta. The subsequent volatilization of nitrogen may result in significant emissions of atmospheric ammonia (NHs) in remote coastal systems. Blackall et aL, (2007) estimated global seabird NHa emissions to be 242 GgN year"1, however their emission estimate was not parameterised for all climate types and is based on old and potentially inaccurate historical population data. -- To update the global seabird NHs emission estimate, a contemporary seabird database of 261 million breeding seabird pairs was developed. This dataset was used in conjunction with a refined version of an existing seabird NHs model (GUANO) to estimate NHs emissions from seabirds in a range of climates. The estimate was further refined by using seabird habitat parameters that were validated through laboratory and field measurements. The field measurements, in various climate types, provide a more robust mechanism by which seabird emission factors could be validated for use in the global model A global seabird NHs emission estimate of 82 [37 - 127] Gg NHs year"1 is presented, with uncertainty as a result of variation in diet composition (± 23 %), non-breeder attendance (±13 %), ground temperature estimates (± 32 %) and seabird population estimates (± 36 %). -- Seabirds in the tropics are more significant emitters than previously thought, whilst emissions from polar regions were less significant than expected. The largest cafculated NHs emissions were on islands in the Southern Ocean and Pacific Ocean, with a maximum colony emission of 3.9 Gg NHs year"1 from the Sooty tern colony on Baker Island, Pacific Oceaa These NHs emissions are environmentally relevant, as they primarily occur as "hot-spots" in otherwise nutrient-free regions and may play a fundamental ecobgical and biogeochemical role in these ecosystems.
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Jeudy, André. "Administrateur des colonies : essai d'autobiographie critique." Paris, EHESS, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987EHES0025.
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Cette these n'a pas un caractere academique, mais un caractere concret, donnant des exemples vecus de ma profession d'administrateur de la france d'outre-mer. Ma carriere s'est deroulee en afrique noire et dans la corne de l'afrique. Ma methode de travail a ete d'ordre chronologique: - ma vocation coloniale. - l'ecole nationale de la france d'outre-mer, avec une critique des enseignements dispenses dans cet etablissement d'enseignement superieur. - mes fonctions d'administrateur de brousse. - mes rapports avec les elements les plus importants des societes africaines auxquels j'ai eu affaire:. Ma collaboration avec les chefs. . Ma collaboration avec les masses. . Ma collaboration avec les evolues. D'aucuns ont voulu parfois comparer le metier d'administrateur colonial avec celui des membres du corps prefectoral. En fait, il n'en est rien. Nous agissions dans un contexte socio-culturel completement different, et ou nos responsabilites etaient plus lourdes, nos initiatives plus grandes et notre vie plus activeDissertation abstract the approach to this dissertation was not purely academic, but it is based upon concrete and matter-of-fact experience. It rests on real life episodes of my professional endeavours as administrator in the french overseas territories. My career took place in black africa and in the horn of africa. The method used in this study was chronological: - a colonial vocation. - the national school of overseas france (ecole nationale de la france d'outre- mer). A critical examination of the teaching methods used in this institute of advanced learning. - my function as administrator in the field. - relationships with the more significant sections of the african societies with which i had to deal. . Working with the chiefs. . Working with the natives. . Working with the developed sectors of society. Some have tried to compare the task of a colonial administrator with that of a member of the french prefectural corps. This comparison is inaccurate. Our field work was involved with a socio-cultural environment that was funda- mentally different, where our responsabilities were heavier, our initiative less restricted and our lives more active
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Jeudy, André. "Administrateur des colonies essai d'autobiographie critique /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37606186n.
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Marinkovic, Zoran. "Self-organization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae colonies." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC260/document.
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L’environnement naturel des levures est constitué d’une communauté de cellules. Les chercheurs, cependant, préfèrent étudier les levures dans des environnements plus simples et homogènes, comme des cultures en cellule unique ou en population, s’affranchissant ainsi de la complexité de la croissance spatiotemporelle, la différentiation, l’auto-organisation, ainsi que la façon dont ces caractéristiques sont formées et s’entrelacent à travers l’évolution et l’écologie. Nous avons mis en place un dispositif microfluidique multicouches permettant la croissance de colonie de levures dans des environnements dynamiques, spatialement structurés, contrôlés, partant d’une monocouche de levures à une colonie multicouches. La croissance des colonies, dans son ensemble comme à des positions spécifiques, est le résultat de la formation d’un gradient de nutriment au sein de celles-ci - gradient qui trouve son origine dans le différent taux de diffusion des nutriments, des taux d’absorption de ceux-ci par les cellules, ainsi que de leurs concentrations initiales. Lorsqu’un nutriment en quantité limitante (par exemple le glucose ou un acide aminé) est épuisé, à une distance spécifique de la source de nutriments, les cellules au sein de la colonie cessent de croitre. Nous avons été en mesure de moduler cette distance spécifique en variant la concentration initiale de nutriments ainsi que le taux d’absorption des cellules. Les motifs d’expression de gènes de la colonie nous ont donné des informations sur la formation de micro environnements spécifiques ainsi que sur le développement subséquent, la différentiation et l’auto-organisation. Nous avons quantifié les motifs d’expression de sept gènes de transport du glucose (HXT1-7), chacun exprimé spécifiquement suivant la concentration de glucose, ce qui nous a permis de reconstituer la formation de gradients de glucose au sein d’une colonie. En étudiant des gènes spécifiques de la fermentation et de la respiration, nous avons pu observer la différentiation en deux sous-populations. Nous avons de plus cartographié l’expression de gènes impliqués dans différentes parties du métabolisme des glucides, suivi et quantifié la dynamique spatio-temporelle de croissance et d’expression génétique et finalement modélisé la croissance de la colonie ainsi que la formation du gradient de nutriment. Pour la première fois, nous avons observé la croissance, la différentiation et l’auto-organisation des colonies de S. cerevisiae avec une résolution spatio-temporelle jusqu’à maintenant inégaléeThe natural environment of yeast is often a community of cells but researchers prefer to study them in simpler homogeneous environments like single cell or bulk liquid cultures, losing insight into complex spatiotemporal growth, differentiation and self-organization and how those features are intertwined and shaped through evolution and ecology. I developed a multi-layered microfluidic device that allows us to grow yeast colonies in spatially controlled dynamically structured changing environments from a monolayer of single yeast cells to a multi-layered colony. Colony growth, as a whole and at specific locations, is a result of the nutrient gradient formation within a colony through interplay of nutrient diffusion rates, nutrient uptake rates by the cells and starting nutrient concentrations. Once a limiting nutrient (e.g. glucose or amino acids) is depleted at a specific distance from the nutrients source the cells within a colony stop to grow. I was able to modulate this specific distance by changing the starting nutrient concentrations and uptake rates of cells. Colony gene expression patterns gave us information on specific micro environments formation and consequential development, differentiation and self-organization. I quantified the patterns of expression of seven glucose transporter genes (HXT1-7), each of them specifically expressed depending on the glucose concentration. This enabled us to reconstruct glucose gradients formation in a colony. I further followed the expression of fermentation and respiration specific genes and observed differentiation between two subpopulations. We also mapped other genes specific for different parts of carbohydrate metabolism, followed and quantified the spatiotemporal dynamics of growth and gene expression, and finally modelled the colony growth and nutrient gradient formation. For the first time, we were able to observe growth, differentiation and self-organization of S. cerevisiae colony with such an unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution
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Martin, Sébastien. "Rochefort , arsenal des colonies (1723-1792)." Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NANT3024.
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Arsenal modèle de Louis XIV, Rochefort fut au XVIIIème siècle une base navale qui reçut la mission originale d'assurer pour la monarchie française le ravitaillement de ses possessions ultramarines. Véritable « porte des colonies », Rochefort fut un lieu de concrétisation de la politique coloniale de la France. Tout a ulong du siècle, l'arsenal prépara les cargaisons destinées à la Nouvelle-Zélande, à la Caraïbe, à la Guyane et aux comptoirs africains. S'embarquèrent également de Rochefort les milliers de passagers destinés par le roi aux colonies : administrateurs, soldats, engagés, familles d'officiers de la Marine ou encore faux-sauniers. En contrepoint, l'arsenal fut aussi un port de retours et d'arrivées en métropole. Une telle mission demanda une mobilisation spécifique. Navires, infrastructures portuaires, réseaux d'approvisionnement de la Marine furent mobilisés en conséquence, faisant de l'arsenal de Rochefort le cœur battant d'une véritable logistique coloniale. L'objet de cette thèse a été d'éclairer, à partir d'un corpus documentaire peu ou pas exploité, cette réalité, si singulière dans le cadre d'un arsenal de marine que fut le ravitaillement des colonies. Il s'est agit également d'examiner qu'elles furent les retombées de cette activité sur une ville étroitement dépendante de son arsenal. Enfin, la thèse tente de montrer l'aspect formateur de cette logistique coloniale dans l'administration moderne de l'état.
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Essono-Edzang, Aristide. "Étude d'une société : les auxiliaires "indigènes" de l'autorité coloniale en Afrique Équatoriale Française (A.E.F.)." Bordeaux 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR30017.
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Toutes les administrations coloniales europeennes ont du faire appel a des elements indigenes pour jouer le role d'auxiliaires locaux de l'autorite occupante. Le systeme colonial d'afrique equatoriale francaise (a. E. F. ) n'a pas echapper a ce schema. En effet, depuis les origines de la presence francaise dans cette region, au milieu du xixeme siecle, jusqu'a l'accession a l'independance politique des quatre territoires composant l'a. E. F. En 1960, de nombreux "allies" indigenes ont ete integres dans lesservices administratif coloniaux et ont soutenu activement l'action coloniale de la france. Ce groupe des agents indigenes etait compose par divers types d'individus (chefs traditionnels et "administratifs", militaires, miliciens, interpretes, commis, infirmiers, domestiques, etc. . . ) qui se trouvaient relegues au bas de l'echelle administrative ou ils n'occupaient que des fonctions de second ordre. Cependant ils vont finir par constituer une veritable categorie sociale au sein de la societe colonisee, a tel point qu'ils se presenteront comme une reelle "force sociale" avec laquelle l'autorite coloniale devra necessairement composer. Au lendemain de la seconde guerre mondiale, ce groupe d'individus profitera du mouvement de la decolonisation pour "emerger" et s'affirmer comme la nouvelle elite locale. C'est presque naturellement que ces anciens auxiliaires - dont principalement la frange "politico-administrative prendront la direction politique au moment des independances des quatres territoires de l'a. E. F. En 1960Every colonial administration used natives assistants to help it govern the colonial territories. The french colonial territories in central africa, known as french equatorial africa (a. E. F. ) as from 1910, did not escape from this rule. In fact, from the arrival of the french in the region in the middle of the nineteenth century until the four territories which made up the a. E. F. Federation (gabon, congo, central africa and tchad) became independent in 1960, many indigenous "allies" were integrated in the french colonial administration. This group of assistants was composed of differents kinds of individuals (traditional chiefs, interpreters, nurses, domestic servants, military men, militiamen, secretaries, ect. . . ). Although this group of people occupied the lowest positions in the colonial administration, they formed a distinct social category in the colonial society. To the extent that they became almost like a pressure group which the colonial authority had to take into account. After the second world war, this group of individuals benefited from the decolonization movements from which they emerged as the new local elites. In fact, it was the political-administrative assistants which later took over the direction of the four new countries of the former a. E. F. At time of independence in 1960
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Agbo, Toglossou. "L'accès des esclaves affranchis et de leurs descendants à la citoyenneté française de l'ancien régime au début de la seconde République." Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX32030.
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L'esclavage est la négation de l' être humain réduit à l'état de force de travail brut. II ne peut être ramené ni à une civilisation, ni à un espace géographique, ni à une époque donnée. Notre sujet concerne plus directement une catégorie de la population des colonies durant le premier empire colonial français : Les affranchis qui en vertu du Code Noir sont libres,. Ceux-ci lutteront pour obtenir cette citoyenneté française. C'est l' histoire de cette lutte avec ses avancées et ses reculs que nous étudions. Mais les droits de ces affranchis et de leurs descendants ne seront jamais totalement reconnus de 1685 au 27avril 1848 date de l'abolition de l'esclavageThe slavery is the negation of human been, reduce to a condition of workingstrengh. It can't be return in a civilisation or geographical space an in a partuclar time. Our subject concern most directly one of the population's category from the colony durant the first french colony empire : the emancipated slaves who with the Code Noir are free. They will fight to win this citizenship. This is the story of this struggle with the evolution step by step that we will study. But The rights of the emancipated slaves will not be recognised from 1685 to the 27 april 1848, date of the abolition of slavery
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Hiquily, Lucien. "La politique impériale et la conférence coloniale de 1935." Lyon : Université Lyon3, 2006. http://thesesbrain.univ-lyon3.fr/sdx/theses/lyon3/1990/hiquily_l.
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Bocco, Yao Emmanuel-Isidore. "Mémoire, nostalgies et stratégies autour du Togo et du Cameroun (1919-1939)." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0107.
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Le Togo et le Cameroun, aujourd'hui États indépendants, témoignent à bien des égards de plusieurs héritages coloniaux communs dont le premier en date est l'héritage culturel la culture et le bâti de certaines agglomérations. . ) du temps du protectorat allemand. Pour « Mémoire, nostalgies et stratégies autour du Togo et du Cameroun », il a d'abord fallu inscrire cette dissertation dans une démarche priviligiant le renouvellement des sources historiques. L'interprétation historique tient alors compte de nouvelles données principalement des archives militaires françaises de Vincennes -SHAT) et des Dépôts d'archives coloniales allemandes (Postdam et Berlin). La diversification des sources a permis de croiser les archives françaises et allemandes. Celles qui sont intégrées dans cette thèse sont aussi des articles de presse de la Bibliothèque de l'Auswärtigesamt (Berlin). De ces séries se dégagent la série dite de la Koloniale Rundschau et du Taschenbuch Koloniale (sous-série Fa). Les sources allemandes permettent de mettre en perspective la concurrence franco-allemande autour du Togo et du Cameroun. Les enjeux de mémoire datent déjà de la période de Weimar dans l'entre-deux guerres. La question des mandats, la germanophilie indigène l'a bien servi, celle-là même que le III° Reich n'abandonna pas vraiment. Si les enjeux de mémoire, les nostalgies et les stratégies autour du Togo et du Cameroun étaient un peu plus connus, les archives notamment coloniales, allemandes contribué à des débuts de réponse à l'attachement paradoxal des togolais et camerounais à l'Allemagne, question qui reste en effet en débat : pourquoi cette germanophilie permanente, sous doute plus au Togo qu'au Cameroun, presque un siècle après la défaite allemande de 14/16 alors que les « réseaux d'amis de la France » ne la font pas complètement disparaîtreTogo et Cameroon now independant nattions have in commun some héritages (culture and german time buildings) wich testimony the backgrpound of the german protectorates. For the Memory, nostalgies and strategies around Togo and Cameroon, this dissertation has for main method to renew the heuristic from frend, english and german archives and the french military pieces from the SHAT (Service Historique de l'Armée de Terre - Chateau de Vincenne) as well. The diversification of evidence melt french viewes with the german archives consultes in Potsdam (Bundesarchiv Abteilung VII) and the federal archives like the Kolonial Rundschau, the Taschenbuch Koloniale - Fa series, they all are involved in the Bundesarchiv - Finkel Allee - Beril) and the Library of the ministry of Foreign Affairs (Berlin). Thus began the colonial revisionnism under the Weimer rule. Thus grew the german colonialism without colonies thanks to the activism of the petitionnists in the League of Nation (Mandate Permanent Commission) til to the III° Reich that never resign the colonial question (Kolonial Frage) In the memory, nostalgies and stratégies challenge around Togo and the Cameroon is now a little more known, the german archives must be counsidered as the main contribution then they show this paradoxal attachment of togolese and cameroonese indigenous to Germany nearly a century after the german defeat in the first world war the "réseaux d'amis de France" never succed to overthrow the german influence
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Mabire, Jean-Christophe. "La représentation iconographique des colonies françaises à travers les périodiques français illustrés (1881-1939)." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997IEPP0012.
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L’idée première de cette étude est d'établir le plus objectivement possible le constat de la vision des colonies présentées par les écrivains, éditeurs, géographes, et surtout, les illustrateurs et photographes de la période allant de 1881 à 1939. Au XIXème siècle, les auteurs et les éditeurs mesurent l'importance du document iconographique qui est alors considéré comme une source d'information véritable, ayant pour fonction de présenter aux lecteurs ce que le texte ne peut clairement lui expliquer. Le choix des sources s'est porte sur les revues illustrées, dites "populaires" a larges diffusions, et parmi ces publications, quatre d'entre elles ont été retenues, trois couvrant la période de 1881 à 1914 : l'illustration, le tour du monde et le journal des voyages, et deux autres l'entre-deux guerres, l'illustration et sciences et voyages. Le choix des documents defini, une methode d'investigation a ete mis en place. Classer et subdiviser les documents iconographiques, dans un ensemble de 19 catégories représentatives des thèmes et des régions abordes par les auteurs, est apparu comme la meilleure solution. L’étude montre ainsi la représentation générale de l'empire colonial français, et ne cherche pas à constituer un ensemble de monographies détaillées, assemblées les unes après les autres, d'où une globalisation qui offre pour la première fois une vision d'ensemble du sujetThe leading idea of the study is, most objectively, to assess the constat of the representation of the colonies, as described by writers, editors, geographes and, paramount, illustrators and photographers of the 1881-1939 period. XIX century editors and authors fathom the importance of the pictoral document, taken at the time, as a reliable source of information which objective is to illustrate for the reader what the text alone cannot explain. The choice of the source went mainly to the illustrated magazines, of the popular type, for their large diffusion. Among those, 4 have been selected : three cover the 1881-1914 period : l'illustration, le tour du monde and le journal des voyages, two the 1919-1939 period : l'illustration and sciences et voyages. Once the choice of the documents done, an investigating method was set in place. Subdivision and filling of pictural documents along 19 categories, representative of themes and country unvestigated by the authors appeared as the best solution. The study shows the general outlook of the French empire and does not seek to create a theory of circumstantial monographies, assembled one after another. This permitting a global overlook which allows for the first time a general survey of the matter
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Barker, Tonia G. "Penal colonies for Canada promise or anachronism?" Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/4592.
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Lübbren, Nina. "Rural artists' colonies in nineteenth-century Europe." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.555877.
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McFadden, Ryan K. "Improving emergency management by modeling ant colonies." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/45223.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedThe focus of this thesis is to identify whether emergency management can be modeled after ant colonies, perfectly emergent organizations, in order to better manage an autonomous response. An ant colony uses a dense and resilient communications system that incorporates a positive feedback loop, which allows the organization to be adaptable. Currently, emergency management organizations are experimenting with social media to establish a communications system similar to the positive feedback loop used by ant colonies. This thesis advocates that following a disaster, an emergency management organization gather information from the public through an Internet survey. The survey would be quickly processed and provide critically needed information.
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Blackall, Trevor David. "The emission of ammonia from seabird colonies." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.410629.
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Mukherjee, Snehanshu. ""Unauthorised colonies" and the City of Delhi." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68714.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1988.Bibliography: leaves 90-91.
This research was undertaken, to understand the phenomenon of "unauthorised colonies" in relation to the city of Delhi, to which they belong. "Unauthorised Colonies" is the label given by the Delhi Development Authority (DDA), to the hundreds of residential colonies that have evolved in Delhi over the past twenty years, without DDA's authorisation and in complete disregard to the city's masterplan regulations. The research has been to discover and understand the hidden issues and underlying meanings of the various incidents in time that have shaped the evolution of unauthorised colonies and the city of Delhi. There has been no attempt at the start of this research to prove any predetermined issues or hypotheses. This investigation therefore, may be thought of as raising various issues as the exploration follows the evolution of these colonies through time. In the end it has been attempted to "tie" all the issues together · to present a picture of these colonies that is more complete and has a greater depth than the simplistic image presented by DDA's definition. The effort has been to present unauthorised colonies as an integral part of the overall city, from the point of view of the colony dwellers , a nd the dominant interest groups in Delhi . To explain the city's functioning as a condition of interdependence that exists between the authorised portions of Delhi and t h e unauthorised colonies, at levels that are not just physical but also political, social and economic.
by Snehanshu Mukherjee.
M.S.
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Akorli, Maxwell Kwabena. "Avoidance Behavior in Temnothorax Regatulus Ant Colonies." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/318816.
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Dufétel-Viste, Fanny. "Maîtriser l’espace : l’action de la ‘Reichspost’ dans les colonies allemandes." Rennes 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008REN20036.
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À la fin du dix-neuvième siècle, l’empire allemand, un nouveau venu parmi les puissances européennes coloniales, devait contrôler de gigantesques territoires en Afrique et dans le Pacifique. Dès le début et jusqu’à la Première Guerre mondiale et la perte de toutes les colonies l’information et la communication furent une question centrale. C’était le rôle de la poste impériale allemande, la ‘Reichspost’. La ‘Reichspost’ et de nouvelles technologies comme le télégraphe permirent de contrôler les colonies d’un point de vue militaire et politique, mais pas seulement. Au cours de cette étude nous voulons également démontrer comment, au-delà de ce rôle vital, les différentes activités de la ‘Reichspost’ firent de cette administration d’État un témoin et un acteur au sein de la société coloniale allemande, y compris contre sa volonté. Loin d’être une administration distante et de nature purement technique avec des stratégies claires, la ‘Reichspost’ était en effet profondément impliquée dans les choix et contradictions de la société coloniale allemande et de l’empire allemand en tant que puissance coloniale : dans cette perspective elle évoluait aussi dans un espace économique, social, politique et symbolique d’une grande complexitéAt the end of the nineteenth century, the German empire, a newcomer among the European colonial powers, had to control huge territories in Africa and in the Pacific. Right at the start and until the First World War and the loss of all colonies information and communication were a key issue. This was the role of the German Post Office, the ‘Reichspost’. The ‘Reichspost’ and new technologies like the telegraph made it possible to exercise control over the colonies from a military and political point of view, but not only. In this study we want to show as well how, beyond this vital role, the different activities of the ‘Reichspost’ made of this government service a witness and actor in the colonial German society, also against his will. Far from being a distant and exclusively technical service with clear strategies, the ‘Reichspost’ was actually deeply involved in the choices and contradictions of the German colonial society and of the German empire as colonial power: in this perspective it moved too in an economic, social, political and symbolic space full of complexities
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Diez, Estenaga Ana Isabel. "Les Fronts pionniers des Llanos colombiens de la colonisation à l'intensification de la production agricole, le cas du Meta /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37604552z.
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Kurzmeyer, Roman. "Viereck und Kosmos : Künstler, Lebensreformer, Okkultisten, Spiritisten in Amden 1901-1912 : Max Nopper, Josua Klein, Fidus, Otto Meyer-Amden : [erscheint zur Ausstellung "Viereck und Kosmos : Künstler, Lebensreformer, Okkultisten, Spiritisten in Amden, 1901-1912", in Amden und im Kunsthaus Glarus, von 27. Juni bis 29. August 1999] /." Zürich : Voldemeer, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39150807f.
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Borooah, Vidya. "Implementation across national boundaries : implementing the Government of India Act, 1935." n.p, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/.
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McGuire, John. "Punishment and colonial society : a history of penal change in Queensland, 1859-1930s /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16500.pdf.
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Charlin, Frédéric. "Homo servilis : contribution à l'étude de la condition juridique de l'esclave dans les colonies françaises (1635-1848)." Grenoble 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE21039.
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L'édit de mars 1685 promulgué aux Iles d'Amérique, ceux de décembre 1723 (pour la Réunion) et de mars 1724 (pour la Louisiane), appelés "codes noirs", ainsi que la législation postérieure, envisagent l'esclave à la fois comme objet et sujet. Si la qualité mobilière de l'esclave reflète sa valeur marchande, d'autres dispositions s'intéressent au baptême, à l'alimentation ou encore à l'interdiction de tuer l'esclave. La patrimonialisation de l'esclave – vendu, loué – se distingue de la patrimonialisation par l'esclave – dont l'activité prolonge la volonté du maître dans le commerce, à l'aide du pécule. La qualité d'objet ne paralyse pas celle de sujet. L'esclave est responsable pénalement de ses actes, comme toute personne, alors que s'exerce la justice domestique, parallèlement à une répression extrajudiciaire. Le statut de l'esclave est complexe, la personnalité juridique étant dissociable de l'humanité dans l'ancien droit, avant l'émergence des concepts modernes. La qualité de sujet s'entend de deux manières chez l'esclave, sujet du maître mais aussi, de plus en plus, sujet de droit au regard de la loi pénale, d’un état civil (1833) et d'un droit de propriété encadré (1845). L'esclave est requalifié « personne non libre » dans un xixe siècle légaliste où cohabitent le "Code noir" et le Code civil, inapplicable à l'esclave mais dont l'influence offre un champ de réflexion inédit à la philosophie du droit. Si la législation a "sacralisé" initialement un droit de propriété spécifique dans les colonies, son interprétation et les réformes sous la Monarchie de Juillet dépouillent l'esclavage de son contenu, dans un processus graduel d'abolition jusqu'en 1848The Edict of March 1685 was promulgated in the American Islands, those of December 1723 for the Reunion Island and March 1724 for Louisiana, called "the Black Codes", as well as the later legislation, considers the slave as an object and also as a subject. If the property quality of the slave is reflecting his trade value, further dispositions will concern the baptism, the food and also the prohibition to kill the slave. The patrimonialization of the slave – sold or rented –is different from the patrimonialization by the slave – his activity is the will of the master in the trade, by means of the savings. The object quality doesn't paralyze the one of the subject. The slave is penally responsible for his acts, as everyone, while the slavery justice is applied to an extrajudicial repression. The slave status is full of complexity, the legal personality can be dissociated from the humanity in the old Law before the emergency of new concepts. The subject quality is considered in two manners for the slave, the subject of the master, but also, more and more, the subject of the Law to the view of the penal law, a civil status (1833) and a supervised property right (1845). During a legalist 19th century and with a cohabitation of the "black Code" and the "civil Code", the slave is requalified as "a freeless person" : the civil Code can’t be applied to the slave, but generate new thoughts in the philosophy of law. If the legislation has initially "sacralized" a specific property right in the colonies, its interpretation and the reforms under the July Monarchy empty slavery of its contents towards a regular process, leading to the slavery abolition in 1848
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Engwirda, Anthony, and N/A. "Self-Reliance Guidelines for Large Scale Robot Colonies." Griffith University. Griffith School of Engineering, 2007. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070913.100750.
Full textAbstract:
A Large Scale Robot Colony (LSRC) is a complex artifact comprising of a significant population of both mobile and static robots. LSRC research is in its literary infancy and it is therefore necessary to rely upon external fields for the appropriate framework, Multi Agent Systems (MAS) and Large Scale Systems (LSS). At the intersection of MAS, LSS and LSRC exist near identical issues, problems and solutions. If attention is paid to coherence then solution portability is possible. The issue of Self-Reliability is poorly addressed by the MAS research field. Disparity between the real world and simulation is another area of concern. Despite these deficiencies, MAS and LSS are perceived as the most appropriate frameworks. MAS research focuses on three prime areas, cognitive science, management and interaction. LSRC is focused on Self-Sustainability, Self-Management and Self-Organization. While LSS research was not primarily intended for populations of mobile robots, it does address key issues of LSRC, such as effective sustainability and management. Implementation of LSRC that is based upon the optimal solution for any one or two of the three aspects will be inferior to a coherent solution based upon all three. LSRCs are complex organizations with significant populations of both static and mobile robots. The increase in population size and the requirement to address the issue of Self-Reliance give rise to new issues. It is no longer sufficient to speak only in terms of robot intelligence, architecture, interaction or team behaviour, even though these are still valid topics. Issues such as population sustainability and management have greater significance within LSRC. As the size of a robot populations increases, minor uneconomical decisions and actions inhibit the performance of the population. Interaction must be made economical within the context of the LSRC. Sustainability of the population becomes significant as it enables stable performance and extended operational lifespan. Management becomes significant as a mechanism to direct the population so as to achieve near optimal performance. The Self-Sustainability, Self-Management and Self-Organization of LSRC are vastly more complex than in team robotics. Performance of the overall population becomes more significant than individual or team achievement. This thesis is a presentation of the Cooperative Autonomous Robot Colony (CARC) architecture. The CARC architecture is novel in that it offers a coherent baseline solution to the issue of mobile robot Self-Reliance. This research uses decomposition as a mechanism to reduce problem complexity. Self-Reliance is decomposed into Self-Sustainability, Self-Management, and Self-Organization. A solution to the issue of Self-Reliance will comprise of conflicting sub-solutions. A product of this research is a set of guidelines that manages the conflict of sub-solutions and maintains a coherent solution. In addressing the issue of Self-Reliance, it became apparent that Economies of Scale, played an important role. The effects of Economies of Scale directed the research towards LSRCs. LSRCs demonstrated improved efficiency and greater capability to achieve the requirements of Self-Reliance. LSRCs implemented with the CARC architecture would extend human capability, enabling large scale operations to be performed in an economical manner, within real world and real time environments, including those of a remote and hostile nature. The theory and architecture are supported using published literature, experiments, observations and mathematical projections. Contributions of this work are focused upon the three pillars of Self-Reliance addressed by CARC: Self-Sustainability, Self-Management and Self-Organization. The chapter on Self-Sustainability explains and justifies the relevance of this issue, what it is, why it is important and how it can be achieved. Self-Sustainability enables robots to continue to operate beyond disabling events by addressing failure and routine maintenance. Mathematical projections are used to compare populations of non-sustained and sustained robots. Computer modeling experiments are used to demonstrate the feasibility of Self-Sustainability, including extended operational life, the maintenance of optimal work flow and graceful physical degradation (GPD). A detailed explanation is presented of Sustainability Functions, Colony Sites, Static Robot Roles, Static Robot Failure Options, and Polymorphism. The chapter on Self-Management explores LSS research as a mechanism to exert influence over a LSRC. An experimental reactive management strategy is demonstrated. This strategy while limited does indicate promising potential directions for future research including the Man in the Loop (MITL) strategy highly desired by NASA JPL for off world command and control of a significant robot colony (Huntsberger, et. al., 2000). Experiments on Communication evaluate both Broadcast Conveyance (BC) and Message Passing Conveyance (MPC). These experiments demonstrate the potential of Message Passing as a low cost system for LSRC communication. Analysis of Metrics indicates that a Performance Based Feedback Method (PBFM) and a Task Achievement Method (TAM) are both necessary and sufficient to monitor a LSRC. The chapter on Self-Organization describes a number of experiments, algorithms and protocols on Reasoning Robotics, a minor variant of Reactive Robotics. Reasoning Robotics utilizes an Event Driven Architecture (EDA) rather than a Stimulus Driven Architecture (SDA) common to Reactive Robotics. Enhanced robot performance is demonstrated by a combination of EDA and environmental modification enabling stigmergy. These experiments cover Intersection Navigation with contingency for Multilane Intersections, a Radio Packet Controller (RPC) algorithm, Active and Passive Beacons including a communication protocol, mobile robot navigation using Migration Decision Functions (MDFs), including MDF positional errors. The central issue addressed by this thesis is the production of Self-Reliance guidelines for LSRCs. Self-Reliance is perceived as a critical issue in advancing the useful and productive applications for LSRCs. LSRCs are complex with many issues in related fields of MAS and LSS. Decomposition of Self-Reliance into Self-Sustainability, Self-Management and Self-Organization were used to aid in problem understanding. It was found that Self-Sustainability extends the operational life of individual robots and the LSRC. Self-Management enables the exertion of human influence over the LSRC, such that the ratio of humans to robots is reduced but not eliminated. Self-Organization achieves and enhances performance through a routine and reliable LSRC environment. The product of this research was the novel CARC architecture, which consists of a set of Self-Reliance guidelines and algorithms. The Self-Reliance guidelines manage conflict between optimal solutions and provide a framework for LSRC design. This research was supported by literature, experiments, observations and mathematical projections.
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Fay, Anne Catherine. "Growth of human B cell colonies in vitro." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317015.
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Langridge, Elizabeth Ann. "The effects of experience on complete ant colonies." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.425146.
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Han, Sun Heat. "Fondation et croissance des colonies de termites supérieurs." Dijon, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987DIJOS033.
Full textAbstract:
Etude chez 4 espèces de termites. Dynamique du développement: croissance lente, sans alimentation du couple reproducteur puis explosion démographique et alimentation. Croissance de certaines colonies par une suite de migrations et constructions de nids plus vastes. Physogastrie: augmentation très importante de la surface d'absorption de l'intestin, avec assimilation rapide (étude en microscopie électronique). Comparaison entre colonies jeunes et adultes sur l'origine des soldats: différence uniquement chez N. Lujae. Couple royal intervient directement dans stratégie de défense des colonies par stimulation de la protection de la caste soldat
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Han, Sun-Heat. "Fondation et croissance des colonies de termites supérieurs." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376057909.
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Engwirda, Anthony. "Self-Reliance Guidelines for Large Scale Robot Colonies." Thesis, Griffith University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/368079.
Full textAbstract:
A Large Scale Robot Colony (LSRC) is a complex artifact comprising of a significant population of both mobile and static robots. LSRC research is in its literary infancy and it is therefore necessary to rely upon external fields for the appropriate framework, Multi Agent Systems (MAS) and Large Scale Systems (LSS). At the intersection of MAS, LSS and LSRC exist near identical issues, problems and solutions. If attention is paid to coherence then solution portability is possible. The issue of Self-Reliability is poorly addressed by the MAS research field. Disparity between the real world and simulation is another area of concern. Despite these deficiencies, MAS and LSS are perceived as the most appropriate frameworks. MAS research focuses on three prime areas, cognitive science, management and interaction. LSRC is focused on Self-Sustainability, Self-Management and Self-Organization. While LSS research was not primarily intended for populations of mobile robots, it does address key issues of LSRC, such as effective sustainability and management. Implementation of LSRC that is based upon the optimal solution for any one or two of the three aspects will be inferior to a coherent solution based upon all three. LSRC’s are complex organizations with significant populations of both static and mobile robots. The increase in population size and the requirement to address the issue of Self-Reliance give rise to new issues. It is no longer sufficient to speak only in terms of robot intelligence, architecture, interaction or team behaviour, even though these are still valid topics. Issues such as population sustainability and management have greater significance within LSRC. As the size of a robot populations increases, minor uneconomical decisions and actions inhibit the performance of the population. Interaction must be made economical within the context of the LSRC. Sustainability of the population becomes significant as it enables stable performance and extended operational lifespan. Management becomes significant as a mechanism to direct the population so as to achieve near optimal performance. The Self-Sustainability, Self-Management and Self-Organization of LSRC are vastly more complex than in team robotics. Performance of the overall population becomes more significant than individual or team achievement. This thesis is a presentation of the Cooperative Autonomous Robot Colony (CARC) architecture. The CARC architecture is novel in that it offers a coherent baseline solution to the issue of mobile robot Self-Reliance. This research uses decomposition as a mechanism to reduce problem complexity. Self-Reliance is decomposed into Self-Sustainability, Self-Management, and Self-Organization. A solution to the issue of Self-Reliance will comprise of conflicting sub-solutions. A product of this research is a set of guidelines that manages the conflict of sub-solutions and maintains a coherent solution. In addressing the issue of Self-Reliance, it became apparent that Economies of Scale, played an important role. The effects of Economies of Scale directed the research towards LSRC’s. LSRC’s demonstrated improved efficiency and greater capability to achieve the requirements of Self-Reliance. LSRC’s implemented with the CARC architecture would extend human capability, enabling large scale operations to be performed in an economical manner, within real world and real time environments, including those of a remote and hostile nature. The theory and architecture are supported using published literature, experiments, observations and mathematical projections. Contributions of this work are focused upon the three pillars of Self-Reliance addressed by CARC: Self-Sustainability, Self-Management and Self-Organization. The chapter on Self-Sustainability explains and justifies the relevance of this issue, what it is, why it is important and how it can be achieved. Self-Sustainability enables robots to continue to operate beyond disabling events by addressing failure and routine maintenance. Mathematical projections are used to compare populations of non-sustained and sustained robots. Computer modeling experiments are used to demonstrate the feasibility of Self-Sustainability, including extended operational life, the maintenance of optimal work flow and graceful physical degradation (GPD). A detailed explanation is presented of Sustainability Functions, Colony Sites, Static Robot Roles, Static Robot Failure Options, and Polymorphism. The chapter on Self-Management explores LSS research as a mechanism to exert influence over a LSRC. An experimental reactive management strategy is demonstrated. This strategy while limited does indicate promising potential directions for future research including the Man in the Loop (MITL) strategy highly desired by NASA JPL for off world command and control of a significant robot colony (Huntsberger, et. al., 2000). Experiments on Communication evaluate both Broadcast Conveyance (BC) and Message Passing Conveyance (MPC). These experiments demonstrate the potential of Message Passing as a low cost system for LSRC communication. Analysis of Metrics indicates that a Performance Based Feedback Method (PBFM) and a Task Achievement Method (TAM) are both necessary and sufficient to monitor a LSRC. The chapter on Self-Organization describes a number of experiments, algorithms and protocols on Reasoning Robotics, a minor variant of Reactive Robotics. Reasoning Robotics utilizes an Event Driven Architecture (EDA) rather than a Stimulus Driven Architecture (SDA) common to Reactive Robotics. Enhanced robot performance is demonstrated by a combination of EDA and environmental modification enabling stigmergy. These experiments cover Intersection Navigation with contingency for Multilane Intersections, a Radio Packet Controller (RPC) algorithm, Active and Passive Beacons including a communication protocol, mobile robot navigation using Migration Decision Functions (MDF’s), including MDF positional errors. The central issue addressed by this thesis is the production of Self-Reliance guidelines for LSRC’s. Self-Reliance is perceived as a critical issue in advancing the useful and productive applications for LSRC’s. LSRC’s are complex with many issues in related fields of MAS and LSS. Decomposition of Self-Reliance into Self-Sustainability, Self-Management and Self-Organization were used to aid in problem understanding. It was found that Self-Sustainability extends the operational life of individual robots and the LSRC. Self-Management enables the exertion of human influence over the LSRC, such that the ratio of humans to robots is reduced but not eliminated. Self-Organization achieves and enhances performance through a routine and reliable LSRC environment. The product of this research was the novel CARC architecture, which consists of a set of Self-Reliance guidelines and algorithms. The Self-Reliance guidelines manage conflict between optimal solutions and provide a framework for LSRC design. This research was supported by literature, experiments, observations and mathematical projections.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology
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Frost, Isabel. "The evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacterial colonies." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8dc07d49-0eb4-42fd-9a8e-ac3984eb587c.
Full textAbstract:
The continuing rise of antibiotic resistance is threatening a return to the world of pre-antibiotic medicine. Multi-drug resistant pathogens are already claiming lives and causing economic losses in developing and developed countries alike. We need, therefore, to understand what allows resistant strains to spread; what makes them evolutionarily competitive in and amongst other strains and species. The majority of laboratory studies of antibiotic resistance focus on simple growth in liquid culture. By contrast, microbes commonly grow as surface-associated communities, in which interactions between neighbouring cells have strong consequences for competition and evolution. My first goal was to understand how growth in such environments affects the success of a resistant strain. By competing an antibiotic resistant and susceptible strain of the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, I found that growth in dense colonies on agar allowed a resistant strain to protect susceptible strains, to the extent that the susceptible strain may even prevail under antibiotic treatment. This effect was specific to a cooperative mechanism of antibiotic resistance, however; a β-lactamase enzyme that digests the antibiotics surrounding a resistant cell. A further, unexpected reason that susceptible cells could prevail was that they elongate under antibiotic treatment, allowing them to push shorter resistant cells aside in the competition for the growing edge of a colony. My work suggests that the rise of cooperative resistance mechanisms should be more easily suppressed than for non-social mechanisms. However, one major strategy to overcome antibiotic resistance is the use of antibiotic-adjuvants, drugs which inhibit a mechanism of antibiotic resistance. It is not clear if these adjuvants will tend to suppress or promote cooperative resistance mechanisms. I performed experiments to test the effects of inhibitory adjuvants on cooperative resistance. These revealed that the effects of adjuvants are varied. In liquid culture, an adjuvant inhibited resistance evolution, while, in colony experiments, it promoted resistance evolution by removing the cross protection of susceptible strains. Given the complexity and importance of antibiotic adjuvants, I developed an eco-evolutionary model to dissect these complexities associated with the combination of interacting microbial and molecular species. As in my experiments, the models identified conditions where an inhibitory adjuvant can increase selection for resistance. However, the theory also identifies scenarios for which adjuvants will delay resistance evolution by shutting down the associated evolutionary pathway. Broadening the modelling framework to include the stochastic effects of rare mutation, I found that early administration of adjuvant inhibitors can be a powerful way to suppress the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Microbial interactions are complex and affected by the growth environment. My thesis underlines that the study of antibiotic resistance will benefit from greater consideration of how bacteria interact and, more broadly, how their ecology and evolution determine the rise, or fall, of resistance.
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Ernatus, Cécile. "L'indemnité coloniale en Guadeloupe, Guyane et Martinique entre 1848 et 1860 : monnaie de pierre, monnaie de sable, monnaie de sang." Paris 10, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA100134.
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Cette étude concerne l'indemnité des colons français après l'abolition de l'esclavage de 1848 à 1860. En 1849, la France accorda 126 millions de francs à ses colonies. Les indemnités précédentes avaient préparé cette décision. La liquidation de l'indemnité ruina certains. Monnaie de sable, les premiers bénéficiaires furent parfois ruinés. De pierre, certaines familles indemnisées perdurèrent au-delà de 1860. De sang, les esclaves ne perçurent rien mais des négriers furent indemnisés. Le monde colonial était sexiste, les femmes reçurent moins que les hommes, raciste, les Blancs reçurent plus que les Noirs et individualiste, des hommes seuls avaient de fortes responsabilités. Cette indemnité réduisit la dette coloniale, créa des banques. Elle servit de modèle aux abolitions postérieures. Les français de l'étranger ne respectèrent pas le décret abolitionniste, faute d'être indemnisés. Les esclaves réfugiés ne purent pas toujours être affranchis et il y eut des revendications d'affranchisThis study is about the colonial compensation that was paid after the slave abolition to the settlers between 1848 and 1860. In 1849, France gave 126 millions francs to its colonies. The precedent compensations had prepared this decision. The settlement of the compensation ruined certain settlers. It was sand money, because the first beneficiaries were sometimes ruined. It was stone money, since certain families compensated continued beyond 1860. It was blood money because the slaves obtained nothing, but slaves traders were compensated. The colonial world was sexist, women received less than men ; racist, Whites received more than Blacks and individualistic, lonely men had strong responsabilities. This compensation reduced the colonial debt, created banks. It served as model to the later abolitions. Foreign Frenchmen didn't respect the abolitionist decree, because they weren't compensated. Slaves that took refuge in the French colonies couldn't be freed and there was demands of freed
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Biles, Annabel, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Envisioning Indochina: the spatial and social ordering and imagining of a French colony." Deakin University, 1997. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20050815.113440.
Full textAbstract:
The emergence of Indochina in the French imagination was articulated in both representational and institutional modes. Representation involves the transmission of colonial ideals through more obtuse means; that is, through literary texts, travelogues, exhibitions, film and advertising. However, these textual sites feed from and invest in a material situation, which was the institutional arm of colonialism. Indochina was institutionally articulated in cartographic maps and surveys, in the new social spaces of cities and towns, in architectural and technological forms, through social technologies of discipline and welfare and in cultural and religious organisations. The aim of this thesis is to analyse, across a number of textual sites, the representation and institutionalisation of Otherness through the politics of space in the French colony of Indochina, Indochine in this sense becomes a spatial discourse. The French constructed a mental and physical space for Indochina by blanketing and suffocating the original cultural landscape, which in fact had to be ignored for this process to occur. What actually became manifest as a result of this projection stemmed from the French imagination.
Just as the French manipulated space, language also underwent the same process of reduction. The Vietnamese script was latinised to make it more 'useable' and accessible. Through christening the union of Indochina; initiating a comprehensive writing reform; and renaming the streets in the colonial cities, the French used language us another tool for 'making transparent'. Furthermore, the colonial powers established a communication and transport network throughout the colony in an attempt to materialise their fictive (artificial) vision of a unified French Indochinese space. The accessibility and design of these different modes of transport reflected the gendered, racial and class divisions inherent in the colonial establishment.
At the heart of representing and institutionalising Indochina was the desire to control and contain. This characterised French imperial ordering of space in the city and the rural areas. In rural areas land was divided into small parcels and alienated to individuals or worked into precise grids for the rubber plantation. In urban centres the native quarter was clearly demarcated from the European quarter which functioned as its modern, progressive Other. The rationale behind this segregation was premised on European, nineteenth century discourses of race, class, gender and hygiene. Influenced by Darwinian and neo-Lamarkian theories of race, this biological discourse identified the 'working class', 'women' and 'the native' as not only biologically but also culturally inferior. They were perceived as a potential, degenerative threat to the biological, cultural and industrial development of the nation. In the colonial context, space was thus ordered and domesticated to control the native population. Coextensively, the literature which springs from such a structure will be tainted by the same ideas, and thus the spaces it formulates within the readers mind feed on and reinforce this foundation.
Examples of gender and indigenous narratives which contest this imaginative, transparent topography are analysed throughout this thesis. They provide instances of struggle and resistance which undermine the ideal/stereotypical level of architectural and planned space and delineate an alternative insight into colonial spatial and social relations. The fictional accounts of European women and indigenous writers both challenge and reaffirm the fixity of some of these idealised colonial boundaries.
In various literary, historical, political, architectural and cinematic discourses Indochina has been und continues to be depicted as a modern city and exotic Utopia. Informed by the mood of nostalgia, exotic images of Indochina have resurfaced in contemporary French culture. France's continued desire to create, control and maintain an Indochinese space in the French public imagination reinforces the multi-layered, interconnected and persistent nature of colonial discourse.
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Elfort, Maude. "L' organisation communale aux Antilles-Guyane." Paris 10, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA100259.
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Melisson, Céline. "Procurer la paix, le repos et l'abondance. Les officiers de Plume de l'Amérique française entre 1669 et 1765." Thesis, Tours, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUR2008.
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De 1669 à 1765, 476 hommes ont reçu une commission du roi ou de son plus haut représentant pour exercer les fonctions d’officier de Plume des colonies américaines. De la fondation du département de la Marine à la réforme de Choiseul, ils ont incarné l’État dans des territoires qui connaissent des évolutions importantes pendant ces 96 années : les guerres mais aussi les découpages administratifs après le traité d’Utrecht (1713) et celui de Paris (1763). Pour comprendre cette administration, nous avons choisi d’en étudier ses éléments et d’analyser conjointement les transformations du ministère de la Marine ainsi que celles des colonies. A partir de ce contexte permettant de connaître les structures administratives, nous avons montré l’évolution des pratiques administratives, de la fonction et des hommes eux-mêmes. Le profil de ces hommes montre que l’officier de Plume des colonies est devenu, pendant ces années, un fonctionnaire colonialFor almost a century, 476 men embodied the offices of the Pen in the colonies of French America. They received a royal commission or one from his highest colonial representative. From the foundation of the department of The Marine to the reform of Choiseul, they represented the State in territories which underwent major evolutions during these 96 years: the wars but also the administrative apportionments after the treaties of Utrecht (1713) and Paris (1763). To understand this administration, we chose to study its elements and at the same time to analyze the transformations of the navy ministry as well as those of the colonies. From this context, which enabled to know the administrative structures, we showed the evolution of the administrative practices and also the duty in itself. The profile of these men shows that the Officer of Feather in these colonies became during this century, or approximately, a colonial state employee
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McLoughlin, Stephen Andrew. "Reckoning without the African : British development policy in Tanganyika, 1925-1950." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308972.
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