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Journal articles on the topic 'Colonies – History – 20th century'
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1
Eyvazova, Niqar Vaqif k. "GERMAN COLONIES IN THE HISTORY OF NORTHERN AZERBAIJAN." Chronos 7, no. 10(72) (November 13, 2022): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2658-7556-72-10-3.
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The article deals with migration issues and examines the causes of the migration process. The article also reflects the influence of the migration movement on the settlement and structure of the population. The subjekt of the study is the migration processes of the population of Northern Azerbaijan in the late 19th-early 20th century. The study is based on the data from the population census conducted by Russian Empire in 1897.
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Linstrum, Erik. "The case history in the colonies." History of the Human Sciences 33, no. 3-4 (May 11, 2020): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695119893601.
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The case history in the colonial context was a hybrid form, caught between bureaucratic pressures toward racialization, aggregation, and generalization, on the one hand, and the individualistic bias of the genre, on the other. This tension posed a problem for colonial rulers. In their drive to harvest neat, ideologically reliable knowledge about the minds of colonial subjects, officials and researchers in the 20th-century British Empire read case histories in selective ways, pared them down to simplistic fables, and ultimately bypassed them whenever they could. In other words, although they worked mightily to bend the case history to their purposes, they never fully succeeded. The authority granted to personal testimony and the capaciousness of the detail in case histories always contained a subversive potential. As a result, the politics of the colonial case history were underdetermined, overflowing the categories and resisting the generalizations that colonial rulers sought to impose.
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Dahrendorf, Marianna, and Ilya Kolesnikov. "From the history of the settlements of European colonists in the region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters (XIX — early XX centuries)." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 12-1 (December 1, 2020): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202012statyi18.
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The article is devoted to the topical problem of the history of settlements (colonies) of Europeans (Scots, Germans, Italians) in the region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters (XIX century - early XX century). The development of the system of colonies of Scots, Germans and Italians in the Kavminvod region is considered. Some socio -economic and cultural -ethnic processes of interaction and mutual influence of Scottish, German and Italian colonists are analyzed. The article emphasizes, in general, the positive (economic and cultural) significance of the existence of European settlements in the region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters in the 19th - early 20th centuries.
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Corwin, Jay. "History, Mythology, and 20th Century Latin American Fiction." Theory in Action 14, no. 4 (October 31, 2021): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3798/tia.1937-0237.2126.
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The history of the Americas from the colonial period is marked by a large influx of persons from Europe and Africa. Fiction in 20th Century Latin America is marked by ties to the Chronicles and the history of human melding in the Americas, with a natural flow of social and religious syncretism that shapes the unique literary aesthetics of its literatures as may be witnessed in representative authors of genuine merit from different regions of Latin America.
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TEO, C. G. "Fatal outbreaks of jaundice in pregnancy and the epidemic history of hepatitis E." Epidemiology and Infection 140, no. 5 (January 25, 2012): 767–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268811002925.
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SUMMARYSpace–time clustering of people who fall acutely ill with jaundice, then slip into coma and death, is an alarming phenomenon, more markedly so when the victims are mostly or exclusively pregnant. Documentation of the peculiar, fatal predisposition of pregnant women during outbreaks of jaundice identifies hepatitis E and enables construction of its epidemic history. Between the last decade of the 18th century and the early decades of the 20th century, hepatitis E-like outbreaks were reported mainly from Western Europe and several of its colonies. During the latter half of the 20th century, reports of these epidemics, including those that became serologically confirmed as hepatitis E, emanated from, first, the eastern and southern Mediterranean littoral and, thereafter, Southern and Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and the rest of Africa. The dispersal has been accompanied by a trend towards more frequent and larger-scale occurrences. Epidemic and endemic hepatitis E still beset people inhabiting Asia and Africa, especially pregnant women and their fetuses and infants. Their relief necessitates not only accelerated access to potable water and sanitation but also vaccination against hepatitis E.
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Diakov, Nikolai. "Islam in the Colonial Policy of France: from the Origins to the Fifth Republic." ISTORIYA 12, no. 5 (103) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015901-0.
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History of relations between France and the Islamic world goes back to the first centuries of Hijra, when the Franks first faced the Caliphate and its troops in the Eastern and Western Mediterranean. On the eve of the New times Paris had already developed its numerous contacts with Turkey, Iran and the Arab West — the Maghreb area. The conquest of Algeria (from 1830) formed a basis of the French colonial empire in Africa and Asia with the growing role of Islam in political activities and ambitions of Paris. Millions of Muslims in French colonies contributed to growth of political and economic progress of their metropoly with its pretensions to become a great Muslim power. Meanwhile, thousands of them lost their lives during two great world wars of the 20th century. Waves of immigration gave birth to an impressive Islamic community (‘umma), in France, reaching about a million of residents by the middle of the 20th century. With the growth of Muslim immigration from Africa and the Middle East a number of Muslims among the natives of France also augmented. By the end of the last century the Muslims formed as much as about 10 % of the whole population of France. The “French Islam” born at the dawn of the 20th century. after a century of its evolution became an important civilizational reality of Europe, at times more attractive for the local youth than traditional Christian values, or the new ideals, brought with the winds of globalism, multiculturalism and a “non-stop consumerism”.
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Gural-Sverlova, Nina, and Roman Gural. "History of the penetration of anthropochorous mollusc species to western Ukraine." Proceedings of the State Natural History Museum, no. 37 (January 1, 2022): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.36885/nzdpm.2021.37.161-172.
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Analysis of literary sources and materials of the malacological collection of the State Museum of Natural History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in Lviv revealed that at the end of the 19th century in western Ukraine could be present only some anthropochorous species of slugs, especially Limax maximus. Instead, mentions of a number of species not belonging to the indigenous malacofauna of Ukraine and its western region, made from the second half of the 19th to the middle of the 20th century, could most likely be based on the erroneous identification of other, native species. The process of intensive penetration into western Ukraine of alien species of land molluscs began, apparently, not earlier than the middle – second half of the 20th century and significantly accelerated at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. The latter could be due to both climate change, which facilitated adaptation to local climatic conditions for more thermophilic species, and the active import of seedlings of ornamental plants from other European countries. In particular, a dangerous pest from the complex Arion lusitanicus s.l. could enter the territory of Ukraine in this way. No less indicative are the relatively young colonies of Cepaea nemoralis, which are increasingly found in western Ukraine. Since the end of the 20th century, species of Caucasian origin and those that were previously observed only for the southern part of the country are increasingly registered in western Ukraine. Compared to the great taxonomic diversity of land anthropochorous molluscs and the widespread distribution of some of them, a relatively small number of freshwater species (up to 8), alien to this area, are still known in western Ukraine. For most of them, only a few finds are still known, made in the early 21st century. The exception is only one species (Physella acuta), which began to be mentioned for various areas in western Ukraine in the second half of the 20th century. Among the alien freshwater molluscs are a group of small species imported to Europe from other continents: New Zealand Potamopyrgus antipodarum, North American Menetus dilatatus, Physella heterostropha and possibly also Physa skinneri and Physella acuta. Representatives of the Dreissena genus came here from the Black Sea territories in the south of Ukraine.
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Jonibek, Butayev. "THE STATE OF HORTICULTURE IN THE SAMARKAND REGION IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY – THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 03, no. 04 (April 1, 2022): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-03-04-04.
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During the colonial period, gardening was one of the most important areas of agriculture in the Samarkand region. The article reveals the reforms of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries in the field of horticulture in the Samarkand region, statistical data on the yield of grapes, the influence of grape varieties and the expansion of horticulture on agriculture. An assessment is also given of the impact of changes and innovations carried out by the Russian administration in this area in the historical period when the region was called the Zeravshan district, and then the Samarkand region. At the same time, statistics on vineyards and yields in the region were compared with neighboring regions.
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Dardeniz, Gonca, İ. Tunç Sipahi, and Tayfun Yıldırım. "An insight into Old Hittite metallurgy: alloying practices at Hüseyindede (Çorum, Turkey)." Anatolian Studies 69 (2019): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006615461900005x.
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AbstractThis paper presents archaeological and analytical data on metal artefacts from Hüseyindede (Çorum, Turkey), dated to the Old Hittite period (ca 16th century BC). Hüseyindede, which is set in a rural landscape, demonstrates continuity in alloying traditions from the Early Bronze Age III (ca 26th/25th–22nd/21st century BC) and the Assyrian Trading Colonies period (20th–18th century BC) to the emergence of the Hittites. In addition to known alloying practices of the period, the site presents, for the first time, evidence of the existence of copper-nickel alloys, namely cupronickels, which so far have been documented only at the Late Bronze Age capital of the Hittites, Boğazköy/Hattuša. The Hüseyindede cupronickel objects now pinpoint the presence of this technology to regions spreading out from the Halys basin from the Old Kingdom Hittite period.
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de Valk, J. P. "Sources for the History of the Dutch Colonies in the Ecclesiastical Archives of Rome (1814–1903)." Itinerario 9, no. 1 (March 1985): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300003430.
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The source material for the history of Catholic missionary activities in the Dutch colonies during the last century is hardly available in much abundance in the mother country. The Dutch archivist and bibliographer, Marius Roessingh, had to make do in his U.N.E.S.C.O. archival guide on Netherlandish Latin American materials with a “memorandum,” in which he signalled utility of the Vatican archives. Another author in the same series, Frits Jaquet, in his second volume on Asia and Oceania, could be more explicit: he pointed to the materials kept in the state archives at Utrecht, in the Catholic Documentation Centre at Nijmegen University, and in various ecclesiastical archives. In nearly all cases, his emphasis falls within the first half of the 20th century. Such is also true with the detailed survey of materials available in the Catholic Documentation Centre that was featured two years ago in Itinerario, with only one important exception: the archive of the apostolic prefecture, later Apostolic Vicarate of Batavia (1807–1949, on microfiche), that obviously forms an essential source for the mission history of the Netherlands Indies.
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Xu, Yin, and Xiaoqun Xu. "BECOMING PROFESSIONAL: CHINESE ACCOUNTANTS IN EARLY 20TH CENTURY SHANGHAI." Accounting Historians Journal 30, no. 1 (June 1, 2003): 129–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.30.1.129.
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This paper examines the experience of Chinese accountants transforming themselves into a profession during the early 20th century. It delineates how the experience was shaped by an intersection of economic development, the political culture and the nationalist movement in semi-colonial Shanghai. Chinese accountants responded to the daily manifestations of these larger historical forces by combining their professional self-interests with a nationalist agenda and by adapting to the changing political environment. The history and legacy of this experience provides a point of reference for observing the re-emergence of the accounting profession in China since the end of the Maoist era.
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Assié-Lumumba, N’Dri T. "Africa-India Connections in Historical Perspectives." African and Asian Studies 16, no. 1-2 (March 16, 2017): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341371.
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It is a well-established historical fact that Africa and India have cultivated continuous connections for thousands of years. Exchanges of commodities produced on each side of the Indian Ocean in specific political, administrative, and geographic spaces have constituted the guiding thread of these relations. In the modern and contemporary periods, these relations have been shaped through European colonial establishments and their legacies in both sides. Past policies of forced migration and resettlement for economic exploitation of the British colonies in Africa, especially East and Southern Africa, became determinants of the Africa-India relations. The anti-colonial and decolonization struggles in Asia in general and specifically in India and Africa throughout the 20th century created opportunities for a new Africa-India cooperation. In these new relations, formal education, especially higher education, have been playing a prominent role. The thrust of this paper is to analyze the important role of higher education in a South-South cooperation framework between India and Africa as a continent or individual countries. The fluctuating or declining patterns of the number of African students pursuing their education in India in the past decade or so are analyzed.
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Stepanyants, Marietta T. "Problems of Civilizational Development in the Leading Countries of the Asian Region." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 7 (2022): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2022-7-5-14.
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The problem of civilizational development confronts any country every time in a crucial period of its history. A sharp turning point in the countries of the Asian region came in the middle of the 20th century, when the colonial system collapsed and the former colonies, as well as dependent countries gained political sovereignty. The main problem for them was to determine the further path of their development. As a result of the broad political discourse that accompanied the national liberation movement of the 19th – the first half of the 20th century, everyone chose its own path: Iran chose Shah’s regime and accelerated modernization according to the Western model; India embarked on the path of building a democratic, federal, secular republic with a mixed planned economy and a strong state sector; China proclaimed a people’s republic led by the Communist Party on the way to building a Chinese socialism; Japan constructed a parliamentary state (while preserving the traditional imperial monarchy), implementing the scientific and technological revolution and the active development of the capitalist model of the economy. Half a century later, there are radical changes in the previously taken political course of Iran, India and China, which is manifested in the archaization of the political space. This is discussed in this article, the author of which considers the modern experience of civilizational development of the leading Asian countries to be instructive and warning against the temptation to turn to the archaic when forming their own path of civilizational development.
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Delay, Cara. "Wrong for womankind and the nation: Anti-abortion discourses in 20th-century Ireland." Journal of Modern European History 17, no. 3 (June 20, 2019): 312–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1611894419854660.
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This article asks how anti-abortion discourses and dialogues engaged with ideas about motherhood, national identity, and women’s reproductive decision-making in 20th-century Ireland, particularly from 1967, when abortion was decriminalized in Britain, to 1983, when Ireland’s Eighth Amendment became the law of the land. It assesses the ways in which ‘pro-life’ advocates rejected the notion that women were independent adults capable of reproductive decision-making. Indeed, throughout the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, anti-choice activists defined all Irish women as innately innocent, moral, and naturally desirous of domesticity and motherhood. Abortion, they argued, was encouraged, coerced, and even forced by outsiders or ‘others’. The arguments of some anti-abortion activists utilized meaningful themes in Ireland’s colonial and nationalist history, including the historical notion of Irish sacrificial motherhood, the depiction of Irish women as young and vulnerable, and the explanation of abortion as foreign, anti-Irish, and reminiscent of British colonial repression.
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Mabika, Hines. "Histoire de la santé publique et communautaire en Afrique. Le rôle des médecins de la mission suisse en Afrique du Sud." Gesnerus 72, no. 1 (November 11, 2015): 135–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-07201008.
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It was not Dutch settlers nor British colonizers who introduced public and community health practice in north-eastern South Africa but medical doctors of the Swiss mission in southern Africa. While the history of medical knowledge transfer into 19th–20th century Africa emphasises colonial powers, this paper shows how countries without colonies contributed to expand western medical cultures, including public health. The Swiss took advantage of the local authorities’ negligence, and implemented their own model of medicalization of African societies, understood as the way of improving health standards. They moved from a tolerated hospital-centred medicine to the practice of community health, which was uncommon at the time. Elim hospital’s physicians moved back boundaries of segregationist policies, and sometime gave the impression of being involved in the political struggle against Apartheid. Thus, Swiss public health activities could later be seen as sorts of seeds that were planted and would partly reappear in 1994 with the ANC-projected national health policy.
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Federico, Giovanni. "Italy's Late and Unprofitable Forays into Empire." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 16, no. 1 (March 1998): 377–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900007163.
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Italy's colonial history is better known for its failures (notably the battle of Adwa, the major defeat of a Western power by an African army in the 19th century) than for its achievements. Italy succeeded in conquering a substantial «empire» only in the 20th century, when the traditional colonial powers were already in retreat1. But this has not always been the case. The Venetian republic successfully ruled for many centuries the first «colonial» empire in Western Europe 2.
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Amaruli, Rabith Jihan, Singgih Tri Sulistiyono, Dewi Yuliati, and Endang Susilowati. "The Influence of Javanese Culture on Hadhrami Community in Coastal Society of Semarang." E3S Web of Conferences 317 (2021): 01042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131701042.
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From the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, Hadhrami immigrants had formed colonies in Semarang, the north coast of Java. They inhabited Arab areas such as Kampung Melayu and Kampung Kauman. In the 1970s to 1980s, due to ecological change and economic problems, some of them left these areas and moved to other areas in Semarang. It caused cultural encounters between Hadhrami and Javanese to become much more intensive. Through literature studies, observations, and interviews, this study aims to identify the influence of Javanese culture on the Hadhrami community in contemporary Semarang. In the process, cultural encounters emerged between hybrid generations which created hybrid cultures. It can be seen by language, fashion, and food. In this context, the hybridity is caused by the history and character of Semarang as a coastal society that is fluid and cosmopolitan.
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Marty, Simeon. "Thinking Black in the Blitz: Harold Moody, the League of Coloured Peoples and its shift of Pan-African ideas in Second World War London." Esboços: histórias em contextos globais 28, no. 48 (August 12, 2021): 407–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7976.2021.e78269.
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London, as the capital of the British Empire, was the centre for imperial structures and networks in the middle of the 20th century. The city enabled and regulated the transport of people, ideas and wealth. Similarly, it offered space for the development of ideas and became a venue for the critique of colonialism. This article examines how the London-based Black pressure group League of Coloured Peoples shifted its political vision from moderate reforms for equal rights for all inhabitants of the British Empire towards Pan-African forms of independence beyond the concept of independent nation states for British Colonies in Africa and the West Indies during the Second World War and its immediate aftermath.
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Mironov, V. V. "«The Children of Darkness» and «International Community»: Colonial Policy from the Perspective of the English School of International Relations." Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 6(116) (December 18, 2020): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2020)6-05.
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The article is devoted to the evaluation of the role of colonial policy in the works of historians of the English School of international relations. The aim of the article is to highlight the main stages in the study of colonial problems in the concept of international society and to show the specifics of the evaluation of colonialism in the historiographic aspect. The sources of the work were texts of leading representatives of this scientific community. The historiographical analysis shows that there are three stages in the study of colonial issues in the English School of international relations. They reflect both the processes of historical development of Great Britain in the second half of the 20th century, and the internal line of evolution of the school concept. At the first stage (1950-1970), the colonial problem did not have an independent significance for the analysis of international relations. The second stage (1980-1990) is characterized by the recognition of colonial policy as an institution for the development of international society in history, although it is evaluated inconsistently. The third stage is modern and it shows the important role of the former colonies in the structure of modern international society. The article analyzes the key arguments in assessing the role of colonies for each stage based on the work of leading representatives of the community. The main conclusion of the article is that the ability to change attitudes to colonialism in the analysis of international society explains the growing interest in the concept of school in modern Asian countries.).
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Aixelà-Cabré, Yolanda. "Colonial Spain in Africa: Building a Shared History from Memories of the Spanish Protectorate and Spanish Guinea." Culture & History Digital Journal 9, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): e017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2020.017.
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This article compares Spanish, Riffian and Equatorial Guinean memories to address Hispano-African history and understand their colonial experiences. Examining Africans’ voices in the 21st century from Postcolonial and Decolonial perspectives allows us to uncover Spanish colonial rhetoric about Moroccans and Equatorial Guineans and the racialised inequalities they had to face during the Spanish settlement. This approach shows the urgency of conciliating different versions and promoting a decoloniality process for Spain: the colonial past must be rebuilt for all and different sociocultural encounters must be rewritten to include expressly African voices. The final aim is to offer a contested version of Spanish colonial history in 20th century Africa, promoting a more shared social colonial history.
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Palma, Luís Manuel. "Tracking the ancestral Portuguese name of the osprey across the Atlantic: hints from language, literature, history and geography." Arquivos de Zoologia 48, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-7793.v48i1p115-130.
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Guincho, the traditional Portuguese name of the osprey (Pandion haliaetus) is unique and ancestral. It is found in several sorts of fictional literature from the 16th up to the early 20th centuries in the form of a metaphor born from an old popular proverb. The first time the name appears as the vernacular designation of the osprey is in a 17th falconry treatise, and then in old dictionaries and early ornithological monographs and catalogues throughout the 18th to early 20th centuries. In Portugal, however, the name barely survives, partly due to the species demise in the country during the 20th century, but mainly because it was gradually replaced by an erudite term in ornithological literature since the middle 19th century. However, given the conspicuousness of the species and its nests, the name and its composites are retained in a number of places along the coast. And, following the Portuguese diaspora of the 16th-18th centuries, the term spread to the archipelagos of Madeira, Cape Verde and the Canaries where it impregnated the local vocabulary and again gave the name to many coastal places. Then, it moved from the Canaries to the Spanish speaking areas of the Caribbean riding the mass migration of Canary Islanders to the new colonies. In consequence, the traditional Portuguese name of the osprey is still fully used in several island countries across the Atlantic. The remarkable presence of the ancestral Portuguese name of the osprey in language, literature and geography allows its rehabilitation as the proper popular name of the species and sanctions its legitimacy as a tool for reconstructing the ancient historical ranges of the osprey. Ultimately, revaluing the name is also a matter of cultural preservation, which compliments and enriches the current efforts for the species recovery in Portugal.
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Roque, Ana Cristina, and Livia Ferrão. "A Glimpse Over the Land and Peoples of Mozambique: The Collections Assembled During the Colonial Period and their Importance for the Rebuilding of the History of Mozambique." African Research & Documentation 99 (2005): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x0001877x.
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Museums as well as other public and private institutions in Portugal and abroad, have collections of a diversified nature assembled during the 20th century in the former Portuguese colonies. Several important collections of archaeological and ethnological objects as well as photographs and documents from Mozambique are known today through scientific papers, publications and exhibitions promoted either by public or private initiatives. However, there are still a number of unknown collections that not only are important vehicles of information regarding the regions and peoples of Mozambique but also provide an important contribution for a better understanding of its history.The Collection of the Anthropological Mission of Mozambique (AMM), gathered between 1936 and 1956, is an example of the importance of these collections.
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Tau, Victor. "Zwischen dem spanisch-amerikanischen kolonialen Recht und dem des Nationalstaats in Argentinien (16.–20. Jahrhundert)." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Germanistische Abteilung 133, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 442–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7767/zrgga-2016-0112.
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Abstract Inbetween the Spanish-American colonial law and the law of the national state of Argentina (16th to 20th century). The article provides an overview on nearly six decades of investigation on Latin-American traditions in legal history. It serves two purposes: At first, to understand derecho indiano, its connections with local urban milieus and governments and royal acts, in short a world of casuismo. Secondly, to explain the later history and the fundamental change of this legal culture since the 19th century.
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Nurwulandari, Rahmia, and Kemas Ridwan Kurniawan. "“Europa in de Tropen”, The Colonial Tourism and Urban Culture in Bandung." Journal of Architectural Design and Urbanism 2, no. 2 (April 29, 2020): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jadu.v2i2.7147.
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Bandung experienced a rapid urban development after 1918, when the city was prepared to be the new Dutch East Indies’ capital city, replacing Batavia. In the era of economic liberalization, Bandung also became one of the tourist destinations that has promoted by the businessmen. This paper is a study on how mass tourism as the new urban culture in the beginning of 20th century had a contribution to urban planning in Bandung. The timeline was after the establishment of train as a modern transportation in Bandung (1884) until the end of the Dutch Colonialism in Dutch East Indies (1942). Through the Georg Simmel's theory of sociology and the city, I tried to analyze the the tourism activity and its relations to the 20th century urban architecture in Bandung, West Java. I use the method that was introduced by Iain Borden and friends in The Unknown City to understand tourism and urban history of Bandung through the spatial practice, city representation and experiences.
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Bass, Alden. "Contemporary Historiography on Christianity in Roman Africa." REVISTA DE HISTORIOGRAFÍA (RevHisto), no. 36 (December 14, 2021): 341–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/revhisto.2021.6563.
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This essay follows the broad contours of patristic and ecclesiastical history relative to African Christianity. Rival Catholic and Protestant narratives of the origin and trajectory of African Christianity in the early modern period continued to influence historiography, even after the acceptance of critical historical methods in the 19th century. The advent of archeological research in the colonial period opened new vistas on African history and ushered in the sociohistorical approach which characterized early Christian studies in the 20th century. Finally, the “linguistic turn” in early Christian studies inspired by critical theory has directed recent research toward issues surrounding the identities of African Christians, rhetorical and real.
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Össbo, Åsa, and Patrik Lantto. "Colonial Tutelage and Industrial Colonialism: reindeer husbandry and early 20th-century hydroelectric development in Sweden." Scandinavian Journal of History 36, no. 3 (July 2011): 324–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2011.580077.
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Bigon, Liora. "Between Local and Colonial Perceptions: The History of Slum Clearances in Lagos (Nigeria), 1924-1960." African and Asian Studies 7, no. 1 (2008): 49–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156921008x273088.
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AbstractFollowing the establishment of the British rule in Lagos in the mid-19th century, the pre-colonial settlement became most central in West Africa, economically and administratively. Yet, scarce resources at the disposal of the colonial government and its exploitive nature prevented any serious remedy for the increasingly pressing residential needs. This article examines slum clearances in Lagos from the early 20th century until the de-colonization era in Nigeria (the 1950s), from a perspective of cultural history. This perspective reveals the width of the conceptual gaps between the colonizers and the colonized, and the chronic mutual misunderstanding regarding the nature of slums and the appropriate ways to eliminate them. Tracing the indigenous perceptions and reactions concerning slum clearance shows that the colonial situation was far from being an overwhelmingly hegemonic one.
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Webster, Wendy. "Home, Colonial and Foreign: Europe, Empire and the History of Migration in 20th-century Britain." History Compass 8, no. 1 (January 2010): 32–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00641.x.
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Barysheva, Ekaterina A. "The Formation of the Library System of India (19th - 20th centuries)." Bibliotekovedenie [Library and Information Science (Russia)] 1, no. 2 (April 28, 2016): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2016-1-2-197-204.
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This article is devoted to the formation and development of system of public libraries in India and their place in the educational, social, cultural and informational space of the country. The formation of the library system in India occurred during the complex colonial and post-colonial periods of its history. It took place in the conditions of underdevelopment, the uneven social, political and cultural development of the regions, ethnolinguistic disunity, and mass illiteracy of the population, dominating in the society of caste, religious and gender prejudices. The article demonstrates that public libraries in India, beginning with their appearance in the first half of the 19th century, had a special mission. They were considered not only as repositories of books, but, first of all, as centers of education, aimed to spread the knowledge, fight with ignorance by introducing to the reading, to raise the cultural and intellectual level of Indian society, thereby contributing to its prosperity. The article describes the main stages and directions of state policy of India in the field of librarianship from the early nineteenth to the late twentieth century, recounts the history of the founding of the National library, emphasized the role of Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation. In separate section there is considered the contribution to the library and information science of S.R. Ranganathan, the outstanding leader of Indian culture.
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Malkin, Stanislav. "From Small Wars to Guerrilla Warfare: Imperial School of British Military Thought During the Interbellum." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 6 (2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640017166-0.
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The Interbellum era was marked by the competition of various interpretations of guerrilla warfare and small wars, which were a practical expression of rebel activity in the colonies and on the outskirts of the British Empire. Discussions in that regard reflected both theoretical and doctrinal contradictions and the bureaucratic rivalry between the departments responsible for its internal security and the confrontation between the military and civilian authorities over the boundaries of their responsibility to preserve colonial order. The evolution of the meaning of the concept of “guerilla warfare” within the British military thought in the first half of the 20th century is demonstrated by highlighting the stages of the process, historical reconstruction of the levels of discussion of this topic in a professional environment, and identifying the degree of mutual influence of its basic provisions in the face of budgetary constraints and new challenges to colonial rule after the First World War. This approach allowed to specify ideas about the place and role of the army in the functioning of the internal security system of the British Empire at the final stage of its existence. The analysis of the semantics and content of the “guerilla warfare” concept between two world wars makes it possible to apply a new approach to the issue of disagreements between the military and civilian authorities over the choice of the military and political course in the conflicts of this kind. Thus, the identified differences may be viewed as a result not of the bureaucratic differences only, but as the absence of the unified understanding of the “modern rebellion” problem among the military as itself.
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Boskovic, Aleksandar. "Socio-cultural anthropology today." Sociologija 44, no. 4 (2002): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc0204329b.
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The article presents a history of the development of theoretical perspectives within the social and cultural anthropology from the early 20th century. Beginning with functionalism and structural functionalism, the author traces the influences of structuralism, Marxism, interpretivism, gender, cultural and post-colonial studies, concluding with a set of five themes characteristic for the contemporary anthropological research.
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Mikhel, Irina. "Sanitary Reforms in Hong Kong (Second Half of the 19th Century to the Beginning of the 20th Century)." ISTORIYA 13, no. 12-1 (122) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840023975-1.
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Sanitary reforms in China began in parts of the country where European influence was strong. The British colony of Hong Kong was at the forefront of sanitary reforms, where the population naturally had to adapt to the difficult conditions of the climate, the burden of infectious diseases and constant overcrowding. By the early 1880s, the colony's growing Chinese population and disorderly housing development raised serious concerns among the European community that the presence of the Chinese posed a tangible threat to the health and well-being of Europeans in this part of East Asia. This sentiment prompted a series of sanitary reforms, catalyzed by the reports of colonial engineer Osbert Chadwick, a staunch advocate of sanitation and equal access to modern sanitary infrastructure. His reports of 1882 and 1902 set the course of sanitary reform in Hong Kong for the long term. They were also a response to the Hong Kong Chinese community's request for universal access to adequate methods of rainwater and domestic sewage disposal, as well as access to a more equitable water supply. Like all fast-growing global cities, Hong Kong's continued development was impossible without an extensive sanitation transformation program. It was advocated not only by the most far-sighted members of the colonial administration, but also by much of the colony's Chinese population.
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Gozzi, Gustavo. "History of International Law and Western Civilization." International Community Law Review 9, no. 4 (2007): 353–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187197407x261386.
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AbstractThis paper discusses the origins 19th-century international law through the works of such scholars as Bluntschli, Lorimer, and Westlake, and then traces out its development into the 20th century. Nineteenth-century international law was forged entirely in Europe: it was the expression of a European consciousness and culture, and was geographically located within the community of European peoples, which meant a community of Christian, and hence "civilized," peoples. It was only toward the end of the 19th century that an international law emerged as the expression of a "global society," when the Ottoman Empire, China, and Japan found themselves forced to enter the regional international society revolving around Europe. Still, these nations stood on an unequal footing, forming a system based on colonial relations of domination. This changed in the post–World War II period, when a larger community of nations developed that was not based on European dominance. This led to the extended world society we have today, made up of political systems profoundly different from one another because based on culture-specific concepts. So in order for a system to qualify as universal, it must now draw not only on Western but also on non-Western forms, legacies, and concepts.
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Miller, Tiffany Jones. "FREEDOM, HISTORY, AND RACE IN PROGRESSIVE THOUGHT." Social Philosophy and Policy 29, no. 2 (July 2012): 220–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052511000276.
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AbstractScholarly discussions of the turn of the 20th century progressive movement frequently ignore or give but glancing attention to the progressives’ racial views and policies. Those who do pay greater attention to them nonetheless tend to dismiss them as being somehow “paradoxical” or inconsistent with what they regard as the movement’s core, “democratic” principles. The purpose of this paper, accordingly, is to explain the origin and nature of the movement’s core principles, and to show how the reformers’ racial views and policies, far from being inconsistent with these principles, were in fact their natural outgrowth. The progressives’ support for the colonial subjugation of the Filipinos, as well as the disfranchisement and segregation of American blacks, reflects, in other words, the transformation in the character or content of public policy necessitated by the reformers’ rejection of the “individualism” of the American founding in favor of a new conception of “individualism” chiefly inspired by early 19th century German idealism.
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Oh, Sang Mee. "‘Why Korea Failed?’: The American Discourse of Korea’s Historical Failure at the Turn of the 20th Century." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 29, no. 4 (December 19, 2022): 341–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-29040002.
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Abstract The discourse of Korea’s failed history has been mostly a production of Japanese colonial scholarship, but the early texts that American authors produced were what guided the Western understanding of Korean history during the long 20th Century. Despite the importance of these texts that left significant imprints on later academic works and policy decisions, scholars have not as yet examined properly the American discourse of failure in Korean history. This article analyzes the representative American books on Korean history of authors William E. Griffis and Homer B. Hulbert to describe the emergence of the American discourse of Korea’s failed history in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries. It argues that early American authors of accounts of Korean history wrote them in a specific narrative structure that depicted Korea’s past as a story of gradual decline that ended with failure. These works identify three major themes – isolation, victimization, and dependency – as explanations for why Korea failed. Then, the article examines the doctoral dissertations of Harold J. Noble and George M. McCune to show how this early narrative framework during the 1930s and the 1940s continued thereafter to shape U.S. understanding of Korea even into the 1950s, informing both policymakers and scholars.
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Quinn, Michael. "Rights to the rangelands: European contests of possession in the early 20th century." Rangeland Journal 23, no. 1 (2001): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj01011.
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Resolving competition over rights to the resources of Australia's rangelands is an issue of national prominence. In the early 20th century, European competition over the rangelands reflected the idea that the land needed to be used 'productively' for its occupation to be legitimate, and the idea that the rangelands were the 'public estate'. These perspectives about rights to the rangelands expose roots of today's conflicts. A central theme of 19th century Australian history has been conflict between squatters and colonial governments. By the beginning of the 20th century, occupation of the rangelands had been mostly legitimised through leases and licenses. Governments have continued to use leases to influence access and the use of the rangelands. The 20th century saw conflict continue over rights to the rangelands. Closer settlement, an expression of this conflict, sometimes led to land use that was disastrous for the land and those who used it. The career of the pastoralist Sidney Kidman illustrates the conflicts between the landed and landless, and the inseparability of 'productive' and 'legitimate' land use. The beginning of the 20th century also saw growing knowledge about the environmental impacts of rangeland pastoralism. The rights of lessees and governments were widely renegotiated, in the example of New South Wales, in all attempt to make land use better reflect this new knowledge and to protect the 'public estate'. Today, the history of the rangelands is used by different groups to justify perceived rights to its resources — these rights are legitimised culturally as well by the narrower prescriptions of the law. As social values change, different interests in the rangelands need to be accommodated. A better awareness of past ideas about the rights to the rangelands may in a small way help reconcile these interests, if only by reminding us that in the continuing process of adapting to the rangelands, rights have always been contested and negotiated rather than immutable.
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Vasylenko, Vadym. "“Seignior Nicolo” by Yurii Kosach and Gogol text in ukrainian literature of the 20th century." Слово і Час, no. 1 (February 2, 2021): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.33608/0236-1477.2021.01.87-104.
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In the context of the Ukrainian Gogol discourse of the 20th century, the paper analyzes fragments from the unfinished Yurii Kosach’s novel “Seignior Nicolo”, which deals with the history of Mykola Gogol. The researcher focuses on the peculiarities of Kosach’s understanding of Gogol and the worldview analogies of the two writers.
The concept of symbolic autobiography is understood as a manifestation of the author’s self through the image and history of the other. Presenting the Roman episode in Gogol’s biography, Yurii Kosach tells his own symbolic story, and this relationship between fictitious and real stories functions as a certain way of the author’s symbolic self-representation in his text and through the text.
The incomplete Yuri Kosach’s novel about Gogol is considered in the context of ideological discussions about the national and cultural identity of the writer, as a component of Gogol discourse in Ukrainian literature of the 20th century. The problem of Gogol’s duality, understood in ideological and psychological aspects, manifests a worldview split of Yurii Kosach himself, his own drama. Yuri Kosach’s re-thinking of Gogol’s figure must have been an attempt of destroying two main ideological myths: the Russian-imperial, based on the Soviet, socialist-realist Gogol’s cult, and the colonial one, rooted in the Ukrainian populist tradition.
In addition, the paper pays attention to the sources of Kosach’s novel and clarifies the historical and psychological contexts of its creation, as well as its inter- and midtextual relations, both with Kosach’s works and Gogol discourse as a whole. It is argued that in the history of Gogol the writer considered the problem of cultural colonialism, both in the political and psychological aspects, in particular the problem of Gogol’s sexuality, ‘fear of sex’, which is associated with colonial subordination and the loss of masculinity.
The main personal manifestation of Gogol in the novel by Kosach is a migrant, i. e. a man without ground, an artist without a motherland. The history of Gogol in Rome is examined through the relation of “Seignior Nicolo” to Gogol’s “Rome”, a comparison of the Roman text in Gogol’s and Kosach’s works
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Pecchia, Cristina, Johanna Buss, and Alaka A. Chudal. "Print Cultures in the Making in 19th- and 20th-Century South Asia: Beyond Disciplinary Boundaries." Philological Encounters 6, no. 1-2 (July 23, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519197-bja10019.
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Abstract The study of the history of print technology in South Asia is a multidisciplinary enterprise which involves attentive consideration of the cultural and linguistic diversity of the region, as well as of the historical time in which print technology was massively adopted, namely the colonial period. Here, we focus on the complex fabric of relationships between print and modes of recording and using texts in long present oral and manuscript cultures, also pointing out the limits of applying interpretative models based on the cultural history of Europe to the histories of print in South Asia. Furthermore, we present aspects of the formative stage of print cultures concerning Vedic, Limbu, Nepali, Newari, and Tamil textual traditions—which are studied in the essays of this special issue. This multi-layered perspective helps making sense of social and cultural dynamics concerning the uses of printed books, the (new) meanings associated with them, and the formation of hegemonic configurations within literary and religious traditions.
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Smirnova, Nataliya Vladimirovna, and Anastasiya Igorevna Karpova. "History of Indonesia in the Master's Degree Course of the Department of Foreign History, Political Science and International Relations, Petrozavodsk State University." Uchenyy Sovet (Academic Council), no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/nik-02-2201-04.
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The article shows the importance of oriental publications Sulalat-us-salatin: Malay Manuscript of Kruzenshtern and its Cultural and Historical Significance and Travel and Latest Observations in China, Manila and the Indo-China Archipelago for studying the colonial policy of the Netherlands in Indonesia as part of the training course "Politics of European Powers in the Countries of the East in the 16th-early 20th century" of Master's program at the Petrozavodsk State University. The organization of the first Dutch expedition to the East Indies in 1595-1597 and the creation of the United East India Company are analyzed. The materials of the article can be useful in preparation for classes in the field of History.
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Ali, Kamran Asdar. "GAIL MINAULT, Secluded Scholars: Women's Education and Muslim Social Reform in Colonial India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998). Pp. 373. $35.00 cloth, $14.95 paper." International Journal of Middle East Studies 34, no. 1 (February 2002): 168–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743802391062.
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The Urdu novelist and short story writer Intizar Hussayn, in his story “Ihsan Manzil,” describes the anxiety produced in a northern Indian Muslim community when a magazine arrives addressed to the daughter of a respectable household. Set in the early part of the 20th century, the story depicts how the Muslim woman's name on the envelope, exposed as it was to the whole world, became a metaphor for modernity, the public, and the outside penetrating Muslim moral boundaries and domestic ethos. Similar to Hussayn's incisive depiction of changes within Indian Muslim households, Gail Minault gives us a sense of how religious reform, expanding opportunities for education for both genders, and colonial modernization in the first half of the 20th century undermined and challenged traditional aspects of middle-class Muslim life in northern India.
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EBACH, MALTE C. "A history of biogeographical regionalisation in Australia." Zootaxa 3392, no. 1 (July 18, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3392.1.1.
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The development of Australian biogeographical regionalisation since 1858 has been driven by colonial 19th-centuryexploration and by the late 20th-century biodiversity crisis. The intervening years reduced existing large scaleregionalisation into smaller taxon specific areas of vegetation or endemism. However, large scale biotic biogeographicalregionalisation was rediscovered during multi-disciplinary meetings and conferences, sparking short-term revivals whichhave ended in constant revisions at smaller and smaller taxonomic scales. In 1995 and 1998, the Interim BiogeographicRegionalisation for Australia and the Integrated Marine and Coastal Regionalisation of Australia, AustralianCommonwealth funded initiatives in order to “identify appropriate regionalisations to assess and plan for the protectionof biological diversity”, have respectively replaced 140 years of Australian biogeographical regionalisation schemes. Thispaper looks at the rise and slow demise of biogeographical regionalisation in Australia in light of a fractured taxonomic biogeographical community.
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Hakim, Abdul. "Al-Qur’an Cetak di Indonesia Tinjauan Kronologis Pertengahan Abad ke-19 hingga Awal Abad ke-20." SUHUF 5, no. 2 (November 8, 2015): 231–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22548/shf.v5i2.41.
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The mid-19th century towards the independence day of (1945) was a transition era of the production of the Qur'an in Indonesia. Started from the handwriting Qur’an, and was followed by lithography Qur’an, and the overseas Qur'anic publication, then the birth of the Qur'an which was produced by domestic production. This paper attempts to explain and analyze the development of the Qur'an in the colonial period, especially in the second half of the 19th century until the first half of the 20th century. This study explains the history of its publication, its validation by the committee, as well as aspects of the typographical arrangement and cover as well as the pattern of the text of the Qur'an being published at that time. The study also found some new data concerning the presence of the Qurans which is not mentioned in some of the existing writings.
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Isra Sarwar, Muhammad Shamshad, and Farooq Arshad. "Crisis of Identity in 20th Century: The Case of the Sikhs in India." PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY 3, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 280–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v3i2.123.
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Punjab has been in turmoil since the partition of British India and now its predicament is the outcome of blend of factors. These factors may include mixing of religion with politics, central machination, vote-bank polities and obvious economic grievances. In the post-partition period, the Sikhs demanded affirmative discrimination largely based on colonial heritage job and regional autonomy. They started using ethnic symbols like history, geography, culture and land to gain sympathies of the masses and to attain greater political autonomy and economic benefits. Unfortunately, the Congress considered their struggle for identity disturbing for the secular outlook of India and put this social issue into the conceptual framework of communal politics and aligned it with Sikh tradition. The situation was politically engineered by Congress through mixing religion with politics and it took decisive actions following the divide and rule policy and extracted electoral benefits out of it. The militant operations against fellow the Sikh citizens and manipulated actions radicalized the society which created social unrest and urged the Sikhs to demand a separate state. This article has highlighted the Sikh political struggle for the
recognition of their separate identity and demand for Khalistan. The critically analyzed historical study is based on qualitative methods by using secondary sources.
Punjab has been in turmoil since the partition of British India and now its predicament is the outcome of blend of factors. These factors may include mixing of religion with politics, central machination, vote-bank polities and obvious economic grievances. In the post-partition period, the Sikhs demanded affirmative discrimination largely based on colonial heritage job and regional autonomy. They started using ethnic symbols like history, geography, culture and land to gain sympathies of the masses and to attain greater political autonomy and economic benefits. Unfortunately, the Congress considered their struggle for identity disturbing for the secular outlook of India and put this social issue into the conceptual framework of communal politics and aligned it with Sikh tradition. The situation was politically engineered by Congress through mixing religion with politics and it took decisive actions following the divide and rule policy and extracted electoral benefits out of it. The militant operations against fellow the Sikh citizens and manipulated actions radicalized the society which created social unrest and urged the Sikhs to demand a separate state. This article has highlighted the Sikh political struggle for the recognition of their separate identity and demand for Khalistan. The critically analyzed historical study is based on qualitative methods by using secondary sources.
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Spitra, Sebastian M. "Civilisation, Protection, Restitution: A Critical History of International Cultural Heritage Law in the 19th and 20th Century." Journal of the History of International Law / Revue d’histoire du droit international 22, no. 2-3 (October 21, 2020): 329–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718050-12340154.
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Abstract This article provides a new narrative for the history of cultural heritage law and seeks to contribute to current legal debates about the restitution of cultural objects. The modern protection laws for cultural objects in domestic and international law evolved in the 19th and 20th century. The article makes three new arguments regarding the emergence of this legal regime. First, ‘civilisation’ was a main concept and colonialism an integral part of the international legal system during the evolution of the regime. The Eurocentric concept of civilisation has so far been an ignored catalyst for the international development of cultural heritage norms. Second, different states and actors used cultural heritage laws and their inherent connection to the concept of civilisation for different purposes. Third, the international legal system of cultural heritage partly still reflects its colonial roots. The current restitution discussions are an outcome of this ongoing problematic legal constellation.
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Abdel-Shehid, Malek. "A Home in Disorder is not a Home: Examining Race in Trinidad and Tobago." Caribbean Quilt 5 (May 19, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/caribbeanquilt.v5i0.34365.
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Among its neighbours, the island nation of Trinidad and Tobago stands out due to its ethnic makeup. The population of most Caribbean nations is mainly of African descent; similar to Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago is evenly divided between Afro-Trinidadians and Indo-Trinidadians. Unlike many of the other Caribbean colonies, Trinidad and Tobago were not extensive plantation economies until much later in the colonial period (Paton 291). This is one of the main reasons why the country presently hosts a proportionately lower Afro-Trinidadian population in comparison to other Caribbean countries. While other ethno-cultural groups reside in the country, the aforementioned groups have dominated the landscape in numbers since at least the early 20th century (United Nations Statistics Division). Afro-Trinidadians are generally descendants of enslaved Africans brought to the Caribbean to serve as plantation labourers; Indo-Trinidadians are generally the descendants of South Asian indentured labourers brought to Trinidad to fulfill the same role following the abolition of slavery in the British West Indies. Trinidad and Tobago's long history of colonial subjugation has bred a modern social hierarchy highly tied to race. Racial categories centered around physical characteristics and created during the colonial period have been instrumental in the development of this social hierarchy. Its institutionalization within the country’s modern national political system has resulted in persisting legacies evident throughout modern Trinidadian society. I focus on the island of Trinidad (while still making occasional reference to Tobago) and argue that Trinidadian national unity has been hampered by the foundations laid by the plantation system and consolidated by the modern political system.
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Tagliacozzo, Eric. "Kettle on a Slow Boil: Batavia's Threat Perceptions in the Indies' Outer Islands, 1870–1910." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 31, no. 1 (March 2000): 70–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400015885.
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Around the turn of the 20th century, the colonial Dutch state grew increasingly concerned about what were perceived as threats to its authority. The article devotes particular attention to the so-called “Outer Islands”, and the forces that Batavia saw at work in this periphery that were considered dangerous enough to jeopardize imperial survival.
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Magulov, M. B. "THE PROBLEM OF STUDYING THE MILITARY HISTORY OF THE HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTAN." Herald of KSUCTA n a N Isanov, no. 4-2020 (December 23, 2020): 568–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35803/1694-5298.2020.4.568-574.
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This article examines the historical and military-historical research of Soviet, Kazakh and Russian scientists, the history of the creation of the armed forces on the territory of Kazakhstan, their formation and development. In Soviet historiography, the development of all national republics, especially their military history, was interpreted through the prism of the history of Russia or the Russian people. For many years, materials from this period (from the beginning of the 20th century until the collapse of the USSR) were not covered in the historical literature. For ideological reasons, the colonial policy of the Russian Empire was hushed up, especially during the First World War, when the "eastern aliens" were not drafted into the regular army, were used only in rear work, because the ruling elite did not trust them with weapons. This period has now begun to be viewed in a different way on the basis of new sources and began to acquire new content. At the same time, the author is guided by such a principle of scientific knowledge as historicism, consistency, comparatively comparable analysis and generalization.
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Gregory, Tori R. "America's Quilting History: Quilting from Colonial Times through the 20th Century2009278Judy Anne Breneman. America's Quilting History: Quilting from Colonial Times through the 20th Century. Last visited April 2009. Gratis URL: www.womenfolk.com/historyofquilts/." Reference Reviews 23, no. 6 (August 7, 2009): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09504120910978997.
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Bell, Alan W. "Animal science Down Under: a history of research, development and extension in support of Australia’s livestock industries." Animal Production Science 60, no. 2 (2020): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19161.
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This account of the development and achievements of the animal sciences in Australia is prefaced by a brief history of the livestock industries from 1788 to the present. During the 19th century, progress in industry development was due more to the experience and ingenuity of producers than to the application of scientific principles; the end of the century also saw the establishment of departments of agriculture and agricultural colleges in all Australian colonies (later states). Between the two world wars, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research was established, including well supported Divisions of Animal Nutrition and Animal Health, and there was significant growth in research and extension capability in the state departments. However, the research capacity of the recently established university Faculties of Agriculture and Veterinary Science was limited by lack of funding and opportunity to offer postgraduate research training. The three decades after 1945 were marked by strong political support for agricultural research, development and extension, visionary scientific leadership, and major growth in research institutions and achievements, partly driven by increased university funding and enrolment of postgraduate students. State-supported extension services for livestock producers peaked during the 1970s. The final decades of the 20th century featured uncertain commodity markets and changing public attitudes to livestock production. There were also important Federal Government initiatives to stabilise industry and government funding of agricultural research, development and extension via the Research and Development Corporations, and to promote efficient use of these resources through creation of the Cooperative Research Centres program. These initiatives led to some outstanding research outcomes for most of the livestock sectors, which continued during the early decades of the 21st century, including the advent of genomic selection for genetic improvement of production and health traits, and greatly increased attention to public interest issues, particularly animal welfare and environmental protection. The new century has also seen development and application of the ‘One Health’ concept to protect livestock, humans and the environment from exotic infectious diseases, and an accelerating trend towards privatisation of extension services. Finally, industry challenges and opportunities are briefly discussed, emphasising those amenable to research, development and extension solutions.
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Joseph Ottenheimer, Harriet. "Spelling Shinzwani." Written Language and Literacy 4, no. 1 (March 19, 2001): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.4.1.03jos.
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This paper surveys the history of dictionary construction and orthographic choice in the Comoros — a former French colony in the Indian Ocean — with special reference to issues of literacy, identity, and politics. Evidence ranging from 16th century wordlists to contemporary bilingual/bidirectional dictionaries, as well as colonial, missionary, and scholarly approaches to lexicography and orthography in the Comoros, are examined and compared. While Arabic-influenced writing systems have a long history in the Comoros, the experiences of colonialism and independence in the 20th century introduced French- and phonemically-influenced systems. As the Comoros move into the 21st century, linguists and ethnographers are attempting to assist with questions of standardization, literacy, and dictionary construction. The situation remains fluid, with considerations of tradition, modernity, nationalism, and representation to be taken into account. This paper seeks to address the complex interrelationships between orthographic choice and ethnic identity in the Comoros, with special reference to the development of the first bilingual/bidirectional Shinzwani-English dictionary.