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1
Houllemare, Marie. "Seeing the Empire Through Lists and Charts: French Colonial Records in the Eighteenth Century." Journal of Early Modern History 22, no. 5 (October 2, 2018): 371–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342603.
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Abstract By looking at list-making and comparative assessments of trade, this article on central administrative practices of record management aims at discussing the mobilization of archives in French colonial supervision in the eighteenth century. A Bureau des Colonies was created in the French Secretariat of the Marine in 1710: from the very outset, its main mission was to deal with the colonial records, mostly correspondence, through which the colonies were administered. Archives had been collected and classified in the Bureau des archives from 1699 onwards. But this implied an effort in the organization of papers: throughout the eighteenth century, the imperial administration created several other documentary tools that produced a simplified and ideal vision of the empire and of its place in the global order. Looking at the kinds of papers produced by the colonial administration and where these records were kept provides insight into how the central authorities understood the colonial empire. The paperwork shaped the way administrators understood empire, through operations carried out by the clerks on the records. Records were collected from all the colonies and actors, with a growing sense of being a unique agency possessing relevant records that were reduced to similar storage units by agents without field experience. In fact, archives became crucial in strengthening the empire as a political unity, under a centralized metropolitan direction, mainly after the Seven Years’ War.
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Olukoju, Ayodeji. "Slamming the ‘Open Door’: British Protectionist Fiscal Policy in Inter-War Nigeria." Itinerario 23, no. 2 (July 1999): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300024748.
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Until recently, when it ceased to be an important pastime, scholars engaged in debate over the motives behind, and the nature of, European imperial enterprise in the colonial territories of Africa. Opinion was divided between those who stressed the altruistic goals and the positive impact of the European ‘civilising’ mission in Africa and others who highlighted the ulterior motives behind, and the uncomplimentary features of, colonial rule. One issue in contention as far as British imperialism was concerned, was the policy of ‘free trade’ in the colonies. It was held by some that Britain operated the ‘imperialism of Free Trade’, that is, it hid under the espousal of that policy in order to acquire colonies and to gain advantage over its rivals in the contest for colonial trade. On the other hand, much was made of Britain's ‘open door’ policy in its colonies as contrasted with the French, for example, who were for the most part protectionists. Yet, as a number of studies have shown, the British were no less protectionist given certain circumstances, and this case study provides further examples of this tendency in inter-war Nigeria. To place the discussion in a proper context, we shall clarify the nature of the fiscal system in British colonies, for this was the linchpin of the administration and the key to understanding economic policy.
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Alnaimatt, Fawaz Awdat. "The Christians of Jerusalem during the British Mandate, 1917–48." Contemporary Arab Affairs 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 118–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2016.1241532.
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This study sheds a light on the history of the Christians of Jerusalem during the period of occupation and the British Mandate, 1917–48. It relies on a set of sources and references, among the most important of which are reports, telegrams, messages and letters exchanged between the British leadership in Palestine and the British Foreign Ministry as well as the Ministry of British Colonies (British Colonial Administration); in addition to Palestinian daily and weekly newspapers; as well as modern sources, studies and memoirs.
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Gardner, Leigh. "The curious incident of the franc in the Gambia: exchange rate instability and imperial monetary systems in the 1920s." Financial History Review 22, no. 3 (December 2015): 291–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565015000232.
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In 1922, British colonial Gambia demonetized the French 5-franc coin, which had been legal tender at a fixed rate in the colony since 1843. Until World War I, this rate was close to the international rate under the gold standard. When the franc began to depreciate in 1918, however, a gap emerged between the Gambian rate and the international rate, prompting a rapid influx of the coins. The demonetization cost the colonial administration over a year's revenue, affecting the later development of the colony. The 1920s have long been a fruitful period for the study of monetary history owing to the instability of exchange rates during and after the war. This article extends the study of this period to examine the impact of these changes on dependent colonies in West Africa, highlighting the importance of local compromises and particularities in colonial monetary systems.
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McDonald, David MacLaren. "Russian Statecraft after the “Imperial Turn”: The Urge to Colonize?" Slavic Review 69, no. 1 (2010): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0037677900016752.
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Willard Sunderland and Peter Holquist find in the same cohort of imperial officials—the “technocrats” in the Resettlement Administration—a key moment in the history of Russian statecraft (gosudarstvennost’), linked in turn to the Russian state's career as a “modern colonial empire.” Thus, each historian seeks to ensconce within a larger institutional historical framework the burgeoning discussion occasioned over the last two decades by the “imperial turn” in Russian and European historiographies.However, each article situates the resettlement administration in very different developmental narratives, reaching equally distinctive conclusions. guided by the foucauldian notion of “governmentality” and james scott's insights on statecraft, sunderland presents the resettlement administration as a proto-ministry of asiatic russia, whose “experts“ would impose in asiatic russia the institutionalization of “difference“ between metropolis and periphery—defined and explained by the new hilfsiuissenschaften—that european empire-builders had applied in civilizing their own overseas colonies.
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Karugila, J. M. "German records in Tanzania." African Research & Documentation 50 (1989): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x00010189.
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German East Africa the largest of the former German colonies had a rather interesting history of care, control and preservation of public records. The aim of this paper is firstly to trace in brief the history of German colonisation in East Africa, as a background to a better understanding of the registry practices and records keeping procedures of the government of German East Africa. Secondly, the paper is intended to relate what has happened to the records of the German era after the colony became a mandate under the British Administration and after the attainment of independence.Germany's efforts to found colonies in East Africa can be traced as far back as 1884. In September of that year, Dr. Carl Peters, one of the founders of the German Colonization Society (Gesellschaft fuer deutsche Kolonisation) and his friends, set out on a voyage to East Africa to look for colonies.
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Karugila, J. M. "German records in Tanzania." African Research & Documentation 50 (1989): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x00010189.
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German East Africa the largest of the former German colonies had a rather interesting history of care, control and preservation of public records. The aim of this paper is firstly to trace in brief the history of German colonisation in East Africa, as a background to a better understanding of the registry practices and records keeping procedures of the government of German East Africa. Secondly, the paper is intended to relate what has happened to the records of the German era after the colony became a mandate under the British Administration and after the attainment of independence.Germany's efforts to found colonies in East Africa can be traced as far back as 1884. In September of that year, Dr. Carl Peters, one of the founders of the German Colonization Society (Gesellschaft fuer deutsche Kolonisation) and his friends, set out on a voyage to East Africa to look for colonies.
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Bhattacharya, Ujjayan. "From Surveys to Management." Indian Historical Review 44, no. 2 (December 2017): 225–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983617726471.
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Flood management and embankment maintenance were responsibilities of the state and the social institutions for many centuries. But as the colonial state was based on an epistemic foundation different from the previous regimes, the period witnessed the creation of a new institutional order which resulted in close collaboration between the institution of surveys and the administration of inland water management. As a result, the colonial intervention was characterised by deployment of a corps of engineers who used the knowledge gathered from surveys for managing the water channels and their banks. The process witnessed the establishment of a branch of the military devoted to engineering work in the colonies where supervision and intervention by European experts became an essential feature. The early colonial rule in itself was in a process of transformation: from a commercial/mercantile entity to a fiscal-military state. It was also a state which was establishing a routinised bureaucracy. How both these developments were reflected on the institutions of water management is a central concern of this study. The subordination of the traditional agency in these developments is an important question.
9
Taselaar, Arjen. "The Centre des Archives d'Outre-Mer in Aix-en-Provence." Itinerario 19, no. 1 (March 1995): 105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300021215.
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Students of French overseas history could hardly imagine a better place to do their research than Aix-en-Provence, the delightful home of the Centre des Archives d'Outre-Mer. Readers of Itinerario will not expect an éloge on this town in the heartland of Provence, about which all travel guide clichés turn out to be true, but readers with experience of the Aix archives will admit that their surroundings easily divert the attention of even the most dedicated historian. The Centre des Archives d'Outre-Mer or CAOM was created in 1966 as an autonomous part of the Archives Nationales. From the outset it was intended to house the archives of the administration of France's former colonies that had gained independence. In 1987, however, the archives of the metropolitan administration were moved from Paris to Aixen-Provence as well. Nowadays, the CAOM houses collections on the former French colonies in Africa, Asia and the Americas.
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Rathbone, Richard. "A Murder in the Colonial Gold Coast: Law and Politics in the 1940s." Journal of African History 30, no. 3 (November 1989): 445–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700024476.
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This article looks at a murder case which resulted from allegations of ‘ritual murder’ in the course of Nana Sir Ofori Atta's final funeral rites in Akyem Abuakwa, Ghana, in 1944. At the level of the Akyem state, the accusations came from an affronted section within the polity, the Amantow Mmiensa, who had been defeated by the Stool in the course of the 1932–3 disturbances arising from the Native Administration Revenue Ordinance but whose grievances against the Okyenhene were of greater antiquity. The accused were all descendants of past kings of Akyem. At the level of the Gold Coast state, the case provided an arena for some of the best lawyers in the country to use their mastery of colonial law to challenge the legal and hence colonial establishment both in Accra and in London. At the imperial level, opponents of the Labour Government both from the right and the left were able to use the case to belabour a weak Secretary of State for the Colonies both within and outside the House of Commons. The Governor, Sir Alan Burns, was ultimately confronted with an entirely legal if eccentric challenge to his authority in the Gold Coast, and serious assaults on his competence in London. The article argues that the case poisoned relations between Dr J. B. Danquah, the inspiration behind the defence case, and the colonial establishment in Accra so much that the constructive relationship between some of the intelligentsia and the Governor before 1944 was destroyed. This in turn influenced the nationalists' reception of the reformed 1946 constitution and the attitude of the administration to the United Gold Coast Convention.
11
Котов, Сергей, and Sergey Kokotov. "Establishment of Canada as a sovereign state: from dominion to kingdom." Services in Russia and abroad 9, no. 1 (June 25, 2015): 134–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11716.
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The history of the establisment of Canada as a sovereign state is inseparably linked with the history of the English (later British) colonial empire. Initially land amounting then to Canada, are peripheral areas of the continental possessions of the British Crown in North America. First of all, they include the possession of Hudson´s Bay, Nova Scotia peninsula and the island of Newfoundland. A stronghold of the British presence in the New World colonies were New England, which followed the metropolis actively at odds with the neighboring colonies of France. The long period of Anglo-French wars culminated in the defeat of France and inclusion of its holdings (Louisiana, New France) to the British colonial empire. The territory of the future of Canada became part of a vast political and legal space, which some researchers call the British-American colonial empire. On the socio-economic point of view nothing has changed - these lands were still underdeveloped periphery of the colonies of New England. There had no prerequisites to the formation here of their own institutions of statehood. In the course of the war for the independence of the inhabitants of the colony of Quebec (the former New France), the peninsula of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, for various reasons did not support the rebellious colonies, so many supporters of the unity of the British Empire (the so-called loyalists) moved to these areas. This led to the formation of a number of new colonies, such as Upper Canada, Nyubransuik, Prince Edward Island. Together, they accounted for British North America - in contrast to the United States. It is important to emphasize that even in the middle of the XIX century British North America remained a conglomerate of disparate, sparsely populated, economically underdeveloped areas, both in the immediate possession of the British Crown, and under the control of private companies. Their transformation into a self-governing federation certainly reflected the interests of the nascent trade and economic elite of these colonies. However, this was no less exposed to "US factor" and the liberal-democratic changes that took place in the metropolis itself. Exploring the complex of concrete historical factors that determine the character of the process of establishing Canada as a sovereign state, the author of this article analyzes the formal and legal aspects of the system of power and administration, established under the British colonial empire, as well as the key points of the doctrine of English law, refers to the institution of the Crown, Parliament and the status of imperial colonial government. Emphasized is the idea that the evolution of Canada from the set of "royal" to the self-governing colonies of the federation in the status of dominion and then gaining the status of the kingdom carried out on the basis of gradual development of constitutional conventions of political practice that leaves open to interpretation the question of when exactly Canada acquired the status of a sovereign state.
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Moore, Colin D. "State Building Through Partnership: Delegation, Public-Private Partnerships, and the Political Development of American Imperialism, 1898–1916." Studies in American Political Development 25, no. 1 (April 2011): 27–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x11000034.
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In the first decades of the twentieth century, the United States transformed itself from a commercial republic into a major international actor and acquired its first overseas colonies and dependencies. This article investigates the role of public-private partnerships between American state officials and American financiers in the management and expansion of American empire. Confronted with tepid support from Congress for further imperial expansion and development, colonial bureaucrats looked to investment bankers to accomplish goals for which they lacked the financial capacity and political support to achieve independently. These partnerships were soon formalized as “Dollar Diplomacy,” an arrangement that would govern America's imperial strategy in the Caribbean. This article highlights two theoretical processes: (1) the downstream effects of congressional delegation decisions and their role in motivating institutional adaptations, and (2) the formation of public-private partnerships as an alternative means of state development, and the unique pitfalls of this approach. To illustrate these mechanisms, this article presents historical narratives, based largely on archival research, on the emergence of this Dollar Diplomacy partnership in the formal American colonies, the spread of this system of imperialism to the Caribbean, and its partial collapse during the early Wilson administration.
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Home, Robert. "History and Prospects for African Land Governance: Institutions, Technology and ‘Land Rights for All’." Land 10, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10030292.
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Issues relating to land are specifically referred to in five of the United Nations’ (UN) 17 Sustainable Development Goals, and UN-Habitat’s Global Land Tools Network views access to land and tenure security as key to achieving sustainable, inclusive and efficient cities. The African continent is growing in importance, with climate change and population pressure on land. This review explores an interdisciplinary approach, and identifies recent advances in geo-spatial technology relevant to land governance in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It discusses historical legacies of colonialism that affect the culture of its land administration institutions, through three levels of governance: international/regional, national and sub-national. Short narratives on land law are discussed for four Anglophone former British colonies of SSA. A wide range of sources are drawn upon: academic research across disciplines, and official publications of various actors, including land professions (particularly surveyors, lawyers and planners), government and wider society. The findings are that African countries have carried forward colonial land governance structures into the post-independence political settlement, and that a gulf exists between the institutions, language and cultures of land governance, and the mass of its peoples struggling with basic issues of survival. This gulf may be addressed by recent approaches to land administration and technological advances in geo-spatial technology, and by new knowledge networks and interactions.
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Vasquez-Parra, Adeline. "Local Affairs or Imperial Scandals?" Journal of Early American History 12, no. 2-3 (December 9, 2022): 211–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18770703-12020004.
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Abstract What is the historical part of minorities and foreigners in the modern process of citizenship-building outside the French Kingdom? The study of legal claims and disputes shows that from the end of the Nine Years’ War (1688–1697) to the French Revolution (1789), many foreign inhabitants of the French Atlantic colonies shared a common understanding of their individual rights. The study of foreign subjects’ legal culture, defined as a set of attitudes and perceptions towards the law, also reveals governance tactics such as the gathering of certain foreign groups into trustworthy “colonial communities”. This opened a particular framework of relationships between the French administration and members of three of these communities: Acadians, Converso Jews, and Irishmen. Settled in the French Caribbean islands, they all progressively understood their legal status through a new category of “citizen” prior to the age of Atlantic Revolution (1776–1791).
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Zhadan, A. V. "Organization and Activity of NKVD Labor Educational Colonies for Minors in Khabarovsk Region in 1943–1945." Modern History of Russia 11, no. 2 (2021): 408–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2021.207.
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The article, based on documentary sources, the main part of which is introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, aims to analyze and summarize the historical experience of labor educational colonies for minors of the NKVD on the territory of the Khabarovsk territory in wartime (taking into account the events of the Soviet-Japanese war) and in the first post-war months of 1945. Within the framework of this goal, the author sets the following tasks: to specify the social significance of these institutions in relation to wartime conditions; describe the main directions of their activities (educational process and industrial training); establish the causes and nature of the problems that accompanied the activities of educational colonies at the time under review. The publication concludes that being essentially correctional and educational institutions, labor educational colonies for minors performed humanitarian, criminological, preventive, and socio-economic functions during the study period. The main problems in the activity of the colonies, which affected the material and everyday aspects of the life of pupils, the quality of educational work and the educational process, were the lack of material resources and experienced, qualified personnel. It is noted that the functioning of these institutions in the Khabarovsk territory was fully affected by the socio-economic specifics of the far Eastern region with a characteristic shortage of human resources, a relatively weak economic base, an undeveloped infrastructure and a saturation of penitentiary institutions. The author gives a positive assessment of the role of the leadership of the NKVD administration in the Khabarovsk territory in strengthening the discipline of the colony staff, suppressing illegal actions against pupils, creating favorable material and living conditions, and improving the educational and upbringing process.
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Doonan, Owen. "Sinop Landscapes: Towards an Archaeology of Community in the Hinterland of a Black Sea Port." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 16, no. 1-2 (2010): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005711x560363.
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Abstract This paper discusses the evidence for economic and community integration on the Sinop promontory from the early first millennium BC through the middle of the first millennium AD based on the results of the Sinop Regional Archaeological Project. Results suggest that settlement and economy on the Sinop promontory were strongly affected by the broader condition of the Black Sea economy. Contrary to the sudden appearance of colonial sites dispersed over a relatively extensive territory seen in other important Pontic colonies (e.g. Olbia), evidence from Sinop suggests several centuries of disengagement followed by a progressive engagement between Greek and non-Greek communities following the extension of Persian influence in the eastern Pontus in the early fourth century. Infrastructural improvements under early Roman administration may not have been followed immediately by economic expansion, which seems to have taken off after the establishment of Constantinople.
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Porter Sanchez, Danielle. "Bar-Dancing, Palm Wine, and Letters." Journal of African Military History 3, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 123–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24680966-00302002.
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Abstract This article focuses on the militarization of social life and leisure in Brazzaville during the Second World War and argues that efforts to instill a sense of control over the city could only suppress life so much, as many Congolese people were unwilling to completely succumb to the will of the administration in a war that seemed to offer very little to their communities or their city as a whole. Furthermore, drinking and dancing served as opportunities to engage with issues of class and race in the wartime capital of Afrique Française Libre. The history of alcohol consumption in Brazzaville is not simply the story of choosing whether or not to drink (or allow others to drink); rather, it is one of many stories of colonial control, exploitation, and racism that plagued Europe’s colonies in Africa during the Second World War.
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Gervais, Raymond R. "Archival Documents on Upper Volta: Here, There, and Everywhere." History in Africa 20 (1993): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171983.
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Fluctuations of colonial policies toward territorial integrity were not without effects, first on the people of these colonies and then on the organization of their own administration. A case in point is the tortuous history of colonial administration in Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso). Created in 1919 out of the oversized Haut-Sénégal-Niger—which extended from the Sénégal river to lake Chad—in order to rationalize the administration Upper Volta survived as an autonomous colony until January 1933, when it was officially dismembered. The northwestern part (i.e., Ouahigouya) was ceded to the French Sudan, the central and southwestern regions (Mosi and Bobo) to Côte d'Ivoire, and a small portion of the eastern portion (Fada N'Gourma) to Niger. After harsh negotiations the colony of Upper Volta was recreated in 1947. Researchers who have worked on this part of the French empire know that every adjustment brought to the administrative arrangement also caused personnel and documents to be displaced to the new centers—Abidjan, Niamey, or Bamako.This institutional constraint on the organization of complete sets of archival documents for the study of the region's past has been strengthened by a well-known post-independence symptom: bureaucratic plethora. Indeed Burkina Faso is probably the only country in the world to possess more archivists than organized archives. The Direction des archives, with its dozen archivists in the 1980s, had not produced a single inventory of what could be found in the capital (Ouagadougou) or in the regions, although important work had been done by individual archivists appointed to specific Ministries or by expatriate researchers.
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Linne, Karsten. "The “New Labour Policy” in Nazi Colonial Planning for Africa." International Review of Social History 49, no. 2 (August 2004): 197–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085900400149x.
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The National Socialist planning for a recolonization of Africa was based on a new social and labour policy and focused chiefly on the “labour question”. In designing their schemes, planners strove to mobilize wage labour and circumvent the much-feared “proletarianization” of the workers. The key problem in exploiting the African colonies had two main aspects: a shortage of manpower and migrant labour. Therefore, planners designed complex systems of organized, state-controlled labour recruitment, and formulated rules for labour contracts and compensation. An expanded labour administration was to ensure that the “deployment of labour” ran smoothly and that workers were registered, evaluated, and supervised. Furthermore, “white labour guardians” were to be assigned the responsibility of overseeing the social wellbeing of the African workers. As was evident not only in Germany but in the colonial powers, France and Great Britain, as well, these concepts all fit into the general trend of the times, a trend characterized by the application of scientific methods in solving social issues, by the increased emphasis on state intervention, and by the introduction of sociopolitical measures. Nazi planning was based on Germany's prewar politics but also reflected the changes occurring in German work life after 1933.
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Bierwirth, Chris. "French Interests in the Levant and Their Impact on French Immigrant Policy in West Africa." Itinerario 26, no. 1 (March 2002): 9–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300004927.
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Prior to the Second World War, the French government had been highhanded in its administration of the Levantine Mandates and severe in the treatment of Levantine immigrants in its West African colonies. This imperious behaviour would change abruptly in 1944. As part of their effort to rebuild French power, General Charles de Gaulle and the Comité Français de la Liberation Nationak (CFLN) sought to maintain France's longstanding position of diplomatic and cultural influence in the Levant, even after promising Lebanese and Syrian independence. With this in mind, French authorities grew more sensitive to the immigrant connection between Damascus and Dakar. In particular, the CFLN began to understand that complaints by Levantine immigrants in Afrique Occidentale Française (AOF) regarding their treatment by colonial officials had immediate repercussions on the French ‘mission’ in Syria and Lebanon. As a result, in the last year of the war – and at the direct instigation of the CFLN's representative in the Levant – sweeping policy changes were instituted to mitigate the treatment of Levantine immigrants in West Africa in order to restore France's prestige and position in the Middle East.
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Hirano, Ryuichi, Tatsuro Mitsuhashi, and Katsuyoshi Osanai. "Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Fungemia, a Rare Opportunistic Infection without Central Venous Catheter Implantation, Successfully Treated by Liposomal Amphotericin B." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2022 (June 3, 2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7830126.
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Background. Fungemia due to Rhodotorula mucilaginosa is rare and highly resistance to antifungal therapy. Since most cases of R. mucilaginosa fungemia are attributed to medical devices, limited information is currently available on infection without central venous catheter (CVC) implantation. We herein report a case of R. mucilaginosa fungemia without implantation of CVC, successfully treated by liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB). Case Presentation. An 81-year-old man with a history of chronic obstructive lung disease and rheumatoid arthritis was admitted with dyspnea and fever. The present case had no previous history of CVC implantation. Candidemia was suspected based on yeast and salmon-pink colonies in blood cultures, and thus, micafungin (MCFG) was administered. The isolated yeast was identified as R. mucilaginosa, which exhibited resistance to MCFG. Therefore, antifungal therapy was changed to L-AMB. The sterile blood culture and defervescence were observed from the initiation of L-AMB. Conclusion. Although the obvious entry point was unclear, long-term immunosuppressive therapy for RA may have damaged the gastrointestinal tract, which leading to the bacterial translocation of R. mucilaginosa. An early class switch to L-AMB was effective. Physicians need to consider the administration of L-AMB in cases suspected of R. mucilaginosa fungemia following the detection of salmon-pink colonies in blood cultures.
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Drønen, Tomas Sundnes. "Slavery, Human Rights and Visas." Mission Studies 33, no. 3 (November 8, 2016): 251–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733831-12341463.
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A case study of yet unpublished material from the French colonial archives shows that the administration carefully watched the work of Christian missionaries in Cameroon. This surveillance stemmed from the administration’s fear of local rebellion due to the missionaries’ influence. In the North, the fear was that Christian mission would provoke the previously militarily powerful Fulbe to a rebellion similar to those the French had experienced in their North African colonies. The Norwegian missionaries took an active stance against local slavery, and visa applications for nine new missionaries in 1950 became the impetus for intensive surveillance from the French administration. The visa struggle and the struggle over domestic slavery also show that the administration had established a political culture that only reluctantly gave priority to serious human rights issues over respect for local traditions, and that they had established a regime of strict control over religious activities. 在法国殖民地的存档里一份未发表的档案中显示，政府小心地观察在卡麦隆的基督教宣教士的工作。这种监视乃是出自对由于宣教士的影响而会产生的本地叛乱的恐惧。在北部，这种恐惧是怕基督教宣教会引发类似在法国的北非殖民地经历了的军事叛乱。挪威的宣教士们采取积极的姿态反对奴隶制，并且1950年九位宣教士的签证申请加剧了法国政局对他们的密切监视。政府对签证和本地奴隶制的挣扎，显示了其建立的懒于将严重的人权问题置于对本地传统的尊重之上的政治文化，也显示了对宗教活动严格控制的政权。 Un estudio de caso de materiales inéditos de los archivos de las colonias francesas muestra que el gobierno vigiló el trabajo de los misioneros cristianos en Camerún. Esta vigilancia por parte del gobierno se origina por temor a una rebelión local influenciada por los misioneros. En el Norte, el temor era de que la misión cristiana llevaría a los fulbe, ya militarmente poderosos, a una rebelión similar a la que los franceses habían experimentado en sus colonias del norte de África. Los misioneros noruegos tomaron una postura activa contra la esclavitud local y la solicitud de visas para nueve nuevos misioneros en 1950 fue el impulso para la vigilancia por parte de la administración francesa. Las luchas por las visas y contra la esclavitud doméstica también muestran que el gobierno sólo había establecido una cultura política que a regañadientes daba prioridad a temas importantes de derechos humanos sobre el respeto por las tradiciones locales, y que había establecido un régimen de control estricto sobre las actividades religiosas. This article is in English.
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Huillery, Elise. "The Black Man's Burden: The Cost of Colonization of French West Africa." Journal of Economic History 74, no. 1 (February 24, 2014): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050714000011.
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Was colonization costly for France? Did French taxpayers contribute to colonies’ development? This article reveals that French West Africa's colonization took only 0.29 percent of French annual expenditures, including 0.24 percent for military and central administration and 0.05 percent for French West Africa's development. For West Africans, the contribution from French taxpayers was almost negligible: mainland France provided about 2 percent of French West Africa's revenue. In fact, colonization was a considerable burden for African taxpayers since French civil servants’ salaries absorbed a disproportionate share of local expenditures.
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Keese, Alexander. "Forced Labour in the “Gorgulho Years”: Understanding Reform and Repression in Rural São Tomé e Príncipe, 1945–1953." Itinerario 38, no. 1 (April 2014): 103–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115314000072.
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The crossroads of nationalist historiographies in sub-Saharan Africa and of the history of developmentalist attempts that characterise the European late colonial states, have left us with very incomplete images of important trajectories. In the seemingly more “liberal” large colonial empires—notably the French and British—sails were set by 1945 towards a policy of investment and economic change. Some of the scholarly debates question whether this investment was genuine or just a last resort to avoid (rapid) decolonisation; others put the emphasis on inadequate routines of development implemented in these territories, many of which have apparently been continued since decolonisation.In this context, we encounter a clear lack of understanding about how decisions made by individual actors on the administrative level interacted with the larger panorama of social conditions in colonial territories, and of the consequences that these interactions had for the paths towards decolonisation. For a smaller empire such as the Belgian colony of Congo-Léopoldville, these processes are still more obscure; and for the colonies ruled by authoritarian metropoles, as in the cases of territories under Spanish and Portuguese rule, stagnation and absence of change are often taken for granted. In other words, these territories, which were under the rule of metropoles regarded as rather weak in economic terms, are treated as unrepresentative of the broader, European movement towards change in colonial policies. However, the conditions of change towards economic and social modernisation in this latter group of empires, even when inhibited by lack of funding and weak professionalisation of the administration, are frequently very telling for the broader range of challenges that the late colonial states faced.
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Lamei, Sepideh, Jörg G. Stephan, Bo Nilson, Sander Sieuwerts, Kristian Riesbeck, Joachim R. de Miranda, and Eva Forsgren. "Feeding Honeybee Colonies with Honeybee-Specific Lactic Acid Bacteria (Hbs-LAB) Does Not Affect Colony-Level Hbs-LAB Composition or Paenibacillus larvae Spore Levels, Although American Foulbrood Affected Colonies Harbor a More Diverse Hbs-LAB Community." Microbial Ecology 79, no. 3 (September 10, 2019): 743–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00248-019-01434-3.
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Abstract The main current methods for controlling American Foulbrood (AFB) in honeybees, caused by the bacterial pathogen Paenibacillus larvae, are enforced incineration or prophylactic antibiotic treatment, neither of which is fully satisfactory. This has led to an increased interest in the natural relationships between the pathogenic and mutualistic microorganisms of the honeybee microbiome, in particular, the antagonistic effects of Honeybee-Specific Lactic Acid Bacteria (hbs-LAB) against P. larvae. We investigated whether supplemental administration of these bacteria affected P. larvae infection at colony level over an entire flowering season. Over the season, the supplements affected neither colony-level hbs-LAB composition nor naturally subclinical or clinical P. larvae spore levels. The composition of hbs-LAB in colonies was, however, more diverse in apiaries with a history of clinical AFB, although this was also unrelated to P. larvae spore levels. During the experiments, we also showed that qPCR could detect a wider range of hbs-LAB, with higher specificity and sensitivity than mass spectrometry. Honeybee colonies are complex super-organisms where social immune defenses, natural homeostatic mechanisms, and microbiome diversity and function play a major role in disease resistance. This means that observations made at the individual bee level cannot be simply extrapolated to infer similar effects at colony level. Although individual laboratory larval assays have clearly demonstrated the antagonistic effects of hbs-LAB on P. larvae infection, the results from the experiments presented here indicate that direct conversion of such practice to colony-level administration of live hbs-LAB is not effective.
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Siddique, Asheesh Kapur. "Governance through Documents: The Board of Trade, Its Archive, and the Imperial Constitution of the Eighteenth-Century British Atlantic World." Journal of British Studies 59, no. 2 (April 2020): 264–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2019.281.
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AbstractThis article examines the role of documents, their circulation, and their archivization in the enactment of the imperial constitution of the British Empire in the Atlantic world during the long eighteenth century. It focuses on the Board of Trade's dispatch of “Instructions” and “Queries” to governors in the American colonies, arguing that it was through the circulation of these documents and the use of archives that the board sought to enforce constitutional norms of bureaucratic conduct and the authority of central institutions of imperial administration. In the absence of a singular, codified written constitution, the British state relied upon a variety of different kinds of documents to forge the imperial Atlantic into a governed space. The article concludes by pointing to the continuing centrality of documents and archives to the bureaucratic manifestation of the imperial constitution in the immediate aftermath of the American Revolution.
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Govier, M. "The Royal Society, slavery and the island of jamaica: 1660-1700." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 53, no. 2 (May 22, 1999): 203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.1999.0075.
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This paper presents evidence of the interrelationships that existed between the Royal Society in its early years, the slave colonies, and the West African slave trade, first under the auspices of the Royal Adventurers, and later the Royal African Company (RAC). First, it examines the extent of the overlapping of memberships between the bodies. Second, it chronicles the Society's ownership of shares in the RAC. Third, it investigates involvement by Fellows of the Society in the administration of the (then) slave colony of Jamaica. Finally, it presents a few relevant extracts from the Society's foreign correspondence from outposts of the rising empire, and also extracts from discussions at ordinary meetings concerning the cause of the differences in colour between Europeans and Africans. Following the sale of its shares in the RAC in 1699, no further investments in the slave trade by the Society are known to have occurred.
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Dimier, Véronique. "Enjeux institutionnels autour d'une science politique des colonies en France et en Grande-Bretagne, 1930-1950." Genèses 37, no. 1 (1999): 70–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/genes.1999.1595.
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Ovchinnikova, L. V. "Korean National Liberation and Communist Movement in Korea (Late 1910-s, 1920-s and Early 1930-s). Concepts of Russian Orientalists." Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Political Science and Religion Studies 38 (2021): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2073-3380.2021.38.73.
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The colonial history has been a topic for scientific research for Russian and foreign orientalists in the 20th and 21th centuries. At present some of the historical events and processes, the liberation movement in the Asian colonies for instance, are being revised and reviewed. At the same time a search for new sources, documents and information is becoming one of the priorities in historical science. This is true about Korean liberation studies in the former USSR and Russia. Soviet and Russian orientalists carried out a number of significant works on the topic. However, as many scholars say themselves, these publications need revision. Furthermore, formerly in their publications Soviet researchers were obliged to follow the concepts of the official North-Korean historiography, which was to serve the cult of Kim Il- Sung and the “Chuchhe” doctrine and misinterpreted historical events, those related to the 1920-s and the 1930-s particularly. As a result some misinterpreted conceptions, missing and unexplained data about Korea’s liberation movement appeared. Hence there was a necessity to broaden the scientific source of research, a need for new information and data. The article is devoted to Korean colonial history, particularly to the Korean struggle for independence during the first 25 years of Japanese colonial governance. The author seeks to find out the way national liberation and communist movement are depicted in the conceptions of Soviet and Russian orientalists. Korean struggle against Japanese colonial rule has been reflected in special editions for official use of the Japanese colonial administration. These books were written in Japanese by the General-Governor’s office, police and court and were used by senior Japanese officials. They prove to be an original source of scientific research concerning forms and methods of Japanese governance in the colony, general situation on the Korean Peninsula before WWII. These Japanese publications also provide important data that shed light on Korea’s struggle for independence. The author makes an attempt to compare, where possible, the conceptions of Russian orientalists concerning national liberation and communist movement in Korea in the late 1910-s, 1920-s and early 1930-s with the interpretation given in the above mentioned Japanese publications.
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Suzuki, Nobutaka. "Upholding Filipino nationhood: The debate over Mindanao in the Philippine Legislature, 1907–1913." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 44, no. 2 (April 22, 2013): 266–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463413000076.
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Christian Filipino legislators in the bicameral US civil administration played a hitherto unacknowledged role in pushing for the colonisation of Mindanao, as part of the Philippines, by proposing a series of Assembly bills (between 1907 to 1913) aimed at establishing migrant farming colonies on Mindanao. This legislative process was fuelled by anger over the unequal power relations between the Filipino-dominated Assembly and the American-dominated Commission, as well as rivalry between resident Christian Filipino leaders versus the American military government, business interests and some Muslim datus in Mindanao itself for control over its land and resources. Focusing on the motives and intentions of the bills' drafters, this study concludes that despite it being a Spanish legacy, the Christian Filipino elite's territorial map — emphasising the integrity of a nation comprising Luzon, the Visayas and Mindanao — provided the basis for their claim of Philippine sovereignty over Mindanao.
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Lam, Newman M. K., and James MacGregor. "Influence of ethnic values on public sector performance management." Asian Education and Development Studies 7, no. 2 (April 9, 2018): 234–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-06-2017-0056.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine whether deeply rooted ethnic values persist in public administration in spite of strong foreign influence in education and administrative culture. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents the theories and concepts on ethnic values, in particular Chinese and Canadian administrative values in order to examine their differences. Victoria of Canada and Hong Kong of China, both former British colonies, have been selected as the study sites due to their similarity in British education and administrative culture. Comparable samples of human subjects were drawn from the public sectors of Hong Kong and Victoria, who were either students or graduates of a master of public administration program. A questionnaire containing questions on program evaluation and staff promotion was administered to participants. Findings The survey results show that, while organizations may have similar administrative systems and cultures, employees revert to their ethnic values for matters concerning their immediate well-being – staff promotion in this case. The findings also suggest that employees endorse good practices and reject bad ones more often than they believe their organizations do. Research limitations/implications The purpose of this study is to examine whether lengthy foreign influence can change deeply rooted ethnic culture. The research results are not aimed at and may not be relevant to explaining a current situation. Practical implications The research findings may help improve public administration, in particular regarding issues of human resources management. Social implications The research findings may provide a better understanding of social behavior in the work place. Originality/value This paper contains original data for a comparative analysis that appears to have never been done before. It provides empirical proof that deeply rooted ethnics values are very difficult to change in spite of a long history of foreign influence.
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JOHNSON, JENNIFER. "New Directions in the History of Medicine in European, Colonial and Transimperial Contexts." Contemporary European History 25, no. 2 (April 12, 2016): 387–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777316000138.
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In the late 1970s scholars of Europe and its colonies began probing the relationship between medicine and empire. In the decades since, following the cue of Steven Feierman, John Janzen, Megan Vaughan and Randall Packard, the literature has demonstrated that colonial medicine constructed an African ‘other’ and greatly contributed to harmful practices that did not improve the overall health and welfare of the local populations European administrations claimed to be civilising. Through the 1990s, scholarship concentrated primarily on local agency and socio-economic and political factors that furthered our understanding of how medicine and health care operated in a colonial context. These foundational studies have enabled the most recent wave of research in the history of medicine to turn its attention to questions of public health, especially as it relates to the politics of development, nationalism, and decolonisation. Historians, including Sunil Amrith and Clifford Rosenberg, have emphasised the significant role medicine has played in projecting state power in European colonies and have shown how international organisations became prominent agents in shaping national and global health policies. However, their important work has left unanswered questions about the intellectual networks that formed the elite scientific and medical minds of the day and the legacies of health policies under colonial rule.
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Lindner, Ulrike. "The transfer of European social policy concepts to tropical Africa, 1900–50: the example of maternal and child welfare." Journal of Global History 9, no. 2 (May 23, 2014): 208–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022814000047.
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AbstractConcerns about a sinking birth rate and possible ‘national degeneration’ led to the implementation of various measures in maternal and child welfare across Europe at the dawn of the twentieth century. Infant health was strongly connected with the idea of population as both a national and imperial resource. In the colonies of the imperial powers, similar issues started to be addressed later, mostly after the First World War, when colonial administrations, who until then had predominantly worried about the health of the white European colonizers, started to take an interest in the health of the indigenous population. This article investigates the transfer of maternal and infant health policies from Britain and Germany to their tropical African colonies and protectorates. It argues that colonial health policy developed in a complex interplay between imperial strategies and preconceptions as well as local reactions and demands, mostly reifying racial demarcation lines in colonial societies. It focuses on examples from German East Africa, which became the British Tanganyika mandate after the First World War, and from the British sub-Saharan colonies Kenya and Nigeria.
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Ahn, Eugene R., John J. Byrnes, Vincenzo Fontana, Pamela Dudkiewicz, Carlos J. Bidot, and Yeon S. Ahn. "Recurrence of Severe ITP Following Administration of G-CSF: Remission Following Platelet and Vinca-Alkaloid Infusion." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 3222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.3222.3222.
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Abstract Introduction: In ITP, platelets opsonized with antibodies are phagocytosed by macrophages. Activation of macrophages often triggers aggravation or relapses of ITP as demonstrated following vaccination, infections. G-CSF stimulates granulocyte colonies but can stimulate macrophages at higher concentrations in vitro. We report recurrence of severe life threatening ITP following G-CSF therapy, successfully managed by selective injury of macrophages with sequential infusions of platelets and vinca-alkaloids. Case Study: A 30 year old healthy Caucasian man developed severe ITP in 9/03 with wet purpura, epistaxis, multiple hematomas in the mouth, tongue and lips and a platelet count <2 K. He suffered severe headaches, refractory gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) bleeding requiring numerous platelet and pRBC transfusions. Increased megakaryocytes were seen in a bone marrow biopsy. CT scans of the head and body were normal, including normal spleen size. ITP was refractory to several measures including high dose glucocorticoids, IV immunoglobulins (IVIG), danazol, rituximab, and vinca-alkaloids. Splenectomy in 5/04 induced a complete remission, lasting for over 3 years. On 2/12/07 he presented with agranulocytosis and neutropenic fever. His Hgb and platelet counts were normal but leukocyte count was 0.9 with absent granulocytes. IVIG infusions began for immune neutropenia with partial improvement of granulocytopenia. Beginning 5/31/07, he was treated with a biweekly regimen of IVIG and Neulasta with normalization of WBC. However, a month following this normalization, patient presented with a platelet count of 9K, wet purpura, epistaxis, multiple hematomas in the tongue and oral mucosa, GI and GU bleeding, headaches and dizzy spells. In spite of high dose IV steroids, daily platelet and pRBC transfusions were required, with little change in platelet counts. He also suffered hypotensive episodes from GI bleeding and pseudomonas bacteremia. Using a rationale described in our previous work (NEJM298:1101, 1978), vincristine 1mg injection was given immediately following platelet transfusion and one week later, 4mg vinblastine immediately following another platelet transfusion. Vinca rapidly binds to transfused platelets and serve as targeted therapy against the activated macrophages that phagocytose platelets. The therapy was effective. Platelet count rose to 72K 1 week after vinblastine, and then normalized. Additional vincristine 1mg was given at discharge. ITP underwent remission. Summary/Discussion: A patient with refractory ITP who underwent CR for over three years after splenectomy suffered severe life threatening thrombocytopenia following injections of G-CSF. This case report is highlighted by the following features. While ITP was in CR, severe granulocytopenia developed which responded to IVIG, indicating an autoimmune cause of leukopenia. Treatment with G-CSF for leukopenia triggered recurrence of severe ITP. Platelet transfusion immediately followed by injection of vinca-alkaloids was successful in inducing remission of life threatening ITP. G-CSF should be used with caution in patients with history of ITP, since it may activate macrophages and trigger relapse of ITP. The immediate sequence of platelet transfusion followed by vinca injection might be particularly useful in this scenario, and is less cumbersome compared to the previously described procedure of incubating platelets ex-vivo with vinca prior to infusion (NEJM298:1101, 1978; AmJHem81:423, 2006).
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BURTON, ANDREW. "URCHINS, LOAFERS AND THE CULT OF THE COWBOY: URBANIZATION AND DELINQUENCY IN DAR ES SALAAM, 1919–61." Journal of African History 42, no. 2 (July 2001): 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853701007861.
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During the British colonial period a substantial young African population emerged in Dar es Salaam. Both colonial officials and African elders viewed this with dismay. They felt the resulting demoralisation of African youth posed a threat to both (African) authority and (colonial) order. However, measures aimed at addressing the ramifications of this phenomenon were mostly unsuccessful. Ironically, whilst British colonial policy aimed to keep African youth quiescent in rural, gerontocratic, tribal administrations, colonialism in fact provided the context in which both rapid urbanization and generational tension occurred. These continued to occur after independence; and it is argued that TANU politicians not only inherited the problems associated with the administration of the Tanganyikan capital, but that their responses were influenced by European and ‘elite’ African attitudes of the colonial era.
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Bokhodirov, Ikhtiyor. "SUPPRESSION OF NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENTS IN FERGANA REGION BY TURKESTAN MILITARY DISTRCT IN THE SECOND HALF OF XIX CENTURY." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 02, no. 08 (August 31, 2021): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-02-08-09.
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Fergana region had a very high position in the colonial system of the Russian empire in Turkestan. The most population in Turkestan lived in Fergana and the empire got a lot of profit from this region. But the national liberation movement in Fergana region had always been a big problem for the Turkestan colonial administration. The imperial government used the troops of the Turkestan Military District to keep public order and supression the uprisings in the region.
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SHEREIKIS, REBECCA. "FROM LAW TO CUSTOM: THE SHIFTING LEGAL STATUS OF MUSLIM ORIGINAIRES IN KAYES AND MEDINE, 1903–13." Journal of African History 42, no. 2 (July 2001): 261–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853701007903.
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In the early colonial period the frontier towns of Kayes and Medine on the Upper Senegal River were home to a community of Muslim originaires of the four communes of Senegal. The article examines this group's efforts to establish and maintain a Muslim tribunal in Kayes, thus preserving a space for their privilege and identity within the French colonial system. But while their appeals to the colonial administration were successful in 1905, a 1912 revision of the legal system took away their privilege and made Muslim originaires constituents of native courts. The article provides context for understanding the Muslims' protests, as well as the administration's changing attitudes towards them. Whereas much of the literature on the originaires has focused on their status as assimilated Africans with voting rights, this article calls attention to their identity as Muslims.
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Altaf, Aayeena, Naila H. Alkefai, Bibhu Prasad Panda, Zakiya Usmani, Saima Amin, and Showkat R. Mir. "Microbial Composition of a Traditional Fermented Wheat Preparation—Nishasta and Its Role in the Amelioration of Retinoic Acid-Induced Osteoporosis in Rats." Fermentation 8, no. 4 (April 12, 2022): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8040182.
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Fermented foods have a long history of human use. The purpose of this study was to characterize the microbial composition of a traditional fermented wheat preparation—Nishasta— and to explore its effect in retinoic acid-induced osteoporosis in Wistar rats. The sample was suspended in sterile water (10% w/v), mixed thoroughly, filtered, and gradually diluted. Aliquots of dilutions were cultured in MRS (DeMan–Rogosa–Sharpe) medium, and colonies with similar morphologies were subjected to DNA extraction. The 16S rRNA gene of the isolates was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, checked by agarose gel electrophoresis, and finally identified by sequencing. Anti-osteoporosis screening of Nishasta was carried out in female Wistar rats using retinoic acid as an inducer (70 mg/kg, p.o. once a day for 14 days). Its effect on bone health parameters was determined. The bone metabolism markers such as hydroxyproline (HOP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were evaluated. The results of microbial characterization revealed the presence of ten clones of Lactobacillus plantarum in the fermented preparation with L. plantarum NF3 as the predominant strain. The average microbial count was 2.4 × 103 CFU/g. Retinoic acid administration led to a marked disorder of various bone health markers in rats. It also increased the levels of urine calcium and phosphorus, indicating increased bone destruction. Treatment with fermented wheat (at 200, 100, and 50 mg/kg doses, p.o. daily for 42 days after the induction of osteoporosis) improved bone mineral density in a dose-dependent manner. It also improved the bone microstructure and reduced the levels of ALP, TRACP, and HOP. Micro-CT revealed that it reduced trabecular separation and increased the percent bone volume, trabecular numbers, trabecular thickness, and bone mineral density in the rats. The results showed that the fermented wheat promoted bone formation and prevented bone resorption. Our findings clearly established the effectiveness of Nishasta against osteoporosis in Wistar rats that can be partly attributed to the improved gut calcium absorption and microbiota composition.
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Uporov, Ivan V., and Maksim I. Perlik. "Mass Prisoner Disobedience in Corrective Labour Camps of Post-War USSR." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v154.
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This paper studies mass disobedience among the prisoners of Soviet corrective labour camps (CLCs) during the post-war years (1945–1956) in the context of Soviet corrective labour policy of that time. Noteworthy, there have been conflicting assessments of this aspect of the history of the aforementioned institutions. This research is based on the systematic approach as well as on the principles of historicism and objectivity. The main trends of Soviet corrective labour policy in the wake of the Great Patriotic War are identified; the contradictory nature of this policy is pointed out. On the one hand, documents were adopted to strengthen the rule of law in CLCs, including ensuring the rights of prisoners (e.g., the 1947 Instruction on Regimes in Corrective Labour Camps and Colonies), while on the other hand, the conditions in these camps for certain categories of prisoners were getting more strict (e.g., special camps were established by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR in 1948). Further, the authors focus on revealing the main reasons behind mass disobedience of prisoners in the camps. In particular, during the post-war years more people were sent to CLCs convicted of aiding the Nazis in the temporarily occupied territories of the USSR, treason, espionage, sabotage, nationalist banditry, etc. According to the authors, in the overwhelming majority of cases it was these prisoners who organized large-scale mass disturbances, including protests. Disobedience on the part of prisoners was facilitated by the discrepancy between the imposed requirements and the actual conditions in the CLCs, as well as by the rudeness of the camp administration and some prisoners being strong ideological opponents of Soviet rule, etc. The fact that a significant number of prisoners were exempt from Beria’s amnesty (March 1953) acted as yet another catalyst. The authors come to the conclusion that, in spite of the large scale of prisoner disobedience in certain camps, it was generally not characteristic of the corrective labour system of the period under study.
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JONES, ROSS L., and WARWICK ANDERSON. "Wandering anatomists and itinerant anthropologists: the antipodean sciences of race in Britain between the wars." British Journal for the History of Science 48, no. 1 (November 7, 2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087413000939.
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AbstractWhile the British Empire conventionally is recognized as a source of research subjects and objects in anthropology, and a site where anthropological expertise might inform public administration, the settler-colonial affiliations and experiences of many leading physical anthropologists could also directly shape theories of human variation, both physical and cultural. Antipodean anthropologists like Grafton Elliot Smith were pre-adapted to diffusionist models that explained cultural achievement in terms of the migration, contact and mixing of peoples. Trained in comparative methods, these fractious cosmopolitans also favoured a dynamic human biology, often emphasizing the heterogeneity and environmental plasticity of body form and function, and viewing fixed, static racial typologies and hierarchies sceptically. By following leading representatives of empire anatomy and physical anthropology, such as Elliot Smith and Frederic Wood Jones, around the globe, it is possible to recover the colonial entanglements and biases of interwar British anthropology, moving beyond a simple inventory of imperial sources, and crediting human biology and social anthropology not just as colonial sciences but as the sciences of itinerant colonials.
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Fisher, Michael H. "Representations of India, the English East India Company, and Self by an Eighteenth-Century Indian Emigrant to Britain." Modern Asian Studies 32, no. 4 (October 1998): 891–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x9800314x.
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By writing about the late eighteenth-century revolution which led to the East India Company rule, members of a largely Muslim pre-colonial administrative elite in eastern India sought take control over their own history. They explained the society and ancien régime of India, as well as themselves, to the new British rulers for whom they worked. In so doing, they strove to inform and guide the new British colonial authorities into employing them in the new administration as well as into valuing the cultural mores and bureaucratic experience which they embodied. They also wrote introspectively for the own class, trying to understand the causes of the revolution that had displaced their own traditional rulers and themselves with rule by Europeans and administrations staffed increasingly by Indians with backgrounds different from their own.
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Yorke, Edmund. "The Spectre of a Second Chilembwe: Government, Missions, and Social Control in Wartime Northern Rhodesia, 1914–18." Journal of African History 31, no. 3 (November 1990): 373–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700031145.
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The 1915 Chilembwe Rising in Nyasaland had important political repercussions in the neighbouring colonial territory of Northern Rhodesia, where fears were raised among the Administration about the activities of African school teachers attached to the thirteen mission denominations then operating in the territory. These anxieties were heightened for the understaffed and poorly-financed British South Africa Company administration by the impact of the war-time conscription of Africans and the additional demands made by war-time conditions upon the resources of the Company. Reports of anti-war activities by African teachers attached to the Dutch Reformed Church in the East Luangwa District convinced both the Northern Rhodesian and the imperial authorities of the imperative need to strictly regulate the activities of its black mission-educated elite. Suspected dissident teachers were arrested, while others were diverted into military service where their activities could be more closely supervised. With the 1918 Native Schools Proclamation, the Administration laid down strict regulations for the appointment and employment of African mission teachers. The proclamation aroused the vehement opposition of the mission societies who, confronted by war-time European staff shortages, had come to rely heavily upon their African teachers to maintain their educational work. The emergence in late 1918 of the patently anti-colonial Watch Tower movement, which incorporated many African mission employees within its leadership, weakened the opposition of the missions, and served to consolidate the administration's perception of the African teachers as a dangerous subversive force. Strong measures were implemented by the administration soon after the end of the war, with large numbers of Watch Tower adherents being arrested and detained.
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Zachernuk, P. S. "African history and imperial culture in colonial Nigerian schools." Africa 68, no. 4 (October 1998): 484–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161163.
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Evaluations of colonial education policy tend to treat it as a tool for applying imperial ideology, which—among other things—denied the Africans their past. This study of the debate about history education in southern Nigeria in the 1930s suggests the need to re-evaluate this assessment. While some imperial pronouncements did deny African history, colonial administration also required historical knowledge. Further, many colonial educators thought it proper to provide African students with a sense of their past appropriate to colonial subjects. A few went much further, to actively promote pride in African history. In this ambivalent context African schoolteachers and graduates got on with the task of describing their past, often using colonial educational media, constrained but not silenced by their colonial situation. Recognising the fertile ambivalence of this aspect of imperial culture opens new and more fruitful approaches to colonial intellectual history in general.
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Roque, Ricardo. "Mimetic Governmentality and the Administration of Colonial Justice in East Timor, ca. 1860–1910." Comparative Studies in Society and History 57, no. 1 (January 2015): 67–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417514000607.
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AbstractThis article explores the mimesis of indigenous “customs and law” as a theory of and strategy for colonial government in the period of late imperialism. I draw on the case of colonial administration in the Portuguese colony of Timor during the second-half of the nineteenth century. I introduce the concept of “mimetic governmentality”: the art of governing the Other through the productive inclusion of institutions, symbols, cultural materials, or social forms understood as other than one's own. In Timor, the imperial establishment was characterized by fragility and isolation, and a pragmatic style of colonial action thrived. In Europe, modern doctrines of colonial law rejected assimilationist policies and advocated “specialization.” In this context, between 1860 and 1910, administrators on Timor devised a system of colonial justice that required the colonizers to slip into the indigenous world and govern others from the others' position and perspectives. To efficiently govern the “natives” and apply colonial justice in courts—the so-calledjustiças—Europeans had to release themselves from European principles and embrace indigenous law, as they understood it. The essay uses the case of Timor to assert the analytic importance and potential of mimesis for the comparative study of colonial administrations during the period of imperial expansion.
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Jonibek, Butayev. "THE STATE OF HORTICULTURE IN THE SAMARKAND REGION IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY – THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 03, no. 04 (April 1, 2022): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-03-04-04.
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During the colonial period, gardening was one of the most important areas of agriculture in the Samarkand region. The article reveals the reforms of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries in the field of horticulture in the Samarkand region, statistical data on the yield of grapes, the influence of grape varieties and the expansion of horticulture on agriculture. An assessment is also given of the impact of changes and innovations carried out by the Russian administration in this area in the historical period when the region was called the Zeravshan district, and then the Samarkand region. At the same time, statistics on vineyards and yields in the region were compared with neighboring regions.
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Hargrove, Phillip W., Kim Yoon Sang, and Derek Persons. "High Levels of Multilineage Hematopoietic Cell Gene Marking Following Lentiviral Vector Transduction and Transplantation of Steady-State Bone Marrow CD34+ cells in a Non-Human Primate Model." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 2464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.2464.2464.
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Abstract Abstract 2464 Poster Board II-441 Non-human primate autologous hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation models have been invaluable in developing the ex vivo transduction protocols used in human gene transfer clinical trials. Previous studies of HSC gene transfer using gamma-retroviral and lentiviral vectors in these models have almost exclusively utilized cytokine-mobilized peripheral blood (PB) or bone marrow (BM) CD34+ cells as target cells. The administration of the combination of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) plus stem cell factor (SCF) became standard as a priming method prior to HSC collection after it was shown that SCF coupled with G-CSF resulted in significantly improved long-term gene transfer levels, compared to mobilization with G-CSF alone (Hematti et al., Blood 2003 101:2199-2205). However, SCF is not available in the US for human gene transfer trials due to its history of causing severe anaphylactic reactions. For this reason and to define a clinically relevant gene transfer protocol for sickle cell disease, in which G-CSF administration is also contraindicated, we evaluated lentiviral stem cell gene transfer using steady-state BM CD34+ cells in the pigtail macaque transplantation model. Bone marrow was harvested from the long bones and CD34+ cells were enriched using an anti-CD34 antibody and immunomagetic beads (92% purity). Cells were prestimulated overnight in serum-free medium containing 100 ng/ml of FLT-3 ligand, thrombopoietin, and stem cell factor. Cells were then exposed for 14 hours to a VSV-G pseudotyped, HIV-based lentiviral vector encoding GFP at an MOI of 40. Cells were collected, washed, and placed back into culture in serum-free medium containing the above cytokines for an additional 24 hours. Subsequently, cells were collected (15 × 106/kg) and transplanted into an animal which had been conditioned with 950 cGy. Marking of the graft, as assessed by flow cytometry for GFP expression, was 74% and all hematopoietic colonies (CFU) obtained in methylcellulose cultures were GFP positive. Neutrophil recovery (ANC > 500) was observed on day 20. One month following transplant, 36% of peripheral blood granulocytes (GRANS) were GFP positive. At two months post-transplant, marking levels were: GRANS 27%, RBC 43%, and platelets (PLT) 22%. These levels have remained steady out to 6 months post-transplantation: GRANS 21%, lymphocytes 20%, RBC 17%, and PLTS 16%. A BM aspirate was obtained and analysis of BM CFU showed that 186 of 508 (37%) were GFP positive. Southern blot analysis and q-PCR on DNA from peripheral blood leukocytes and BM showed a vector copy number ranging from 0.6 to 1.0 over time, suggesting that the positive cells contained several vector copies. No evidence of clonal dominance has been observed by Southern blot analysis using restriction enzymes which cut only once in the vector. Insertion site analysis using deep sequencing technology is in progress. A second animal has recently been transplanted (11 × 106 cells/kg) with graft marking of greater than 50%. These data are encouraging as they suggest that therapeutic levels of lentiviral vector gene transfer can be obtained using CD34+ cells from steady-state bone marrow as the HSC cell source. This is important since SCF cannot be used in humans and for patients with sickle cell disease, administration of G-CSF is also contraindicated. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Cosmo, Nicola Di. "Qing Colonial Administration in Inner Asia." International History Review 20, no. 2 (June 1998): 287–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.1998.9640824.
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Plarier, Antonin. "Agricultural Fire or Arson?" Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 46, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2020.460202.
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This article focuses on fire management practices in Algeria during the colonial period. Focusing on environmental usages of fires in Algerian rural society, this article shows that these practices were submitted to varied and opposite interpretations resulting in significant and durable conflicts. These conflicts exploded under the French colonial forestry administration, which forcefully imposed new legislation to criminalize existing agricultural practices, including fires. Despite this ban, these practices continued. The administration interpreted this persistence as rebellion and responded with severe sanctions. This only aggravated the situation, resulting in a real war of attrition. On the one hand, this situation does not diverge from the rural violence typical of the nineteenth century. On the other, the responses of the administration in colonial Algeria represent specific digressions compared to the policies carried out in metropolitan areas.
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Rud, Søren. "A Correct Admixture: The Ambiguous Project of Civilising in Nineteenth-Century Greenland." Itinerario 33, no. 2 (July 2009): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300003089.
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In 1879, the Danish Ministry of Domestic Affairs approved a proposal to construct a building in Copenhagen that was meant to function as a boarding house for Greenlanders while they were being educated in the metropole. The building, “Grønlænderhjemmet”, was used as a boarding house for Greenlanders in Denmark from 1880 until 1896, when the practice of sending Greenlandic men to Denmark for educational purposes came to a halt. While in use, “Grønlænderhjemmet” functioned as an instrument for the colonial administration, and the boarding house embodied a central aspect of the colonial administration's strategy for civilising Greenlanders: to control the civilising process in order to ensure that Greenlanders did not loose their connection with their Inuit background.
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Falola, Toyin. "The Yoruba Toll System: its operation and abolition." Journal of African History 30, no. 1 (March 1989): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700030887.
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The Yoruba toll system has not been studied, in spite of its important place in Yoruba economy and politics. This essay fills the gap by examining toll collection among the Yoruba-speaking states of south-western Nigeria. It is divided into two parts, the first on the practice of toll collection during the pre-colonial era and the second on the changes introduced by the colonial administration. For the pre-colonial, it emphasizes the dominant aspects of the system, most notably the significance of toll revenue in relation to other sources of income; the control of toll gates by chiefs in order to appropriate the revenues; the character and privileges of collectors; and the features of collection at the toll gates, especially the duties imposed and their implications for trade.The second part explains the steps taken by the new colonial administration to regulate toll collection after 1893, notably by the reduction of customs houses and the printing of tariffs. These reforms failed to solve the problems of corruption by toll clerks and evasions and smuggling by traders, or allay the fear that the imposition of tolls constituted an obstacle to modern commerce. Consequently, the colonial administration decided to abolish the system, and was able to achieve this between 1904 and 1908. Both reforms and abolition were possible because of the gradual approach adopted, the administrative and military power available to the administration, and its ability to generate alternative sources of revenue to maintain itself and pay the chiefs. There can be no doubt that abolition was a major step towards the constitution of the colonial economy.