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Allpress, Roshan John. "Making philanthropists : entrepreneurs, evangelicals and the growth of philanthropy in the British world, 1756-1840." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ab20c0ea-6720-474d-947c-b66f89c37680.
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This thesis traces the development of philanthropy as a tradition and movement within the United Kingdom and the British world, with attention to both the inner lives of philanthropists, and the social networks and organizational practices that underpinned the dramatic growth in philanthropic activity between the late 1750s and 1840. In contrast to studies that see philanthropy as primarily responsive to Britain's shifting public culture and imperial fortunes during the period, it argues that philanthropic change was driven by innovations in the internal culture and structures of intersecting commercial and religious networks, that were adapted to philanthropic purposes by philanthropic entrepreneurs. It frames the growth of philanthropy as both a series of experiments in effecting social change, within the United Kingdom and transnationally, and the fostering of a vocationally formative culture across three generations. Chapter one focuses on John Thornton, a prominent merchant and religious patron, reconstructing his correspondence networks and philanthropic practices, and revealing patterns of philanthropic interaction between mercantile and Evangelical clerical networks. Chapter two uses the reports and minutes of representative metropolitan societies and companies to develop a prosopography of more than 4000 philanthropic directors, mapping their nexus of interconnections in 1760, 1788 and 1800, and arguing for the importance of firstly Russia Company networks and later country banking networks for philanthropy. Chapters three and four offer an extended case study of the 'Clapham Sect' as an example of collective agency, reframing their influence within the philanthropic nexus, and, through a close reading of their published works, showing how as intellectual collaborators they developed a unique conception of 'trust' that informed their activism. Chapter five shows how philanthropists extended their reach transnationally, with case studies in Bengal, Sierra Leone and New Zealand, and chapter six addresses multiple paths by which philanthropy became intertwined with Empire and the globalizing world in the British imagination.
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Asseraf, Arthur. "Foreign news in colonial Algeria, 1881-1940." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8aac363c-86d6-48dc-888b-320fb4b6fc9e.
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This thesis looks at how news shaped people's relationship to the world in Algeria under French rule. This territory operated under an uncertain legal status that made it both a part of France and a colony, and within it lived a society divided between European settlers and Muslim natives. Accounts of recent events helped Algerians determine what was domestic and what was foreign in a place where those two notions were highly contested. Colonialism did not close Algeria off from the world or open it up, instead it created a particular geography. In a series of case-studies taken from across Algeria, this thesis investigates a wide range of types of news: manuscripts, rumours, wire dispatches, newspapers, illustrations, songs, newsreels, and radio broadcasts. It focuses on the period in which Algeria's legal status as part of France was most certain, from the end of the conquest and the consolidation of Republican rule in the 1880s to the outbreak of the Second World War. In this period, authorities thought the influence of outside events on Algeria was a bigger threat than disturbances within. Because of this, state surveillance produced reports to monitor foreign news, and these form the backbone of this study. But state attempts to manage the flow of news had unintended effects. Instead of establishing effective censorship, authorities ended up spreading news and making it more politically sensitive. Settlers, supposedly the state's allies, proved highly disruptive to state attempts to control the flow of information. Through a social history of information in a settler colonial society, this research reconsiders the relationship between changes in media and people's sense of community. From the telegraph to the radio, new technologies worked to divide colonial society rather than tying it together, and the same medium could lead to divergent senses of community.
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Bournonville, Aurélien. "De l’Intendance au Commissariat de la Marine (1765 – 1909) : un exemple de stabilité administrative." Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL20011/document.
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Les commissaires de la Marine sont les officiers chargés, jusqu’en 2010, du soutien logistique et du service financier dans la Marine française. Ces compétences sont un reliquat de celles qu’ils exercent jusqu’à la veille de la Première Guerre mondiale. En effet, outre le service administratif de la Marine, les commissaires sont compétents, au XIXème siècle, pour les affaires maritimes : la navigation commerciale, la pêche maritime, le statut professionnel des marins, les colonies. Ils interviennent dans l’ensemble des matières relevant du ministre de la Marine et des colonies. Cette situation est héritée de l’Ancien Régime. Elle témoigne de l’influence des idées de Colbert sur l’administration des affaires maritimes. Quand il devient secrétaire d’État à la Marine, il met en place non pas un ministère technique chargé des opérations navales, mais une administration chargée de développer l’activité maritime française. Il s’appuie, à cette fin, sur les commissaires de la Marine. Cette situation ne cesse qu’avec l’apparition des navires modernes, en acier et propulsés par vapeur, au XIXème siècleCommissioners of the Navy had been, until 2010, the officers in charge for logistical support and financial services in the French Navy. These areas of responsibility are merely a remainder of their former competences, which they had been exercising until the eve of the First World War. As a matter of fact, commissioners of the Navy were not only in charge for administrative services of the French Navy, but also for all maritime affairs, such as maritime navigation, marine fisheries, the professional status of sailors, and the colonies. They intervened within the field of competence of the Ministry for the Navy and the colonies. This situation is a legacy of the Monarchy and demonstrates the influence of Colbert’s doctrine with regard to the administration of maritime affairs. When he became Secretary of State for the Navy, he did not set up a ministry only concerned by naval warfare, but an administration in charge of the development of French maritime activity. For this purpose, he relied on commissioners of the Navy. This situation ceased only in the 19th century with the emergence of steamships
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Dunn, Nicholas Roger. "The castle, the custom house and the cabinet : administration and policy in famine Ireland, 1845-1849." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e2df9d8d-27b3-4785-afce-453ec8984d21.
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It is the contention of this thesis that the activities of, and the influences on, the senior administrators based in the Castle and the Custom House in Dublin during the Great Irish Famine are an essential element to understanding the formulation and execution of Irish Famine relief policy. The principal aim of the study is to articulate the role played by these administrators in the formulation of relief policy. Emphasis is also given to the debates in the Cabinet over Irish relief policy and the influence of the administrators on those debates. The subject of the first chapter is the Science Commission. It examines in turn Peel's motivations for establishing the Science Commission, the chronology of events leading up to its establishment and the activities of the Commissioners both in England and Ireland. The second chapter concerns the Scarcity Commission established by Peel and Graham. It explores the motivations behind the selection of individual Commissioners and the relationships between the Commissioners. It also considers and contrasts the tasks that were officially assigned to the Commissioners and the limited use to which their conclusions were put by the Government. Chapters three and four deal with the Board of Works and in particular its influence on the formulation and administration of relief policy of Richard Griffith, Thomas Larcom, and Harry Jones. The activities of the Commissioners after the reconfiguration of the Board of Works by Act of Parliament in 1846 are examined and the fourth chapter seeks to establish in detail the political context surrounding-the decision to abandon relief by public employment as revealed in the Cabinet discussions at the time. The final chapter examines the actions of Edward Twisleton in Ireland during the Famine and his influence, or lack of it, on the formulation of relief policy. A detailed account is offered of the political context of the Poor Law Extension Act. Twisleton's relationships with both the Treasury and Clarendon, and the motives underlying his resignation in March 1849, are investigated.
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Nelson, Robert Nicholas. "Connecting Ireland and America: Early English Colonial Theory 1560-1620." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4756/.
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This work demonstrates the connections that exist in rhetoric and planning between the Irish plantation projects in the Ards, Munster , Ulster and the Jamestown colony in Virginia . The planners of these projects focused on the creation of internal stability rather than the mission to 'civilize' the natives. The continuity between these projects is examined on several points: the rhetoric the English used to describe the native peoples and the lands to be colonized, who initiated each project, funding and financial terms, the manner of establishing title, the manner of granting the lands to settlers, and the status the natives were expected to hold in the plantation. Comparison of these points highlights the early English colonial idea and the variance between rhetoric and planning.
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Innes, Mary Joan. "In Egyptian service : the role of British officials in Egypt, 1911-1936." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:88cb6bf9-c7ff-4da7-9875-1ff2890b341d.
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In 1919 the number of British officials employed by the Egyptian Government reached a peak of over 1,600, a substantial figure in relation to a colonial administration like the Indian Civil Service. However, due to the anomalous nature of Britain's occupation of Egypt, the workings of British administration there were left deliberately ambiguous. Thus although we have an extensive knowledge of imperial policy with regard to Egypt, we have little understanding of how British rule there actually functioned, certainly nothing to compare with numerous local studies of the Raj or Colonial Service at work. By studying the British administrators of the Egyptian Government, this thesis casts new light on Britain's middle years in Egypt, which saw formal imperial control succeeded by informal hegemony. We begin by analysing the Anglo-Egyptian administrative structure as a product of its historical development. We examine how well this muted style of administrative control suited conditions in Egypt and Britain's requirements there, considering the fact that by 1919 the British officials had become a major source of nationalist grievance. This loss of reputation caused the Milner Mission to select the British administration as a principal scapegoat in its proposed concessions. Moreover, it was the belief of certain leading officials that Britain's responsibility for Egyptian administration was no longer viable which finally helped precipitate the 1922 declaration of independence. The Egyptian Government now took actual rather than nominal control of its foreign bureaucrats, yet even in 1936, over 500 British officials were still employed in finance, security, and in technical and educational capacities. The changing role of these officials within an evolving mechanism of British control illuminates one of the earliest experiences of transfer of power this century.
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Sehrawat, Samiksha. "Medical care for a new capital : hospitals and government policy in colonial Delhi and Haryana, c.1900-1920." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670191.
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Bourgeat, Emilie. "Penality, violence and colonial rule in Kenya (c.1930-1952)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f33d9b21-f1b4-43cb-bb38-595e5989b931.
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Within the research field of colonial violence, scholars focused on wars of conquest or independence and tended to picture counterinsurgency campaigns as an exceptional deployment of state violence in the face of peculiar threats. In colonial Kenya, the British repression of the Mau Mau uprising of the 1950s has been the object of extensive and thorough analysis, contrasting with the lack of research on colonial punishment during the preceding decades. Yet the unleashing of state violence during the 1950s actually has a much longer history, lurking in the shadows of the criminal justice system that British powers introduced in the colony in the late nineteenth century. In contrast to previous scholarship, this study shows how ordinary colonial violence - although massively scaled up during the 1950s - was progressively normalised, institutionalised and intensified throughout the colonial experience of the 1930s and 1940s, laying the ground for the deployment of a counterinsurgency campaign against Mau Mau fighters.
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Cowell, Christopher Ainslie. "Form follows fever malaria and the making of Hong Kong, 1841-1848." Thesis, View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42685618.
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Hall-Matthews, David Nicolas John. "Famine process and famine policy : a case study of Ahmednagar District, Bombay Presidency, India 1870-84." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5e072387-d56c-496a-a90a-2ee2f31c29dd.
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Ahmednagar District, in Bombay Presidency, was affected - along with much of South India - by a major drought in 1876-78, leading to famine relief by the Government of Bombay and considerable emigration and mortality. Recent literature, however, has suggested that famine is a complex, human and long-drawn-out process, rather than a sudden, natural phenomenon. This thesis seeks to identify that process among poor peasants in Ahmednagar between 1870 and 1884. It does so by examining their factors of production - land, capital and, to a lesser extent, labour - as well as markets in credit and the cheap foodgrains they produced, in order to locate both their chronic food insecurity and forces increasing their vulnerability over time. In this context, emphasis is given to the relationship of the British colonial state to the peasantry. The agrarian policies and agendas of the Government of Bombay are explored with regard to peasant vulnerability. It is argued that it failed to invest in production and infrastructure, while forcing peasants into competitive markets in which they were ill-equipped to compete. Despite a laissez-faire philosophy, it intervened to first promote, then penalise, usurious moneylenders, reducing the availability of credit. It also taxed peasants directly through the inflexible ryotwari land revenue system. In the crisis, peasants were not treated as famine victims and discouraged from accepting relief. The state can therefore be said to have contributed to the process of famine. It is argued that the propriety of colonial famine policies - and especially of other policies in the agricultural sector that undermined peasant food security - was widely discussed at different levels within the British state, from assistant collectors in Ahmednagar to secretaries of state in London. Attention is given to the way these debates were conducted and the process of policy-making analysed, concluding that the colonial hierarchy made it difficult for officers to be responsive to local problems.
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Brunet-La, Ruche Bénédicte. ""Crime et châtiment aux colonies" : poursuivre, juger, sanctionner au Dahomey de 1894 à 1945." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00979289.
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Saisir le projet pénal colonial et le dérouler dans sa mise en œuvre, depuis l'acte criminel ou délictuel jusqu'à la sanction, en passant par la poursuite et le jugement, tel est l'objet de cette recherche menée dans un territoire de l'Afrique occidentale française entre 1894 et 1945, le Dahomey. Le principe de séparation entre citoyen européen et sujet indigène sur lequel se construit le mécanisme judiciaire s'étend à tout le parcours pénal suivi par les Dahoméens, avec la perception d'une criminalité proprement indigène ou l'exécution différenciée de la sanction selon le statut du condamné. Mais ce processus répressif ségrégué reste peu réfléchi dans sa continuité. Alors que la justice indigène est de plus en plus investie par le gouvernement colonial, les extrémités de la chaîne pénale sont peu pensées en termes d'intégration à la société civile. Les polices et les prisons restent au service d'un ordre politique et économique évolutif. La police judiciaire et le fonctionnement carcéral sont donc largement laissés entre les mains des chefs locaux et des auxiliaires africains, ce qui conduit à aménager le régime répressif dans un système de " domination sans hégémonie ". La colonne vertébrale de ce système, la justice indigène, est quant à elle au cœur des critiques contre l'ordre colonial, mais elle est aussi le lieu où se renégocient les rapports de pouvoir et où s'exposent les conflits sociaux en situation coloniale. Le parcours pénal suivi par les Dahoméens au cours de la première partie du XXe siècle apparaît comme un reflet déformé, et même transformé d'un projet répressif dominé par le souci de maintien de l'ordre mais relativement informe.
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Battis, Matthias. "Aleksandr A. Semenov (1863-1958) : colonial power, orientalism and Soviet nation-building." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8c290939-3662-4204-b670-881028aecfae.
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This study explores the life of the prominent Russian Orientalist and colonial administrator Aleksandr Semenov (1873-1958). In the course of his long and versatile career in Central Asia - where he came to in 1901 as a low-ranking member of Turkestan's colonial administration, and where he died in 1958 as the first director of the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of Tajikistan's Academy of Sciences - Semenov participated in the transformation of the region from a Tsarist colony into part of what Francine Hirsch has called an 'Empire of Nations'. His influence on national historiography and notions of national identity was especially marked in the case of the Soviet Union's only Persian-speaking republic, Tajikistan, with which Semenov was connected through his interest and expertise in Persianate Central Asia. This thesis even goes so far as to argue that Semenov's scholarship and his work as an advisor to the Soviet government facilitated the very establishment of Tajikistan, which Paul Bergne has described as a nation initially promoted by Russian Orientalists. Further research in Russian archives is required, however, to better substantiate this claim. Rather than focussing on the (early) Soviet period and on so-called national territorial delimitation of Central Asia, as scholars such as Hirsch and Arne Haugen have done, the present study, in the vein of scholars like Vera Tolz and Vladimir Genis, highlights the ways in which both Bolshevik nationalities policy and Soviet Oriental Studies grew out of the studying and ruling of Central Asia in the late imperial period. It does so through an examination of Semenov's career, scholarship and personal networks, and on the basis of his personal archive in Tajikistan's Academy of Sciences, which has not been researched in any systematic way since the early 1970s, and in which no scholar from outside the former Soviet Union has ever worked.
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Rivron, Sarah. "La notion d'Indirect rule." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT3020/document.
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L'administration coloniale a pris de nombreuses formes au fil des siècles, et l'Indirect rule est l'une des plus représentatives de la colonisation britannique. A ce titre, il convient de s'intéresser aux causes et aux conséquences de ce système de gouvernement, ainsi qu'aux spécificités qui y sont liées en pratique. Cette analyse portera donc essentiellement sur sa mise en application au Nigeria, ainsi que sa diffusion dans l'empire colonial britannique d'Afrique. Afin d'approfondir cette étude, l'Indirect rule sera également abordé d'un point de vue plus théorique, notamment concernant l'évolution de sa perception par les historiens du droit. De même, sa spécificité sera questionnée, notamment en la comparant à d'autres systèmes de gouvernement coloniaux européensColonial administration evolved a lot through centuries, and Indirect rule is one of the most representative of the British one. As such, it is interesting to look at the reasons and the issues of the particular system of government, as well as the particularities linked to Indirect rule in the facts. This analysis will be more specifically about how Indirect rule worked in Nigeria, as well as its diffusion through the British colonial empire in Africa. In order to complete the study, Indirect rule will also broached from a theoretical point of view, in particular regarding the evolution of how historians of law considered it. Moreover, its specificities will be observed, in particular by comparing indirect rule with other Europeans colonial governments
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Filipovich, Jean 1947. "The Office du Niger under colonial rule : its origin, evolution, and character, 1920-1960." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=67462.
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The Office du Niger irrigation scheme, located on the Niger River in the Republic of Mali, originated in a grandiose but seriously flawed proposal devised in 1920 by a French colonial Public Works engineer named Emile Bélime. Originaly conceived as a means of transforming the Niger Valley into a cotton belt, and later promoted as the heart of a French West African granary, the scheme never attained more than a tiny fraction of its presumed agricultural potential. Its construction and exploitation required the forced uprooting of tens of thousands of Africans. It absorbed a large portion of scarce colonial revenues until after the Second World War and generated no profits. During the inter-war period, the Office du Niger gradually acquired the de facto status of a state within the State, with Emile Bélime at its head. When the scheme was finally recognized as an economic and humanitarian failure in 1945, colonial authorities endeavoured to eliminate its worst shortcomings and give it a new identity as a prototype of economic and technical assistance to an underdeveloped area. After 1961, Malian leaders felt that the scheme could be used as a pilot project for agricultural development in the new republlc, and the scheme's existence has dictated the course of Malian agricultural policy ever since.Le projet d'irrigation de l'Office du Niger, situé dans le delta intérieur du Niger au Mali, est né d'une proposition très insuffisante mais grandiose conçue en 1920 par un ingénieur des Travaux Publics Coloniaux, Émile Bélime. Conçu à l'origine comme un moyen de transformer la Vallée du Niger en une vaste plantation de coton, et envisagé par la suite comme le grenier central de l'Afrique Occidentale, ce projet n'a jamais atteint qu'une petite partie de son potentiel agricole espéré. Sa réalisation et sa mise en exploitation on nécessité le déracinement par contrainte de dizaines de milliers d'Africains. Même après la deuxième guerre mondiale, le projet a absorbé encore une grande partie des revenus coloniaux, déjà limités, mais il n'a généré aucun revenu. Pendant l'entre-deux-guerres, l'Office du Niger a acqui petit à petit le statut de facto d'un état dans l'État, dirigé par Émile Bélime. En 1945, quand le projet a été finalement reconnu comme une échec sur le plan économique et humanitaire, les autorités coloniales ont essayé de corriger les erreurs les plus graves et lui ont accordé le nouveau statu de prototype pour d'autres projets d'assistance économique et technique aux régions sous-développées. En 1961, le Gouvernement du Mali, qui avait récemment accédé à l'indépendance, pensait en faire un projet pilote pour le développement agricole du pays. Sa réalisation détermine encore aujourd'hui la politique agricole du Mali. fr
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Stuntz, Jean A. "The Persistence of Castilian Law in Frontier Texas: the Legal Status of Women." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277693/.
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Castilian law developed during the Reconquest of Spain. Women received
certain legal rights to persuade them to move to the villages on the expanding frontier. These legal rights were codified in Las Siete Partidas, the monumental work of Castilian law, compiled in the thirteenth century. Under Queen Isabella, Castilian law became the law of all Spain. As Spain discovered, explored, and colonized the New World, Castilian law spread. The Recopilacidn de Los Leyes de Las Indias complied the laws for all the colonies. Texas, as the last area in North America settled by Spain, retained Castilian law. Case law from the Bexar Archives proves this for the Villa of San Fernando(present-day San Antonio). Castilian laws and customs persisted even on the Texas frontier.
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Salmon, Élodie. "L'Académie des Sciences coloniales. Une histoire de la « République lointaine » au XXème siècle." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUL056.
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C’est une « certaine idée de la France » que cette thèse se propose de dépeindre à travers l’histoire de l’Académie des Sciences coloniales (ASC), aujourd’hui Académie des Sciences d’Outre-mer, de sa création en 1922 aux années 1970. Contribuant à l’étude des « sciences coloniales » et de leur rapport au pouvoir, l’examen de cette société savante est une porte d’entrée vers plusieurs champs relatifs à la pensée coloniale et ses prolongements. Généraliste, pluridisciplinaire et modelée par des personnalités parmi les plus influentes de l’ancien « parti colonial », l’ASC est représentative des milieux coloniaux de l’entre-deux-guerres. L’étude de sa composition permet de cerner les contours d’une véritable « classe coloniale », intégrée à la classe dirigeante française, farouchement souverainiste et chantre de la « notion d’empire ». La pensée qu’incarnent ces coloniaux associe intimement l’universalisme du messianisme républicain français, et le relativisme particulariste propre à la domination de l’Autre. Ces deux postulats théoriquement opposés ont longtemps été traduits par la formulation d’une contradiction dans l’idée d’une République colonisatrice. L’expression « République lointaine », qui décrit à la fois une réalité géographique et une approche conceptuelle, est forgée à l’occasion de ce travail pour récuser ce faux paradoxe. Il s’agit ainsi d’analyser les évolutions de cette pensée, dont les deux composantes caractérisent l’ensemble de la période étudiée.La résilience et les adaptations de cette Académie, qui survit à sa raison d’être et en devient le conservatoire mémoriel, méritent enfin une attention toute particulière. Par ce prisme, on parcourt les conversions terminologique, thématique et réticulaire de la classe coloniale dans son ensemble. Décolonisation des mots, introduction des thèmes fédérateurs que sont la coopération et la francophonie, dilution et ouverture internationale de l’ancienne classe coloniale sont au cœur de cette transitionThis thesis proposes to study a “ certain vision“ of France through the History of the Académie des Sciences coloniales (ASC) now called the Académie des Sciences d’Outre-mer, since its formation in 1922 until the 1970’s. Contributing to the analysis of the “colonial sciences” and its connections with the centre of power, the research about this society of experts is a gateway towards several fields regarding the colonial thought and its developments.Generalist, multidisciplinary and created by some of very important personalities from the ancient “parti colonial”, the ASC is representative of the French colonial circles of the interwar period. The study of its composition allows us to outline a real “colonial class”, part of the French ruling class, fiercely sovereignist and promoting the “empire notion”. The thought which embodies these “coloniaux” combines closely the universalism of the French Republic messianism and the particularist relativism proper to the domination of “the Other”. Those two postulates are theoretically opposite. For a long time, the historiography has presented the fact that the colonisation by the French republic is contradictory to its original premise. The expression “République lointaine” (“Distant Republic”) which is both a geographic reality and a conceptual approach is forged to refute this false paradox. This work leads to an analysis of this thought evolution.The resilience and the adaptation of this Academy, which outlasts its fundamental purpose, becoming its “memorial repository”, deserve at least a specific attention. Through this research subject, we observe terminological, thematic and reticular conversions of the entire “colonial class”. Decolonization of words, introduction of the integrating themes of cooperation and francophonie, dilution of the former “colonial class” and its opening to the international networks, are indeed crucial to understand this transition
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Chu, Wai Li. "We had no urge to do away an ex-colony: the changing views of the British government over Hong Kong's future, 1967-1979." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2017. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/399.
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This thesis discusses the British government's decision to maintain colonial rule in Hong Kong beyond 1997 between 1967 and 1979. After the 1967 riots, the Labour and Conservative governments started considering the negotiation of Hong Kong's future in the 1980s. Their views on Hong Kong's future evolved from the Labour's uncertainty, to Conservative's optimism, and finally to Labour's attempts to erase the 1997 deadline and to retain Hong Kong as a colony permanently. Factors taken into their considerations included Cold War, decolonisation, China's policies on Hong Kong, and Britain-Hong Kong relations. Both Labour and Conservative insisted on preserving British sovereignty over disputed colonies such as Hong Kong, the Falkland Islands and Gibraltar regardless of the worldwide decolonisation. Besides, their eagerness to contain Communism and maintain Britain's international status, and Hong Kong's strategic and psychological value in Cold War outweighed the deficiencies of Britain-Hong Kong relations and China's unpredictable policies. Therefore, Labour and Conservative governments intended to run Hong Kong as a colony perpetually rather than decolonise it as did in other colonies. To achieve this goal, the British government adopted a reform-oriented colonialism. It empowered the Hong Kong government to deliver social reforms to improve the colony's living standard, which were used to prepare a colony's decolonisation. After the 1967 riots, although Governor David Trench implemented this colonial idea regarding Hong Kong's future, he remained as a housekeeper and only looked for the short term. Succeeding Trench in 1971, Murray MacLehose established a responsive colonial administration and delivered the Conservative's long-term strategy--to widen the living standard between Hong Kong and China--to deter China from recovering the territory. Notable reforms were on government-people relations, housing, education, social welfare and medical and health services. By 1974, the Labour government followed and modified this strategy to justify British colonial rule in Hong Kong domestically and internationally. In this process, Hong Kong was able to design its social reforms, to counter Britain's interests and to reshape its relations with Britain into a partnership. Yet Britain delegated Hong Kong to do so only to remain ultimate control rather than decolonised it. In other words, delegation of power and improvement of living standard were Britain's tools to retain its colonial rule in Hong Kong perpetually. Colonialism and decolonisation were thus interrelated.
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Maglaque, Erin. "Venetian humanism in the Mediterranean world : writing empire from the margins." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4d671b0d-6917-4a1f-bcfb-2045128a11e0.
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My dissertation examines the cultural history of the Renaissance Venetian maritime empire. In this project I bring into conversation two historiographical subfields, the intellectual history of Venetian Renaissance humanism and the colonial history of the early modern Mediterranean, which have previously developed separately. In doing so, I examine the relationship between power and knowledge as it unfolded in the early modern Mediterranean. The ways in which Venetian Renaissance intellectual culture was shaped by its imperial engagements - and, conversely, how Venetian approaches to governance were inflected by humanist practices - are the central axes of my dissertation. In the first part of the dissertation, I examine the ways in which writing and textual collecting were used by elite Venetian readers to represent the geopolitical dimensions of their empire. I consider a group of manuscripts and printed books which contain technical, navigational, and cartographic writing and images about Venetian mercantile and imperial activity in the Mediterranean. In the second part, I undertake two case-studies of Venetian patrician governors who were trained in the humanist schools of Venice, before being posted to colonial offices in Dalmatia and the Aegean, respectively. I examine how their education in Venice as humanists influenced their experience and practice of governance in the stato da mar. Their personal texts offer an alternative intellectual history of empire, one which demonstrates the formation of political thought amongst the men actually practicing and experiencing imperial governance. Overall, I aim to build a picture of the ways in which literary culture, the physical world of the stato da mar, and political thought came to be entwined in the Venetian Renaissance; and then to describe how these dense relationships worked for the Venetian administrators who experienced them in the Mediterranean.
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Moran, Arik. "Permutations of Rajput identity in the West Himalayas, c. 1790-1840." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a5436935-3a87-4702-8b0a-471643633c46.
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The sustained interaction of local elites and British administrators in the West Himalayas over the decades that surrounded the early colonial encounter (c. 1790-1840) saw the emergence of a distinctly new understanding of communal identity among the leaders of the region. This eventful period saw the mountain ('Pahari') kingdoms transform from fragmented, autonomous polities on the fringes of the Indian subcontinent to subjects of indigenous (Nepali, Sikh) and, ultimately, foreign (British) empires, and dramatically altered the ways Pahari leaders chose to remember and represent themselves. Using a wide array of sources from different locales in the hills (e.g., oral epics, archival records and local histories), this thesis traces the Pahari elite's transition from a nebulous group of lineage-based leaders to a cohesive unitary milieu modelled after contemporary interpretations of Hindu kingship. This nascent ideal of kingship is shown to have fed into concurrent understandings of Rajput society in the West Himalayas and ultimately to have sustained the alliance between indigenous rulers and British administrators.
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Burton, David Raymond. "Sir Godfrey Lagden : colonial administrator." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001848.
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The thesis attempts to provide a chronological analysis of Lagden's colonial career between 1877 and 1907. The youngest son of a parish priest, Lagden received limited formal education and no military training. By a fortuitous set of circumstances, he was able, as a man on the spot, to attain high ranking posts in colonial administration. As a young man, he acquired considerable experience in the Transvaal, Egypt and the Gold Coast. However, blatant disobedience led to his dismissal from Colonial service. Fortunately for Lagden, Marshal Clarke, newly appointed Resident Commissioner of Basutoland, insisted on Lagden being appointed to his staff. Except for a brief stint in Swaziland, Lagden remained in Basutoland until 1900. With Clarke, Lagden played a prominent role in the implementation of the Imperial policy of securing the support of the Koena chiefs by allowing them to retain and consolidate their power and influence. Lagden became Resident Commissioner in Basutoland when Clarke was transferred to Zululand. He continued established policies and championed the Basotho cause by opposing the opening of Basutoland to prospectors and by stressing the industrious habits of the Basotho. His tactful and energetic handling of the rinderpest crisis reduced dramatic repercussions amongst the Basotho and enabled cooperative Koena chiefs to increase their economic and political leverage. Despite his reservations over Basotho loyalty, Lagden emerged from the South African War with an enhanced reputation as the Basotho remained loyal and energetically participated in the Imperial war effort. Largely because of his Basutoland experience, Lagden was appointed the Transvaal Commissioner of Native Affairs in 1901. He was responsible for regulating African labour supplies for the mines and delineation of African locations. His failure to procure sufficient labour and his defence of African rights earned Lagden much abusive settler condemnation. As chairman of the South African Native Affairs Commission, Lagden produced an uninspiring report conditioned by the labour shortage and his personal distaste for decisive action. Nevertheless, its advocacy of political and territorial segregation influenced successive Union governments.
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Castellanos, Rubio Alina. "La construcción judicial del orden social en Cuba (1820-1868)." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BOR30020.
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La thèse traite de l’administration de justice espagnole à Cuba durant les premières décennies du XIXe siècle, et plus précisément de la manière dont le traitement judiciaire de la conflictualité sociale donne forme à un ordre social, ceci à travers l’analyse des dispositifs juridiques, institutionnels et discursifs mobilisés à cet effet dans un espace spécifiquement colonial. La réflexion vise en dernière instance l’étude des catégories employées régulièrement dans les pratiques judiciaires et de gouvernement comme taxonomies du délit, catégories qui ont configuré une idée spécifique de l’ordre social en définissant les limites juridiques et socio-politiques du « devoir être » de la colonie antillaise, entre le trienio libéral (1820-1823) et le début de la première guerre d’indépendance de l’île (1868). Cette thèse n’est pas guidée par la recherche d’un « État libéral » espagnol qui pourrait être identifié à son administration coloniale du XIXe siècle, et dont on chercherait à évaluer les réussites et les manques, les forces et les faiblesses. Notre attention se porte plutôt sur les sens qu’eurent, dans leurs contextes, des catégories comme justice, gouvernement, administration, droit, ordre, telles que maniées au cours de la première moitié du XIXe siècle cubain, jusqu’au déclenchement d’une guerre qui bouleversa le paysage social insulaire. C’est à partir de là que l’on étudie la construction d’un espace du politique en suivant la piste des figures du désordre qui en disaient les limites. La resémantisation de catégories déjà anciennes comme celles de bandits et de vagabonds est abordée à partir de l’idée d’une incorporation des principes politiques libéraux dans les imaginaires collectifs, c’est-à-dire d’une politisation des sociétés hispano-américaines au cours du XIXe siècle. On entend celle-ci comme un processus de création de nouvelles identités sociales à partir de la réception et de la mise en pratique d’une grammaire discursive liée aux théories contractualistes et aux formes de gestion du pouvoir qui leur étaient associées ; processus qui mena en définitive à la reconfiguration de l’ordre social monarchique néo-impérial espagnol. Cette reconfiguration est abordée à partir de trois dimensions ou registres : le registre institutionnel, le registre normatif et le registre discursif, et à travers l’étude de la gestion de la conflictualité et du traitement des catégories et concepts permettant d’opérer cette gestionThe thesis addresses the Spanish administration of justice in Cuba during the first decades of the 19th century, in particular the manner in which the judicial treatment of social conflicts gives shape to a social order. This is accomplished through the analysis of the legal, institutional and discursive mechanisms used within a specifically colonial space. Finally, the study aims to investigate the categories regularly used in judicial and governmental practice as taxonomies of offenses, categories that established a specific understanding of the social order by defining the judicial and socio-political limits of the aspirational norms of behavior in the Caribbean colony, between the liberal trienio (1820-1823) and the beginning of the island’s first war of independence (1868). This thesis is not directed by the search for a Spanish “liberal State” that would be identifiable by its 19th century colonial administration, and of which the successes, failures, strengths and weaknesses would be analyzed. Rather, it will focus on the contextualized meanings of categories such as justice, government, administration, law/rights, and order, as they were used during the first half of the 19th century in Cuba, until the outbreak of a war that would profoundly disrupt the island’s social landscape. It is from this basis that the construction of a political space will be studied, using the figures of disorder that show its limits. The reintroduction of antiquated categories such as ‘bandit’ and ‘vagabond’ is addressed from the theoretical standpoint of the incorporation of liberal political principles in the collective imaginary, through the politicization of Hispano-American societies during the 19th century. This process is understood as the creation of new social identities as a result of the reception and use of a discursive grammar connected to contractualist theories of justice and to the forms of governmental management that are associated with them. It was a process that ultimately led to the reconfiguration of the Spanish neo-imperial monarchic social order. This reconfiguration is examined in three dimensions or registers: institutional, normative, and discursive, and through the study of the management of conflicts and of the categories and concepts allowing this management to take place
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Xu, Chong. "Construction d’une administration de sécurité : défense et maintien de l’ordre public dans la Concession française de Shanghai, 1849-1919." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IEPP0011.
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Cette thèse de doctorat s’intéresse à une question peu étudiée par l’historiographie de la Chine moderne et pourtant fondamentale pour la compréhension de l’impérialisme dans l’histoire de la Chine moderne. En s’inscrivant à la croisée de trois chantiers historiographiques, connexes, mais distincts, l’histoire urbaine, l’histoire des empires et l’histoire des forces de l’ordre, elle cherche à mettre en lumière la circulation des techniques et des savoirs de l’État moderne comme « statecraft » au niveau de la ville entre les empires européens et l’État chinois. Son objet central est la question de la défense et du maintien de l’ordre public dans la Concession française comme révélateur à la fois des relations entre les autorités françaises et locales, des tensions éventuelles entre les empires, de la hiérarchisation administrative de l’Empire français sur place, et la répartition du pouvoir de commandement militaire entre autorités civiles et militaires, dans le but d’éclairer la mise en place de l’administration municipale de Shanghai avant l’installation de la municipalité de Kuomintang en 1927 à trois niveaux. Comment les rapports existent-ils entre les trois municipalités au sein de la ville? Comment les autorités françaises construisent-elles une administration de la sécurité sur place? Enfin, comment cette administration de la sécurité répond-elle aux défis de la guerre et du conflit militaire ?This doctoral thesis focuses on a question that has been little studied by the historiography of modern China but that is nevertheless fundamental to the understanding of imperialism in the modern history of this nation. By positioning itself at the intersection of three historiographical camps that are connected and yet distinct—urban history, the history of empires, and the history of the forces of law and order—this thesis will seek to emphasise the idea that the circulation of the skills and knowledge-base of a modern state were an example of “statecraft” within the city of Shanghai, which occupied an intermediary position between the European empires and the Chinese state. The primary focus of the thesis is the issue of defence and the maintenance of public order in the French Concession of Shanghai as being indicative of the relations that existed between the French and local authorities, the possible tensions between the empires, the administrative hierarchy of the French Empire on the ground, and the distribution of the power of military command between the civil and military authorities. The objective is to shed light on the shaping of the municipal administration of Shanghai before the establishment of the Kuomintang municipal authority in 1927 on three levels: what form did relations between the three municipalities within the city take? How did the French authorities build a security administration on the ground? Lastly, how did this security administration respond to the challenges of war and military conflict?
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Essono-Edzang, Aristide. "Étude d'une société : les auxiliaires "indigènes" de l'autorité coloniale en Afrique Équatoriale Française (A.E.F.)." Bordeaux 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR30017.
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Toutes les administrations coloniales europeennes ont du faire appel a des elements indigenes pour jouer le role d'auxiliaires locaux de l'autorite occupante. Le systeme colonial d'afrique equatoriale francaise (a. E. F. ) n'a pas echapper a ce schema. En effet, depuis les origines de la presence francaise dans cette region, au milieu du xixeme siecle, jusqu'a l'accession a l'independance politique des quatre territoires composant l'a. E. F. En 1960, de nombreux "allies" indigenes ont ete integres dans lesservices administratif coloniaux et ont soutenu activement l'action coloniale de la france. Ce groupe des agents indigenes etait compose par divers types d'individus (chefs traditionnels et "administratifs", militaires, miliciens, interpretes, commis, infirmiers, domestiques, etc. . . ) qui se trouvaient relegues au bas de l'echelle administrative ou ils n'occupaient que des fonctions de second ordre. Cependant ils vont finir par constituer une veritable categorie sociale au sein de la societe colonisee, a tel point qu'ils se presenteront comme une reelle "force sociale" avec laquelle l'autorite coloniale devra necessairement composer. Au lendemain de la seconde guerre mondiale, ce groupe d'individus profitera du mouvement de la decolonisation pour "emerger" et s'affirmer comme la nouvelle elite locale. C'est presque naturellement que ces anciens auxiliaires - dont principalement la frange "politico-administrative prendront la direction politique au moment des independances des quatres territoires de l'a. E. F. En 1960Every colonial administration used natives assistants to help it govern the colonial territories. The french colonial territories in central africa, known as french equatorial africa (a. E. F. ) as from 1910, did not escape from this rule. In fact, from the arrival of the french in the region in the middle of the nineteenth century until the four territories which made up the a. E. F. Federation (gabon, congo, central africa and tchad) became independent in 1960, many indigenous "allies" were integrated in the french colonial administration. This group of assistants was composed of differents kinds of individuals (traditional chiefs, interpreters, nurses, domestic servants, military men, militiamen, secretaries, ect. . . ). Although this group of people occupied the lowest positions in the colonial administration, they formed a distinct social category in the colonial society. To the extent that they became almost like a pressure group which the colonial authority had to take into account. After the second world war, this group of individuals benefited from the decolonization movements from which they emerged as the new local elites. In fact, it was the political-administrative assistants which later took over the direction of the four new countries of the former a. E. F. At time of independence in 1960
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Morando, Laurent. "Les instituts coloniaux et l'Afrique : 1893-1940 : ambitions nationales, réussites locales." Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX10062.
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Certains " grands ancêtres étrangers " sont des références pour les Instituts coloniaux français qui, sauf celui de Nancy, sont des associations privées. Le premier Institut colonial est créé à Marseille en 1893 grâce au concours de la Chambre de Commerce. Son but est de développer la recherche scientifique et l'enseignement colonial pour permettre une mise en valeur rationnelle de l'Empire. Deux autres Instituts sont fondés à Bordeaux et à Nancy (1901 et 1902). Durant la Grande Guerre, ils remplissent un rôle d'expertise auprès du gouvernement pour le ravitaillement de la métropole en produits coloniaux, notamment les arachides de l'A. O. F. L'Institut colonial français est fondé à Paris en 1920. Il a une ambition nationale. Les années 1920 voient les dernières créations en France et en Europe : Nice (1927), Le Havre (1929), Amsterdam (1926). Si les années 1920 constituent l'âge d'or des Instituts coloniaux, les années 1930 sont une période de crise et de mutations. Les grandes Expositions coloniales organisées par la Chambre de Commerce de Marseille en 1906 et 1922 ont pour but de présenter l'Empire au grand public. La propagande coloniale des Instituts est multiforme : expositions permanentes, temporaires, stands dans diverses foires, conférences, propagande scolaire. Son efficacité reste limitée. L'administration refuse d'étendre aux grandes Chambres de Commerce le recrutement des administrateurs coloniaux réservé à l'École coloniale de Paris. Elles fondent alors un enseignement colonial supérieur destiné à former les cadres économiques nécessaires à la mise en valeur de l'Empire. Cet enseignement répond le plus souvent aux besoins locaux grâce à un contenu pratique et un corps enseignant stable et compétent. Certains Instituts créent des services de documentation et de recherche scientifique et technique au service des entreprises adhérentes. Cette action locale et pratique rencontre un vif succès. Les Instituts les plus actifs participent aux grands débats doctrinaux, notamment douanier, concernant la mise en valeur de l'Empire.
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Alderman, Christopher John Finlay. "British Imperialism and social Darwinism : C.L. Temple and colonial administration in Northern Nigeria, 1901-1916." Thesis, Kingston University, 1996. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20592/.
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This research examines the concept of Social. Darwinism in relation to British imperialism, with particular reference to Northern Nigeria and the administrative work of Charles Temple during the period 1901 ~ 1916. At the centre of previous portrayals of Temple and his career is the suggestion that he was an introspective and unusually speculative man, whose significance in the history of Northern Nigeria is limited to the contribution of some abstruse ideas of narrow relevance to the practical administration of colonial government. The existing historical accounts, which are often based on uncontextualised and sometimes casual appraisals of his book Native Races and Their Rulers, also suggest that Temple believed in minimal intervention into native communities. The result of these assessments has been that Temple's rationale for colonial rule (in particular his wish to protect indigenous communities from sudden or abrupt change) has been over- emphasised, whilst his advice on the practical implementation of this rationale has been largely ignored. Against this background Native Races can only be properly understood from a detailed analysis of its ideological and historical context. The relationship between British imperialism and Social Darwinism, and particularly the specific aspects of this debate likely to have interested a man of Temple's age, background and profession, are outlined. It is concluded that within such a context, the most likely function of Social Darwinism in relation to British imperialism was to provide justification for intervention into, and for the subjugation of, foreign communities - as well as a means of explaining the racial and other contradictions which this process involved. A detailed analysis of Temple's Native Races establishes that there is a strong contiguity between his ideas and those expressed in the contemporary mainstream debate that combined ideas on British imperialism with Social Darwinist assumptions. It is argued that the techniques which Temple proposed for interpreting specific native customs, beliefs and institutions, as well as his version of the policy of Indirect Rule, displayed Social Darwinist assumptions. It is also clear that Temple required a great deal of practical intervention from British administrators - even if they were cautioned to allow the natives to find their own path of progression. Substantial new evidence indicates that Temple was a man out to make a name for himself as a modern, scientific and liberal administrator and that he had a real, powerful and continuous influence on the administration of Northern Nigeria for nearly sixteen years. Whilst Temple thought detailed and scientific administrative policy was vital, he also realised that without organizational efficiency and continuity in practice, little could be achieved. Temple believed that this stage in the development of Northern Nigerian communities required sustained and rigorous intervention, and he consistently justified this approach in official documents and journal articles from a Social Darwinist interpretation of native societies. The thesis offers considerable evidence, including a detailed appraisal of his wider connections and interests, to support the case that the contribution which Temple made towards British government in Northern Nigeria lay in the translation of administrative theory into actual practice. It is therefore concluded that Temple not only used Social Darwinism to explain racial differences and justify British imperialism, but also caused it to have a direct impact on the practical administration of colonial rule in Northern Nigeria between 1901 and 1916.
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Mary, Sylvain. "Les Antilles, de la colonie au département. Enjeux, stratégies et échelles de l’action de l’État (1944-début des années 1980)." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUL158.
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À travers le cas des Antilles françaises, cette thèse examine les transformations de l’État liées au passage de la colonie au département. Dans le cadre d’une histoire du politique, elle entend se centrer sur l’étude du fonctionnement de l’État dans une optique large et transversale, en interaction avec les acteurs locaux, et à l’intersection d’autres champs historiographiques comme ceux du fait colonial ou de la Guerre froide. Son originalité tient à l’inscription de cette problématique de départementalisation dans diverses échelles d’analyse, permettant de confronter les contextes locaux, nationaux et mondiaux sur une période de quatre décennies, entre la réorganisation des structures impériales au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale et la mise en œuvre de la décentralisation en France au début des années 1980. L’objectif de la thèse est à la fois d’appréhender l’ensemble des facteurs internes et externes à l’appareil d’État qui rythment la chronologie du processus de départementalisation et de caractériser la gestion des départements d’Outre-mer par l’ÉtatThis PHD analyzes the consequences of the transformation of the French West Indies colonies into “departements”. It is focused on political history and centered on the functioning of the State Administration from a wide and cross-cultural point of view, taking into account the interactions between the State Administration and local players. This PHD is at the crossroads of many historiographic fields such as Colonial History or Cold War History. The originality of this PHD lies in the various scales that it encompasses, making it possible to compare local, regional and world issues over forty years, between the end of War World II and the beginning of the decentralization process in France. The purpose of this PHD is to assess the set of internal and external factors inside the State Administration which have an influence on the chronology of the “departementalization” process. It is also to typify the management of overseas French West Indies initiated by the French state
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Mourou, Max-Williams. "Les moyens d'action du ministère des Colonies de 1894 à 1914." Paris 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA010657.
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N'Dombi, Pierre. "L'administration publique de l'Afrique équatoriale française de 1920 à 1956 : histoire d'un Etat providence colonial." Aix-Marseille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX10018.
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Apres la guerre de 1914-1918, certains hommes politiques condamnerent la politique coloniale de la france qui avait subordonne la mise en valeur des colonies a leurs seules capacites financiedevant les carences du capital prive, l'etat francais se chargea, par l'administration interposee, de l'outillage economique de l'afrique equatoriale francaise. Mais l'etat ne joua qu'un role suppletif : il crea des conditions propices a la mise en valeur et non de l'assurer directement. . L'administration publique fit faire des etudes dont elle mit les resultats aux entrepreneurs prives. Au profit des crises economiques de 1930 et de 1952, elle accorda des examptions fiscales, des primes, des subventions et controla les reseaux de transport. Cette these analyse les interventions de l'administration publique en tant qu'etat-providence colonial dans les domaines economique et social en afrique equatoriale francaise, de 1920 a 1956After the 1914-1918 war, some politicians condemned the colonial policy of france for having made the development of colonies dependent on their individual financial means alone. Faced with the deficiencies of private capital, the government of france undertook the economic tooling of french equatorial africa through administrative intervention. However, the state played only a complementary role : it established conditions favourable for development without creating it directly. The public administration ordered studies the put the results to private entrepreneurs. To alleviate the economic crises from 1930 to 1952 it granted tax exemptions, bonuses and subsidies, and controled transportation networks. This thesis analyses the 1920 to 1956 involvement of the public administration acting as a colonial welfare state in economic and social fieds in french equatorial africa
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Da, Costa Morais Isabel Maria. "Creolised and colonised : the history and future of the Macanese and Mozambican Chinese /." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2003. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43895669.
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Johansen, Mary Carroll. "The Relationship between the Board of Trade and Plantations and the Colonial Government of Virginia, 1696-1775." W&M ScholarWorks, 1992. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625765.
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Ewangue, Jean-Lucien. "L' économie de plantation et son impact au Cameroun sous administration française, 1916-1960." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA070005.
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Le Cameroun a connu l'une des expériences les plus poussées d'économie de plantation en Afrique pendant la période coloniale. Pour assurer l'activité des plantations au Cameroun, la France a eu largement recours, comme l'Allemagne, à la contrainte et à la coercition. Les plantations ont été un catalyseur des changements dans les sociétés Camerounaises pendant la période coloniale. Cette étude de l'économie de plantation au Cameroun sous administration française met en exergue les facteurs de « modernité » et de changement qui ont eu lieu dans la société camerounaise pendant la période coloniale. Elle montre ta diversité des situations et des réactions régionalesCameroon experienced a rapid growth in the domain of plantation economy in Africa during the period of colonisation. To assure the development of plantations in Cameroon, France as well as Germany used hard measures to force workers to work on these plantations. Plantations have been a catalyst of changes occurred within the Cameroonian societies during the colonial period. Thus, this study based on plantation economy in Cameroon under the French administration reveals the factors of ' modernity" and change that took place in the Cameroonian society during the period of colonisation. This research has equally brought out the divergences of situations and regional reactions
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Johnson, Alexander James Cook. "Charting the imperial will : colonial administration & the General Survey of British North America, 1764-1775." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3458.
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This dissertation explores how colonial administrators on each side of the Atlantic used the British Survey of North America to serve their governments’ as well as their personal objectives. Specifically, it connects the execution and oversight of the General Survey in the northern and southern theatres, along with the intelligence it provided, with the actions of key decision-makers and influencers, including the Presidents of the Board of Trade (latterly, the Secretaries of the American Department) and key provincial governors. Having abandoned their posture of ‘Salutary Neglect’ towards colonial affairs in favour of one that proactively and more centrally sought ways to develop and exploit their North American assets following the Severn Years’ War, the British needed better geographic information to guide their decision making. Thus, the General Survey of British North America, under the umbrella of the Board of Trade, was conceived. Officially sponsored from 1764-1775, the programme aimed to survey and analyse the attributes and economic potential of Britain’s newly acquired regions in North America, leading to an accurate general map of their North American empire when joined to other regional mapping programmes. The onset of the American Revolution brought an inevitable end to the General Survey before a connected map could be completed. Under the excellent leadership of Samuel Holland, the surveyor general of the Northern District, however, the British administration received surveys and reports that were of great relevance to high-level administration. In the Southern District, Holland’s counterpart, the mercurial William Gerard De Brahm, while producing reports of high quality, was less able to juggle the often conflicting priorities of provincial and London-based stakeholders. Consequently, results were less successful. De Brahm was recalled in 1771, leaving others to complete the work.
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Ben, Mlih Abdellah. "Structures politiques du Maroc colonial : d'un "état" sultanien à un "état" sédimental." Paris 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA020042.
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Les structures politiques du maroc colonial resultent de la rencontre de deux formations "etatiques" qui appartiennent a des aires culturelles et a des eres historiques differentes. L'entrelacement des strates sultanienne et coloniale donne lieu a un type d'"etat" singulier que nous avons nomme "etat" sedimental. Une etude diachronique reconstitue la trajectoire historique du centre sultanien et permet de degager le diagramme du pouvoir sultanien, d'en saisir la singularite. La rencontre des deux strates constitue un moment de sedimentation au sens de consolidation institutionnelle et d'agglutination. Dans la formation sedimentale, le pouvoir sultanien se voit assigner une fonction de legitimation et une fonction documentaire. Le protectorat comme categorie juridicoideologique se presente comme la base sur laquelle se construit l'"etat" sedimental. Il fournit les themes de legitimation et institue la cohabitation entre les deux composantes du systeme sedimental. Etant partiellement issu de l'"etat savant", l'"etat" sedimental assigne au savoir une fonction centrale. Il constitue un instrument de decodage et d'information. Ainsi le soldat enqueteur est le personnage central de l'administration coloniale. (. . . )The political structures of colonial morocco are the result of the encounter between two "state-like" formations belonging to different cultural zones and historical eras. The interweaving of the sultan-rules stratum with the col lonial stratum gives rise to a particular type of "state" which i have called the "sedimentary state". The meeting of the two strata (sultan-rules and colonial) constitutes a moment of sedimentation understood as institutional consolidation and agglutination. In this sedimentary formation, the tasks of legitimation and documentation arre assigned to the power of the "sultanate". The protectorate, as a juridical-ideological category, is presented as the foundation upon which the "sedimentary state" is constructed. It supplies the themes of legitimation and initiates the cohabitation between the two coponents parts of the sedimentary system. The "sedimentary state" ascribes a central role to knowledge which constitutes an instrument for decoding and information gathering. Thus the soldier-investigator is the main character of the colonial administration. The joint need to partition the territory and control the population places him at the heart of the administrative apparatus. (. . . )
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Abdulkadir, Abdulkadir Hashim. "Reforming and retreating: British policies on transforming the administration of Islamic Law and its institutions in the Busa‘idi Sultanate 1890-1963." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/1651.
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Magister Legum - LLMAfter the establishment of the British Protectorate in the Busa‘idi Sultanate in 1890, the British colonial administration embarked on a policy of transforming the administration of Islamic law and its institutions which included the kadhi, liwali and mudir courts. The ultimate objective of the transformation process was to incorporate such institutions into the colonial enterprise and gradually reform them. Within a span of seven decades of their colonial rule in the Busa‘idi Sultanate, the British colonial authorities managed to transform the administration of Islamic law and its institutions. Key areas of the transformation process included the formalisation of the administration of Islamic law in which procedural laws related to MPL and wakf regulations were codified. Kadhi courts and wakf commissions were institutionalised and incorporated into the colonial apparatus. In the process of transforming the kadhi courts, the British colonial authorities adopted three major policies: institutional transformation, procedural transformation, and exclusion of criminal jurisdiction from kadhi courts. The focus of the transformation process was on the curtailment of kadhis powers. By 1916 criminal jurisdiction was removed from kadhis and their civil jurisdiction was gradually confined to MPL. Other significant areas of the transformation process were the wakf institutions and slavery. Wakf institutions were related to land issues which were crucial to the colonial politics and the abolition of slavery in the Busa‘idi Sultanate was a primary concern of the British colonial administration. Through policies of compromise and coercion, the British colonial officials managed to gradually abolish slavery without causing political or social upheavals in the Sultanate. Due to the fact that there was no uniform policy on the transformation exercise undertaken by the British colonial officials on the ground, the reform process was marked with transformative contradictions which seemed to be a hallmark of British colonial policy in the Busa‘idi Sultanate. For instance, British colonial policies on transforming wakf institutions were caught in a contradiction in that, on the one hand, colonial efforts were geared towards transforming the land system in order to achieve economic development, and on the other hand, the British colonial officials were keen to uphold a paternalistic approach of adopting a non-interference policy in respect of religious institutions. Similarly, in abolishing slavery, the British colonial government, on the one hand, was under pressure from philanthropists and missionaries to end slavery, and, on the other hand, the British colonial officials on the ground portrayed their support of the slave owners and advocated a gradual approach to abolish slavery. Findings of this thesis reveal that the British colonial administration managed to achieve complete reform in some cases, such as, the abolition of liwali and mudir courts and confining kadhis’ civil jurisdiction to MPL, while in other areas, such as, the management of wakf institutions and the abolition of slavery, the British faced resistance from the Sultans and their subjects which resulted in partial reforms. Hence, in the process of transforming the administration of Islamic law and its institutions in the Busa‘idi Sultanate, the British colonial administration adopted a dual policy of reforming and retreating.
South Africa
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Lambert, David. "Le monde des prépondérants : les notables français de Tunisie et du Maroc de la fin du XIXe siècle jusqu'en 1939." Paris 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA010553.
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Un des premiers enjeux de notre recherche est de préciser la figure du notable français dans les Protectorats tunisien et marocain en mobilisant la sociologie de Max Weber et les travaux de Jacques Berque. Il s'agit ainsi d'éclairer les rapports de pouvoir qui se nouent, de la fin du XIXe siècle à la fin des années 1930, entre une communauté expatriée et une administration d'importation à l'intérieur d'un espace touché par l'expansion coloniale. Le notable colonial apparaît alors comme une création juridique et sociale de l'administration, qui cherche ainsi à s'appuyer sur une nébuleuse de négociants, d'entrepreneurs ou de grands propriétaires. Le but des Résidences est d'impliquer ces notables dans diverses formes de gestion, celle des villes comme celle du protectorat dans son ensemble. La Tunisie est le laboratoire de ces rapports qui se déclinent ensuite au Maroc. Cependant déclinaison n'est pas identité. C'est la raison pour laquelle nous avons tenté de dresser un portrait de ces notables en utilisant une approche prosopographique, fondée sur la compilation d'informations contenues dans les dossiers de candidatures à la Légion d'Honneur ainsi que dans des dictionnaires biographiques. Cette thèse se veut une contribution à une histoire sociale comparée des Protectorats français d'Afrique du Nord. Il s'agit non seulement d'établir qui sont ces notables et d'où ils viennent, mais surtout de mesurer jusqu'à quel point ils sont partie prenante des rouages de «la machine [coloniale]» selon l'expression de Jacques Berque.
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Nardi, Jean-Baptiste. "Le tabac brésilien et ses fonctions dans l'ancien système colonial portugais (1570-1830)." Aix-Marseille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX10003.
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Le tabac bresilien a ete, des debuts de la culture (1570) a la fin des institutions administratives (1830), un agent economique et politique de tout premier plan dans l'ensemble du systeme colonial portugais. Devenu monopole d'etat en 1674, le tabac a ete soumis a une politique fiscale particulierement rigoureuse reposant sur la concentration de la production, l'exclusivite du commerce metropolitain et le controle des marches interieurs du portugal et de ses colonies. Cette politique s'est appuyee sur une administration specifique au tabac, fortement structuree et developpee. La ferme du tabac du portugal et la traite des noirs entre bahia et la cote de mina ont ete les elements les plus caracteristiques et originaux du tabac luso-bresilien au dix-huitieme siecle. Son commerce a produit une valeur considerable qui a ete absorbee a quatre-vingts pour cent par le portugal, dont la moitie par l'etat. Le tabac a donc largement contribue au renforcement du pouvoir de l'etat portugais ainsi qu'au developpement d'une haute bourgeoisie nationale. Au bresil, il a servi une classe de planteurs privilegies, une bourgeoisie locale et tout le pays en etant le troisieme produit d'exportation et en fournissant le tiers de la main d'oeuvre esclave.
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Sacriste, Fabien. "Les camps de "regroupement" : une histoire de l’État colonial et de la société rurale pendant la guerre d’indépendance algérienne (1954-1962)." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU20092.
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Cette thèse porte sur les pratiques de déplacement des populations rurales pendant la guerre d’indépendance algérienne. Au cours de ce conflit, la création de « zones interdites » par l’armée française se solde par le transfert de plus de deux millions d’Algériens vers ce que l’armée appelle alors des « centres de regroupement ». L’objectif de ce travail consiste à comprendre les dynamiques de diffusion de cette pratique et son intégration dans l’arsenal stratégique mobilisé par l’armée française dans la lutte contre le Front de Libération National. Il s’agit aussi de cerner la figure de l’une des institutions majeures de ce conflit, le camp de regroupement. Essentiellement créé à des fins de contrôle social, il génère dans la plupart des cas une crise économique pour les populations visées, déracinées et privées de l’accès à leurs terres, désormais dépendantes de l’État. Il s’agit enfin de comprendre comment l’État et l’armée réagissent à cette crise, en développant notamment une politique dite des « Mille villages » censée transformer les camps en autant de nouvelles entités semi-rurales – et les effets de cette politique. Dans cette perspective, ce travail vise à étudier la mise en œuvre de cette double politique sur le terrain militaire, politique et administratif, en analysant les relations entre les principaux acteurs de l’État dans la conduite de l’action publique. Il s’intéresse plus particulièrement aux activités sécuritaires, sociales et économiques des officiers des Sections Administratives Spécialisées (SAS), alors chargés de l’encadrement des populations déplacées. Elle cherche ainsi à contribuer à l’écriture d’une histoire de l’État colonial dans ce contexte où il connaît ses ultimes transformationsThis PhD concerns the displacement of rural population during the Algerian war for independence. During this conflict, the creation of “forbidden zones” by the French army ends in the transfer of nearly two million Algerians towards some camps that the militaries then called “regroupment centres”. The objective of this work consists to study the dynamics of this practice’s diffusion and its integration in the militaries strategy implemented against the National Liberation Front. Its aim is also to define the specificity of one of the major institution of this conflict: the “regroupment” camp. Essentially created for Social Control purposes, it generated in most of the cases an economic crisis for the rural population, uprooted and deprived of the access to its land, and most part of the time depending on State’s food distribution. This work try to understand how some actors, civilian or militaries, try to react to this crisis, by developing a particular policy: the “One thousand villages”, that was supposed to transform the camps into some “new villages”. This work aims to study the implementation of this double policy, on the local military, political and administrative ground, by analysing the relations between the main actors of the State. It is focused in particular on the security, social, economic activities of the officers of the Specialized Administrative Sections, which were in charge of the camp. In such a perspective, it tries to contribute to the writing of a history of Colonial State in its last algerian manifestation
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Glasman, Joël. "Les corps habillés : genèse des métiers de police au Togo (1885-1963)." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA070040.
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Les Corps habillés -ensemble des agents des forces de l'ordre- constituent un champ professionnel central dans le fonctionnement de l'Etat au Togo. A l'époque coloniale, un tiers des employés africains de l'Etat travaille dans les forces de l'ordre (Garde Indigène, Tirailleurs, Milice, Police, Gendarmerie, etc. ). Cette étude retrace la genèse et la structure des métiers de l'ordre, en se distinguant à la fois d'une histoire institutionnelle des forces de l'ordre (qui considérerait chacune des institutions de maintien de l'ordre séparément) et d'une lecture téléologique de l'histoire policière (qui considérerait la police civile comme l'aboutissement d'un processus linéaire de modernisation de l'Etat). Les institutions de maintien de l'ordre dessinent un espace professionnel spécifique, caractérisé par des structures matérielles (camp militaire, relation salariale) et symboliques (langage de l'uniforme, discours de la 'race martiale', masculinité coloniale) communes. Ce champ professionnel se transforme au cours des années 1940 sous le coup de la bureaucratisation de l'Etat, avec l'accroissement des méthodes bureaucratiques de contrôle à distance des agents et des populations (fiches de renseignement, procès-verbaux, main courante, etc. ). Cela débouche sur un conflit généralisé à propos des compétences requises à l'exercice des métiers de l'ordre, puisque le recrutement des agents sur critères scolaires disqualifie de fait les compétences techniques jusqu'alors valorisées au sein du champ professionnel de maintien de l'ordre (tir au fusil, discipline militaire, techniques de combat, etc. ). Ce conflit atteint son paroxysme dans le coup d'Etat militaire de 1963 avec l'assassinat du président Sylvanus OlympioThe Corps habillés (members of security forces) are a central professional field within the Togolese State apparatus. In colonial times, a third of the State's African employees worked in law enforcement institutions (Garde Indigène, Tirailleurs, Milice, Police, Gendarmerie, etc. ). This study explores the genesis and structure of this professional field. This is neither an institutional study (which would consider each of these institutions separately) nor is this study structured around a teleological reading of the history of police (which would consider the civil police as the result of a linear process of modernization of the state. ) The law enforcement institutions constituted a specific social space, characterized both by material (military camp, wage labor) and symbolic (language of the uniform, discourse of 'martial race', colonial masculinity) structures. This professional field was transformed in the1940s by the process of bureaucratization of the state, which brought about new methods for civil servants such as population control (police reports, records, daybooks, etc. ). This led to a widespread conflict about the skills required in the exercise this profession, since the recruitment of staff on the basis of their education level disqualified the military skills formerly valued within this professional field (marksmanship, military discipline, fighting techniques, etc. ). This conflict eventually found its climax in the military coup of 1963, in which Togo's first president Sylvanus Olympio was assassinated
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Mansilla, Judith M. "Firm Foundation: Rebuilding the Early Modern State in Lima, Peru after the Earthquake of 1687." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2443.
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One early October morning in 1687, the ground under the large Spanish colonial city of Lima, Peru rumbled. If longstanding historiographical portraits of Spanish government as inefficient and weak were true, the earthquake that was about to shatter Lima should have devastated it beyond repair. The study of the aftermath of this natural disaster reveals that behind the landscape of destruction, the pillars of the colonial state in Lima not only held up but also permitted its rapid recovery after the event. As part of a more recent historiographical trend that reappraises the Spanish decline during the seventeenth century, my dissertation reevaluates the performance of colonial administration in Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. It focuses on deliberate changes carried out during the 1680s, when the metropolis implemented a series of fiscal and administrative reforms, whose effects were interrupted but not destroyed by the challenge posed by the earthquake of 1687.
The use of extensive contemporary archival sources, both official and private, provides a multifaceted vista on the performance of royal agents and colonial subjects responding to the earthquake. A close reading of these sources unveils the rebuilding of the state in various facets: government attempts to impose authority and bring order to the chaos; the patrimonial logic of rules that colonial administrators faced when trying to implement rebuilding projects; colonial subjects’ expectations of royal agents and each other; negotiations among authorities and ordinary people over the terms of rebuilding the city; and the importance of inhabitants’ understandings of justice, founded in law and custom, to carrying out city reconstruction.
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Lauro, Amandine. "Les politiques du mariage et de la sexualité au Congo Belge, 1908-1945: genre, race, sexualité et pouvoir colonial." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210219.
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Enjeu politique majeur pour le pouvoir colonial, l’intimité sexuelle, familiale et domestique des populations en situation coloniale a fait l’objet de nombreuses tentatives de contrôle de la part des autorités belges au Congo. Utilisé comme preuve de l'infériorité supposée des Africains et de la supériorité supposée des Européens, le domaine de l’intimité fut à la fois au cœur de la construction des hiérarchies raciales et de la "mission civilisatrice". Cette étude retrace l’évolution des politiques de l'administration coloniale liées au mariage et à la sexualité au Congo Belge entre 1908 et 1945, telles qu’elles sont élaborées en métropole puis relayées et appliquées sur le terrain colonial. Elle illustre notamment les difficultés du pouvoir colonial à discipliner la vie privée de ses propres agents, et à imposer de nouvelles normes d’intimité et de genre aux populations colonisées. L'étude est structurée autour de trois parties. La première traite des régulations morales dont est l'objet la communauté colonisatrice, c'est-à-dire de la manière dont le pouvoir colonial débat et tente de policer, au milieu de multiples contradictions, les "mœurs" de ses agents européens et de leurs familles. La deuxième partie analyse les régulations du mariage et des formes de sexualité dites "traditionnelles" des populations colonisées. J'y étudie tout d'abord la polygamie et les systèmes de compensation matrimoniale: ces pratiques constituent les deux principaux sujets de débats et de mesures pour les autorités coloniales qui y voient, non sans raison, les fondements des systèmes matrimoniaux congolais. Sont ensuite abordées la question plus confidentielle de la fixation de l'âge de puberté des jeunes filles "indigènes" en même temps que celle du "mariage des filles non-nubiles" (expression utilisée pour désigner les mariages précoces). La troisième partie de la thèse s'interroge sur les anxiétés et les régulations visant les évolutions "modernes" du mariage et les nouvelles formes d' "immoralité" qui sont associées aux espaces urbains. Après avoir interrogé les redéfinitions des frontières du moral et de l'immoral à l'aune du développement urbain de la colonie (de manière générale et à partir de l'exemple de la catégorie des "danses obscènes"), j'ai privilégié l'étude des pratiques prostitutionnelles et des défis qu'elles posent aux ambitions de contrôle des autorités coloniales. Enfin, le dernier chapitre clôt la boucle en revenant aux conjugalités "licites" et en abordant les "troubles" que la modernité coloniale est supposée y avoir généré (adultère, divorce, abandon de domicile conjugal, concubinage, etc) et dont les femmes sont en grande part jugées responsables.
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Tam, Tsz Wai Edith, and 譚子慧. "A comparative on the contributions of missionaries to the formative years of colonial education in Hong Kong and Macau." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31950863.
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Destouches, Didier. "Du statut colonial au statut départemental : l'administration révolutionnaire en Guadeloupe : 1787-1800." Dijon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DIJOD012.
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L'histoire de l'administration en outre-mer permet d'appréhender les sources et le contexte de l'élaboration d'un cadre institutionnel particulier dont la vocation initiale fût de permettre l'assimilation de territoires périphériques au territoire national, en particulier sous la Révolution française. L'île de la Guadeloupe fût au cœur de cette histoire. Oscillant entre centralisation et autonomie administratives, la nature des liens entre l'Etat et les colonies est à la fin de l'ancien régime définie par l'absence d'un statut juridique précis. La période révolutionnaire bouleverse progressivement et en profondeur les conceptions de l'administration des colonies. L'analyse des débats des assemblées révolutionnaires permet de mettre en évidence le premier processus d'élaboration d'un statut constitutionnel de l'Outre-Mer dont l'étape décisive est la première départementalisation des colonies et qui augure des réformes institutionnelles locales. L'étude de la nouvelle organisation administrative en Guadeloupe puis de l'activité des agents de l'Etat délégués dans la colonie, grâce aux dépouillements effectués aux archives d'outre-mer et aux archives départementales de la Guadeloupe ; permet de mesurer les innovations et les limites de la réforme coloniale de l'Etat de la Convention au Consulat et l'absence, déjà, de cohérence entre la réforme statutaire et la réforme institutionnelle dans un espace différent de réception des normesThe history of France's Overseas administration led us to study the sources and the contextual working-out of a particular institutional frame. The initial aim was to gather the surrounding territories to the national territory, especially under the French Revolution. The Island of Guadeloupe was at the center of this process. First, the analysis of the colonial status at the end of the monarchical system of government and the different debates of the revolutionary assemblies were used to put the stress on the passage from the colonial status to the departemental status under the Thermidor Convention that foresaw the local institutional reforms in Guadeloupe. Then the study of the new administrative organization in Guadeloupe and the activity of the State agents delegated to the colony through overseas archives and the departemental archives of Guadeloupe helped us to examine the innovations and the limits of the State colonial reform from the Convention to the Consulat and finally to denounce the lack of coherence between the statuory reforms and the institutional reforms
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Aberdam, Marie. "Élites cambodgiennes en situation coloniale : essai d'histoire sociale des réseaux de pouvoir dans l'administration cambodgienne sous le protectorat français (1860-1953)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H026.
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Portrait de la haute société mandarinale durant le protectorat français, cette thèse décrit comment les élites cambodgiennes ont fait évoluer leur modèle social en situation coloniale. Mettant en regard sources coloniales, sources cambodgiennes et histoire orale, elle démontre l’existence de réseaux de pouvoir, c’est-à-dire de vastes groupes de parentèle dont les relations d’alliance et d’association ont pour enjeu la maîtrise du pouvoir social et politique. Ces réseaux participent de la gestion de l’État royal puis de l’État colonial : leurs luttes factieuses pour le contrôle de l’administration scandent le récit dynastique au XIXe et au XXe siècle et participent de l’instauration du pouvoir colonial dans le royaume. Confrontés à la pénalisation de leurs pratiques - assimilées à du népotisme et de la corruption par l’État colonial - ces réseaux de pouvoir adaptent alors leurs enjeux de reproduction aux besoins de l’administration coloniale. Une prosopographie de cent vingt personnels du rājakār (l’administration royale) - devenus fonctionnaires de l’administration mixte franco-indigène - décrit les conditions par lesquelles les mantrī du roi khmer déploient leurs réseaux au sein même des institutions indochinoises et limitent les capacités d’interventions de ces institutions sur les structures sociales. La biographie collective d’un réseau de pouvoir en particulier - une famille, ses alliés et associés - permet d’analyser tant la perpétuation des pratiques de parenté et de parentalité propres aux élites dirigeantes que leurs évolutions en fonction de leurs relations avec la royauté cambodgienne et le pouvoir colonial jusqu’à l’indépendanceProposing a portray of the Cambodian high society during the French Protectorat, this PhD describes how the mantrī - Cambodian mandarins - manipulated their social organization in the colonial context. Through colonial archives, Cambodian sources and oral history, this essay demonstrates how the high society used their networks of parents within the royal then within the colonial administration. Those networks, composed of large group of allies and associates, were dedicated to the control of social and political powers. The conflicts between those networks - to gain control over the administration - rhythmed the dynastic history of Cambodia all along the 19th and 20th centuries. Their actors took a part in the establishment of the colonial order. Confronted to the penalization of their practices - assimilated to nepotism and corruption by the Colonial State - those networks of power then instrumentalized the needs of the colonial administration to their issues of perpetuation. Their members became colonial administrators and then limited the capacity of the colonial institutions to interfere on their social structures. A prosopographie of one hundred and twenty mantrī of the royal administration became civil servants of the Colonial State describes how their networks spread within the Indochinese services. A collective biography of one of these networks - a family, its allies and associates - analyses the kinship model of the Cambodian elite, its perpetuation and its evolutions depending of their relations with the royal family and the Colonial State until the independence
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Ruaud, Juliette. "À la lisière du vote : socio-histoire de l'institution électorale dans le Sénégal colonial (années 1840-1960)." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69063.
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Thèse en cotutelle : Université Laval, Québec, Canada et Université de Bordeaux, Talence, France.À partir d'une collecte d'archives et d'entretiens, cette thèse propose de renouveler l'histoire de l'institution électorale au Sénégal durant la période coloniale. Ce travail affirme la double nécessité d'historiciser les phénomènes de circulation internationale et d'extraversion des normes et des dispositifs de vote, et d'élargir l'horizon géographique de la socio-histoire du vote pour tendre vers une histoire plus polycentrée. Revisiter le cas sénégalais, qui incarne le modèle triomphal de la diffusion des pratiques électorales depuis un centre européen, incite à questionner un récit de l'universalisation du vote individuel-majoritaire et secret qui serait d'office celui d'une victoire progressive. En nous détachant des conceptions les plus évidentes du vote et en analysant les catégories produites dans le contexte colonial, nous mettons au jour des pratiques jusque là négligées ou envisagées de manière cloisonnée : élections menées par les militaires lors de la conquête à partir des formes électives vernaculaires, pratiques locales de dévolution du pouvoir, dispositifs de participation et de délibération nés de la pratique administrative, élections dans les chefferies, élections séditieuses, etc. Seule la prise en compte de cette pluralité de pratiques et de procédures permet de comprendre la forme prise par l'institution électorale dans le pays et sa consolidation. Ceci, sans nous limiter à un inventaire, mais en passant de l'étude de l'acte de vote à celle d'un espace de pratiques. Nous défendons ainsi la nécessité d'une approche relationnelle, capable de montrer que l'institutionnalisation du vote s'est d'abord jouée à ses frontières. En nous situant successivement à l'échelle de la société coloniale et au plus proche de ces activités, nous montrons les influences réciproques qui existent entre les pratiques et les formes de concurrences, de différenciations et de requalifications à l'œuvre. Arpenter l'histoire du vote au Sénégal permet en retour d'interroger plus largement les temporalités et les rythmes de l'histoire de l'institution électorale et partant d'en proposer un récit moins linéaire.
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Ronsseray, Céline. "Administrer Cayenne : sociabilités, fidélités et pouvoir des fonctionnaires coloniaux en Guyane française au XVIIIe siècle." La Rochelle, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LAROF018.
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L’histoire de l’administration et de son personnel a été pendant longtemps le terrain privilégié des historiens du droit. Sans remettre en cause leur apport essentiel, ces travaux ont souvent mis de côté les données humaines. Nous avons entrepris l’étude des administrateurs nommés en Guyane française au cours d’un large XVIIIe siècle. Loin de se consacrer à l’appareil de gestion, ce travail s’attache à étudier ce corpus à la manière des grands corps de l’Etat et des officiers moyens de la monarchie française. Guidée par les principes de Guy Thuillier, cette étude entend bénéficier du renouvellement épistémologique de ces dernières décennies à travers une « nouvelle » prosopographie. Documentée à partir des sources ministérielles éclairées de chroniques contemporaines, elle se fonde sur le traitement informatique de fiches à travers une base de données. Notre volonté est d’englober la totalité de ce personnel - du plus modeste au plus important - le considérant comme le reflet de la société coloniale qu’il administre. Cette mosaïque d’individus et de personnalités participe à la constitution du portrait des fonctionnaires envoyés en Guyane au XVIIIe siècle. Ils sont les représentants et les exécutants de l’autorité métropolitaine à Cayenne. Mais, loin des contrôles, la tentation de l’abus de pouvoir est d’autant plus forte que la vie y est difficile. L’étude sociale est donc complétée par l’analyse des rapports de pouvoir en place opposant tout aussi bien les administrateurs entre eux que ces fonctionnaires aux habitants de la colonie. L’administration coloniale va se normaliser intégrant de nouveaux contre-pouvoirs : le fonctionnaire colonial du XIXe siècle apparaîtThe history of Civil Service and civil servants has been the privileged ground of the historians of laws for a long time. Though the essential contribution of such brain-works can't be called into question, they have often put human data aside. We have focused our study on the officials appointed in French Guyana during the XVIIIth century at large. Far from concentrating on the apparatus of management, this work sets out to study this corpus like the main State corps and the average officers of the French monarchy. Guided Guy Thuillier’s principles, this study intends to benefit from the last decades' epistemological revival through a “new” prosopography. Gathering information from ministry sources enhanced by contemporary chronicles; it is based on the computer processing of files across a database. We intend to include the totality of this staff – from the humblest to the most important – and consider it as an image of the colonial society it governs. This mosaic of individuals and personalities contributes to the constitution of the portrait of the civil officials sent to Guyana in the XVIIIth century. They are the representatives and the performers of French authority in Cayenne. But, far from controls, the temptation of misusing authority is all the stronger as life is difficult over there. The social study is therefore supplemented by the analysis of the balance of power bringing the civil servants into conflict with each other as well as with the inhabitants of the colony. The colonial government shall get normalized as it integrates new forces of opposition: the colonial civil servant of the XIXth century thus appears
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Mourre, Martin. "De Thiaroye on aperçoit l’île de Gorée : histoire, anthropologie et mémoire d’un massacre colonial au Sénégal." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0099.
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Cette thèse, au croisement de l’histoire et de l’anthropologie, prend pour objet les représentations d’un massacre colonial, la répression sanglante de tirailleurs sénégalais survenue au camp de Thiaroye, à proximité de Dakar, le 1er décembre 1944. Il s’agit d’abord de mieux documenter l’événement historique lui-même qui, soixante-dix ans après les faits, reste un sujet de controverse historiographique. D’autre part, inscrire les réappropriations passées et actuelles de ce drame dans diverses temporalités donne à lire la trajectoire de la nation sénégalaise postcoloniale à travers le prisme de la mobilisation de référents historiques. Ce travail sur la mémoire de cet événement s’appuie sur plus de soixante entretiens, l’analyse des œuvres d’art traitant de cet événement, un travail d’archives – des sources coloniales mais aussi différents journaux depuis 1945 jusqu’à aujourd’hui –, enfin une dimension ethnographique de recherche action, notamment auprès de lycéens sénégalais. Aujourd’hui, au Sénégal, les représentations attachées à l’événement du 1er décembre 1944 apparaissent comme un des paradigmes de la mémoire coloniale. Tenter de décrire ces usages du passé sur plus de soixante-dix ans permet alors d’envisager l’articulation entre des mémoires dominantes – officielles ou non –, des formes particulières de rappel du passé et le rôle de ce passé dans certaines dynamiques identitairesBy connecting history and anthropology, this thesis analyses the representations of the Thiaroye massacre, a repression of the tirailleurs sénégalais, Western African conscripts of the French army, in the Thiaroye camp on the outskirts of Dakar that took place on December 1st, 1944. First, it aims at documenting the event that, sixty years after, remains a controversial issue among the historians. Secondly, this thesis aims at analysing both the past and current use of this tragedy in different periods of time-scales. As a consequence, it helps to read the path of the post-colonial senegalese nation through the use of historical referents. This work dealing with the history of Thiaroye massacre is based on more than sixty interviews, the analysis of the works of art representing the event, different kind of archives (colonial sources and press journals published since 1945 until today), and the ethnographic investigation (for instance among the college students). The representation of the December 1st 1944 is currently one of the paradigms of the colonial memory in Senegal. By trying to describe the use of the past during more than sixty years, it is possible to consider the links between the dominant memory – official as well as unofficial – or the specific forms of remembrance and the role of this past in the some identity dynamics
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Dione, Marème. "Les enjeux des politiques et les techniques des travaux publics en Afrique du nord (1939 - 1962) - la politique des plans d’équipement et de modernisation - contribution a l'histoire de la colonisation française en Afrique du nord." Paris 8, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA081187.
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Ce travail analyse dans une première partie la politique des plans d’équipement et de modernisation mise en place au lendemain de la guerre dans les colonies françaises, et en Afrique du nord en particulier. Elle montre comment le rapport occident-Afrique du nord a été régi durant cette période par l’accès aux matériaux stratégiques, dont le pétrole, et a engendre des stratégies d'occupation de l'espace, saharien notamment. La seconde et la troisième parties étudient la politique des transports et la politique de l'eau menées dans ces trois pays du Maghreb en s'attachant egalement aux aspects techniques des projets et a leurs implications. Après avoir dresse un état des lieux de la technique dans les secteurs choisis, nous avons pu vérifier l’hypothèse de la colonie fonctionnant comme "banc d'essai" dans l'acquisition et la constitution de savoir-faire avant leur diffusion. Nous avons egalement mis en évidence l'influence et l'impact des modèles américains de gestion, de planification et d’aménagement du territoire au cours de cette période, en Afrique du nord et en France, celui des techniques proprement dites. Nous avons enfin mis en relief le rôle capital de l’armée dans la genèse et le maintien d'un ordre et d'un espace colonialThe first part of this thesis analyses the equipment and mornizing plans' politics undertaken in french colonies after world war ii, and particularly in north africa. It shows how relationship between the west and north africa has been directed during that time by access to raw materials, including petroleum, and led to take possession of sahara. Second and third parts both investigate politics carried out in these three countries in transport-field and water-field and deal with technical aspects of projects worked out and their involvements. After having drawn up an inventory of technical progress in these chosen areas, we have proved that colony has played a testing stand to acquire technical skill before spreading. We also showed off the burden and influence of american management, country-planning and development models during that period in north africa and in france, that of technics properly so called. Finally, we have thrown into relief the leading part of army in genesis and keeping of colonial space and order
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Saidouni, Maouia. "Rapports de force dans l'urbanisme colonial algérois (1855-1935) ou la genèse de l'aménagement urbain à Alger." Paris 8, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA081000.
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Cette these est une nouvelle approche du processus de l'amenagement dans l'alger colonial. Cette approche par les acteurs decrit l'affirmation problematique des tendances novatrices en urbanisme dans un contexte considere comme chaotique. Les groupes d'acteurs qui servent a informer cette problematique sont : l'institution militaire representee par le service du genie, les institutions civiles incarnees essentiellement par la municipalite et les francs-tireurs de l' l'amenagement appeles faiseurs de plans. Ces trois types d'acteurs couvrent la periode choisie 1855-1935 (du second empire a l'entre-deux-guerres). Ils adoptent des attitudes differantes vis a vis des inerties etablies et de la question de l'innovation de par leur histoire et leur place dans le processus de decision. Ces attitudes restent toutefois complementaires car elles participent toutes a un processus unique, celui de l'affirmation de nouvelles idees en urbanisme, apparentees a l'urbanisme francais de l'entre-deux-guerres et detachees des attributs de l'urbanisme d'alignement du 19eme siecle dont les persistances creent les contradictions qui forment l'interet essentiel de la theseThis these is a new approche of the amenagnent process in colonised algiers. Its describes the problematic affirmation of the tendances in urbanism considered as chaotic. The group of actors that inform the problematic are : military institution represented by the service of genie, the civil institutions also represented by the municipalities and individual actors of amenagment called plan makers. These three types lie between the choosen period (1855-1935). They adopt different attitudes towards the questions of innovation. These attitudes are complementaries because they participate in an unique process. That is the affirmation of new ideas of urbanism linked to french urbanism of aligment in the nineteeth century. It is these contradictions that make this these interesting
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Benoist, Joseph-Roger de. "Les relations entre l'administration coloniale et les missions catholiques au Soudan français et en Haute-Volta de 1885 à 1945." Paris 7, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA070012.
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Jauze, Albert. "Notaires et notariat, le notariat français et les hommes dans une colonie à l'Est du Cap de Bonne-Espérance, Bourbon-la Réunion : 1668-milieu du XIXe siècle." La Réunion, 2004. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/04_10_Jauze_tt.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Le notariat bourbonnais, peu organisé sous la Compagnie des Indes, mieux structuré pendant l'administration royale, reçoit quelques retouches pendant la Révolution. Ce n'est qu'en 1804 et 1805 qu'il fait l'objet d'une réglementation solide et durable, due surtout à l'application de la loi consulaire. La profession reçoit sa consécration en 1849. Les notaires des colonies obtiennent le droit reconnu depuis 1816 aux officiers ministériels de la métropole de présenter leurs successeurs à l'agrément du chef de l'Etat. Il y a toujours continuité du personnel, d'origine ou de souche européenne, au contingent parfois démesuré. Du début du peuplement au milieu du XIXè siècle, il est d'extraction très diverse, avec une tendance à comprendre des personnes de formation juridique. Les durées d'instrumentation sont très variées. L'exercice du métier peut donner lieu à des dérives. Les niveaux de fortune sont très différents, pour des individus pouvant combiner emploi public et activités lucrativesThe notaryship in Bourbon, not well organised under the West Indies Company, is better organised under the Royal period. Then light occur during the French Revolution. It is only in 1804-1805 that it is well and definitively established, over all because of the application of the Consulate law. The profession is consecrated in 1849. The notaries in the Colonies get the right (recognised for the ministerial officers since 1816) to present their successors to the agreement of the Chief of the French State. There is always a continuity in the employment of notaries in spite of the political changements. Since the beginning of the settlement in the mid of the 19th century, they come from Europe or have European origins, with a tendency to have a legal formation. Their careers vary in length. Many drifts occur. Their wealth is very different as they can combine ministerial jobs and very well paid personal activities