Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Colonial bird'

Foraging is a central trait in species’ life history, being tightly linked to individual fitness and therefore to population processes. To be successful, individuals should forage in a way that minimize energy expenditure and maximize energy intake. However, this balance depends on a mixture of different elements of intrinsic and extrinsic nature, that drive foraging choices of individuals. Intrinsic drivers are elements inextricably linked to individual’s characteristics or qualities that often are a function of age or sex (e.g., dimorphism, social dominance). Extrinsic drivers are elements linked to the surrounding environment, that can be abiotic (e.g., landscape features, weather), or biotic (e.g., heterospecific/conspecific presence, resources distribution). In this thesis I used a combination of bio-logging technologies and statistical modelling techniques to investigate in detail the drivers of foraging movements in different colonial bird species. Specifically, I investigated intrinsic and extrinsic drivers on sea and land (Chapters I and II), the effects of competition (Chapter III), the role of weather (Chapter IV), how food resources can be found in the sea (Chapter V) and its consequences (Chapter VI). My results suggest that a complex interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic drivers shape spatio-temporal foraging decisions in wild bird species, and their combined effect can be sometimes difficult to disentangle. Wind conditions, rainfall, morphological differences linked to sex, inter- and intra-specific competition all affect how individuals optimize their search for food, via the adoption of different behavioural tactics. Moreover, the search for food is particularly challenging in the marine environment, that is extremely dynamic and three-dimensional. Here, individuals could use a combination of static and dynamic features to locate prey aggregations. However, such features also aggregate contaminants such as microplastic, enhancing the risk of ingestion. In conclusion, understanding the connection between individual qualities, foraging movements and external agents is particularly important given the predicted global changes for future years. Ultimately, behavioural flexibility in foraging could be an important trait to successfully cope with such changes and could contribute to increase the resilience of populations over time.

Colonial breeding in birds is widely considered to provide a net benefit to individuals, outweighing costs such as increased competition for resources and intra- specific aggression. This view, however, is largely based on studies of seabirds carried out under favourable conditions. Recent breeding failures at many seabird colonies in the UK provide an opportunity to re-examine costs and benefits of coloniality under adverse conditions. In this thesis I show in the highly colonial Common guillemot Uria aalge how, during unfavourable conditions, the magnitude of these costs and benefits is dependent on the social environment of the breeding area. Parents were able to increase their foraging effort by leaving their chick unattended at the colony, but this unexpectedly resulted in heightened aggression towards unattended chicks from conspecifics, sometimes resulting in the chick being killed. However, despite the magnitude of this cost showing negative density-dependence, it did not result in diminished positive density-dependence of overall breeding success, suggesting that colonial breeding is still beneficial during unfavourable environmental conditions. Parents were also able to utilise a combined strategy of foraging at sea augmented by kleptoparasitism, stealing prey from neighbours, to increase chick provisioning rate and survival during adverse conditions, with no apparent cost to hosts. In contrast, cooperative behaviours were still evident, and I suggest that alloparental care, where an individual cares for unrelated young, is maintained via a combination of short- term benefits for the alloparent (additional parental experience) and chick (increased chick survival during periods of high parental non-attendance) and long-term benefits for the alloparent (future reciprocation of alloparental care). Investment in preening partners and neighbours was found to be negatively related to chick fledging success, suggesting that some cooperative behaviour may be disadvantageous during adverse conditions, when individuals apparently benefit more from investing in activities that directly increase reproductive success.

Kittiwakes have been studied in detail at North Shields, Tyne and Wear, England since 1954. I investigated die effect of mate change (due to divorce or mate death) on reproductive performance. Below average productivity in the year of divorce and in the preceding year, coupled with a low adult survival rate in the year following divorce, suggested birds which divorced were poorer quality individuals than birds which retained their mate. Productivity was reduced if one or both members of a pair were in their last year of life and was indicative of a decline m fitness. Dispersal, breeding and the importance of nest site tenacity to mate retention were studied when kittiwakes were prevented from returning to their original nest sites in 1991. In 1991, extensive non-breeding (57%) and low productivity resulted. Of die birds which bred, 54 (83%) nested in the immediate colony area and only 11 moved to other colonies. Despite moving site, many birds retained their mate of the previous breeding season. In the following year, a further 61 kittiwakes moved and nested at other colonies and about a third retained theu" mate. This, and other evidence, suggests that individual recognition is important in mate retention. Reproductive performance, in relation to nest position in the colony and proxunity to other nesting pairs, was compared with a kittiwake colony at Marsden, NE England. Productivity was highest at the centre of the colonies and, at the edge, was highest for pairs which nested adjacent to another pair. It is suggested that social stimulation, arising from nesting adjacent to another pair, advanced the date of laying. Adult attendance at the nest during chick-rearing was monitored at Marsden in three years. During comparable time periods ui 1991 and 1993,93% and 75% of die broods, respectively, were attended by an adult, compared to only 51% during the same period in 1992. Attendance decreased in relation to hatching date, chick age and brood size and increased with parental age and/or quality.

Investigators surveyed avian and vegetation composition on- and off- black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus; hereafter prairie dog) colonies to gain greater insight into community dynamics of grassland passerines. Few studies have investigated grassland bird community associations with prairie dogs, and of those limited studies aim to quantify nesting passerine habitat selection and nest success. The objective of this study was to identify community associations and factors that shape the community of grassland birds on grazed mixed-grass prairie, both on- and off-prairie dog colonies. Bird and vegetation communities, avian densities, nesting survival, and resource selection was investigated in relativity to a landscape occupied with prairie dogs. Individual species exhibited different selections in regards to different vegetation communities created by prairie dogs. This makes heterogeneity an important landscape component for maintaining diverse, robust bird and plant communities at the landscape scale.
National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) (Grant 2011-68004-30052)
United State Department of Agriculture (USDA)
North Dakota State University (NDSU)

Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The African penguin, which occurs along the south-eastern and south-western shores of South-Africa and Namibia, has experienced a severe reduction in population numbers due to guano and egg collection in the first half of the 19th century, and oil pollution in the second half of the 19th century as a result of oil tankers rounding the Cape of Good Hope. The population would have been reduced by a further 19% had it not been for the rehabilitation of penguins at the South African National Council for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB) facility. Although this has been very successful, mortalities as a result of avian malaria infection have considerably reduced the efficiency of rehabilitation. In an effort to assess the role of immunity against malaria in combating the disease, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibody levels to avian malaria was developed. The ELISA was used to detect antibody levels to avian malaria of penguins on entry and during rehabilitation from October 2001 to January 2003. The aim of this study was to continue the determination of antibody levels to avian malaria of penguins entering the SANCCOB facility, in order to allow an evaluation of the antibody levels to avian malaria for two full calendar years. This investigation was combined with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method, capable of detecting any Plasmodium species in penguin serum. These two methods were also used to investigate avian malaria in several breeding colonies in order to assess the role avian malaria may play in the survival of the African penguin in the wild. Results indicated that the ability of penguins to produce anti-Plasmodium antibodies was not influenced by oiling and that infection with malaria was not due to recrudescence but rather due to infection via mosquitoes. This indicated a possible role of the SANCCOB facility in exposing the penguins to avian malaria. However a large number of penguins arrived at the facility previously infected with malaria, indicating that malaria was present in the breeding colonies. Investigations in the breeding colonies revealed extremely high avian malaria prevalence even though no sick birds or mortalities were observed. This raised the question whether different types of malaria are responsible for infection in the SANCCOB facility and breeding colonies.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Afrika Pikkewyn kom langs die suid-oostelike en suid-westelike kus van Suid Afrika en Namibië voor. In die afgelope eeu het hierdie spesie ‘n geweldige afname in populasie getalle ondervind. Dit was hoofsaaklik die gevolg van die versameling van guano en pikkewyneiers in die eerste helfte van die 19de eeu en oliebesoedeling in die tweede helfde van die 19de eeu. Die “South African Foundation for Conservation of Coastal Birds” (SANCCOB) is ‘n seevoëlreddings- en rehabilitasiesentrum vir siek, beseerde en ge-oliede pikkewyne. Dit word geskat dat die Afrika Pikkewyn populasie met ‘n verdere 19% sou afgeneem het as dit nie vir die rehabilitasie by die SANCCOB sentrum was nie. Hierdie sentrum het egter aansienlike vrektes in die somer as gevolg van voëlmalaria, wat sodoende die effektiwiteit van die rehabilitasie verlaag. In ‘n poging om die rol van immuniteit teen malaria te bepaal is ‘n “enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay” (ELISA) ontwikkel vir die bepaling van antiliggaam vlakke teen malaria. Hierdie ELISA is gebruik vir die bepaling van die anti-Plasmodium antiliggaam vlakke van die pikkewyne by aankoms en ten tye van rehabilitasie by SANCCOB vanaf Oktober 2001 to Januarie 2003. Die doel van hierdie studie was eerstens om hierdie ELISA bepalings voort te sit om sodoende antiliggaam vlakke teen malaria oor twee kalender jare te kan evalueer. Hierdie ondersoek was gekombineer met ‘n polimerase ketting reaksie (PCR) metode, wat enige Plasmodium spesie in pikkewynserum sou kon opspoor. Hierdie twee metodes is ook gebruik vir ondersoeke in sommige broeikolonies, met die doel om te bepaal watter rol voëlmalaria in die oorlewing van die Afrika pikkewyn in die natuur speel. Resultate het getoon dat olie nie die vermoë van die pikkewyn beïnvloed om anti- Plasmodium antiliggame te vervaardig nie en dat malaria infeksie hoofsaaklik deur muskiete veroosaak word en nie deur heruitbraak van ‘n bestaande infeksie nie. Dit dui egter daarop dat pikkewyne blootgestel word aan voëlmalaria by die SANCCOB sentrum. Daar is ook gevind dat ‘n groot aantal pikkewyne met malaria infeksies by die sentrum opgedaag het wat dui op die voorkoms van malaria in die broeikolonies. Ondersoeke in die broeikolonies het ‘n besonder hoë voorkoms van malaria onthul. Geen vrektes of siek pikkewyne is in die broeikolonies waargeneem nie, wat moontlik kan beteken dat pikkewyne by SANCCOB met ‘n ander tipe malaria geïnfekteer word as in die broeikolonies.

[Truncated abstract] Ecosystem engineers are organisms that physically modify habitat in a manner that modulate resource flows and species within ecosystems. Ecosystem engineering is distinct from classical interactions (competition, predation, parasitism and mutualism) in that it does not involve direct trophic exchange between organisms. The term ‘ecosystem engineer’ is a recently adopted one, and we are just beginning to investigate the occurrence and impact of engineers in ecosystems. My thesis explores the ecosystem engineering actions of Wedge-tailed Shearwaters, Puffinus pacificus, in a Mediterranean island, heathland ecosystem. I have approached this by (1) describing and quantifying the physical impact of these engineers, and (2) describing and quantifying the effects that these actions have on three major ecosystem components: the soil, the vascular plants, and the vertebrate fauna. Wedge-tailed Shearwaters are procellariid seabirds that excavate nesting burrows on offshore islands. The birds are colonial nesters, and on Rottnest Island, 17 km off the mainland coast of south-western Western Australia, their colonies have expanded considerably in recent decades. The expansion fits the trend observed in other tropicalorigin seabirds that breed in south-western Australia. In the last ten years, two new colonies have appeared (in a total of six) and the number of burrows on the island has almost doubled, to 11 745 ± 1320SE. In the same period the area occupied by the birds has increased by almost half ...

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Foram conduzidos seis experimentos para determinar as exigências de lisina (Lis) e de metionina + cistina (Met+cis) digestíveis para aves de corte da linhagem ISA Label de ambos os sexos em sistema semi-confinado durante as fases inicial (1 aos 28 dias), crescimento (28 aos 56 dias) e final (56 aos 84 dias). Em cada experimento um total de 480 aves foram alojadas em 24 piquetes. Cada piquete dispunha de área coberta de 3,13 m2 e área de pastejo de 72,87 m2. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4x2 (níveis de aminoácido e sexo) com três repetições de 20 aves cada. Os níveis de lisina digestível avaliados foram: 0,850; 0,970; 1,090; 1,210% na fase inicial; 0,750; 0,870; 0,990; 1,110% na fase crescimento e 0,640; 0,760; 0,880; 1,000% na fase final. Os níveis de Met+cis digestível avaliados foram: 0,532; 0,652; 0,772; 0,892% na fase inicial; 0,515; 0,635; 0,755; 0,875% na fase de crescimento e 0,469; 0,589; 0,709; 0,829% na fase final. Avaliou-se o desempenho, característica de carcaça, deposição de proteína e gordura corporal, peso e teor de proteína das penas. De acordo com os resultados recomenda-se níveis de lisina digestível para ambos os sexos de 1,041%; 1,006% e 0,760% na ração para as fases inicial, crescimento e final, respectivamente. Na fase inicial o nível de Met+cis digestível na ração, indicado para machos é de 0,728% e para fêmeas é de 0,774%. Na fase de crescimento recomenda-se o nível de 0,716% de Met+cis digestível na ração para aves de ambos os sexos. Na fase final o nível de Met+cis digestível indicado para melhorar o desempenho de machos é 0,756% e de fêmeas é 0,597% na ração.
Six assay were carried out to determine digestible lysine and methionine+cys requirements for ISA Label, for both sex, in free range system on starter phase (1 to 28 days), grower phase (28 to 56 days) and finisher phase (56 to 84 days). 480 birds were distributed into 24 pens, each one composed by shelter (3.13 m2) and pasture (72.87m2). Experimental design was a completely randomized with 8 treatments as factorial arrangement (four levels of amino acids and two sexes) with three replicates of 20 birds. The digestible lysine levels were 0.850; 0.970; 1.090; 1.210% for starter phase; 0.750; 0.870; 0.990; 1.110% for grower phase and 0.640; 0.760; 0.880; 1.000% for finisher phase. The digestible methionine+cys levels were 0.532; 0.652; 0.772; 0.892% for starter phase; 0.515; 0.635; 0.755; 0.875% for grower phase and 0.469; 0.589; 0.709; 0.829% for finisher phase. The parameters analyzed were performance, carcass yield, body protein and fat deposition, weight and protein in the feathers. The digestible lysine level estimated, for both sex, were 1.041%; 1.006% e 0.760% in the diet for starter phase, grower phase and finisher phase, respectively. In the starter phase, the digestible methionine+cys level estimated for males was 0.728% and 0.774% for females. For grower phase, the digestible methionine+cys level estimated was 0.716% for both sexes. For the finisher phase, the methionine+cys level were 0.756% and 0.597% for males and females, respectively.

Cette thèse consiste en l'utilisation d'outils d'informatiques pour recueillir des informations concernant l'écologie d'espèces animales. L'objectif de départ était d'assembler des algorithmes capables de traiter des enregistrements acoustiques et de détecter, lister et dénombrer les sons éventuellement présents d'insectes, amphibiens et oiseaux. Pour ce faire nous avons testé de manière non exhaustive différents classifieurs et descripteurs de signal audio9 pour (première partie) organiser et participer à trois concours internationaux de reconnaissance automatique de sons d'animaux et (seconde partie) construire un outil de suivi d'abondance de deux espèces d'oiseaux marins pélagiques sur l'île de la Réunion. La première moitié de la thèse (chapitre 7) a été dédiée à la construction et au test de modèles de reconnaissance multi-classes (92 espèces animales : 82 espèces d'oiseaux (dont 66 passériformes), 9 espèces d'insectes, et 1 espèce d'amphibien, Pelophylax kl. grafi). La seconde moitié de la thèse (chapitre 8) s'est concentrée sur la construction de détecteurs de cris de deux espèces d'oiseaux protégées dont les colonies sont particulièrement difficiles d'accès et menacées par le développement et les éclairages urbains : Le Pétrel de Barau (Pterodroma baraui, endémique de la Réunion et en danger d'extinction depuis 2008 d'après l'UICN) et le Puffin tropical (Puffinus bailloni)
The present manuscript deals with computer science applied to ecology. The main objective was to assembly algorithms able to analyse acoustic recordings and automatically detect, list and count sounds of insects, amphibiansand birds. We tested a non exhaustive list of audio features and classifiers to (first part) organize and participate to three international challenges of automatic regnotion of animal's sounds and (second part) build a automatic and passive acoustic monitoring of two species of pelagic seabirds on the Reunion island

Thesis (PhD (English))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis undertakes a comparative examination of South African and Kenyan auto/biographical narratives of crime and imprisonment. Although some attention is paid to narratives of political imprisonment, the study focuses primarily on autobiographical accounts by criminals, confessional narratives, popular fiction about crime and prison experience, and journalistic accounts of prison life. There is very little critical work at this moment that refers to these forms of prison writing in South Africa and Kenya. Popular prison narratives and to a certain extent the autobiographical in general are characterised by an under-theorised dialecticism. As academic concepts, both the popular and the autobiographical form are characterised by an unstable duality. While the popular has been theorised as being both a field of resistance to power and of consent to its demands, the autobiographical occupies a similar precariously divided position, in this case between fact and fiction, a place where the „I‟ that narrates is simultaneously the subject and object of the narrative. In examining an eclectic body of texts that share the prison as common denominator, my study problematises the tension between self and world, popular and canonical, political and criminal, factual and fictional. In both settings, South Africa and Kenya, the prison as a material and discursive space does not only mirror society but effects shifts and changes in society, and becomes a space of dynamic adaptation and also a locus that disturbs certain hegemonic relations. The way in which the experience of prison opens up to a fundamentally unsettling ambiguity resonates with the ambivalence that characterises both autobiography as genre and the popular as a theoretical concept. My thesis argues that during the entire historical period covered by the narratives that I examine there is a certain excess that attends on the social production of criminality and the practice of imprisonment, both as material realities and as discursive concepts, which allows them to have a haunting effect both on individuals‟ notions of „the self‟ and the constitution of national identities and nationhoods. I argue that the distinction between the colonial and the postcolonial prison is hazy. Therefore a comparative study of Kenyan and South African prison literature helps us understand how modern prisons and notions of criminality in contemporary Africa are intertwined with the broad European colonial project, reflecting larger issues of state power and control over the populace. In relation to South Africa, my study begins with Ruth First‟s 117 Days (1963), and makes a selection of other prisons narratives throughout the apartheid era up to the post-apartheid period which was ushered in by Mandela‟s Long Walk to Freedom (1994). Moving beyond Mandela, I examine other forms of South African crime and prison narratives which have emerged since the publication of Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela‟s A Human Being Died that Night (2003) and Jonny Steinberg‟s The Number (2004). In Kenya, I begin with Ngugi wa Thiongo‟s Detained (1981). I then focus on popular narratives of crime and imprisonment which began with the publication of John Kiriamiti‟s My Life in Crime (1984) up to the first decade of the 21st century, marked yet again by the publication of Kiriamiti‟s My Life in Prison (2004). Besides Kiriamiti‟s two narratives, the other Kenyan texts which I examine are John Kiggia Kimani‟s Life and Times of a Bank Robber (1988) and Prison is not a Holiday Camp (1994), Benjamin Garth Bundeh‟s Birds of Kamiti (1991), and Charles Githae‟s, Comrade Inmate (1994).
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: My proefskrif onderneem ‟n vergelykende studie van Suid-Afrikaanse en Keniaanse auto/biografiese narratiewe van misdaad en gevangeneskap. Hoewel aandag tot ‟n mate geskenk word aan verhale van politieke gevangeneskap, is die primêre fokus van die studie eerder op autobiografiese narratiewe deur misdadigers, konfessionele narratiewe, populêre fiksie met betrekking tot misdaad en gevangenis-ondervindinge, sowel as joernalistieke verslae oor gevangenes se lewens agter tralies. Min kritiese werk is tot dusver in verband met hierdie vorme van gevangenis-narratiewe in Suid-Afrika en Kenia gedoen. Populêre prisoniers-narratiewe, en tot ‟n mate autobiografieë oor die algemeen, word deur ‟n onder-geteoriseerde dialektisisme gekenmerk. As akademiese konsepte word beide die populêre en die autobiografiese vorme deur ‟n onstabiele dualisme gekenmerk. Terwyl die populêre tipe geteoretiseer word as sowel ‟n vorm van weerstand teen mag as van toegee daaraan, word aan die autobiografiese tipe ‟n soortgelyke onstabiele, verdeelde rol toegeskryf – in hierdie geval, tussen feitelikheid en fiksie, ‟n plek waar die “ek” wat vertel terselfdertyd die subjek en objek van die verhaal is. Deur middel van ‟n eklektiese versameling van tekste wat die gevangenis as verwysingspunt deel, problematiseer my verhandeling die spanning tussen self en wêreld, die populêre en die gekanoniseerde, die politieke en die kriminele, die feitelike en die fiktiewe. In beide kontekste, Suid-Afrika en Kenia, weerspieël die gevangenis as diskursiewe spasie nie alleenlik die gemeenskapsomgewing nie, maar veroorsaak dit ook veranderings en verskuiwings in die gemeenskap – sodoende word die gevangenis self ‟n ruimte van dinamiese verandering en ‟n plek wat sekere hegemoniese verhoudings versteur. Die manier waarop die ondervinding van gevangeneskap lei tot ‟n fundamentele versteurende dubbelsinningheid resoneer met die dubbelsinnigheid wat beide die autobiografiese as genre en die populêre as teoretiese konsep karakteriseer. My tesis voer aan dat, gedurende die ganse historiese tydperk wat gedek word deur die narratiewe wat ek hier betrag, daar ‟n sekere oormaat is wat die sosiale produksie van misdaad en die toepassing van gevangesetting begelei, beide as stoflike werklikhede en as diskursiewe konsepte, wat hulle toelaat om ‟n kwellende effek uit te oefen beide of individuele mense se sin van „self‟ en die samestelling van nasionale identiteite en nasionaliteite. Ek voer aan dat die onderskeid tussen die koloniale en die postkoloniale gevangenis onduidelik is, en dat ‟n vergelykende studie van Keniaanse en Suid-Afrikaanse gevangenes-narratiewe ons dus help om te verstaan hoe moderne tronke en idees oor misdaad in Afrika deureengevleg is met die breë Europese koloniale projek, en groter kwessies van staatsmag en beheer oor die bevolking weerspieël. In Suid Afrika begin my studie met Ruth First se 117 Days (1963), en maak dan ‟n seleksie van ander gevangenes-narratiewe van die apartheid-era tot en met die post-apartheid oomblik wat deur Mandela se Long Walk to Freedom ingelui word. Ek vestig dan my aandag op ander vorme van Suid-Afrikaanse misdaad- en gevangenes-narratiewe wat sedert die publikasie van Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela se A Human Being Died that Night (2003) en Jonny Steinberg se The Number (2004) verskyn het. In Kenia begin ek met Ngugi wa Thiongo se Detained (1981), en kyk dan ten slotte na populêre narratiewe van misdaad en gevangeneskap wat hulle aanvang vind met die publikasie van John Kiriamiti se My Life in Crime (1984) tot en met die eerste dekade van die 21ste eeu, nogmaals gemerk deur die publikasie van Kiriamiti se My Life in Prison (2004).

Tese de mestrado, Biologia Evolutiva e do Desenvolvimento, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2016
Para que os indivíduos possam maximizar o seu sucesso reprodutor, a alocação de energia e de recursos na reprodução deve ser equilibrada, tendo em consideração o investimento noutras funções, como fecundidade futura e sobrevivência1. A alocação de conteúdos nos ovos é um mecanismo epigenético através do qual as fêmeas ajustam os recursos durante o desenvolvimento embrionário, afetando profundamente o fenótipo e fitness das crias2,3. A alocação de hormonas e carotenóides presentes nos ovos depende das condições ambientais4 e afeta tanto o comportamento como a fisiologia das crias. A alocação de androgénios (testosterona e androstenediona (A4)) nos ovos depende da dieta alimentar e do ambiente social em que está enquadrada a mãe5–7 e afetam positivamente o crescimento e competitividade das crias8–18. Mães com elevados níveis de stress têm maiores concentrações de corticosterona em circulação no plasma e passam-na passivamente aos seus ovos19,20, o que pode afetar negativamente o crescimento e sobrevivência das suas crias20. Por fim, os carotenóides que participam em funções imunológicas importantes e afetam a cor da plumagem e do bico são apenas adquiridos através dos alimentos e a sua deposição nos ovos depende dessa disponibilidade21–25. Em espécies que têm reprodução cooperativa, indivíduos sexualmente maduros chamados “ajudantes” adiam o início da sua atividade reprodutora e prestam cuidados às crias de outros indivíduos. Estes sistemas são interessantes para estudar alocação maternal por diversas razões: i) as fêmeas podem prever o número de ajudantes antes da reprodução (se os ajudantes forem descendência de um ou de ambos os pais e/ou se os grupos forem estáveis durante o ano); ii) os ajudantes melhoram os cuidados das crias, nomeadamente na quantidade de comida recebida; iii) a variação dos tamanhos dos grupos entre a mesma ou diferentes fêmeas cria uma heterogenia nos cuidados que as crias recebem. Estudos anteriores sugerem que as fêmeas podem contrabalançar os custos da reprodução na presença de ajudantes, reduzindo o tamanho dos ovos e a alocação de nutrientes que sejam custosos, uma vez que os ajudantes irão compensar este menor investimento inicial trazendo alimento extra às crias logo após a eclosão dos ovos26,27. Deste modo, as fêmeas conseguem beneficiar da ajuda, poupando energias e/ou recursos para próximas posturas ou para a sua própria sobrevivência, permitindo-lhes maximizarem o sucesso reprodutor ao longo da vida. Adicionalmente à reprodução cooperativa, pode também ocorrer incubação assíncrona. Esta ocorre em várias espécies de aves e carateriza-se pelos progenitores começarem a incubar antes de a postura estar completa28. Consequentemente, a eclosão dá-se também de forma assíncrona, do primeiro para o último ovo colocado, criando-se assim uma hierarquia entre as crias29,30. As crias que nascem em último lugar terão que competir com as crias mais velhas e maiores, tendo por isso menores possibilidades de sobrevivência31. Esta estratégia ocorre normalmente em ambientes onde a sobrevivência de posturas completas nem sempre é possível, assegurando a sobrevivência de pelo menos uma cria (hipótese da redução da ninhada)32. Quando as condições do meio são mais favoráveis, dando a todas as crias maiores probabilidades de sobrevivência, as fêmeas poderão compensar pelos efeitos adversos da hierarquia criada pela incubação assíncrona (hipótese do ajuste da incubação assíncrona)33 e depositar hormonas que potenciem o crescimento rápido das crias mais novas- O número de ajudantes afeta positivamente as condições nas quais as crias são criadas e por isso, poderá afetar a probabilidade de sobrevivência. Por um lado, poucos ajudantes num grupo poderão não providenciar as condições necessárias para alimentar uma postura completa e as fêmeas podem enviesar a alocação de nutrientes que são custosos (carotenoides, proteínas e lípidos) para o primeiro ovo da postura, que é o que tem maior probabilidade de sobreviver. Por outro lado, um número elevado de ajudantes poderá fornecer boas condições e favorecer a sobrevivência de posturas completas. Neste caso, as fêmeas poderão compensar as diferenças de hierarquia através da deposição de androgénios nos últimos ovos da postura de modo a potenciar a competição e crescimento das crias mais novas. Contudo, a produção dos últimos ovos da postura tem maiores custos, visto estes serem produzidos depois do pico de maior exigência energética34, sendo que as fêmeas poderão estar particularmente stressadas durante este período e, assim, transmitir passivamente maiores concentrações de corticosterona. O tecelão social, Philetairus socius, é um passeriforme endémico da África Austral, com reprodução cooperativa facultativa35. Os indivíduos desta espécie podem reproduzir-se em pares ou assistidos por um máximo de oito ajudantes (na população estudada). Os ajudantes contribuem para a alimentação das crias e são, na sua maioria, descendentes de um ou de ambos os progenitores. Esta espécie vive em ambientes secos e imprevisíveis, onde a reprodução está ligada à ocorrência de chuvas e onde ocorre predação elevada dos ovos e das crias36. A esperança de vida relativamente longa e a variabilidade das condições de reprodução são favoráveis à evolução de estratégias flexíveis ao nível da alocação maternal nesta espécie. Um estudo anterior em tecelões sociais mostrou que as fêmeas assistidas por ajudantes depositam menores níveis de androgénios e corticosterona nas gemas do primeiro ovo de cada postura comparativamente às fêmeas que se reproduzem em pares27. No entanto, o padrão encontrado no primeiro ovo pode não ser representativo da postura completa, pelo que o estudo dos restantes ovos da postura é essencial para o conhecimento das estratégias reprodutivas nesta espécie. Espera-se que nesta espécie a alocação maternal de nutrientes custosos e de hormonas varie com o número de ajudantes e de acordo com a sequência da postura, uma vez que a redução da ninhada é comum nesta espécie e os custos de produção dos ovos variam de acordo com a ordem de postura. O objetivo deste estudo é, pois, investigar o efeito do número de ajudantes na alocação maternal de acordo com a sequência da postura em tecelões sociais. Para determinar o investimento total em cada ovo, 399 posturas foram pesadas durante a época reprodutiva (entre Setembro 2014 e Janeiro 2015), sendo que o tamanho do grupo e a sequência dos ovos foram determinados para 101 posturas. Para o estudo da alocação maternal a nível dos componentes dos ovos recolheram-se 36 posturas, das quais determinou-se o peso do albúmen e da gema e analisou-se os níveis de proteínas, lípidos, carotenóides e hormonas (corticosterona, testosterona e A4) presentes nas gemas de cada ovo. Destas 36 posturas, o tamanho do grupo e a sequência da postura foram determinados para 18 posturas. Os resultados mostraram que as fêmeas diminuem o tamanho dos ovos até certo número de ajudantes (4 ajudantes). Pelo contrário, fêmeas que se reproduziram em grupos contendo mais de 4 ajudantes puseram ovos maiores, sobretudo no segundo ovo da postura, possivelmente devido ao aumento do nível de albúmen. A gema e as proteínas apenas aumentaram com o número de ajudantes e não dependem da sequência em que os ovos foram colocados. Este resultado sugere que a fêmea aumenta o conteúdo dos ovos quando se reproduz em grupos grandes porque os custos de alimentar as crias (com maiores tamanhos e consequentemente maiores exigências alimentares) é apenas suportado quando muitos ajudantes estão presentes. Em relação à alocação dos componentes dos ovos, as proteínas, carotenóides, androgénios e corticosterona variaram segundo a ordem de postura independentemente do número de ajudantes. Fêmeas depositaram mais carotenóides e androgénios (testosterona e A4) nos primeiros ovos. Nos últimos ovos, depositaram mais proteínas e corticosterona. Este resultado está de acordo com os constrangimentos da reprodução assíncrona, mostrando que existe um maior investimento por parte das fêmeas nos primeiros ovos. Por fim, os níveis de lípidos investidos variaram entre ovos da mesma postura de acordo com o número de ajudantes: fêmeas pertencentes a grupos com um grande número de ajudantes aumentaram as quantidades de lípidos com a sequência em que foram colocados e em grupos pequenos diminuíram com a sequência. Este resultado sugere que as fêmeas que se reproduzem em grupos grandes poderão compensar os efeitos negativos da incubação assíncrona através da deposição de mais lípidos nos últimos ovos e favorecer a sobrevivência da postura completa. Em grupos pequenos, o número de ajudantes não é muitas vezes suficiente para que todas as crias da postura sobrevivam e, por isso, as fêmeas poderão favorecer os primeiros ovos através de um investimento maior em lípidos. Este estudo mostra a importância de se considerar a sequência da postura para se estudar o efeito do tamanho do grupo na alocação materna em espécies que se reproduzem cooperativamente.
In cooperatively breeding species, individuals called “helpers” assist breeders by providing care to their offspring. In these species, mothers reduce egg size and costly nutrients when assisted by helpers. This strategy may vary according to laying sequence, given the different costs of egg production and the survival probability of chicks within the clutch. Nonetheless, it is not known whether the group size affects maternal allocation according to the laying order. On one hand, when the number of helpers does not provide favourable conditions to feed the entire clutch, mothers may bias the allocation of costly nutrients in first-laid eggs and promote hierarchical differences between siblings. On the other hand, as large groups provide good rearing conditions, females may mitigate the hierarchical differences and facilitate the survival of complete broods. In this study, I analysed the effect of group size on egg mass and egg composition (albumen and yolk mass, proteins, lipids, carotenoids, hormones) according to laying sequence in a cooperatively breeding bird, the sociable weaver (Philetairus socius). The results showed that females breeding in small groups laid smaller eggs whereas in groups with more than 4 helpers, females produced bigger eggs (particularly the second eggs), possibly due to an increase in albumen mass. Both yolk and proteins increased with group size and did not depend on the laying sequence. In addition, I found an effect of laying sequence on egg composition with first-laid eggs having higher levels of carotenoids and androgens and later-laid eggs more proteins and corticosterone. Lastly, in big groups, the levels of lipids increased with laying order whereas in small groups they decreased. This study clarifies the maternal allocation strategies in this species and shows the importance of considering laying order when investigating the effect of group size on female allocation in cooperative breeders.

Tese de mestrado, Biologia da Conservação, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2020
Ectoparasites are widespread in wildlife populations and are known for their diverse impacts on avian hosts. They can impair their hosts by depleting resources that could otherwise be used for growth, immune system and several behaviours. In southeast Portugal, the generalist hematophagous ectoparasite Carnus hemapterus feeds on two endangered bird species: the colonial lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni) and the European roller (Coracias garrulus; hereafter roller). Rollers are typically solitary breeders, but here the two species can be often found breeding together, forming mixed-species colonies. Most studies of host-carnid fly interactions have focused on the parasite infective phase and solitary or monospecific colony breeding host species. However, a better comprehension of non-infective phases is needed for a more comprehensive knowledge of C. hemapterus epidemiological dynamics. Also, the complex host-parasite interactions in mixed-species colonies require more attention, with parasite infestation patterns and its impacts likely to differ between host species, influencing the epidemiological and evolutionary aspects of these associations. The main goals of this study were to: 1) assess whether carnid flies (infective phase) have some preference for lesser kestrels or rollers in mixed-species colonies; 2) investigate if the social breeding context of rollers (colonial versus solitary) influences the infestation pattern (i.e. the prevalence, abundance and intensity) of carnid flies; 3) describe the infestation pattern of the pupal phase (non-infective phase) of C. hemapterus on roller and lesser kestrel nests and compare it with the infective phase; and 4) determine the relationship between carnid fly abundance and lesser kestrel and roller nestlings’ body condition, in different nest types. Lesser kestrel and roller nestlings were sampled during two consecutive breeding seasons (2018 and 2019). Carnid fly abundance on nestlings was estimated and nestlings body measurements taken to calculate a body condition index (the scaled mass index). In 2019, nest detritus were collected for the quantification of carnid pupae. Our results suggest that carnid flies prefer rollers over lesser kestrels, with rollers (in mixed-species colonies) having three times more flies. Fly abundance was also positively related to brood size and decreased in nests previously occupied by spotless starlings (Sturnus unicolor). Rollers breeding in mixed-species colonies had a similar prevalence of flies but were twice as much parasitized as solitary rollers. The host species identity seems to have a more profound effect on parasite infestation patterns than their social context, as even solitary rollers had higher intensities than lesser kestrels. The host social context (colonial versus solitary) appears to have a stronger influence in intraspecific comparisons. Moreover, the abundance and intensity of the pupal phase did not differ between host species or correlated with the infective phase. An incompatibility between host preferences and their suitability to the parasite may be leading to lower parasite fitness, thus influencing epidemiological dynamics. The results also suggest a negative association between nestling body condition and carnid fly abundance, but only on lesser kestrels growing in nest-boxes and rollers in artificial cavities. Therefore, allowing for a better understanding of the relationship between C. hemapterus with these host species and how synergetic factors may be aggravating parasite impacts. In general, this study contributes to the better understanding of the determinants regulating C. hemapterus infestation patterns and help disentangle the effects of host suitability and host density, which is important for evaluating the effectiveness of pre-existent conservation measures and design future management plans.
Os ectoparasitas são capazes de exercer uma grande diversidade de impactos sobre os seus hospedeiros. Influenciam aspetos imunológicos, fisiológicos e morfológicos destes, com impactos na sua distribuição, dinâmica populacional, comportamento social e evolução. Em sistemas com múltiplas espécies de hospedeiro, como colónias multiespecíficas, as dinâmicas hospedeiro-parasita são extremamente complexas, uma vez que os padrões de infestação e os efeitos dos parasitas variam em magnitude entre espécies de hospedeiro. O aumento de frequência e duração de contactos sociais entre potenciais hospedeiros e o reuso de ninhos em anos alternados conduzem a um aumento do risco e níveis de parasitismo e à transmissão de doenças, sendo o parasitismo reconhecido como um dos principais custos da nidificação colonial em aves. Carnus hemapterus é um ectoparasita hematófago generalista que se alimenta predominantemente de crias de aves que utilizam cavidades para nidificar. Este parasita detém a capacidade de localizar e colonizar os seus hospedeiros de forma ativa não necessitando, por isso, de contacto entre indivíduos para a sua transmissão. A sua abundância aparenta ser influenciada por características relacionadas com o hospedeiro (por exemplo, substrato de nidificação, imunocompetência e fenologia de nidificação) e pelo seu contexto socioambiental. Não existe uma concordância generalizada quanto aos seus impactos, mas entre os reportados encontram-se a redução da condição corporal e taxa de crescimento das crias e, em casos extremos, o aumento da taxa de mortalidade. No Sudeste de Portugal, nomeadamente na Zona de Proteção Especial (ZPE) de Castro Verde, C. hemapterus é um dos ectoparasitas mais abundantes em espécies de aves, incluindo o francelho (Falco naumanni) e o rolieiro (Coracias garrulus). Ambas as espécies são migradoras estivais de longa distância que invernam em África e nidificam na região Paleártica, apresentando também requisitos de alimentação e nidificação semelhantes. Em Portugal, são consideradas de conservação prioritária, estando o francelho atualmente classificado como “Vulnerável” e o roleiro como “Criticamente em Perigo”. Na ZPE de Castro Verde, a implementação de medidas de conservação direcionadas para o francelho, como a disponibilização de locais de nidificação, levaram ao aumento da população nacional de francelho e de rolieiro. Atualmente, a região alberga mais de 80% das populações nidificantes portuguesas destas espécies. Os rolieiros nidificam geralmente em solitário, no entanto a escassez de locais de nidificação e consequente recuperação de cavidades em edifícios abandonados e disponibilização de ninhos artificiais (por exemplo, paredes e torres de nidificação) conduziram à formação de colónias multiespecíficas compostas por francelhos e rolieiros, entre outras espécies. Assim, na região de Castro Verde, ambas as espécies podem ser encontradas a nidificar nas mesmas estruturas e a utilizar os mesmos ninhos em anos alternados. As dimensões das colónias podem variar de 1 a 80 casais de francelhos e normalmente 1 a 3 casais de rolieiro. Os rolieiros podem, também, ser encontrados a criar em ninhos solitários, como caixas-ninho em árvores, postes telefónicos ou de eletricidade. Nestas colónias multiespecíficas, o aumento de densidade de ninhos e proximidade entre diferentes espécies de hospedeiro pode aumentar as oportunidades de transmissão para C. hemapterus e conduzir a interações agonísticas que, por sua vez, intensificam o stress social dos indivíduos, aumentando a sua suscetibilidade a doenças e infeções. Estas complexas interações hospedeiro parasita, promovidas em parte pela disponibilização de ninhos artificiais, têm consequências ainda desconhecidas nas populações de francelho e roleiro. Além disso, a maioria dos estudos sobre C. hemapterus e os seus hospedeiros tem-se concentrado em espécies solitárias ou formadoras de colónias monoespecíficas. O nosso principal objetivo foi fornecer um estudo abrangente das relações hospedeiro parasita num contexto particular de nidificação social, considerando diferentes espécies de hospedeiro, diferentes fases do ciclo de vida de C. hemapterus e as consequências para as espécies hospedeiras. Deste modo, esta dissertação visou: 1) avaliar se a fase infeciosa de C. hemapterus apresenta preferências entre francelhos e rolieiros em colónias multiespecíficas; 2) investigar se o contexto social de nidificação (solitário ou colonial) em rolieiros influencia o padrão de infestação deste ectoparasita; 3) descrever o padrão de infestação da fase de pupa (fase não infeciosa) nos ninhos de francelho e rolieiro e compará-lo com o padrão de infestação da fase infeciosa; 4) determinar a relação entre a abundância de C. hemapterus e a condição corporal de crias de francelho e rolieiro, em diferentes tipologias de ninhos. Neste estudo, foram amostradas crias de francelho (em colónias multiespecíficas) e rolieiro (tanto em ninhos solitários como em colónias multiespecíficas) em duas épocas de nidificação consecutivas, em 2018 e 2019. Nas crias amostradas, foi quantificado o número de C. hemapterus e realizadas medições corporais de forma a calcular o índice de condição corporal (“scaled mass index”). Em 2019, foram recolhidos detritos de ninhos de ambas as espécies e quantificado o número de pupas existentes. Os resultados sugerem que C. hemapterus prefere crias de rolieiro a francelho, tendo os rolieiros (em colónias multiespecíficas) uma abundância três vezes maior. A sua abundância foi também positivamente influenciada pelo tamanho da ninhada e diminuiu em ninhos previamente ocupados por estorninho-preto (Sturnus unicolor). Rolieiros em colónias multiespecíficas obtiveram prevalências semelhantes a rolieiros solitários, mas uma maior intensidade. A identidade da espécie hospedeira aparenta ter uma maior influência nos padrões de infestação deste parasita, com o contexto social a adquirir uma maior relevância em comparações intraespecíficas. Além disso, o padrão de infestação da fase de pupa não diferiu entre rolieiros e francelhos ou esteve correlacionado com o padrão de infestação da fase infeciosa, revelando uma possível discordância entre fases do desenvolvimento do parasita. Esta aparente incompatibilidade entre preferências por espécies de hospedeiro e a sua adequação enquanto hospedeiro pode diminuir o fitness do parasita, influenciando as suas dinâmicas epidemiológicas. Os resultados sugerem também uma associação negativa entre a condição corporal das crias e a abundância de C. hemapterus, no entanto esta relação apenas se verificou em crias de francelho em caixas-ninho e crias de rolieiro em cavidades artificiais (em paredes de nidificação). Estes resultados providenciaram, assim, uma melhor compreensão da relação entre C. hemapterus e estas espécies de hospedeiro e como fatores sinergéticos podem estar a agravar os seus efeitos. Em geral, este estudo permitiu aprofundar o conhecimento sobre os determinantes que regulam os padrões de infestação de C. hemapterus e deslindar os efeitos da adequação e densidade dos seus hospedeiros. Contribuindo, deste modo, com informação relevante para a avaliação da eficácia de medidas de conservação já implementadas e para o delineamento de futuros planos de gestão.

The “colonial wall” is the analogy drawn between a visible, physical barrier designed to confine, control, and contain a nation and a psychological barrier designed to control, confine, and contain a nation by internalized colonialist subjugation or colonizer domination. This thesis answers the question, “How are colonial policies and ideologies internalized by Indigenous and Settler populations to maintain the relationship of domination and oppression in modern society?” The secondary questions explore how colonialism is perpetuated by both colonizer and colonized and ask if there are situations occurring in society today to indicate a correlation to the Indigenous Seven Prophecies and Eighth Fire Prophecy. Research constitutes a review of literature to explore the questions from thematic categories that emerged from the analysis: economics, epistemology, politics, and patriarchy. There are numerous literary contributions on the colonial phenomenon but few offered explanations about how it affected the psychology of a colonized individual or even how cognitive function is affiliated with acts of domination that affect the psyche of the colonizer. This thesis documents and offers emerging theories on how colonial policies and practices are taken up to influence the dyadic relationship between Settler peoples and Aboriginal populations in Canada today.
Graduate
0740
0452
0631
brenda_st_germain@shaw.ca

Technologically advanced countries use more than 10,000 chemicals routinely and approximately 1,500 new chemicals are introduced annually (Connell and Miller 1984). While many of these chemicals are harmless, some have catastrophic effects on aquatic ecosystems and show the most severe effects on higher trophic level consumers, including wading birds through bioaccumulation and biomagnification (Ohlendorf et al. 1979, Spalding et al. 1994). The present study is the first to address three primary questions: (1) Can non-sacrificial sampling of wading birds reflect food chain contamination reliably? (2) Are nestling growth rates or other reproductive indices of the birds affected by food chain contamination? (3) Are reproductive indices related to tissue concentrations of contaminants in these birds? Tissues of White Ibis (WI) and Little Blue Herons (LBH) were sampled from a colony of wading birds near Devil's Swamp, an area known to be polluted with organochlorines and heavy metals, and from four other colonies as controls. Eggs, blood, guano, and food samples were analyzed for hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorobutadiene, lead, and cadmium contamination. Eggshells and feathers were also tested for metal content. LBH chicks were measured twice weekly to ascertain growth rates The data indicate for the first time that food chain contamination by heavy metals can be readily assessed from guano samples collected from chicks of both WI and LBH, and demonstrate differences in metal contamination between polluted and control colonies. This was not true for organochlorine contaminants, which were distributed independently of the metals in the environment. These data are also original in establishing a relationship between the presence of cadmium in feathers and reduced growth rates in LBH, and in demonstrating that lead-exposed chicks had increased nestling mortality. The findings of the present study expand our understanding of wading birds as indicators of environmental contamination in several ways: (1) non-sacrificial sampling can reflect food chain contamination by heavy metals; (2) nestling survival and growth rates are affected by exposure to heavy metals in the food chain; and (3) wading birds bioaccumulate metals and their tissues can thus serve as reliable bioindicators of contamination
acase@tulane.edu

Long-term population trends of colonial wading birds (Ciconiiformes) in Louisiana, Florida, Texas, and California were examined using data from Audubon Christmas Bird Counts (1949-1988) and Breeding Bird Surveys (1966-1989). Winter populations of most Louisiana wading birds increased over the 40-year period, with the sharpest increases occurring during the last 20 years. Increased acreage of crayfish (Procambarus) aquaculture in Louisiana appears to be the most significant factor explaining the observed population increases. First, populations of wading-bird species that use crayfish were correlated positively with the wild crayfish harvest, and more strongly with crayfish pond acreage. Second, the regularity of pond management provided a more predictable foraging habitat than did comparable natural areas. Third, the use of crayfish ponds by wading birds peaked during pond drawdowns, which may have increased reproductive success by concentrating prey available to wading birds during their nesting season. Fourth, wading bird species that specialized on crayfish showed the greatest population increases and the strongest correlation with crayfish pond acreage A field study comparing crayfish farms with natural habitats found significant differences in prey availability, and in the relative foraging success of Great Egrets, Snowy Egrets, and White Ibises. Wading birds on crayfish farms took significantly more prey for less effort, and selected more preferred prey. Wild sites had more fish $(P<0.001),$ more total prey $(P<0.001),$ and higher prey densities $(P<0.001)$ than flooded farm ponds. Farm ponds during drawdown, however, had higher densities of fish, more crayfish $(P<0.001),$ and higher prey densities than wild sites $(P<0.001).$ When foraging on crayfish farms, Great Egrets took more total prey $(P<0.05),$ Snowy Egrets took more fish $(P<0.05),$ and White Ibises took more crayfish $(P<0.01)$ than in the wild. Juvenile White Ibis foraged significantly more successfully on crayfish farms than did adult birds on farms or in the wild. Crayfish farms thus provide superior foraging habitats for wading birds during the nesting season. Recent increases in crayfish farm acreage in Louisiana appear to be a major factor causing the long-term population increases of Louisiana's colonial wading birds. These findings have important implications for the conservation and management of Louisiana's wading bird populations
acase@tulane.edu

碩士
國立屏東教育大學
視覺藝術學系
99
In the past, most maps are taken as an objective existence for practical purpose. Maps, hand-paintings drawn by people, are thus ignored. Some Historic Maps even look like scenic paintings. If target is locked on various maps of certain area, country or position, not only obvious place names, architectures and geographic changes could be observed, but also distinct styles and artistries could be seen in different times and ages, as well as painters in different countries with varied purposes. Take Taiwan as an example. In modern history, its international status and rulers are turbulently changed. However, among numerous types of maps which present Taiwan, a serious of Bird’s-eye views of Taiwan and various areas is focused on and shows rather unique artistry. The Bird’s-eye view turns over established concepts of most people about map. It is portrayed by overlooked the full view from high location. It looks like a painting rather than a map. Moreover, we can find that names of two painters, Hatsusaburou Yoshida and Tsunehika Kaneko, appear relatively in frequency if making a comprehensive survey of Bird’s-eye views related to Taiwan. Both of them have painted Bird’s-eye views of entire Taiwan and of many single city/area. To sum up, this thesis will research Bird’s-eye views related to Taiwan. Bird’s-eye View of Entire Taiwan of Hatsusaburou Yoshida and Bird’s-eye View of Taiwan of Tsubehika Kaneko will be the lateral core while developing history will be the vertical core. There are three research purposes, 1) search for the origin of Japanese Bird’s-eye views; 2) search for the artistic style development of Hatsusaburou Yoshida’s and Tsubehika Kaneko’s Bird’s-eye views; 3) search for Hatsusaburou Yoshida’s and Tsubehika Kaneko’s characteristics of artistic styles and their art values. In accordance with three research purposes above, three research methods will be taken for study: Literature Analysis, Historic Analysis and Style Comparison. Research conclusions are as follows, Japanese painting style and colour are not everything in Bird’s-eye view. Bird’s-eye view does not come into existence suddenly. It is influenced by Chinese ink and wash paintings and Mandala of Vajrayāna Buddhism (also known as Esoteric Buddhism) spread from Southeast Asia, and then, it develops composition of overlooking angles gradually. Meisho Zue in Edo Period, Yokohama painting, whose pattern and subject were expanded, in Meiji Period, and Picture Map, a unique minor aspect in Japanese Art, are elements that forms Bird’s-eye view we know today. Hatsusaburou Yoshida makes use of Western composition and perspective he learned to make captured overlooking picture to present full region on drawing papers. Tsunehika Kaneko, who was once a student of Hatsusaburou, continues using this technique of composition to develop more twisted land that massively changes proportional shape and shows more land and information around. Bird’s-eye views of Taiwan under Hatsusaburou Yoshida’s and Tsunehika Kaneko’s painting brushes have more cliffy mountains and vivid colours if compared to their Bird’s-eye views of Japanese areas. All Bird’s-eye views of Taiwan listed city names of Japan on the edge. In addition to reveal sunlight is much brighter, coolours of scenery are more vivid and stratums of mountains are higher than local Japan because of lower latitude, maybe they would like to indicate that Taiwan was a colony where Kominka Movement was carried out, and demonstrate achievement of government. Essentially, Bird’s-eye view is neither an exact art, nor an exact map. It is an applied art which present the result of crossover cooperation. Bird’s-eye view, as one of tourism promotion during that time, it adopts the business art direction of Ukiyoe and development results of cartography since Meiji Period.