Journal articles: 'Colon (Anatomy) – Cancer – Cytopathology'

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TÜRK, Can. "In silico transcriptomic analysis of ascending colon cancer unearths known and novel genes and gene sets regard to characteristic features of colon cancer." Anatomy 15, no. 1 (2021): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2399/ana.21.852318.

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Objectives: Colon cancer emerges as a serious health problem in both men and women. Cancers in the colon have different genotypes and phenotypes according to the anatomical region. Tumors in ascending colon are usually diagnosed later, but it is more malignant than the descending and transverse colon, and the survival rates of patients are lower than other regions. The purpose of this study was to determine significantly high or low expressed genes in the ascending colon tumors by comparing all genome information obtained from cancer samples of ascending, transverse and descending colon. In concordance with all this information, another aim of the study was to identify the pathways to which the genes obtained from the colon in the large intestine and to determine their relationship with each other and to correlate them with the characteristics of cancer. Methods: Gene expression values for three subtypes of colon cancer as ascending, transverse, and descending were obtained from GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus) (GSE41258). Data included a total of 47 ascending, 18 transverse and 31 descending colon cancer patient samples. Linear regression analysis was performed to determine differentially expressed genes. Gene Cluster 3.0 was used in order to cluster the genes hierarchically. In addition to linear regression and hierarchical clustering, network analysis with multivariable genes was performed in Cytoscape application 3.8.2 using GeneMANIA. GSEA 4.1.0 (Gene Set Enrichment Analysis) was performed to understand the different genes among the specified groups. Results: As a result of these analyses, it was determined that there were 85 genes with high expression and 139 genes with low expression in the ascending colon tumor samples. It has been shown that these genes can differentiate tumor samples in the ascending colon better than tumor samples in other colon regions. Conclusion: Our findings are important for understanding the genome of ascending colon tumors; if these findings are confirmed in vitro and clinically, it may have potential to be revealed that the identified genes also have biomarker properties for tumors in the ascending colon.

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Henson, Donald E., Matthew T. Hueman, Dechang Chen, Jigar A. Patel, Huan Wang, and Arnold M. Schwartz. "The anatomy of the TNM for colon cancer." Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 8, no. 1 (February 2017): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jgo.2016.11.10.

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Lee, Sang Jae, Sung Chan Park, Min Jung Kim, Dae Kyung Sohn, and Jae Hwan Oh. "Vascular Anatomy in Laparoscopic Colectomy for Right Colon Cancer." Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 59, no. 8 (August 2016): 718–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dcr.0000000000000636.

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Honarmand, Masoumeh, Fatemeh Namazi, Ali Mohammadi, and Saeed Nazifi. "Can cannabidiol inhibit angiogenesis in colon cancer?" Comparative Clinical Pathology 28, no. 1 (August 27, 2018): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-018-2810-6.

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Ferreira Portugal, Lorena, Letícia Ribeiro Escocard da Fonseca, Alessandra Oliveira Ferrari Gomes, Maria Auxiliadora Peixoto Peçanha, and Luisa Aguirre Buexm. "RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF CERVICAL CYTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMS PERFORMEDAT AT THE LABORATORY OF PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND CYTOPATHOLOGY OF THE HOSPITAL ESCOLA ÁLVARO ALVIM." Revista Científica da Faculdade de Medicina de Campos 16, no. 2 (October 29, 2021): 07–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29184/1980-7813.rcfmc.537.vol.16.n2.2021.

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Each year about 272,610 new cases of cancer are diagnosed in Brazil, being cervical cancer the third most incident among women. Our country is among those that have made the most progress in consolidating the integrated cancer tracking and surveillance system. This article aims to collect sociodemographic and clinicopathological data from patients who underwent cervical cytopathological examinations at the Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy and Cytopathology at the Hospital Escola Álvaro Alvim (HEAA) from 2014 to 2018, considering a retrospective and longitudinal observation of the data. Sociodemographic and clinicopathological data were collected from 121,044 patients, and it was observed that women from Campos dos Goytacazes (84.7%) over 40 years old (56.8%) were the most prevalent at the service. The following cytological characteristics that predominated in these patients were: absence of atrophy (83.6%) or metaplasia (92.6%) of the uterine epithelium, presence of microorganisms (96.4%) and inflammation (97.2%). The presence of cell atypia (6.5%), squamous intraepithelial lesion (2%) and malignant neoplasm (0.1%) was also observed. Therefore, it becomes possible to highlight the importance of cytological examination in the process of diagnosis of malignant neoplasms of the uterine cervix, being essential for a better control and adequate screening, implementing an effective early diagnosis. It also demonstrates the profile of the patients examined at the Pathological Anatomy and Cytopathology Laboratory of HEAA, as well as the scope of this service for early diagnosis of cervical cancer in the North and Northwest Fluminense.

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Konishi, Tsuyoshi, Yoshifumi Shimada, Lik Hang Lee, Marcela S. Cavalcanti, Meier Hsu, Jesse Joshua Smith, Garrett M. Nash, et al. "Poorly Differentiated Clusters Predict Colon Cancer Recurrence." American Journal of Surgical Pathology 42, no. 6 (June 2018): 705–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pas.0000000000001059.

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Avizienyte, Egle, Valerie G. Brunton, Valerie J. Fincham, and Margaret C. Frame. "The Src-Induced Mesenchymal State in Late-Stage Colon Cancer Cells." Cells Tissues Organs 179, no. 1-2 (2005): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000084511.

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Sari, Gando, Triana Retno Putri, Samsun Samsun, Sriyatun Sriyatun, and Nursama Heru Apriantoro. "Loopography Examination For Colon Cancer Cases In Tangerang District Public Hospital." SANITAS: Jurnal Teknologi dan Seni Kesehatan 10, no. 2 (December 27, 2019): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36525/sanitas.2019.12.

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Loopography examination technique is a radiological examination technique in lower digestive tract (colon) by inserting a positive contrast media into the colon through an artificial hole in abdominal area. This examination aims to evaluate the anatomy and physiology function from distal section of colon to anus with ca colon clinical. This research was conducted in radiology installation of Tangerang District General Hospital during November to December 2018, using a qualitative descriptive method with a literature study approach and interview. The results found that loopography examination in Tangerang District General Hospital did not require special preparation. The kind of contrast media used is a water-soluble contrast media such as iohexol with a ratio of 1: 3 mixed with NaCl. This loopography contrast media can be inserted through the clean stoma or anal. The routine projections performed for loopography examination in Tangerang District General Hospital are Plan photos of Abdomen, Antero Posterior (AP) and Lateral. But sometimes Oblique projection is also used as an addition if is less obvious anatomy due to overlap/superposition.

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Boland, C. R., and J. A. Roberts. "Quantitation of lectin binding sites in human colon mucins by use of peanut and wheat germ agglutinins." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 36, no. 10 (October 1988): 1305–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/36.10.3138307.

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We have developed a novel method for quantitation of lectin binding sites in mucins derived from colon tissues. Binding of peanut agglutinin and wheat germ agglutinin was measured in extracts from normal and malignant human colon epithelium. Binding of wheat germ agglutinin was used as an estimate of the total mucin present in the tissue extract. Peanut agglutinin was found to bind to mucin from normal colon, but at levels that may be difficult to appreciate by fluorescence microscopy. The yield of mucin extracted from colon cancer was more variable than that from normal colon, and the binding ratio of peanut agglutinin to wheat germ agglutinin was greater in extracts from tumors than in normal tissues. Our findings confirm the histological observation that peanut agglutinin binds more avidly to mucins from colon cancer than to those from normal colon. The finding of peanut agglutinin binding sites in mucins front normal colon was not expected. The quantitative technique may have detected small numbers of binding sites not readily appreciable by fluorescence microscopy. Alternatively, the chromatographic method for measuring lectin binding may be sufficiently sensitive to detect nonspecific binding of the lectin to terminal galactose residues other than the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen.

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Manterola, Carlos, and Nataniel Claros. "Results of Surgical Treatment of Uncomplicated Colon Cancer. Case Series with Follow-Up." International Journal of Morphology 39, no. 4 (August 2021): 1171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-95022021000401171.

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Griffini, P., E. Vigorelli, G. N. Jonges, and C. J. Van Noorden. "The histochemical G6PDH reaction but not the LDH reaction with neotetrazolium is suitable for the oxygen sensitivity test to detect cancer cells." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 42, no. 10 (October 1994): 1355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/42.10.7930518.

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We used the oxygen sensitivity of the histochemical reaction to detect glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity based on neotetrazolium (NT) reduction to discriminate cancer cells from normal cells. Formazan generation was strongly reduced in normal but not in malignant cells when the incubation was performed in oxygen instead of nitrogen. Competition for reductive equivalents between NT and oxygen via superoxide dismutase (SOD) has been suggested. Since SOD activity is usually decreased in cancer cells, NT reduction would not be hampered in these cells. We tested this hypothesis by demonstrating NAD-dependent lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity instead of NADP-dependent G6PDH activity in normal rat liver and colon, in human colon carcinoma, and in experimentally induced metastases of colon carcinoma in rat livers. Reactions for both enzymes were determined cytophotometrically in an atmosphere of pure oxygen or nitrogen. G6PDH acted as described previously, showing distinct activity in cancer cells but strongly reduced activity in normal cells after incubation in oxygen, but this was not the case with LDH because formazan was also generated in normal tissue in oxygen. It appeared that after 5 min of incubation at 37 degrees C the residual activity of G6PDH in an atmosphere of oxygen compared with nitrogen was 0% in normal liver tissue and 15% in normal colon epithelium, whereas in colon carcinoma and in colon carcinoma metastasis in liver it was 48% and 33%, respectively. The residual activity of LDH in oxygen was 30% in normal female rat liver, 75% in normal male rat liver, and 38% in normal colon epithelium, whereas the residual activity in colon carcinoma and metastases in liver was 54% and 24%, respectively. These experiments clearly indicate that the oxygen sensitivity phenomenon is not solely an effect of competition for reducing equivalents between NT and oxygen via SOD, because NADPH generated by G6PDH and NADH generated by LDH have a similar redox potential. Apparently the system is more complex. The role of specifically NADPH-converting cellular systems such as NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase was excluded because incubations in the presence of exogenous NADPH as substrate for these systems revealed oxygen sensitivity. Involvement of NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation in the oxygen sensitivity test is discussed.

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Manterola, Carlos, and Nataniel Claros. "Simultaneous Resection For Colon Cancer and Synchronous Liver Metastases. Case Series With Follow-Up." International Journal of Morphology 39, no. 6 (December 2021): 1763–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-95022021000601763.

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Tajima, Yusuke, Hideyuki Ishida, Tomonori Ohsawa, Kensuke Kumamoto, Keiichiro Ishibashi, Norihiro Haga, and Hisato Osada. "Three-Dimensional Vascular Anatomy Relevant to Oncologic Resection of Right Colon Cancer." International Surgery 96, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 300–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.9738/cc20.1.

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Abstract We analyzed data on the three-dimensional vascular anatomy of the right colon from the operative documents of 215 patients undergoing oncologic resection for right colon cancer. The right colic artery (RCA) was absent in 146 patients (67.9%), with the ileocolic artery (ICA) crossing the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) ventrally in 78 patients (36.3%). When the RCA was present, both the ICA and the RCA crossed the SMV ventrally in 44 patients (20.5%), dorsally in 10 patients (4.7%), the RCA crossed the SMV ventrally and the ICA dorsally in 10 patients (4.7%), and the RCA crossed the SMV dorsally and the ICA ventrally in 5 patients (2.2%). The arterial branches toward the hepatic flexure crossed the SMV ventrally in 151 eligible cases: the branch originated from the common trunk of the middle colic artery in 97 patients (64.2%) and 1 and 2 arteries directly originated from the SMA in 49 patients (32.5%) and in 5 patients (3.3%), respectively. These data would be useful to safely perform lymph node dissection around the SMV.

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Bowen, Kara B., Aaron P. Reimers, Sarah Luman, Joseph D. Kronz, William E. Fyffe, and Julia Thom Oxford. "Immunohistochemical Localization of Collagen Type XI α1 and α2 Chains in Human Colon Tissue." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 56, no. 3 (November 12, 2007): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/jhc.7a7310.2007.

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In previous studies, collagen XI mRNA has been detected in colon cancer, but its location in human colon tissue has not been determined. The heterotrimeric collagen XI consists of three a chains. While it is known that collagen XI plays a regulatory role in collagen fibril formation, its function in the colon is unknown. The characterization of normal human colon tissue will allow a better understanding of the variance of collagen XI in abnormal tissues. Grossly normal and malignant human colon tissue was obtained from pathology archives. Immunohistochemical staining with a 58K Golgi marker and α1(XI) and α2(XI) antisera was used to specifically locate their presence in normal colon tissue. A comparative bright field microscopic analysis showed the presence of collagen XI in human colon. The juxtanuclear, dot-like collagen XI staining in the Golgi apparatus of goblet cells in normal tissue paralleled the staining of the 58K Golgi marker. Ultra light microscopy verified these results. Staining was also confirmed in malignant colon tissue. This study is the first to show that collagen XI is present in the Golgi apparatus of normal human colon goblet cells and localizes collagen XI in both normal and malignant tissue. Although the function of collagen XI in the colon is unknown, our immunohistochemical characterization provides the foundation for future immunohistopathology studies of the colon.

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Matkowskyj, Kristina A., Kristin Keller, Sarah Glover, Lori Kornberg, Roger Tran-Son-Tay, and Richard V. Benya. "Expression of GRP and Its Receptor in Well-differentiated Colon Cancer Cells Correlates with the Presence of Focal Adhesion Kinase Phosphorylated at Tyrosines 397 and 407." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 51, no. 8 (August 2003): 1041–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215540305100807.

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Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and its receptor (GRP-R) are not normally expressed by epithelial cells lining the colon but are aberrantly expressed in cancer, where they act as morphogens and regulate tumor cell differentiation. Studies of colon cancer formation in mice genetically incapable of synthesizing GRP-R suggested that this receptor's morphogenic properties were mediated via focal adhesion kinase (FAK). We therefore set out to determine the presence of both total and phosphorylated forms of FAK in human colon cancer specimens as a function of tumor cell differentiation and GRP/GRP-R co-expression. Ten colon cancers containing 25 regions of distinct differentiation were randomly selected from our GI Cancer Tumor Bank. All specimens were immunohistochemically probed using antibodies recognizing GRP, GRP-R, total FAK, and FAK specifically phos-phorylated at tyrosine (Y) 397, 407, 576, 577, 861, and 925. Antibody-specific chromogen was determined by quantitative immunohistochemistry (IHC) for each region of defined differentiation. Here we confirm that GRP/GRP-R co-expression is a function of differentiation, with highest levels observed in well-differentiated tumor cells. We also show that the amount of total FAK and of FAK phosphorylated at Y397 and Y407 tightly correlates with differentiation and with the amount of GRP/GRP-R co-expression. These findings are consistent with GRP/GRP-R acting as a morphogen by activating FAK, and suggest that this occurs via phosphorylation of this enzyme at two specific tyrosine residues.

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Usui, Genki, Yoshio Masuda, Hirotsugu Hashimoto, Masashi Kusakabe, Kentaro Nakajima, Hajime Tsunoda, Nobuyuki Matsuhashi, Yasushi Harihara, Hajime Horiuchi, and Teppei Morikawa. "Colon Metastasis From Microscopic Serous Carcinoma of the Fallopian Tube Fimbria Mimicking a Primary Colon Cancer." International Journal of Surgical Pathology 27, no. 4 (January 20, 2019): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066896918824028.

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Metastatic diseases rarely develop in the colorectum, and diagnosing colorectal metastasis by biopsy without history of a malignant tumor or clinical information of a primary tumor is challenging. A 65-year-old woman with a 6-month history of constipation and diarrhea was admitted to our hospital and diagnosed with rectosigmoid colonic micropapillary carcinoma. Low anterior resection was performed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Because the lipoleiomyoma in the uterus obstructed the operator’s vision, total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were performed. Examination of the colon and adnexa, together with immunohistochemical studies, revealed that the colonic tumor was actually serous carcinoma that had metastasized from the left fimbria of the fallopian tube. Retrospective immunohistochemical examination of the colon biopsy specimen suggested carcinoma with a Müllerian immunophenotype. When a colon biopsy reveals carcinoma with an invasive micropapillary pattern without a component of conventional tubular adenocarcinoma, immunohistochemical examination should be performed to rule out the possibility of metastasis.

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Jothy, Serge, Tamar Y. Flanders, and Piotr M. Nowacki. "New Developments in the Molecular Pathology of Human Colon Cancer." Advances in Anatomic Pathology 3, no. 6 (November 1996): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00125480-199611000-00001.

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Mook, Olaf R. F., Claudia Van Overbeek, Eleonora G. Ackema, Febe Van Maldegem, and Wilma M. Frederiks. "In Situ Localization of Gelatinolytic Activity in the Extracellular Matrix of Metastases of Colon Cancer in Rat Liver Using Quenched Fluorogenic DQ-gelatin." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 51, no. 6 (June 2003): 821–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215540305100613.

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Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) such as gelatinases are believed to play an important role in invasion and metastasis of cancer. In this study we investigated the possible role of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in an experimental model of colon cancer metastasis in rat liver. We demonstrated with gelatin zymography that the tumors contained MMP-2 and MMP-9, but only MMP-2 was present in the active form. Immunolocalization of MMP-2 showed that the protein was localized at basement membranes of colon cancer cells and in intratumor stroma, associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) components. However, zymography and immunohistochemistry (IHC) do not provide information on the localization of MMP activity. Therefore, we developed an in situ zymography technique using the quenched fluorogenic substrate DQ-gelatin in unfixed cryostat sections. The application of DQ-gelatin in combination with a gelled medium allows precise localization of gelatinolytic activity. Fluorescence due to gelatinolytic activity was found in the ECM of tumors and was localized similarly to both MMP-2 protein and collagen type IV, its natural substrate. The localization of MMP-2 activity and collagen type IV at similar sites suggests a role of MMP-2 in remodeling of ECM of stroma in colon cancer metastases in rat liver.

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Zusman, I., A. Zimber, and A. Nyska. "Role of Morphological Methods in the Analysis of Chemically Induced Colon Cancer in Rats." Cells Tissues Organs 142, no. 4 (1991): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000147215.

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Ueno, Hideki, Megumi Ishiguro, Eiji Nakatani, Toshiaki Ishikawa, Hiroyuki Uetake, Shigeyuki Matsui, Satoshi Teramukai, et al. "Optimal Criteria for G3 (Poorly Differentiated) Stage II Colon Cancer." American Journal of Surgical Pathology 44, no. 12 (August 28, 2020): 1685–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pas.0000000000001570.

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Kawamoto, Aya, Yasuhiro Inoue, Masato Okigami, Hiromi Yasuda, Yoshinaga Okugawa, Junichiro Hiro, Yuji Toiyama, et al. "Preoperative Assessment of Vascular Anatomy by Multidetector Computed Tomography Before Laparoscopic Colectomy for Transverse Colon Cancer: Report of a Case." International Surgery 100, no. 2 (February 1, 2015): 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9738/intsurg-d-13-00232.1.

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Although the safety of laparoscopic surgery for colon cancer has been reported in many randomized controlled trials, concerns about the difficulty of surgery for transverse colon cancer has not been fully resolved, mainly because of the variation in the vascular anatomy of mesenteric vessels, which leads to difficulty in determining the optimal operative procedure and the extent of lymph node dissection. We present the case of a patient with transverse colon cancer who underwent laparoscopic surgery after preoperative assessment using a combination of endoscopic clipping and three-dimensional computed tomography angiography (3DCTA). A 68-year-old man was diagnosed with transverse colon cancer, and laparoscopic surgery has been planned. 3DCTA showed right-middle and left-middle colic arteries arising independently from the superior mesenteric artery. The relationship between the clip and vessels showed that the right-middle colic artery was the feeding artery of the tumor. Operative findings were consistent with 3DCTA findings, and transverse colectomy with lymph node dissection was successfully performed.

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Ono, K., H. Hattori, K. Uemura, J. Nakayama, H. Ota, and T. Katsuyama. "Expression of Forssman antigen in human large intestine." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 42, no. 5 (May 1994): 659–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/42.5.7512587.

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Forssman antigen is a commonly occurring heterophile antigen but is thought not to be present in most humans. Recent biochemical studies, however, have shown the presence of Forssman antigen in several forms of human cancer, including gastric, colon, and lung cancers. Immunohistochemical staining with both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies has failed to demonstrate this antigen in human tissues. In this study we conclusively demonstrated the presence of Forssman antigen in cytoplasm of colon goblet cells, especially those in the so-called transitional mucosa adjacent to carcinoma. Specimens from 69 of 70 patients with colon cancer contained the antigen in goblet cells in transitional mucosae. The antigen was successfully demonstrated only after removal of sialic acid by alkaline hydrolysis-neuraminidase digestion. Localization of the antigen was quite different from that of Tn and human blood group A, B, and H antigens. This antigen was thought to be associated exclusively with globo-series glycolipids, and its existence in glycoproteins has not been conclusively demonstrated. However, the results presented here, based on proteolytic digestion and lipid extraction studies, strongly suggest that the antigen is also contained in glycoproteins.

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HUANG, Zhi Gang, Zhi Hua RAN, Wei LU, and Shu Dong XIAO. "Analysis of gene expression profile in colon cancer using the Cancer Genome Anatomy Project and RNA interference." Chinese Journal of Digestive Diseases 7, no. 2 (May 2006): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1443-9573.2006.00254.x.

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Deviyani-Zakaria, Astria, Katrin Basah, and Anton Bahtiar. "Cytotoxic Activity of Extract and Active Fraction of Turbinaria decurrens Bory on Colon Cancer Cell Line HCT-116." International Journal of Morphology 36, no. 3 (September 2018): 979–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-95022018000300979.

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Zhang, Ce, Zi-Hai Ding, Hai-Tao Yu, Jiang Yu, Ya-Nan Wang, Yan-Feng Hu, and Guo-Xin Li. "Retrocolic Spaces: Anatomy of the Surgical Planes in Laparoscopic Right Hemicolectomy for Cancer." American Surgeon 77, no. 11 (November 2011): 1546–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481107701148.

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To explore the regional anatomy of the fasciae and spaces around the right-side colon from laparoscopic perspective, we observed the location, extension, and boundaries of the spaces around the right-side colon in seven cadavers and in 49 patients undergoing laparoscopic right hemicolectomy for cancer, and reviewed computed tomography images from patients and healthy individuals. Between the ascending mesocolon and prerenal fascia (PRF), there was a right retrocolic space (RRCS), which extended in all directions. The anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, cranial, and caudal boundaries of the RRCS were the ascending mesocolon, PRF, superior mesenteric vein, right paracolic sulcus, inferior margin of the duodenum, and inferior margin of the mesentery radix, respectively. Between the transverse mesocolon and the pancreas and duodenum, there was a transverse retrocolic space, which was enclosed cranially by the radix of the transverse mesocolon. In CT images, healthy PRF was noted as slender line of middle density, continuing to the transverse fascia. The retrocolic spaces was unidentifiable, unless they were filled with retroperitoneal lesions. The RRCS and transverse retrocolic space are natural surgical planes for laparoscopic right hemicolectomy for cancer. The boundaries of these fusion fascial spaces are the best access, and the PRF is the best guide.

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Ogino, Takayuki, Ichiro Takemasa, Genki Horitsugi, Mamoru Furuyashiki, Katsuya Ohta, Mamoru Uemura, Junichi Nishimura, et al. "Preoperative Evaluation of Venous Anatomy in Laparoscopic Complete Mesocolic Excision for Right Colon Cancer." Annals of Surgical Oncology 21, S3 (March 17, 2014): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1245/s10434-014-3572-2.

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Qureshi, Altamash M., Munira Momin, Sudha Rathod, Asish Dev, and Chaitrali Kute. "Colon targeted drug delivery system: A review on current approaches." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 1, no. 04 (October 31, 2013): 130–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.1.4.24.

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The colon is the terminal part of the GIT which has gained as a potential site for delivery of various novel therapeutic drugs i.e. peptides. Colon targeted drug delivery system (CDDS) is an Promising tool for treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis, crohn’s disease, colon cancer, amobebiasis by both systemic and topical delivery of dug. This article review a detailed study about disease of colon, diagnosis of diseases of colon, anatomy of colon, factors affecting drug absorption and different approaches of colon including some current approaches like Pulsinicap system, Port system, Probiotic approach, Chronotropic system, Colal-pred system, Enterion capsule Technology Muliparticulate system and some past studies on colon drug delivery with evaluation method for site specific drug delivery to colon.

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RUBIO, CARLOS A., and PETER T. SCHMIDT. "Dissecting the Microscopic Anatomy of Colon Crypts in Non-dysplastic Sessile Serrated Polyps." Anticancer Research 39, no. 8 (July 31, 2019): 4259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.13589.

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Zusman, I., A. Zimber, Z. Madar, and A. Nyska. "Morphological, Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Differences between Tumorous and Adjacent Tissues in Chemically Induced Colon Cancer in Rats." Cells Tissues Organs 145, no. 1 (1992): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000147338.

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Schumacher, Udo, and Elizabeth Adam. "Immunohistochemical Detection of the MUC1 Gene Product in Human Cancers Grown in scid Mice." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 46, no. 1 (January 1998): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215549804600116.

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Alterations in mucin expression have been detected in many clinically relevant cancers and, in particular, the polymorphic epithelial mucin, encoded by the MUC1 gene, has attracted considerable attention. We investigated its expression in human breast, colon, ovarian, lung, and skin cancer cells and their metastases grown in severe combined immunodeficient ( scid) mice using three different monoclonal antibodies (HMFG-1, HMFG-2, and SM3). Four of five breast cancer cell lines, three of five colon cancer cell lines, two of three small-cell carcinoma of the lung cell lines, and A 431 cells all expressed the MUC1 gene product. Neuraminidase predigestion often enhanced HMFG-1 immunoreactivity, which was more widespread and stronger than SM3 immunoreactivity. A considerable heterogeneity of MUC1 gene product expression was observed in the same tumors grown in different mice. The binding pattern between single-cell/small-cell clusters (up to 10 cells) and larger cell number aggregates varied. The results indicate that the MUC1 gene expression both in primary tumors and metastases is not tightly controlled within a particular tumor cell line. Because of this heterogeneous antigen expression in vivo, it appears impossible to target all metastatic deposits by a single monoclonal antibody directed against the MUC1 gene product.

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Lefevre, C., H. H. Phan, A. Anteunis, and G. Rosselin. "Computer analysis of double labeling: ultrastructural distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide and transferrin in human colon cancer cells." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 38, no. 9 (September 1990): 1257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/38.9.2387984.

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Transferrin (Tf) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and 125I, respectively. To determine whether two simultaneously incubated ligands are conveyed by the same population of endosomal vesicles in human colon carcinoma cells (HT-29), we used an analysis system derived from the cross-fire method for quantitation of autoradiographic data. This system permitted the collection of data and the statistical calculations required by the double labeling of the cells. HRP-labeled Tf organelles were chosen as reference structures of the endosomal apparatus and taken as the conventional source of the radiolabeling. Our data established from the co-localization hypothesis strongly suggest that after a 30-sec (T 1/2) and a 10-min (T10) internalization at 37 degrees C, VIP and Tf share in major part the same endocytic pathway and even the recycling route to the cell surface. At T10, most of the radiolabeling was located inside the tubulovesicular network, and we also detected slight radiolabeling inside the vesicles recycling Tf. The number of double-labeled endosomes involved in ligand traffic were advantageously observed with our computer-assisted analysis system.

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Boland, C. R., R. S. Bresalier, and J. A. Roberts. "Assay of lectin binding sites in colon cancer-associated mucins: comparison of fluorescence microscopy with a quantitative chromatographic technique." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 36, no. 10 (October 1988): 1329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/36.10.3138308.

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We have developed a technique for quantitation of binding of fluorescent lectins to glycoconjugates in specimens of tumors derived from cultured human colorectal cancer cells. Tumor cells were injected subcutaneously into nude mice, giving rise to xenografts that resemble primary human colorectal cancers. The tumors were extracted with saline and were subjected to dialysis and lyophilization. Standardized amounts of the tumor extract were then incubated with fluorescent lectins and subjected to gel permeation liquid chromatography to separate lectin bound to high molecular weight glycoproteins from free (unbound) lectin, and were quantitated using a spectrofluorometer. This assay permitted quantitative measurement of the lectin bound to high molecular weight glycoconjugates such as mucin. The results of this assay were compared with the standard histochemical assessment of tissue labeling by fluorescent lectins. A close correlation between the two techniques was found, especially when little or no labeling was present. Greater variations were observed at higher levels of labeling. The quantitative assay confirms that lectins bind to high molecular weight mucin-type glycoconjugates on fixed sections of tumors, and supports the use of semi-quantitative histochemical assessments of tissue labeling.

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Chan, Charles, Lucy Jankova, Caroline L. S. Fung, Candice Clarke, Graham Robertson, Pierre H. Chapuis, Les Bokey, Betty P. C. Lin, Owen F. Dent, and Stephen Clarke. "Fascin Expression Predicts Survival After Potentially Curative Resection of Node-positive Colon Cancer." American Journal of Surgical Pathology 34, no. 5 (May 2010): 656–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pas.0b013e3181db36c0.

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Sekioka, Akinori, Kunihiko Tsuboi, Yoko Shono, and Yukito Adachi. "Anatomical challenge: a rare coexistence of caecal cancer and isolated duodenal malrotation." BMJ Case Reports 15, no. 10 (October 2022): e251627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2022-251627.

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Intestinal malrotation is a congenital anomaly, treated mostly during childhood. A small number of cases are incidentally found in adulthood, during operation for other abdominal diseases, such as colon cancer.Here, we present a case of caecal cancer with isolated duodenal malrotation, a subtype of intestinal malrotation, discovered incidentally during the operation for the cancer. Although the anatomical abnormality made the operation more complicated, laparoscopic resection was safely performed with oncologically adequate lymphadenectomy, owing to intraoperative confirmation of anatomy and careful dissection.

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Moritani, Konosuke, Yukihide Kanemitsu, Yasuyuki Takamizawa, Dai Shida, Shunsuke Tsukamoto, and Ryohei Sakamoto. "Laparoscopic D3 dissection and complete mesocolic excision for right-sided colon cancer based on surgical anatomy." Annals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery 4 (October 2019): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/ales.2019.09.05.

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Kim, Nam Kyu, Young Wan Kim, Yoon Dae Han, Min Soo Cho, Hyuk Hur, Byung Soh Min, and Kang Young Lee. "Complete mesocolic excision and central vascular ligation for colon cancer: Principle, anatomy, surgical technique, and outcomes." Surgical Oncology 25, no. 3 (September 2016): 252–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.suronc.2016.05.009.

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Yada, Hirokazu, Kiyoshi Sawai, Hiroki Taniguchi, Masakazu Hoshima, Makoto Katoh, and Toshio Takahashi. "Analysis of Vascular Anatomy and Lymph Node Metastases Warrants Radical Segmental Bowel Resection for Colon Cancer." World Journal of Surgery 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002689900202.

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38

Efetov, Sergey K., Albina A. Zubayraeva, Valery M. Nekoval, Aleksandra S. Tyan, Inna A. Tulina, and Petr V. Tsarkov. "Extended Colectomy Followed by Cecorectal Anastomosis as a Surgical Treatment Modality in Synchronous Colorectal Cancer." Case Reports in Oncology 13, no. 2 (July 8, 2020): 813–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000508266.

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Subtotal and extended left colectomies with ileocecal junction preservation represent preferable alternatives in cases of massive involvement of the colon in the pathological process. However, these approaches might be challenging in terms of reconstructive steps. Antiperistaltic cecorectal anastomosis is one of the possible techniques. Still, this type of pouch formation is described mostly in slow-transit constipation surgical management. We report on a patient with synchronous colorectal cancer who underwent extended left colectomy. In the case of compromised vessel anatomy, it was decided to perform antiperistaltic cecorectal anastomosis. We present all clinical and intraoperative patient’s data, determining the surgical tactics, and short-term postoperative results. An antiperistaltic cecorectal anastomosis can be considered in nonstandard clinical cases and variable anatomy of the patient.

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Miller, M. A., C. M. Mazewski, N. Yousuf, Y. Sheikh, L. M. White, G. A. Yanik, D. M. Hyams, B. C. Lampkin, and A. Raza. "Simultaneous immunohistochemical detection of IUdR and BrdU infused intravenously to cancer patients." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 39, no. 4 (April 1991): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/39.4.2005370.

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Cell cycle kinetics of solid tumors in the past have been restricted to an in vitro labeling index (LI) measurement. Two thymidine analogues, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and iododeoxyuridine (IUdR), can be used to label S-phase cells in vivo because they can be detected in situ by use of monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against BrdU (Br-3) or IUdR (3D9). Patients with a variety of solid tumors (lymphoma, brain, colon cancers) received sequential intravenous IUdR and BrdU. Tumor tissue removed at the end of infusion was embedded in plastic and treated with MAb Br-3 and 3D9 sequentially, using a modification of a previously described method. Clearly single and double labeled cells were visible, which enabled us to determine the duration of S-phase (Ts) and the total cell cycle time (Tc), in addition to the LI in these tumors. Detailed control experiments using tissue culture cell lines as well as bone marrow cells from leukemic patients are described, including the comparison of this double label technique with our previously described BrdU-tritiated thymidine technique. We conclude that the two methods are comparable and that the IUdR/BrdU method permits rapid and reliable cell cycle measurements in solid tumors.

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Seurko, K. I., I. A. Vinоkurоv, and M. U. Kasymov. "The role of variant anatomy of the inferior mesenteric artery in segmental colon resections with lymphodissection in patients with colorectal cancer." Hirurg (Surgeon), no. 4 (July 30, 2022): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-15-2204-01.

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During laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer, vascular structures may be incorrectly identified and damaged due to ignorance of the variant anatomy of the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA), lack of tactile sensations, narrowed field of vision, which leads to complications such as massive bleeding and intestinal ischemia. Therefore, the preoperative study of the variant anatomy of the IMA is of paramount importance. Knowing the variant anatomy of the vessels before surgery, you can make an operation plan in advance, which will ensure fast and safe vascular ligation at the required level and lymph node dissection. Aim: To develop a classification of IMA variability for practical use in operations for colorectal cancer. Material and methods: From February 2013 to March 2022, 214 computed tomograms (CT) of abdominal organs with intravenous contrast were analyzed. We studied the variant anatomy of the IMA. Results: We proposed the classification of structure of the IMA and its branches. This is especially important when the safe lymph node dissection along the IMA is necessary. I type — several colonic branches derivate from the IMA by independent trunks (54,2 %); II type — all colon branches derivate from the IMA in one point like a “goose paw” (25,2 %); III type — one colon branch departs from the IMA by a single trunk; then it divides into colonic branches (20,6 %). The frequency of coincidence of intraoperative data with preoperative CT data was 95.8 %. The sensitivity of the method is 95.8 %, the specificity of the method is 100%. Conclusion: CT with 3D vascular reconstruction allows the surgeon to perform extended lymph node dissection in colorectal cancer with minimal risk of complications.

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Holubec, Hana, Claire M. Payne, Harris Bernstein, Katerina Dvorakova, Carol Bernstein, Caroline N. Waltmire, James A. Warneke, and Harinder Garewal. "Assessment of Apoptosis by Immunohistochemical Markers Compared to Cellular Morphology in Ex Vivo-stressed Colonic Mucosa." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 53, no. 2 (February 2005): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/jhc.4a6386.2005.

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Apoptosis competence is central to the prevention of cancer. Frequency of apoptotic cells, after a sample of colonic tissue is stressed, can be used to gauge apoptosis competence and, thus, possible susceptibility to colon cancer. The gold standard for assessment of apoptosis is morphological evaluation, but this requires an experienced microscopist. Easier-to-use immunohistochemical markers of apoptosis, applicable in archived paraffin-embedded tissue, have been commercially developed. Potentially useful apoptosis markers include cleaved cytokeratin-18 (c-CK18), cleaved caspase-3 (c-cas-3), cleaved lamin A (c-lam-A), phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX), cleaved poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (c-PARP), and translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). When tissue samples from freshly resected colon segments were challenged ex vivo with the bile acid deoxycholate, ∼50% of goblet cells became apoptotic by morphologic criteria. This high level of morphologic apoptosis allowed quantitative comparison with the usefulness and specificity of immunohistochemical markers of apoptosis. The antibody to c-CK18 was almost as useful and about as specific as morphology for identifying apoptotic colonic epithelial cells. Antibodies to c-cas-3, c-lam-A, and γH2AX, though specific for apoptotic cells, were less useful. The antibody to c-PARP, though specific for apoptotic cells, had low usefulness, and the antibody to AIF was relatively nonspecific, under our conditions.

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Hollowoa, Blake, Laura W. Lamps, Jason S. Mizell, George W. English, Julia A. Bridge, Roopa Ram, and Jerad M. Gardner. "Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma Mimicking a Primary Colon Mass." International Journal of Surgical Pathology 26, no. 2 (September 26, 2017): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066896917731517.

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Dedifferentiated liposarcoma is typically a nonlipogenic high-grade sarcoma that arises from well-differentiated liposarcoma. It most commonly presents as a large mass in the retroperitoneum. Significant involvement of the gastrointestinal tract by dedifferentiated liposarcoma is uncommon. We present a unique case of dedifferentiated liposarcoma radiographically mimicking a primary colon mass with resulting intussusception; stranding of the adjacent adipose tissue was presumed to be a secondary reactive change. On histopathologic analysis of the hemicolectomy specimen, a high-grade sarcoma was seen growing through the colonic wall, and the majority of the surrounding pericolonic adipose tissue was actually composed of well-differentiated liposarcoma with characteristic fibrous bands rather than benign fat with reactive fibrosis. This case raises awareness that well-differentiated liposarcoma and dedifferentiated liposarcoma can rarely present as a primary intestinal mass mimicking colon cancer or other more common entities. When radiographic examination shows a perigastrointestinal or retroperitoneal fatty mass and/or stranding of the fat adjacent to a solid gastrointestinal mass, this unusual scenario should be considered in the radiologic differential diagnosis. Pathologists should keep dedifferentiated liposarcoma in the initial histologic differential diagnosis for any high-grade spindle cell tumor of the retroperitoneum or intra-abdominal visceral organs.

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Morstyn, G., K. Pyke, J. Gardner, R. Ashcroft, A. de Fazio, and P. Bhathal. "Immunohistochemical identification of proliferating cells in organ culture using bromodeoxyuridine and a monoclonal antibody." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 34, no. 6 (June 1986): 697–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/34.6.3517148.

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The ability to measure cell proliferation is important in the study of cancer biology. The usual technique for quantitating proliferating cells in tissue explant and organ culture by detection of [3H]-thymidine incorporation into DNA by autoradiography is tedious and time-consuming. We have developed a technique for identification and quantitation of bromodeoxyuridine (an analogue of thymidine) in cultured tissue explants. Fetal mouse colon explants were exposed in vitro to bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) or [3H]-thymidine for 3 to 72 hr and then for various periods to unlabeled thymidine. The tissues were stained with a monoclonal anti-bromodeoxyuridine antibody and in parallel [3H]-thymidine incorporation was detected by autoradiography. Incorporation of BUdR was measured by quantitating the amount of pigment deposited over nuclei after immunohistochemical staining, using an optical data digitizer. It was found that both techniques identified proliferating cells. Dividing cells were present both in crypts and in the surrounding stroma in Day 14 fetal mouse colon cultures. The immunohistochemical technique was more rapid and less cumbersome than autoradiography.

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Tafakh, Maryam Sadat, Massoud Saidijam, Tayebeh Ranjbarnejad, Sara Malih, Solmaz Mirzamohammadi, and Rezvan Najafi. "Sulforaphane, a Chemopreventive Compound, Inhibits Cyclooxygenase-2 and Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase-1 Expression in Human HT-29 Colon Cancer Cells." Cells Tissues Organs 206, no. 1-2 (2018): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000490394.

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Background: A high expression of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is found in colorectal cancer. Therefore, blocking of PGE2 generation has been identified as a promising approach for anticancer therapy. Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate derived from glucosinolate, is used as the antioxidant and anticancer agents. Methods: HT-29 cells were treated with various concentrations of SFN and compared to untreated cells for the expression of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 at the mRNA level. The PGE2 level was measured by ELISA assay. Apoptosis was evaluated by the proportion of sub-G1 cells. The activity of caspase-3 was determined using an enzymatic assay. HT-29 cell migration was assessed using a scratch test. Results: SFN preconditioning decreased the expression of COX-2, mPGES-1, HIF-1, VEGF, CXCR4, MMP-2, and MMP-9. An apoptotic effect of SFN was preceded by the activation of caspase-3 as well as accumulation of cells in the sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle. SFN decreased PGE2 generation and inhibited the in vitro motility/wound-healing activity of HT-29 cells. Conclusions: SFN anticancer effects are associated with antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, and antimetastatic activities arising from the downregulation of the COX-2/ mPGES-1 axis.

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VOYNOVSKIY, A. E., and K. I. SEURKO. "THE ROLE OF VARIANT ANATOMY OF THE LEFT COLON ARTERY AND INFERIOR MESENTERIC VEIN IN PLANNING RESECTIONS OF THE LEFT COLON FOR COLORECTAL CANCER." Bulletin of Pirogov National Medical & Surgical Center 17, no. 1 (2022): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25881/20728255_2022_17_1_36.

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Hirai, Keitaro, Daisuke Yoshinari, Hiroomi Ogawa, Seshiru Nakazawa, Yoshiaki Takase, Kazumi Tanaka, Yohei Miyamae, et al. "Three-dimensional Computed Tomography for Analyzing the Vascular Anatomy in Laparoscopic Surgery for Right-sided Colon Cancer." Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques 23, no. 6 (December 2013): 536–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sle.0b013e31828f66fb.

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OKAMOTO, D., Y. ASAYAMA, K. YOSHIMITSU, H. IRIE, H. AIBE, T. UTSUNOMIYA, T. TAJIMA, A. NISHIE, K. MATAKE, and T. NAKAYAMA. "Exophytic colon cancer mimicking an ovarian tumor: the value of evaluation of the venous anatomy on MDCT." CMIG Extra: Cases 29, no. 4 (June 2005): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compmedimag.2005.10.005.

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Abdel Latif, Yasmin, Mona El-Bana, Jihan Hussein, Zakaria El-Khayat, and Abdel Razik Farrag. "Effects of resveratrol in combination with 5-fluorouracil on N-methylnitrosourea-induced colon cancer in rats." Comparative Clinical Pathology 28, no. 5 (June 1, 2019): 1351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-019-02967-2.

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Landau, Michael A., Benjamin Zhu, Frances N. Akwuole, and Reetesh K. Pai. "Histopathological Predictors of Recurrence in Stage III Colon Cancer: Reappraisal of Tumor Deposits and Tumor Budding Using AJCC8 Criteria." International Journal of Surgical Pathology 27, no. 2 (July 11, 2018): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066896918787275.

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Patients with stage III colonic adenocarcinoma have a spectrum of risk for recurrent disease, and histopathological variables that predict recurrence can help stratify patients into prognostic groups. To identify histopathological predictors of recurrence, we investigated the effect of implementation of the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC8) staging system definition of tumor deposits and International Tumor Budding Consensus Conference (ITBCC) criteria for tumor budding compared with other known prognostic variables in 256 resected colonic adenocarcinomas, including 150 stage III and 106 stage II tumors. In stage III colon cancer, tumor deposits and high tumor budding were the only independent histological variables that predicted disease recurrence. In a multivariable analysis in stage III colon cancer, tumor deposits and high tumor budding were associated with a 2.2- and 1.5-fold increased risk of developing disease recurrence, respectively (95% CI = 1.1-4,2, P = .02, and 95% CI = 1.1-2.1, P = .01, respectively). The negative prognostic effect of tumor deposits was most pronounced in patients with stage IIIB disease in which tumor deposits were associated with a 3.2-fold increased risk of disease recurrence (95% CI = 1.4-7.1; P = .005). Within the N1 cohort, patients with tumor deposits without concurrent positive lymph nodes (N1c) had a significantly decreased disease-free survival compared with patients with N0 tumors ( P < .001) and patients with N1a/b tumors ( P = .02). As independent risk factors for recurrence, tumor deposits and high tumor budding are important histopathological variables and should be included as a part of a routine comprehensive pathological risk assessment in stage III colon cancer.

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., Komal, Ujjwal Nautiyal, Ramandeep ,. Anita Devi Singh, and Anita Devi. "Primary and Novel Approaches in Colon Targeted Drug Delivery System: A Review." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 3, no. 02 (June 30, 2015): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.3.2.5.

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Targeted drug delivery into the colon is highly desirable for local treatment of a variety of bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, amoeabiasis , colonic cancer, local treatment of colonic pathologies, and systemic delivery of protein and peptide drugs. Colonic delivery refers to targeted delivery of drugs into the lower GI tract, which occurs primarily in the large intestine (i.e. colon). The colon specific drug delivery system (CDDS) should be capable of protecting the drug en route to the colon i.e. drug release and absorption should not occur in the stomach as well as the small intestine, and neither the bioactive agent should be degraded in either of the dissolution sites but only released and absorbed once the system reaches the colon. Different approaches are designed based on prodrug formulation, pHsensitivity, time-dependency (lag time), microbial degradation and osmotic pressure etc to formulate the different dosage forms like tablets, capsules, multiparticulates, microspheres, liposomes for colon targeting. The efficiency of drug delivery system is evaluated using different in vitro and in vivo release studies. This review article discusses, in brief, introduction to targeted drug delivery system, anatomy and physiology of the colon and approaches utilized in the colon targeted drug delivery system.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Colon (Anatomy) – Cancer – Cytopathology'

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