Journal articles: 'Colloidal Experiments'

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Liang, Xiujuan, Dan Liu, Jingjing Zhou, Yuling Zhang, and Wenjing Zhang. "Effects of colloidal humic acid on the transport of sulfa antibiotics through a saturated porous medium under different hydrochemical conditions." Water Supply 18, no. 6 (February 20, 2018): 2199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.042.

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Abstract Colloidal humic acid (HA) acts as a vector that can facilitate the transport of contaminants in groundwater. However, investigations of factors that enhance the transport of sulfa antibiotics when there are colloids present remain incomplete to date. In this study, column experiments were performed under different conditions (particle size, pH, ionic strength, cation valence, colloidal concentration) using 0.25 mg/L sulfamerazine (SM) with or without colloids. The results showed that antibiotics were more easily deposited on the surface of porous media with a diameter of 0.22 mm than 0.45 mm. As the pH increased from 6 to 8, adding colloidal HA increased the maximum breakthrough concentration from 0.94 to 1 for SM. Adding colloidal HA at different NaCl concentrations decreased the maximum C/C0 ratio from 0.97 to 0.92. However, adding colloidal HA changed the C/C0 ratio more when the divalent cation (Ca2+) was present. Overall, increasing the colloidal HA concentration clearly caused the effluent sulfamerazine concentration to increase.

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Larsen, T. A., and P. Harremoës. "Modelling of experiments with colloidal organic matter in biofilm reactors." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 10-11 (October 1, 1994): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0795.

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A mathematical model for the degradation of colloidal organic matter in biofilm reactors has been developed. Contradictory to existing theories, the model includes bulk liquid hydrolysis as the first important step in the degradation sequence. This leads to unexpected effects of different reactor configurations. The model was successfully verified with native starch as a model substrate. Observed differences in colloid removal capacity between trickling filters and RBC-reactors are well explained by the model.

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Zuo, Rui, Kexue Han, Rongtao Shi, Fei Ding, Li Liu, Jinsheng Wang, Yanguo Teng, Jie Yang, and Xin Liu. "Effect of Colloidal Silicate on the Migration Behaviour of Strontium in Groundwater Environment of Geological Disposal Candidate Site." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (September 23, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9606121.

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Various colloids are present in the natural groundwater environment, and colloids act on the processes involved when radionuclides leak from a repository in a high-level waste disposal site. This paper investigates the effect of colloidal silicate in natural groundwater environments on the migration behaviour of Sr(II). Three different experimental cases have been designed: (1) effect in the presence of colloidal silicate, (2) effect in the presence of a porous medium, and (3) effect in the presence of both colloidal silicate and porous medium (referred to as CS, PM, and PC, respectively). Batch experiments were used to study the effect of influencing factors on Sr(II) migration behaviour, such as the amount of CS, solid-to-liquid ratio, pH, contact time, and initial concentration of Sr(II). The experiments showed that the effect of PC on the migration behaviour of Sr(II) was greatest, and the presence of CS enhanced the sorption. The colloid amount, pH, and solid-to-liquid ratio significantly affected the migration behaviour. The more the colloids were added, the better the adsorption effect. The optimal pH and solid-to-liquid ratio were 6 and 20 : 1, respectively. The alkaline environment is more conductive to colloid sorption. When the solid-to-liquid ratio was 20 : 1, the sorption percentage of PC is 0.5 times larger than PM. Although the PC has a longer adsorption equilibrium time, the percentage of adsorption can be larger than that in the other two cases. The kinetics and isotherms of Sr(II) were best described by the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models. It was inferred that strong chemical interactions and/or surface complexation contributed primarily to Sr(II) sorption, and the process was on the monolayer adsorption of the outer surface. These findings provide valuable information for the migration behaviour of strontium in groundwater environments of geological disposal site. At the same time, it provides information for the implementation of permeable reactive barrier technology to control the transport of radioactive Sr(II) and its species in natural surface and groundwater.

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Megens, M., C. M. van Kats, P. Bösecke, and W. L. Vos. "Synchrotron Small-Angle X-ray Scattering of Colloids and Photonic Colloidal Crystals." Journal of Applied Crystallography 30, no. 5 (October 1, 1997): 637–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s002188989700191x.

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Synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments have been performed at the ESRF on colloidal dispersions. The samples are optically multiply scattering and are aimed at so-called photonic applications. Scattering from dilute suspensions yields the particle form factor, which shows many oscillations. From these results, the radius, size distribution and information about the internal structure of the particles in situ can be determined, in contrast to most studies on colloids. Using the form factor, structure factors can be extracted from the diffraction patterns of the colloidal crystals. The structure factors clearly reveal sharp Bragg peaks. The crystal structure, lattice parameter and average orientations were determined as a function of height in sedimented samples. This provides important information for the interpretation of optical experiments.

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Patel, Nirav, Ryan Guillemette, Ratnesh Lal, and Farooq Azam. "Bacterial surface interactions with organic colloidal particles: Nanoscale hotspots of organic matter in the ocean." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 25, 2022): e0272329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272329.

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Colloidal particles constitute a substantial fraction of organic matter in the global ocean and an abundant component of the organic matter interacting with bacterial surfaces. Using E. coli ribosomes as model colloidal particles, we applied high-resolution atomic force microscopy to probe bacterial surface interactions with organic colloids to investigate particle attachment and relevant surface features. We observed the formation of ribosome films associating with marine bacteria isolates and natural seawater assemblages, and that bacteria readily utilized the added ribosomes as growth substrate. In exposure experiments ribosomes directly attached onto bacterial surfaces as 40–200 nm clusters and patches of individual particles. We found that certain bacterial cells expressed surface corrugations that range from 50–100 nm in size, and 20 nm deep. Furthermore, our AFM studies revealed surface pits in select bacteria that range between 50–300 nm in width, and 10–50 nm in depth. Our findings suggest novel adaptive strategies of pelagic marine bacteria for colloid capture and utilization as nutrients, as well as storage as nanoscale hotspots of DOM.

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Bolotov, Alexander N., Vladislav V. Novikov, and Olga O. Novikova. "ON DEPENDENCE OF COLLOIDAL STABILITY OF MAGNETIC LIQUID ON STABILIZER DIELECTRIC CAPACITIVITY AND DISPERSION MEDIUM." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 60, no. 4 (May 12, 2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.2017604.5506.

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The purpose of this article is to research the possibility of using values of stabilizer dielectric capacitivity and dispersion medium to form a colloidal stability criterion of magnetic liquid. The authors researched colloidal stability of magnetic liquids with a low-polarity base, nonionogenous SAM-stabilizer (oligoester) and hydroximag nanoparticles. The received magnetic colloids were tested for stability in a gravity field to evaluate SAM stabilizing capacity. The authors propose Е-criterion that shows a relative difference between dielectric capacitivities of a dispersion medium and SAM-stabilizer. It was determined that such combination of dielectric capacitivity of solution component parts correlates with the values of SAM adsorption and colloid stability in the best way. The test results show that relative reduction of magnetization correlates well with a value of dispersion medium dielectric capacitivity due to irreversible sedimentative processes. In the next set of experiments, the authors did not change the magnetic colloid liquid content, but SAM-stabilizer. They research the dependence of colloidal stability of magnetic liquids based on a dioctyl sebacate of a stabilized SAM with various dielectric capacitivities. The test results prove regularity of increasing colloidal stability with decreasing E- criterion. The paper considers in details the physical and chemical mechanisms that help to develop the influence of dielectric capacitivity on magnetic liquid colloidal stability. The analysis of testing results showed that dielectric capacitivity of magnetic liquid components affects many physical-chemical phenomenons in the process of its synthesis. It is important that the behaviour of sorption processes on the surface of dispersed particles depends on dielectric capacitivity. The result of the empirical data research by magnetic liquid colloidal stability shows that with increasing dielectric capacitivity of dispersion medium in relation to stabilizer’s dielectric capacitivity the desorption processes of stabilizer’s molecules from a magnetic particles’ surface increses. As a result, the adsorption layer around particles becomes more incoherent and less competent. It reduces the value of a steric stabilization factor of a magnetic liquid colloidal structure. In practice it leads to deterioration or even loss of colloidal stability of magnetic liquid. The influence of dielectric capacitivity on colloidal stability using the effects of interparticle interaction is less important. To summarize, the article proves a dielectric E-criterion that can be used to provide rationale for the choice of SAM-stabilizer for magnetic liquids. According to this criterion, dielectric capacitivity of a dispersion medium should be slightly different from the similar property of SAM-stabilizer. Otherwise, molecule desorption processes of SAM from magnetic particles encourage quality degradation of covering adsorption layers, so colloidal stability worsens.Forcitation:Bolotov A.N., Novikov V.V., Novikova O.O. On dependence of colloidal stability of magnetic liquid on stabilizer dielectric capacitivity and dispersion medium. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 4. P. 75-81.

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Pal, Anusuya, Amalesh Gope, and Germano Iannacchione. "Temperature and Concentration Dependence of Human Whole Blood and Protein Drying Droplets." Biomolecules 11, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11020231.

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The drying of bio-colloidal droplets can be used in many medical and forensic applications. The whole human blood is the most complex bio-colloid system, whereas bovine serum albumin (BSA) is the simplest. This paper focuses on the drying characteristics and the final morphology of these two bio-colloids. The experiments were conducted by varying their initial concentrations, and the solutions were dried under various controlled substrate temperatures using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The droplet parameters (the contact angle, the fluid front, and the first-order image statistics) reveal the drying process’s unique features. Interestingly, both BSA and blood drying droplets’ contact angle measurements show evidence of a concentration-driven transition as the behavior changes from non-monotonic to monotonic decrease. This result indicates that this transition behavior is not limited to multi-component bio-colloid (blood) only, but may be a phenomenon of a bio-colloidal solution containing a large number of interacting components. The high dilution of blood behaves like the BSA solution. The ring-like deposition, the crack morphology, and the microstructures suggest that the components have enough time to segregate and deposit onto the substrate under ambient conditions. However, there is insufficient time for evaporative-driven segregation to occur at elevated temperatures, as expected.

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Bosch, Julian, Katja Heister, Thilo Hofmann, and Rainer U. Meckenstock. "Nanosized Iron Oxide Colloids Strongly Enhance Microbial Iron Reduction." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 1 (November 13, 2009): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00417-09.

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ABSTRACT Microbial iron reduction is considered to be a significant subsurface process. The rate-limiting bioavailability of the insoluble iron oxyhydroxides, however, is a topic for debate. Surface area and mineral structure are recognized as crucial parameters for microbial reduction rates of bulk, macroaggregate iron minerals. However, a significant fraction of iron oxide minerals in the subsurface is supposed to be present as nanosized colloids. We therefore studied the role of colloidal iron oxides in microbial iron reduction. In batch growth experiments with Geobacter sulfurreducens, colloids of ferrihydrite (hydrodynamic diameter, 336 nm), hematite (123 nm), goethite (157 nm), and akaganeite (64 nm) were added as electron acceptors. The colloidal iron oxides were reduced up to 2 orders of magnitude more rapidly (up to 1,255 pmol h− 1 cell− 1) than bulk macroaggregates of the same iron phases (6 to 70 pmol h− 1 cell− 1). The increased reactivity was not only due to the large surface areas of the colloidal aggregates but also was due to a higher reactivity per unit surface. We hypothesize that this can be attributed to the high bioavailability of the nanosized aggregates and their colloidal suspension. Furthermore, a strong enhancement of reduction rates of bulk ferrihydrite was observed when nanosized ferrihydrite aggregates were added.

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Bouthier, Louis-Vincent, and Thomas Gibaud. "Three length-scales colloidal gels: The clusters of clusters versus the interpenetrating clusters approach." Journal of Rheology 67, no. 3 (May 2023): 621–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/8.0000595.

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Typically, in quiescent conditions, attractive colloids at low volume fractions form fractal gels structured into two length scales: the colloidal and the fractal cluster scales. However, when flow interferes with gelation colloidal fractal gels, it may display three distinct length scales [Dagès et al., Soft Matter 18, 6645–6659 (2022)]. Following those recent experimental investigations, we derive two models that account for the structure and the rheological properties of such atypical colloidal gels. The gel elasticity is inferred from scaling arguments, and the structure is translated into scattering intensities following the global scattering functions approach proposed by Beaucage and, typically, measured in small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). In both models, we consider that the colloids condensate into fractal clusters. In the clusters of the clusters model, the clusters form superagregates that then build the gel network. In the interpenetrating clusters model, the clusters interpenetrate one another to form the gel network. Those two models are then used to analyze rheo-SAXS experiments carried out on carbon black gels formed through flow cessation.

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Poon, Wilson C. K. "Colloidal Glasses." MRS Bulletin 29, no. 2 (February 2004): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2004.35.

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AbstractThis article reviews recent advances in understanding amorphous glassy states in dense colloidal suspensions with or without short-range interparticle attractions. Experiments, theory, and simulation show that two kinds of glassy states are possible, dominated respectively by repulsion and attraction. Under suitable conditions, a small change in the interparticle potential can lead to a transition between these two kinds of colloidal glasses that entails sharp changes in material properties such as the shear modulus. This may provide novel routes for fine-tuning the properties of industrial pastes and slurries.

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Polwart, Ewan, Ruth L. Keir, Christine M. Davidson, W. Ewen Smith, and Daran A. Sadler. "Novel SERS-Active Optical Fibers Prepared by the Immobilization of Silver Colloidal Particles." Applied Spectroscopy 54, no. 4 (April 2000): 522–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702001949690.

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A novel sensor based upon surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been constructed by immobilizing colloidal silver particles onto the distal end of an optical fiber. This same single fiber was then used to both transport the exciting laser radiation and collect the Raman scattering from analytes sorbed onto the colloidal particles. The colloidal particles were immobilized by functionalization of the end of the optical fiber with (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane prior to immersion of the fiber in silver colloid. Spectra were obtained from both 4-(5′-azobenzotriazol)3,5-dimethoxyphenylamine and crystal violet. The within-batch variation of a set of five fibers has been measured as approximately 10%. Raman imaging experiments demonstrated that the effects due to spatial variations in the intensity of the SERS recorded over the distal end of the fiber are removed by the use of a multimode fiber.

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Wette, Patrick, Hans Joachim Schöpe, and Thomas Palberg. "Comparison of colloidal effective charges from different experiments." Journal of Chemical Physics 116, no. 24 (June 22, 2002): 10981–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1480010.

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Romero-Cano, M. S., A. M. Puertas, and F. J. de las Nieves. "Colloidal aggregation under steric interactions: Simulation and experiments." Journal of Chemical Physics 112, no. 19 (May 15, 2000): 8654–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.481466.

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Fojtik, Anton, Horst Weller, S. Fiechter, and Arnim Henglein. "Preparation of colloidal silicon and preliminary photochemical experiments." Chemical Physics Letters 134, no. 5 (March 1987): 477–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(87)87176-2.

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Tian, Jiting, Walter Kob, and Jean-Louis Barrat. "Are strongly confined colloids good models for two dimensional liquids?" Journal of Chemical Physics 156, no. 16 (April 28, 2022): 164903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0086749.

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Quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) colloidal hard-sphere suspensions confined in a slit geometry are widely used as two-dimensional (2D) model systems in experiments that probe the glassy relaxation dynamics of 2D systems. However, the question to what extent these quasi-2D systems indeed represent 2D systems is rarely brought up. Here, we use computer simulations that take into account hydrodynamic interactions to show that dense quasi-2D colloidal bi-disperse hard-sphere suspensions exhibit much more rapid diffusion and relaxation than their 2D counterparts at the same area fraction. This difference is induced by the additional vertical space in the quasi-2D samples in which the small colloids can move out of the 2D plane, therefore allowing overlap between particles in the projected trajectories. Surprisingly, this difference in the dynamics can be accounted for if, instead of using the surface density, one characterizes the systems by means of a suitable structural quantity related to the radial distribution function. This implies that in the two geometries, the relevant physics for glass formation is essentially identical. Our results provide not only practical implications on 2D colloidal experiments but also interesting insights into the 3D-to-2D crossover in glass-forming systems.

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De Araújo, Cid B., Albert S. Reyna, and Nathália Talita C. Oliveira. "Controlling light with light in silver-nanospheres and gold-nanorods colloids." Mundo Nano. Revista Interdisciplinaria en Nanociencias y Nanotecnología 13, no. 24 (November 8, 2019): 1e—16e. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ceiich.24485691e.2020.25.69614.

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A review is presented on recent research that demonstrate the control of light-by-light in colloids containing silver-nanospheres (Ag-NS) and gold-nanorods (Au-NR). The presentation is based on experiments performed with pulsed lasers by exploiting the ultrafast electronic nonlinearity of samples exhibiting cubic-quintic nonlinearities. Guiding and confinement of light induced by optical vortex solitons in colloidal suspensions of Ag-NS, and nonlinear processes of light scattering, absorption and refraction in colloids with Au-NR were investigated in the experiments. The results are analyzed by numerical simulations based on modified nonlinear Schrödinger equations. The developments herein discussed are in the forefront of interest for plasmonic applications with metal nanoparticles.

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Ma, Wen Jie, and Yu Ren Wang. "Effect of Dispersion Medium and Dominated Evaporation on the Pattern Formation of Colloidal Suspension." Advanced Materials Research 228-229 (April 2011): 732–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.228-229.732.

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We study the effect of dispersion medium and dominated evaporation on the drying process and pattern of thin liquid layer colloidal suspention. Panasonic camera is used to capture the drying process and macroscopic pattern. It is shown that drying patterns are sensitive to the dispersion medium. As the volume ratio of ethanol in aqueous ethanol colloidal suspension increases, the evaporation rate increases, and film in the center becomes smaller and thinner, obvious broad-ring pattern can be observed. We suggest that difference in dispersion medium changes the evaporation rate, which has a direct proportional variation with strength of Marangoni convection. Furthermore, convection strength has great influence on self-assembly of colloid particles and the pattern formation of colloidal suspension. We design two simple experiments to change the evaporation rate and convection strength in order to verify the conclusion above. Broad-ring patterns with spray-like round edge at higher evaporation rate are obtained. Uniform film forms at lower evaporation rate.

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Petit, Gaëtan, Romain Hernandez, Simon Raffy, Aurélien Cuche, Lorena Soria Marina, Michele D’Amico, Etienne Palleau, and Laurence Ressier. "Electrostatically Driven Vertical Combinatorial Patterning of Colloidal Nano-Objects." Colloids and Interfaces 7, no. 1 (January 15, 2023): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids7010006.

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The hierarchically directed assembly of multiple types of colloidal nano-objects on surfaces is of interest for developing disruptive applications combining their original properties. We propose herein a versatile, electrostatically driven strategy to arrange various kinds of colloids vertically in the shape of 3D micropatterns by nanoxerography. We made the proof of concept of this vertical combinatorial nano-object patterning using two types of photoluminescent CdSe(S)/CdZnS core/shell nanoplatelets emitting in the red and green wavelengths as model colloidal nanoparticles. The key experimental parameters were investigated to tune the thickness of each independent level of nanoplatelets within the vertical stack. We finally applied such a concept to make dual-colored nanoplatelet patterns. Interestingly, we proved numerically that the relatively high index of the nanoplatelet level is responsible for the partially directed emissions observed in photoluminescence experiments.

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Okubo, Tsuneo, Akira Tsuchida, Takashi Okuda, Kouji Fujitsuna, Masamichi Ishikawa, Tomoji Morita, and Toshihiro Tada. "Kinetic analyses of colloidal crystallization in microgravity — aircraft experiments." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 153, no. 1-3 (August 1999): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-7757(98)00474-9.

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Eriksson, Rasmus, Heikki Pajari, and Jarl B. Rosenholm. "Shear modulus of colloidal suspensions: Comparing experiments with theory." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 332, no. 1 (April 2009): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2008.12.034.

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Moghimi, Esmaeel, Alan R. Jacob, and George Petekidis. "Residual stresses in colloidal gels." Soft Matter 13, no. 43 (2017): 7824–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sm01655g.

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Chuang, S. H., T. C. Chang, C. F. Ouyang, and J. M. Leu. "Colloidal silica removal in coagulation processes for wastewater reuse in a high-tech industrial park." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2007): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.054.

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Four experiments of coagulation and flocculation were conducted to investigate the characteristics of colloidal silica removal in a high-tech industrial wastewater treatment plant for reclamation and reuse of the effluent. Experimental results illustrated that poly-aluminium chloride (PACl) showed higher performances on colloidal silica removal than alum. Interestingly, the two coagulants demonstrated the same capacity on silica removal. The specific silica removal capacity was approximately 0.135 mg SiO2/mg Al2O3 when the dosage of coagulants was in the range 30–150 mg/L Al2O3. In addition, the silica was reduced significantly at the condition of pH above 8. Experimental data implied that precipitation of aluminium flocs was the major mechanism for colloid silica removal in PACl and alum coagulation, besides, charge adsorption was also important for improving removal efficiency. Moreover, the addition of polyacrylic acid (PAA) as a flocculant could slightly advance silica removal in the PACl coagulation. The combined PACl/PAA/flocs coagulation was effective for the removal of colloidal silica, soluble COD, and turbidity and also suitable as a pretreatment unit in wastewater reclamation and reuse processes.

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Koumakis, Nick, Esmaeel Moghimi, Rut Besseling, Wilson C. K. Poon, John F. Brady, and George Petekidis. "Tuning colloidal gels by shear." Soft Matter 11, no. 23 (2015): 4640–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sm00411j.

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Using a powerful combination of experiments and simulations we demonstrate how the microstructure and its time evolution are linked with mechanical properties in a frustrated, out-of-equilibrium, particle gel under shear.

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Tu, Shujie, Xiaoming Liu, and Hongjiang Cai. "Effect of gravity on colloidal particle transport in a saturated porous medium: Analytical solutions and experiments." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 5, 2022): e0275644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275644.

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The colloidal particle transport process in all porous media from laboratory to nature is affected by gravity. In this paper, a mathematical model of colloidal particle migration in a saturated porous medium with the gravity effect is established by combining the gap velocity (advection) with the settling velocity (gravity effect), and an analytical solution of the particle migration problem with time variation of the particle injection intensity is obtained using an integral transformation. The correctness and rationality of the analytical solution are verified by comparing the experimental and theoretical results of the particle migration problem in the point-source transient injection mode. The analytical solution can easily analyze the colloid transport experimental data in a variety of seepage directions. Analysis of the influence of seepage velocities in three different seepage directions on particle transport parameters shows: under the same seepage direction, the peak value of the breakthrough curve increased with an increase in the seepage velocity. The dispersion, adsorption coefficient, and deposition rate decreased with an increase in the seepage velocity. Under the same seepage velocity, the peak value of the breakthrough curve from large to small was vertically downward (VD)> horizontal (H)> vertically upward (VU), the order of dispersion from large to small was vertically downward (VD)>horizontal (H) >vertically upward (VU), the order of the adsorption coefficient and deposition rate of particles from large to small was vertically upward (VU)> horizontal (H) >vertically downward (VD), and the smaller the seepage velocity, the greater the relative differences in the peak value of the breakthrough curve, dispersion, the particle adsorption coefficient, and the deposition rate in the different seepage directions. Therefore, gravity is an important mechanism of particle migration in saturated porous media. The larger the particle size and density were, the smaller the seepage velocity was and the more obvious the effect of gravity. The findings of this study can help for better understanding of colloidal transport properties in porous media under the coupled effects of gravity and hydrodynamics.

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Ibanez, Jorge, and Ana Sofía Covarrubias-Montero. "Distance Learning: Homemade Colloidal Silver." Natural Science and Advanced Technology Education 31, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/nat2022-1.05.

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To continue the experimental education of Chemical Engineering students during the SARS-Covid 19 pandemic, our school opted for assembling laboratory kits for each one of them and sending them by courier service to their homes. This arose much interest and was particularly successful in an Electrochemistry and Corrosion elective course, because up to 25 experiments were performed in each of the Fall 2020 and Spring 2021 semesters. By having their kits at home, students were also able to design experiments on their own. One such experiment –the preparation of a colloidal silver solution– only required readily available kit materials and some other home and kitchen items to produce an easily observable Ag colloidal solution. Lower classes (e.g., General Chemistry, High School Chemistry) should be able to reproduce this experiment as well. The entire procedure can be completed in 1 h.

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Falk, G. "Electrophoresis in Membrane Separation Processes: From Lab to Field Scale Experiments." Key Engineering Materials 314 (July 2006): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.314.257.

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In this paper results of electrophoretically activated processes for domestic wastewater treatment in lab and field scale experiments are presented. The principal mechanisms of non-membrane and membrane based electrokinetic solid liquid separation by electrophoresis are described. In the case of non-membrane based electrokinetic wastewater treatment a modular processing scheme is suggested in order to achieve economically and ecologically suitable processing conditions based on colloidal wastewater characteristics. In the case of membrane based electrokinetic waste water treatment an effective anti-membrane fouling process is designed controlled by colloidal characteristics of the wastewater, especially zetapotential, as well as external field parameters and microfiltration module geometries. The specific energy input of the membrane based and non-membrane based electrophoretic waste water treatment methodologies are compared and future perspectives of electrokinetic activated waste water purification processes are proposed.

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Alessandri, I., N. Bontempi, and L. E. Depero. "Colloidal lenses as universal Raman scattering enhancers." RSC Adv. 4, no. 72 (2014): 38152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra07198k.

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Asnaghi, D., M. Carpineti, and M. Giglio. "Recent Developments in Aggregation Kinetics." MRS Bulletin 19, no. 5 (May 1994): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400036514.

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Colloidal aggregation is a very old field of research. The basic mechanism that controls the stability of colloidal solutions has been described in the celebrated papers of Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek (DLVO), and indeed the prevention of undesired aggregation is one of the primary concerns in many industrial processes involving colloids. In the last 10 years a resurgence of interest in aggregation rather than in stability has been spurred by a number of fortuitous coincidences. Both through simulations and experiments, it was realized that colloidal aggregates exhibit a fractal nature. More importantly, it was found that there are two universal modes of aggregation, irrespective of the type of colloidal system. The aggregates grown according to these modes have different fractal dimensions, different reaction kinetics, and different mass distributions. The two modes are called diffusion-limited cluster aggregation (DLCA) and reaction-limited cluster aggregation (RLCA), according to whether the probability that a bond formed as a consequence of an encounter is equal to, or much smaller than one, respectively. The study of these limiting cases has been the object of extensive studies in the late 1980s, and many of the features of these modes are by now well understood.This article describes some recent results in the area of colloidal aggregation. Although we present mostly static light-scattering data from our laboratory, connections to similar work from other groups are also discussed. For the convenience of the reader, we start by recalling some of the relevant features of both DLCA and RLCA.

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Deein, G., W. Thimdee, and K. Matsunaga. "Bioavailable colloidal iron in river water originated from the forest." Marine and Freshwater Research 53, no. 1 (2002): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf00145.

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In samples of water from five sites on the Shukunohe, Ohno and Kunebetsu rivers, Japan, most of the filterable iron (<0.45 m) was colloidal iron (0.45–0.025 m). There was a correlation between dissolved iron and colloidal iron; both are assumed to be associated with humic substances, since the carbon isotope ratio of colloidal organic substances on glass-fibre filters corresponded to the ratio of mountain humic soil. In culture experiments, the freshwater phytoplankton Melosira granulata var. angustissima f. spiralis grew rapidly in a medium containing colloidal iron, to a maximum of ~250 000 cells mL–1. However, there was little growth with amorphous colloidal iron and no growth in control medium containing ~0.1 M dissolved Fe. In a multispecies phytoplankton culture, colloidal iron also promoted growth, with a maximum of ~60 g Chl-a L–1. These results indicated the bioavailability of colloidal iron.

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Grybos, Malgorzata, Delphine Masson, Pauline Gorgeon, Patrice Fondanèche, Nicolas Martin, Fabrice Dupuy, Emmanuel Joussein, and Valentin Robin. "Bioavailability of Colloidal Iron to Heterotrophic Bacteria in Sediments, and Effects on the Mobility of Colloid-Associated Metal(loid)s." Minerals 12, no. 7 (June 25, 2022): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12070812.

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The submicrometric fraction of surface sediments that accumulate in the bottom of dam reservoirs represent important sources of nutrients and contaminants in freshwater systems. However, assessing their stability in the presence of sediment bacteria as well as their bioavailability in the sediment remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that sediment’s bacteria are able to extract nutrients from sedimentary colloids (<1 µm fraction) and thus contribute to the release of other colloid-associated elements to water. Experiments were performed under laboratory conditions, using the submicrometric fractions of sediments recovered from two dam reservoirs (in calcareous and crystalline granitic contexts) and two heterotrophic bacteria (Gram-negative Pseudomonas sp. and Gram-positive Mycolicibacterium sp.). The results demonstrated that bacteria were able to maintain their metabolic activity (the acidification of the growth medium and the production of organic ligands) in the presence of colloids as the sole source of iron (Fe) and regardless of their chemical composition. This demonstrates that bioavailable Fe, aside from ionic forms, can also occur in colloidal forms. However, the bacteria also catalyzed the release of potentially toxic metallic elements (such as Pb) associated with colloids. These results help improve our understanding of the processes that influence contaminants’ mobility in the ecosystems as well as provide an important insight into current research evaluating the bioavailability of different forms of nutrients.

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Newton, Arthur C., T. Anh Nguyen, Sandra J. Veen, Daniela J. Kraft, Peter Schall, and Peter G. Bolhuis. "Modelling critical Casimir force induced self-assembly experiments on patchy colloidal dumbbells." Soft Matter 13, no. 28 (2017): 4903–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sm00668c.

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Anisotropic colloidal dumbbell particles suspended in a binary liquid mixture interact via critical Casimir forces, which can be modeled with effective potentials by viewing the particle as a rigid construct composed of spheres.

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Boxall, Colin, and Geoff H. Kelsall. "Photoelectrophoresis of colloidal semiconductors. Part 2.—Transient experiments on TiO2particles." J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 87, no. 21 (1991): 3547–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/ft9918703547.

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Tirado-Miranda, M., C. Haro-Pérez, M. Quesada-Pérez, J. Callejas-Fernández, and R. Hidalgo-Álvarez. "Effective charges of colloidal particles obtained from collective diffusion experiments." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 263, no. 1 (July 2003): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9797(03)00324-2.

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Eckert, Tobias, Matthias Schmidt, and Daniel de las Heras. "Sedimentation path theory for mass-polydisperse colloidal systems." Journal of Chemical Physics 157, no. 23 (December 21, 2022): 234901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0129916.

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Both polydispersity and the presence of a gravitational field are inherent to essentially any colloidal experiment. While several theoretical works have focused on the effect of polydispersity on the bulk phase behavior of a colloidal system, little is known about the effect of a gravitational field on a polydisperse colloidal suspension. We extend here the sedimentation path theory to study sedimentation–diffusion–equilibrium of a mass-polydisperse colloidal system: the particles possess different buoyant masses but they are otherwise identical. The model helps to understand the interplay between gravity and polydispersity on sedimentation experiments. Since the theory can be applied to any parent distribution of buoyant masses, it can also be used to study the sedimentation of monodisperse colloidal systems. We find that mass-polydispersity has a strong influence in colloidal systems near density matching for which the bare density of the colloidal particles equals the solvent density. To illustrate the theory, we study crystallization in sedimentation–diffusion–equilibrium of a suspension of mass-polydisperse hard spheres.

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Leppard, Gary G. "Transmission Electron Microscopy Applied to Water Fractionation Studies - A New Look at DOC." Water Quality Research Journal 20, no. 2 (May 1, 1985): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1985.021.

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Abstract Research on the particle-mediated transport of “bound pollutants” tends to be conducted in the absence of a proper definition of particle and with a minimal consideration of colloidal phenomena. Recent developments in the use of transmission electron microscopy to monitor water fractionation schemes are providing a technology to correct this situation. This review summarizes the current status of the routine application of TEM in monitoring such schemes and in extending them into new areas of water research. It summarizes new findings on DOC relating to the extensive interpenetration of aggregated DOC “particles” with their aquatic milieu. Also, it relates colloidal phenomena to artifact generation in filter cascade schemes and in "particle-pollutant" interaction experiments. The usefulness of TEM in defining the ultrastructure of carbon-rich particulate materials and in elucidating colloid-particle interactions is demonstrated, as is the relevance of such measures to understanding pollutant dispersion.

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Siepmann, R., F. von der Kammer, and U. Förstner. "Colloidal transport and agglomeration in column studies for advanced run-off filtration facilities - particle size and time resolved monitoring of effluents with flow-field-flowfractionation." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 12 (December 1, 2004): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0700.

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The efficiency of road run-off filtration facilities based on ion-exchange materials is reduced by pollutants which are transported bound to particles. To quantify the factors governing particle transport phenomena, a simplified model consisting of quartz sand-filled columns representing the filter/soil was set up. Suspensions of artificial clays, cold water-extracted natural clays, and real run-off were used as model effluents. Five experiments were performed: breakthrough of a natural soil suspension, remobilization of a natural soil suspension after ionic strength-drop, the same two experiments with a suspension of the artificial clay mineral Laponite, and the remobilization of run-off accumulated on a column at high ionic strength with an ionic strength down-gradient. Short-interval effluent fractions were analysed by flow-field-flowfractionation (F4) to obtain the size distributions of the colloids present. The size distributions of subsequent fractions were then plotted in a staggered arrangement to give three-dimensional graphs that are time- and particle size-resolved. With this method the subsequent release of different agglomerate sizes formed on the column could be shown for the artificial clay mineral, questioning its use as a model colloid. The combined particle size- and time-resolved plots proved to be a powerful tool for monitoring colloidal solids in column effluents.

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Williams, Ian, Erdal C. Oğuz, Hartmut Löwen, Wilson C. K. Poon, and C. Patrick Royall. "The rheology of confined colloidal hard disks." Journal of Chemical Physics 156, no. 18 (May 14, 2022): 184902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0087444.

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Colloids may be treated as “big atoms” so that they are good models for atomic and molecular systems. Colloidal hard disks are, therefore, good models for 2d materials, and although their phase behavior is well characterized, rheology has received relatively little attention. Here, we exploit a novel, particle-resolved, experimental setup and complementary computer simulations to measure the shear rheology of quasi-hard-disk colloids in extreme confinement. In particular, we confine quasi-2d hard disks in a circular “corral” comprised of 27 particles held in optical traps. Confinement and shear suppress hexagonal ordering that would occur in the bulk and create a layered fluid. We measure the rheology of our system by balancing drag and driving forces on each layer. Given the extreme confinement, it is remarkable that our system exhibits rheological behavior very similar to unconfined 2d and 3d hard particle systems, characterized by a dynamic yield stress and shear-thinning of comparable magnitude. By quantifying particle motion perpendicular to shear, we show that particles become more tightly confined to their layers with no concomitant increase in density upon increasing the shear rate. Shear thinning is, therefore, a consequence of a reduction in dissipation due to weakening in interactions between layers as the shear rate increases. We reproduce our experiments with Brownian dynamics simulations with Hydrodynamic Interactions (HI) included at the level of the Rotne–Prager tensor. That the inclusion of HI is necessary to reproduce our experiments is evidence of their importance in transmission of momentum through the system.

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Pastore, Raffaele, Massimo Pica Ciamarra, Giuseppe Pesce, and Antonio Sasso. "Connecting short and long time dynamics in hard-sphere-like colloidal glasses." Soft Matter 11, no. 3 (2015): 622–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4sm02147a.

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Jamal, Syed A., and Qiang Ye. "Hydroxyapatite-Based Colloidal Gels Facilitate the Proliferation and Migration of Chondrocytes and the Adhesion of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells." International Scholarly Research Notices 2014 (December 29, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/935689.

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Collective movement of cells that have been delivered on biomaterials for transplantation purposes would be a desirable attribute that would promote wound healing, cell proliferation, and eventual growth and regeneration of damaged organs. We hypothesized that colloidal gels made from hydroxyapatite (HA) and poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) particles will be conducive to the growth and migration of porcine chondrocytes, will allow the adhesion of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells, and will have negligible effects on the cell cycle of these cells. Then, we performed experiments designed to assess the viability and migratory properties of porcine chondrocytes studded on nanosized HA/PLGA particles. Our experiments show that porcine chondrocytes migrated in and around a hydroxyapatite-based biomaterial that could be described as a colloidal gel. Cells in the colloidal gel demonstrated unidirectional movement. Cells were seen to be extending lamellae and were followed by other cells.

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Liu, Yi, Jerzy Bławzdziewicz, Bogdan Cichocki, Jan K. G. Dhont, Maciej Lisicki, Eligiusz Wajnryb, Y. N. Young, and Peter R. Lang. "Near-wall dynamics of concentrated hard-sphere suspensions: comparison of evanescent wave DLS experiments, virial approximation and simulations." Soft Matter 11, no. 37 (2015): 7316–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sm01624j.

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Lebyedyeva, Tetyana, Yuriy Minov, Maksym Prylutskyi, Pavlo Sutkovyi, Yurii Frolov, and Pavlo Shpylovyy. "Application of the "Plazmontest" Software and Hardware Complex for the Determination of Spermine Concentration." Cybernetics and Computer Technologies, no. 1 (April 28, 2023): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.34229/2707-451x.23.1.5.

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Introduction. One of the main areas of application of SPR sensors is biochemical analysis. The "Plasmontest" device, developed at the Institute of Cybernetics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, was used for rapid diagnosis of various concentrations of the tumor marker spermine. Colloidal gold nanoparticles stabilized by sodium citrate were used as a sensitive layer for the detection of biogenic polyamines as markers of prostate cancer development. Two methods of conducting an experiment on spermine detection using colloidal gold nanoparticles are proposed. The purpose of the paper is to show the possibility of detecting the tumor marker spermine in different concentrations using the "Plasmontest" device. To solve this problem it is necessary to provide a series of experiments on the application of colloidal gold solutions with different methods of deposition of reagents. The results. With the help of the "Plasmontest" software and technical complex, a series of biochemical experiments were carried out using solutions of spermine in the concentration range of 50 nM - 500 nM and colloidal gold in a concentration of 3·10-4 M. Two methods of applying reagents were proposed: spermine – colloidal gold and colloidal gold – spermine. Both techniques made it possible to observe a shift in the SPR angle, which means the adsorption of spermine on the surface of a gold film with colloidal gold nanoparticles. Conclusions. It is shown that the developed software and technical complex "Plasmontest" allows monitoring the course of biochemical reactions at low concentrations of the investigated reagents. Studies of the possibility of detecting spermine in different concentrations in the presence of gold nanoparticles using the PPR method open the prospect of creating a biosensor for spermine. Keywords: surface plasmon resonance, biosensor, nanoparticles, spermine.

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Huang, Dan, Zhongyu Ren, Xiaoyu Li, and Qi Jing. "Mechanism of Stability and Transport of Chitosan-Stabilized Nano Zero-Valent Iron in Saturated Porous Media." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 5115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105115.

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Chitosan-stabilized nano zero-valent iron (CTS-nZVI) prepared by the liquid-phase reduction method has been shown to achieve a good dispersion effect. However, there has been little analysis on the mechanism affecting its stability and transport in saturated porous media. In this paper, settling experiments were conducted to study the stabilization of CTS-nZVI. The transport of CTS-nZVI in saturated porous media at different influencing factors was studied by sand column experiments. The stability mechanism of CTS-nZVI was analyzed from the point of view of colloidal stability by settling experiments and a zeta potential test. The theoretical model of colloidal filtration was applied for the calculation of transport coefficients on the basis of the column experiments data. Considering attachment–detachment effects, a particle transport model was built using HYDRUS-1D software to analyze the transport and spatial distribution of CTS-nZVI in a sand column.

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Urbani, Raphael, Fabian Westermeier, Benjamin Banusch, Michael Sprung, and Thomas Pfohl. "Brownian and advective dynamics in microflow studied by coherent X-ray scattering experiments." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 23, no. 6 (October 6, 2016): 1401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577516012613.

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Combining microfluidics with coherent X-ray illumination offers the possibility to not only measure the structure but also the dynamics of flowing samples in a single-scattering experiment. Here, the power of this combination is demonstrated by studying the advective and Brownian dynamics of colloidal suspensions in microflow of different geometries. Using an experimental setup with a fast two-dimensional detector and performing X-ray correlation spectroscopy by calculating two-dimensional maps of the intensity auto-correlation functions, it was possible to evaluate the sample structure and furthermore to characterize the detailed flow behavior, including flow geometry, main flow directions, advective flow velocities and diffusive dynamics. By scanning a microfocused X-ray beam over a microfluidic device, the anisotropic auto-correlation functions of driven colloidal suspensions in straight, curved and constricted microchannels were mapped with the spatial resolution of the X-ray beam. This method has not only a huge potential for studying flow patterns in complex fluids but also to generally characterize anisotropic dynamics in materials.

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Goehring, Lucas, Joaquim Li, and Pree-Cha Kiatkirakajorn. "Drying paint: from micro-scale dynamics to mechanical instabilities." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 375, no. 2093 (April 3, 2017): 20160161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0161.

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Charged colloidal dispersions make up the basis of a broad range of industrial and commercial products, from paints to coatings and additives in cosmetics. During drying, an initially liquid dispersion of such particles is slowly concentrated into a solid, displaying a range of mechanical instabilities in response to highly variable internal pressures. Here we summarize the current appreciation of this process by pairing an advection-diffusion model of particle motion with a Poisson–Boltzmann cell model of inter-particle interactions, to predict the concentration gradients in a drying colloidal film. We then test these predictions with osmotic compression experiments on colloidal silica, and small-angle X-ray scattering experiments on silica dispersions drying in Hele–Shaw cells. Finally, we use the details of the microscopic physics at play in these dispersions to explore how two macroscopic mechanical instabilities—shear-banding and fracture—can be controlled. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Patterning through instabilities in complex media: theory and applications.’

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Park, Jae Sung, and David Saintillan. "Direct Numerical Simulations of Electrophoretic Deposition of Charged Colloidal Suspensions." Key Engineering Materials 507 (March 2012): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.507.47.

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Motivated by applications in the field of nanomanufacturing, we perform large-scale numerical simulations of the electrophoretic deposition of suspensions of charged colloids in an electrolyte. A simulation method is developed to model the full deposition process that captures linear electrophoresis, dipolar interactions, van-der-Waals forces, steric interactions, Brownian motion, as well as electric and hydrodynamic interactions with the electrodes. Using a fast algorithm, suspensions of up to 5,000 particles are simulated, and results are reported for the final deposit microstructure as a function of field strength. The simulation results demonstrate that regular crystalline colloidal assemblies are obtained at low field strengths and volume fractions, while more random structures with frequent defects are formed in stronger fields and at higher volume fractions, in agreement with recent deposition experiments.

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Westermeier, Fabian, David Pennicard, Helmut Hirsemann, Ulrich H. Wagner, Christoph Rau, Heinz Graafsma, Peter Schall, M. Paul Lettinga, and Bernd Struth. "Connecting structure, dynamics and viscosity in sheared soft colloidal liquids: a medley of anisotropic fluctuations." Soft Matter 12, no. 1 (2016): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sm01707f.

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Whittle, Martin, Brent S. Murray, Jianshe Chen, and Eric Dickinson. "Simulation and Experiments on Colloidal Particle Capture in a Shear Field." Langmuir 16, no. 25 (December 2000): 9784–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la001061d.

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Juniper, Michael P. N., Urs Zimmermann, Arthur V. Straube, Rut Besseling, Dirk G. A. L. Aarts, Hartmut Löwen, and Roel P. A. Dullens. "Dynamic mode locking in a driven colloidal system: experiments and theory." New Journal of Physics 19, no. 1 (January 13, 2017): 013010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aa53cd.

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Peruski, Kathryn M., Melody Maloubier, Daniel I. Kaplan, Philip M. Almond, and Brian A. Powell. "Mobility of Aqueous and Colloidal Neptunium Species in Field Lysimeter Experiments." Environmental Science & Technology 52, no. 4 (February 7, 2018): 1963–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b05765.

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Boek, Edo S., Hemant K. Ladva, John P. Crawshaw, and Johan T. Padding. "Deposition of Colloidal Asphaltene in Capillary Flow: Experiments and Mesoscopic Simulation†." Energy & Fuels 22, no. 2 (March 2008): 805–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef700670f.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Colloidal Experiments'

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