Academic literature on the topic 'Collius indicus'

Depue & Collins associate dopaminergically mediated incentive motivational processes with extraversion. In this commentary I consider dopaminergic indices from neuroimaging investigations which correlate more closely with impulsive sensation seeking personality traits than with extraversion. Measures of relevant behavioural processes also appear to correlate with personality measures other than extraversion.

Shrayana Bhattacharya, Desperately Seeking Shah Rukh: India’s Lonely Young Women and the Search for Intimacy and Independence (Harper Collins, 2021), 445 pp., ₹699 (Paperback). ISBN: 978-93- 5489-193-9.

During the 1920s and 1930s, women's clubs in California and throughout the nation took up the cause of Indian reform. These clubwomen brought national attention to the conditions and repressive policies under which Indian peoples across the country lived. In alliance with John Collier and Pueblo Indians, California clubwomen waged effective political campaigns, agitating for Indian religious freedom, the protection of tribal lands, and Native self-determination. Commissioner of Indian Affairs under Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Collier has long been considered the major architect of reformist policies with regard to Indians, yet the clubwomen were the primary individuals motivating him to take up Indian reform. The unexpected alliance forged between John Collier, the clubwomen, and Native Americans was the effective force that brought Indian reform to the nation.

<b>Biometric measurements were taken on 40 dogs of both sexes, 20 females and 20 males of Border Collies. Half of the population of each sex, i.e. 10 animals (active dogs), were either currently participating in dog frisbee competitions or had recently finished their sporting careers due to age. The other half (part) of the examined Border Collies, i.e. 10 females and 10 males, were animals that were not active in sports (non-active dogs). Most of the dogs came from Polish kennels but there were also Border Collies from other countries. The following measurements were taken: trunk length, height at withers, chest girth, fore limb (metacarpal) girth, thigh length, shank length, foot length and body weight. The collected results were processed statistically and indexes of trunk length, massiveness, eurysomia and boniness were calculated. It was found that Border Collie are characterized by some biometric traits (indexes) similar to Polish hunting dogs and Polish hounds and some of their indexes are also similar to the domestic breeds of Polish sheepdogs and Polish charts. Conducted biometric analysis showed only few, i.e. concerning height at withers of females and body weight of males statistically significant differences between examined groups of Border Collies. Consequently, there was no positive verification of the research hypothesis, which assumed that the value of traits and biometric indicators of Border Collie is different in jumping dogs in connection with their participation in various disciplines of dog competition. However, it can be assumed that for the needs of the developing sports cynology, there will be a need to select dogs with predispositions for athletic performance, and a useful tool to achieve this goal will be the analysis of biometric traits of dogs. The results of measurements collected in this study and the indices calculated on their basis also extend the biometric database of Border Collie dogs.

Les réseaux sociaux sont de plus en plus utilisés en écologie pour représenter et analyser la structure sociale. Modéliser la structure sociale permet de mieux comprendre les processus de transmission des maladies et de l’information entre les individus, ainsi que les bénéfices de la socialité sur la valeur adaptative des individus. Jusqu’à maintenant peu d’études ont identifié les déterminants et les conséquences des associations sociales. De surcroît, on connaît peu sur l’influence du type de données comportementales et du choix de l’indice d’association sur la structure des réseaux sociaux. Ma maîtrise explore les déterminants et conséquences de la socialité de même que l’impact du type de données pour la construction de réseaux sociaux grâce à la disponibilité de différents types de données comportementales et au suivi à long terme de la population de mouflons d’Amérique (Ovis canadensis) à Ram Mountain en Alberta. J’ai comparé trois réseaux sociaux construits avec trois types de données comportementales: co-occurrence dans un groupe, fréquence de proximité à ≤ 1,5 mètre et interactions agonistiques pour quantifier dans quelle mesure ces trois réseaux représentant la structure sociale des brebis adultes étaient similaires. Pour ce faire, j’ai contrasté des mesures individuelles et de réseaux. L’approche fréquemment utilisée d’utiliser les groupes pour inférer les associations sociales se révèle imparfaite: à l’intérieur d’un groupe, les associations sociales ne sont pas égales entre tous les membres. Ce travail souligne l’importance de choisir le type de données qui permet de répondre aux questions biologiques d’intérêt. Or, il semble que pour la population étudiée, les réseaux construits avec la composition de groupe et avec les évènements de proximité soient pertinents dans des contextes différents. Par conséquent, j’ai utilisé les évènements de proximité qui font appel à une association à fine échelle pour identifier les déterminants des associations entre les dyades. Pour une dyade, il y a un effet positif de la similarité du statut reproducteur sur la fréquence des associations pour les années 2011 et 2012. L’apparentement, la similarité en âge ou en rang de dominance n’influence pas la fréquence d’association d’une dyade. Quant au niveau de sociabilité à l’échelle individuelle, les brebis plus jeunes sont les plus centrales dans les réseaux sociaux et donc les plus sociables. Mes travaux de maîtrise amènent un nouveau regard sur l’étude de la socialité chez les animaux grâce à l’utilisation de réseaux sociaux pour explorer les déterminants et conséquences des associations sociales.

De devenir un pays autosuffisant, voir exportateur pour certains produits (riz, fruits tropicaux, cacao), qu'elle devait importer autrefois. 2- au niveau social et politique, la mise en valeur de ces régions, ne sont pas un facteur d'amélioration des conditions de vie des migrants. Elle contribue à l'expansion de la frontière agricole et du capitalisme dans la forêt. Les colons places dans une situation nouvelle, ou l'économie de marche est plus développée que dans les villages andins, n'ont pas les moyens de s'opposer aux groupes dominants, dont ils sont tributaires, tant pour la commercialisation des produits cultives, que pour l'acquisition de biens de consommation. Ceci étant, l'impact de ces "fronts de pénétration" sur les populations amazoniennes, accentue encore plus cette situation. Ainsi cette ouverture est un aspect de l'expansion civilisatrice de la société nationale vis a vis de certaines ethnies, comme les chimanes dans la province ballivian. Ce groupe selvicole, fractionne en de nombreux groupes locaux indépendants et fonctionnant sur la base d'une économie d'autosuffisance (pêche, chasse, horticulture), s'affronte aux paysans andins dénommés "collas" et aussi aux boliviens locaux appelés "cambas". Les chimanes insérés dans un contexte nouveau, où les "fronts" se caractérisent par un ensemble de facteurs dissociatifs, se voient soumis à une suite de défis, qui les conduisent a des transfigurations successives des fondements de leur identité ethnique. Les effets de cette interaction sont : début de l'expropriation de leurs terres, qui ne sont encore pas reconnues par la législation; enrolement comme main-d'oeuvre dont la rétribution salariale est remplacée par des produits non-utilitaires : l'alcool par exemple; début de sédentarisation; acquisition de formes nouvelles de propriété, rupture des relations d'échange traditionnel, finalement, accumulation progressive des problèmes sociologiques et psychologiques, engendres par l'imposition d'un mode de vie contraire a la culture chimane.

Face a la variabilite spatiale et temporelle de la qualite locale de l'environnement, les individus doivent recolter et utiliser des informations pour faire des choix optimaux. Dans le contexte de la selection de l'habitat de reproduction, le succes reproducteur local des congeneres dans un habitat donne a recemment ete suggere comme l'un des meilleurs indices disponibles revelant la qualite locale, car il integre en un seul parametre l'information concernant l'ensemble des facteurs affectant localement la reproduction. Cette these s'est attachee a tester en detail l'utilisation de cet indice dans la selection de l'habitat, en utilisant differentes approches. La stabilite evolutive d'une strategie de selection de l'habitat de reproduction basee sur le succes reproducteur local a ete estimee par une approche theorique. Des approches empirique et experimentale ont ensuite cherche a tester en detail l'utilisation de cet indice dans les decisions de selection de l'habitat (decisions de partir et de s'installer) chez le gobe-mouche a collier ficedula albicollis, ainsi que les processus de recolte de l'information par les comportements de prospection. Le risque de predation au nid, et les couts de reproduction potentiels et perturbations dues aux manipulations, egalement susceptibles d'influencer le choix de l'habitat chez cette espece, ont ete consideres. Ces differentes approches suggerent que l'utilisation du succes reproducteur local comme un indice revelant la qualite locale des differents habitats potentiels dans les processus de selection de l'habitat de reproduction semble etre une strategie largement favorisee et repandue dans la nature, y compris chez des especes pour lesquelles les processus de recolte de l'information devraient a priori etre couteux. Cet indice pourrait cependant etre utilise pour evaluer differentes composantes de la qualite locale, et son utilisation pourrait entrer en interaction avec d'autres decisions strategiques liees a la reproduction.

A logical progression from the maturing field of colloidal semiconductor quantum dots to the emerging subclass of impurity-doped colloidal semiconductor nanoparticles is underway. To this end, the present work describes the formation and analysis of a new form of Tin-doped Indium Oxide (ITO). The form is that of a colloidal dispersion comprised of pure-phase, 4-6 nanometer ITO particles possessing an essentially single crystalline character. This system forms a non-agglomerated, optically clear solution in a variety of non-polar solvents and can remain in this state, at room temperature, for months and potentially, years. ITO is the most widely used member of the exotic materials family known as Transparent Conductive Oxides (TCOs) and is the primary enabling material behind a wide variety of opto-electronic device technologies. Material synthesis was achieved by initiating a series of interrelated nucleophilic substitution reactions that provided sufficient intensity to promote doping efficiencies greater than 90% for a wide range of tin concentrations. The optical clarity of this colloidal system allowed the intrinsic properties of single crystalline ITO particles to be evaluated prior to their use in thin-films or composite structures. Monitoring the temporal progression of n-type degeneracy by its effects on the optical properties of colloidal dispersions shed light on the fundamental issues of particle formation, band filling (Burstein-Moss) dynamics, and the very origin of n-type degeneracy in ITO. Central to these studies was the issue of excess electron character. The two limiting cases of entirely free and entirely confined electron motion were evaluated by application of bulk-like band dispersion analysis and the effective mass approximation, respectively. This provided a means to estimate the number of excess conduction band electrons present within an individual particle boundary. The ability to control and optimize the level of n-type degeneracy within the colloidal ITO nanoparticle form by compositional variation was also demonstrated. A key to the widespread adoption of a new material by industry is an ability to produce multi-gram and perhaps, kilogram quantities with no significant sacrifice in quality. Accordingly, a modified synthesis process was developed to allow for the mass production of high-quality colloidal ITO nanocrystals.

Introducció. Un determinat percentatge dels pacients intervinguts de cirurgia cardíaca presenten durant el període postoperatori una síndrome de vasoplejia (Síndrome clínica de Resposta Inflamatòria Sistèmica- SIRSc), arribant fins i tot a desenvolupar alguns d'ells un quadre de xoc distributiu (SIRSc-Greu). Canvis en els valors de la pressió coloidosmótica plasmàtica podrien jugar un paper important en el desenvolupament d'aquestes entitats. L'objectiu general d'aquest estudi és analitzar la relació entre els valors de pressió coloidosmótica plasmàtica i l'aparició de SIRSc i SIRSc-Greu en pacients sotmesos a una cirurgia cardíaca. Material i mètodes. Es va efectuar un estudi prospectiu en 214 pacients consecutius intervinguts de cirurgia cardíaca en el nostre centre durant el període de juny a desembre de 2018. Es va efectuar un seguiment dels valors de pressió coloidosmótica plasmàtica durant els tres primers dies de el període postoperatori utilitzant les fórmules proposades per Landis-Pappenheimer, Nematbakhsh-Moradi i l'Índex de Briones. Es va analitzar la relació existent entre els nivells de pressió coloidosmótica plasmàtica i l'aparició de la síndrome de vasoplejia postoperatòria (SIRSc), i el quadre de xoc distributiu (SIRSc-Greu). Resultats. En el postoperatori immediat dels pacients tractats amb una cirurgia cardíaca es va produir una reducció significativa dels valors de pressió coloidosmótica, que es van mantenir disminuïts de forma estable al llarg dels tres primers dies de període postoperatori. Un 77,5% dels pacients avaluats van desenvolupar una síndrome de vasoplejia postoperatòria (SIRSc) durant els tres primers dies del postoperatori, sense que aparegués una relació significativa entre els valors de la pressió coloidosmótica i el quadre de SIRSc. El percentatge de pacients que van presentar un xoc distributiu (SIRSc-Greu) al llarg de el període postoperatori va ser de l'12,1%. Vam poder apreciar una relació significativa entre els valors de pressió coloidosmótica plasmàtica i el risc d'aparició de SIRSc-Greu. Els pacients amb uns valors de pressió coloidosmótica inferiors als 18,5 mmHg van comptar amb un risc significativament superior de patir un SIRSc-Greu. El percentatge de SIRSc-Greu en els pacients amb valors de pressió coloidosmótica plasmàtica superiors a 18,5 mmHg durant el primer dia postoperatori (n = 155, 72,4%) va ser de l'5,2%, mentre que en els pacients amb uns valors inferiors a 18,5 mmHg (n = 69, 27,6%) aquest va ser de l'27,6%. Es va poder apreciar una relació significativa entre el diagnòstic de SIRSc-Greu i l'aparició de complicacions postoperatòries, un increment en la durada de l'ingrés a la Unitat de Cures Intensives post-Cirurgia Cardíaca, així com un increment en la durada de el període d'ingrés hospitalari . Els pacients que van presentar valors de pressió coloidosmótica plasmàtica inferiors a 18,5 mmHg durant el període postoperatori immediat van tenir un risc 4,5 vegades superior de patir l'aparició de complicacions postoperatòries. Conclusions. En els pacients intervinguts de cirurgia cardíaca es va produir un descens significatiu en els valors de pressió coloidosmótica plasmàtica en les primeres 72 h de l'postoperatori. Hi ha una relació significativa entre nivells de pressió coloidosmótica plasmàtica inferiors a 18,5 mmHg al llarg d'aquest i l'aparició d'un xoc distributiu i de complicacions postoperatòries.
Introducción. Un determinado porcentaje de pacientes intervenidos de cirugía cardíaca presentan durante el periodo postoperatorio un síndrome de vasoplejia (Síndrome clínico de Respuesta Inflamatoria Sistémica- SIRSc), llegando incluso a desarrollar algunos de ellos un cuadro de shock distributivo (SIRSc-Grave). Cambios en los valores de la presión coloidosmótica plasmática podrían jugar un papel importante en el desarrollo de estas entidades. El objetivo general del presente estudio es analizar la relación entre los valores de presión coloidosmótica plasmática y la aparición de SIRSc y SIRSc-Grave en pacientes tratados con una cirugía cardíaca. Material y métodos. Se efectuó un estudio prospectivo en 214 pacientes consecutivos intervenidos de cirugía cardíaca en nuestro centro durante el periodo de junio a diciembre de 2018. Se efectuó una monitorización de los valores de presión coloidosmótica plasmática durante los tres primeros días del periodo postoperatorio utilizando las fórmulas propuestas por Landis-Pappenheimer, Nematbakhsh-Moradi y el Índice de Briones. Se analizó la relación existente entre los niveles de presión coloidosmótica plasmática y la aparición del síndrome de vasoplejia postoperatoria (SIRSc), y el cuadro de shock distributivo (SIRSc-Grave). Resultados. En el postoperatorio inmediato de los pacientes tratados con una cirugía cardíaca se produjo una reducción significativa de los valores de presión coloidosmótica, que se mantuvieron disminuidos de forma estable a lo largo de los tres primeros días de periodo postoperatorio. Un 77,5% de los pacientes evaluados desarrollaron un síndrome de vasoplejia postoperatoria (SIRSc) durante los tres primeros días del postoperatorio, sin que apareciera una relación significativa entre los valores de la presión coloidosmótica y el cuadro de SIRSc. El porcentaje de pacientes que presentaron un shock distributivo (SIRSc-Grave) a lo largo del periodo postoperatorio fue del 12,1%. Pudimos apreciar una relación significativa entre los valores de presión coloidosmótica plasmática y el riesgo de aparición de SIRSc-Grave. Los pacientes con unos valores de presión coloidosmótica inferiores a los 18,5 mmHg contaron con un riesgo significativamente superior de sufrir un SIRSc-Grave. El porcentaje de SIRSc- Grave en los pacientes con valores de presión coloidosmótica plasmática superiores a 18,5 mmHg durante el primer día postoperatorio (n=155, 72,4%) fue del 5,2%, en tanto que en los pacientes con unos valores inferiores a 18,5 mmHg (n=69, 27,6%) éste fue del 27,6%. Se pudo apreciar una relación significativa entre el diagnóstico de SIRSc-Grave y la aparición de complicaciones postoperatorias, un incremento en la duración del ingreso en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos post-Cirugía Cardíaca, así como un incremento en la duración del periodo de ingreso hospitalario. Los pacientes que presentaron valores de presión coloidosmótica plasmática inferiores a 18,5 mmHg durante el periodo postoperatorio inmediato tuvieron un riesgo 4,5 veces superior de sufrir la aparición de complicaciones postoperatorias.Conclusiones. En los pacientes intervenidos de cirugía cardíaca se produjo un descenso significativo en los valores de presión coloidosmótica plasmática en las primeras 72h del postoperatorio. Existe una relación significativa entre niveles de presión coloidosmótica plasmática inferiores a 18,5 mmHg a lo largo de este y la aparición de un shock distributivo y de complicaciones postoperatorias.
Introduction. During the postoperative period, a certain percentage of patients undergoing cardiac surgery have vasoplegia syndrome (Clinical Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome- SIRSc), some of them even developing a distributional shock chart (Severe-SIRSc. Changes in plasma colloid osmotic pressure values could play an important role in the development of these entities. The general objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between plasma colloid osmotic pressure values and the appearance of SIRSc and Severe-SIRSc in patients treated with cardiac surgery. Material and methods. A prospective study was carried out in 214 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery in our center during the period from June to December 2018. Monitoring of plasma colloid osmotic pressure values was carried out during the first three days of the postoperative period using the formulas proposed by Landis-Pappenheimer, Nematbakhsh-Moradi and the Briones Index. The relationship between the levels of plasma colloid osmotic pressure and the appearance of postoperative vasoplegia syndrome (SIRSc), and the distributional shock chart (Severe-SIRSc) was analyzed. Results. In the immediate postoperative period of the patients treated with cardiac surgery, there was a significant reduction in the colloid osmotic pressure values, which remained stable in the first three days of the postoperative period. 77.5% of the evaluated patients developed a postoperative vasoplegia syndrome (SIRSc) during the first three postoperative days, without showing a significant relationship between the colloid osmotic pressure values and the SIRSc chart. The percentage of patients who presented a distributional shock (Severe- SIRSc) throughout the postoperative period was 12.1%. We were able to appreciate a significant relationship between plasma colloid osmotic pressure values and the risk of developing Severe- SIRSc. Patients with colloid osmotic pressure values less than 18.5 mmHg had a significantly higher risk of suffering a Severe-SIRSc. The percentage of Severe-SIRSc in patients with plasma colloid osmotic pressure values greater than 18.5 mmHg during the first postoperative day (n = 155, 72.4%) was 5.2%, whereas in patients with values below 18.5 mmHg (n = 69, 27.6%) this was 27.6%. A significant relationship between the diagnosis of Severe-SIRSc and the appearance of postoperative complications, an increase in the duration of the Intensive Care Unit stay after Cardiac Surgery, as well as an increase in the duration of the hospital stay, could be seen. Patients who presented plasma colloid osmotic pressure values below 18.5 mmHg during the immediate postoperative period had a 4.5 times higher risk of developing postoperative complications. Conclusions. In patients undergoing cardiac surgery, there was a significant decrease in plasma colloid osmotic pressure values in the first 72 hours postoperatively. There is a significant relationship between plasma colloid osmotic pressure levels below 18.5 mmHg throughout this and the appearance of distributional shock and postoperative complications.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Fabrication and analysis of Copper Indium Gallium di-Selenide (CIGS) nanoparticles-based thin film solar cells are presented and discussed. This work explores non-traditional fabrication processes, such as spray-coating for the low-cost and highly-scalable production of CIGS-based solar cells. CIGS nanoparticles were synthesized and analyzed, thin CIGS films were spray-deposited using nanoparticle inks, and resulting films were used in low-cost fabrication of a set of CIGS solar cell devices. This synthesis method utilizes a chemical colloidal process resulting in the formation of nanoparticles with tunable band gap and size. Based on theoretical and experimental studies, 100 nm nanoparticles with an associated band gap of 1.33 eV were selected to achieve the desired film characteristics and device performances. Scanning electron microcopy (SEM) and size measurement instruments (Zetasizer) were used to study the size and shape of the nanoparticles. Electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) results confirmed the presence of the four elements, Copper (Cu), Indium (In), Gallium (Ga), and Selenium (Se) in the synthesized nanoparticles, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed the tetragonal chalcopyrite crystal structure. The ultraviolet-visible-near infra-red (UV-Vis-NIR) spectrophotometry results of the nanoparticles depicted light absorbance characteristics with good overlap against the solar irradiance spectrum. The depositions of the nanoparticles were performed using spray-coating techniques. Nanoparticle ink dispersed in ethanol was sprayed using a simple airbrush tool. The thicknesses of the deposited films were controlled through variations in the deposition steps, substrate to spray-nozzle distance, size of the nozzle, and air pressure. Surface features and topology of the spray-deposited films were analyzed using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The deposited films were observed to be relatively uniform with a minimum thickness of 400 nm. Post-annealing of the films at various temperatures was studied for the photoelectric performance of the deposited films. Current density and voltage (J/V) characteristics were measured under light illumination after annealing at different temperatures. It was observed that the highest photoelectric effect resulted in annealing temperatures of 150-250 degree centigrade under air atmosphere. The developed CIGS films were implemented in solar cell devices that included Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) and Zinc Oxide (ZnO) layers. The CdS film served as the n-type layer to form a pn junction with the p-type CIGS layer. In a typical device, a 300 nm CdS layer was deposited through chemical bath deposition on a 1 $mu$m thick CIGS film. A thin layer of intrinsic ZnO was spray coated on the CdS film to prevent shorting with the top conductor layer, 1.5 μm spray-deposited aluminum doped ZnO layer. A set of fabricated devices were tested using a Keithley semiconductor characterization instrument and micromanipulator probe station. The highest measured device efficiency was 1.49%. The considered solar cell devices were simulated in ADEPT 2.0 solar cell simulator based on the given fabrication and experimental parameters. The simulation module developed was successfully calibrated with the experimental results. This module can be used for future development of the given work.

This chapter applies a person-centered ethnographic approach to examine how African cultural change and racial mixture within Native American communities contributed to new definitions of being and belonging and the relationship these definitions share with historical and contemporary race-making practices in the United States. Drawing on life histories obtained during the creation of the Smithsonian’s traveling banner exhibit IndiVisible: African-Native American Lives in the Americas and evidence from the anthropological and historical records, the author, Robert Keith Collins, traces changing racial attitudes among Native Americans toward African populations living among them as citizens and slaves, the relationship between African cultural change and sense of being and belonging, and manifestations of Native American racism. Collins concludes by highlighting how all of these areas influence historical and future understandings of the dynamics of African and Native American racial mixture and African-Native American self-understanding and experiences of belonging within Native America.

Abstract An Indian agent in Provo, George Armstrong, sends a letter to Brigham Young about what he’s heard about the massacre, and it seems to back up John D. Lee’s report. Between Lee and Armstrong, Young has now heard terrible falsehoods about the slain emigrants and that Indians carried out the massacre on their own. In early October, after the U.S. troops ignore Young’s warning and martial law declaration and continue to advance towards Utah’s settlements, Mormon militiamen accost and burn dozens of army supply wagons. Almost simultaneously, hundreds of miles south in the environs outside of Las Vegas, Indians and their Mormon Indian interpreters steal the cattle herd of the California-bound Turner-Dukes-Collins train.

This chapter shows how the contradictions and frustrations surrounding veterans came to a head with the onset of the “Indian New Deal” initiated by Franklin D. Roosevelt's Indian commissioner, John Collier. As Collier pushed his agenda of reform and return to communal landholding on Indian reservations, patriotism became the privileged weapon of an active minority of veterans spearheading resistance to the New Deal. Moreover, World War II proved a very favorable moment to realize a rhetorical and organizational connection that linked patriotism, the conservative defense of Indians' civic rights, and the rising tide of termination. At the end of the 1940s, the World War I generation reached the peak of its influence in Indian country and demonstrated the complexity of Indian patriotism. A new generation of Indian soldiers was soon to take their place. They would turn ceremonies popularized with World War I into a new, modern Indian tradition.

Rapid Electrokinetic Patterning (REP) is a technique used to gather suspended colloidal particles at a planar electrode surface. REP is capable of gathering colloids using very simplistic electrode geometry. Two parallel plate electrodes are used to supply an AC electric field, and an infrared laser is required to heat the surface. Gold and indium tin oxide (ITO) on glass slides have been used as electrode material. Experiments were conducted using ITO coated glass slides, a 980 nm infrared laser, one-micron red fluorescent polystyrene particles, and an aqueous KCl solution. An inverted Nikon Eclipse microscope was used, and video was captured using a PCO Sensicam camera.