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1
Gabbas, Marco. "Collectivization and National Question in Soviet Udmurtia." Russian History 47, no. 4 (September 8, 2021): 309–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763316-12340015.
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Abstract The subject of this article is the collectivization of agriculture in Soviet Udmurtia at the turn of the 1930s. Situated in the Urals, Udmurtia was an autonomous region, largely agricultural, and with a developing industrial center, Izhevsk, as capital. The titular nationality of the region, the Udmurts, represented slightly more than 50% of the total inhabitants, while the rest was made up by Russians and other national minorities. Udmurts were mostly peasants and concentrated in the countryside, whereas city-dwellers and factory workers were mostly Russians. Due to these and other circumstances, collectivization in Udmurtia was carried out in a very specific way. The campaign began here in 1928, one year before than in the rest of the Union, and had possibly the highest pace in the country, with 76% of collectivized farms by 1933. The years 1928–1931 were the highest point of the campaign, when the most opposition and the most violence took place. The local Party Committee put before itself the special task to carry out a revolutionary collectivization campaign in the Udmurt countryside, which should have been a definitive solution to its “national” backwardness and to all its problems, from illiteracy to trachoma, from syphilis to the strip system (that is, each family worked on small “strips” of land far from each other). The Party Committee failed to exert much support from the peasant Udmurt masses, which stayed at best inert to collectivization propaganda, or opposed it openly. However, the back of the Udmurt peasantry was finally broken, and Udmurtia was totally collectivized by the end of the 1930s.
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Chroust, David Zdeněk. "Keeping Soviet Russia in the Czech Diaspora?" Canadian-American Slavic Studies 49, no. 4 (2015): 453–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22102396-04904006.
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The Hospodář was a twice-monthly magazine for Czech farmers in America, launched in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1891. In the 1920s it became more international as the United States shut out immigrants from Eastern Europe. The Soviet Union became a leading subject in its editorials, columns and especially the hundreds of reader letters published every year. Transnational families were a window into the Czech communities in Volhynia and Crimea. Social Democrats, Communists and others argued about the Soviet Union’s merits as a workers’ and peasants’ state. Agronomist Stanislav Kovář became a regular columnist in Vologda and then Novorossiisk on the NEP and then collectivization in Soviet agriculture. Tolerant, largely written by readers, without political or religious affiliation, and international, the Hospodář was a productive forum for experience, imagination and discourse in the international Czech diaspora on the early Soviet Union.
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Margolin, Victor. "Stalin and Wheat: Collective Farms and Composite Portraits." Gastronomica 3, no. 2 (2003): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2003.3.2.14.
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In late 1939, USSR in Construction, the Soviet propaganda magazine, published a special issue on the Stalin Collective Farm in the Ukraine. The inside front cover of the magazine contained an anonymous paean to socialist farming, attributing its success to the foresight and support of Joseph Stalin, the nation's leader. On the page flanking the euphoric opening text was a near full-page portrait of Comrade Stalin composed of multi-hued grains including millet, alfalfa, and poppy. Grain, or the absence thereof, was fundamental to the development of collective farms in the Soviet Union. By early 1929, government pressure to form large state-run farms had increased and Stalin declared war on the kulaks, or rich peasants. The kulaks responded by killing their livestock, destroying their crops, and demolishing their homesteads. Nonetheless, collectivization, backed by the Party apparatus, continued relentlessly. Needless to say, none of the resistance to collectivized agriculture was evident in USSR in Construction's depiction of life on the Stalin Collective Farm. At the end of the issue, the apparent happiness and prosperity of the workers were attributed to the virtues of socialism. In the later 1930s, with the inauguration of Stalin's "cult of personality," the nation was consistently equated with Stalin himself, hence the choice of his profile for the composite grain portrait. The seamlessness with which a multitude of grains could become a composite portrait of the nation's leader shows how successfully the Soviet government was able to rewrite the history of agricultural collectivization. The pain, loss, and resistance of the small landowners was successfully obliterated and replaced by a new narrative in which collective farm workers prospered and found happiness within a political system that was now synonymous with the beneficence of a single individual, Joseph Stalin.
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Haytoğlu, E., and A. Zh Arkhymatayeva. "Justification of politics during the Soviet Stalinist era in Kazakhstan from a historical point of view." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 132, no. 3 (2020): 68–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2020-132-3-68-83.
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The main aspects in historical development of the Republic of Kazakhstan were Stalin’s s policy in the 20 – 30s of the twentieth century which was famous as “the Great Repression”. The article was written on the basis of different researches and the historical record. It provides information on eliminating the traditional structure in Kazakhstan by the Soviet government in Stalin’s time, measures to weaken the social and economic forms of the traditional agriculture of the Kazakh people, the country’s industrialization policy, mass collectivization and creation of collective and State farms, the policy on confiscation of the wealthy peasants’ property and challenges related to the population decline. To establish the socialist structure based on the ideology of economy, the political structure and the culture in the Soviet time was carried out with unprecedented extent in the mentality of Kazakh society and consequences of ambiguity which have not occurred in the past .It is significant to realize general trends in the social transformations of the Eurasian multicultural space, the modernization and the culture in order to study this unique experience. The current situation analysis of the scientific knowledge requires understanding Kazakh history from a conceptual viewpoint and clarifying a number of events of selected period. Kazakhstan passed the difficult path in restructuring of a new policy, the economy and the social culture as part of the Soviet Union.
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Demidov, Sergeĭ S. "Nikolai Nikolaevich Luzin at the crossroads of the dramatic events of the European history of the first half of the 20th century." Studia Historiae Scientiarum 20 (September 13, 2021): 317–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2543702xshs.21.012.14043.
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Nikolai Nikolaevich Luzin’s life (1883–1950) and work of this outstanding Russian mathematician, member of the USSR Academy of Sciences and foreign member of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, coincides with a very difficult period in Russian history: two World Wars, the 1917 revolution in Russia, the coming to power of the Bolsheviks, the civil war of 1917–1922, and finally, the construction of a new type of state, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. This included collectivization in the agriculture and industrialization of the industry, accompanied by the mass terror that without exception affected all the strata of the Soviet society. Against the background of these dramatic events took place the proces of formation and flourishing of Luzin the scientist, the creator of one of the leading mathematical schools of the 20th century, the Moscow school of function theory, which became one of the cornerstones in the foundation of the Soviet mathematical school. Luzin’s work could be divided into two periods: the first one comprises the problems regarding the metric theory of functions, culminating in his famous dissertation Integral and Trigonometric Series (1915), and the second one that is mainly devoted to the development of problems arising from the theory of analytic sets. The underlying idea of Luzin’s research was the problem of the structure of the arithmetic continuum, which became the super task of his work. The destiny favored the master: the complex turns of history in which he was involved did not prevent, and sometimes even favored the successful development of his research. And even the catastrophe that broke out over him in 1936 – “the case of Academician Luzin” – ended successfully for him.
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Bakhtiyarov, Rustam Suleimanovich, and Alla Vladimirovna Fedorova. "Horse breeding in the Urals in 1922–1941." Samara Journal of Science 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv2021104207.
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This work aims to study the history of one of the most important branches of animal husbandry of the pre-war period horse breeding. The processes taking place in horse breeding largely influenced the results of the development of the entire national economy of the country in the 2030s of the 20th century and the Ural economic region in particular. Normalization of the situation in horse breeding in the late 30s increased the countrys military and economic capabilities in 19411945. After the end of the Civil War in the USSR the total number of horses by 1923 fell by almost 2 times compared to the level of livestock available in the Russian Empire before the outbreak of the First World War. On some territories of the Urals these indicators fell to a larger size. The economic security of the state was put at risk, since horse-drawn transport in the early 20s had virtually no alternative dominance in the countrys economy. Thanks to the measures taken, by 1929 the number of animals managed to return to the pre-revolutionary level up to almost 35 million heads. But the processes of industrialization and collectivization that began, which changed the structure of both the countrys agriculture and the entire economy as a whole, contributed to a sharp displacement of horsepower and a reduction in livestock. If in 1929 the agricultural sector of the USSR was horse-drawn by 96,2% of the energy capacity, by the end of the 30s this figure did not exceed 23%. Therefore, the number of horses from 1930 to 1935 fell from 34,5 million heads to a little more than 14 million. Nevertheless, the leadership of the Soviet Union, realizing the ruinousness of such a policy, took a number of effective measures that allowed during 19351940 to stop the decline in the number of animals and achieve a significant increase in the number of livestock, which by the beginning of 1941 reached 21 million heads. These processes were also characteristic of the regions of the Urals, which during the Great Patriotic War became the most important source of horses for the Red Army and the national economy.
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Khudoyorov, Noyibjon Maripjonovich. "COLLECTIVIZATION POLICY OF THE SOVIET GOVERNMENT IN UZBEKISTAN (AS AN EXAMPLE 1920-1930)." Frontline Social Sciences and History Journal 02, no. 02 (February 1, 2022): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/social-fsshj-02-02-12.
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In this article has been analyzed the collectivization policy of the Soviet government and its implementation, why the Bolsheviks decided to mass collectivize agriculture in the Union in the late 1920s, and how the mechanism for implementing this idea was developed, based on primary sources and scientific literature.
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Mozokhin, O. B. "Participation of the Organs of the OGPU-NKVD of the Soviet Union in the Collectivization of Agriculture." Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 92, S3 (June 2022): S212—S220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1019331622090131.
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Abstract This article analyzes the role of the OGPU-NKVD in carrying out the policy of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on the collectivization of agriculture, and it reports on the protest movements of the peasantry, on individual and collective protests against collectivization, and the suppression of these movements by punitive bodies. The measures of the authorities for the “liquidation of the kulaks as a class” and the organs of the OGPU-NKVD as a mechanism for carrying out repressions are specially studied.
9
Timaralieva, Anzhela Validovna. "Collectivization and dekulakization in Chechnya during the 1920s – 1930s." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 8 (August 2021): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2021.8.35343.
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This article examines the system and methods of transformation of agriculture in Chechnya during the 1920s – 1930s, peculiarities of the main reforms – collectivization and dekulakization, as well as confrontation between the government and society in the course of such transformation. The author analyzes the changes in social sphere, namely the status of kulaks; how the compromise between the government and society improved productivity in agricultural sector. The relevance of this topic is substantiated by the current European economic policy towards Russia. The gaps, results, and implications of the Soviet agrarian policy of this period should serve as lesson for Russia in the future. The scientific novelty lies in revealing common features of the current agrarian policy with collectivization, as well as an alternative approach towards the reform. Import substitution is the example of how to achieve top results without implementation of coercive measures. This reform applies not only to agriculture, but also to other industries, however the emphasis is placed on manufacturing of products for the goods exchange within the country. Such necessity was also observed in the Soviet Union. The modern world, prior to introduction of innovations, turns to the experience of the past, analyze negative and positive sides, and then proceeds to the reforms.
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Kananerova, Elena Nikolaevna. "The Problem of collectivization in Right-Bank Moldova in the Soviet historiography." Человек и культура, no. 3 (March 2021): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8744.2021.3.35816.
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The object of this research is the Soviet historical paradigm in its development. The subject is the achievements of Soviet historians in studying postwar collectivization in Right-bank Moldova. The author dwells on the impact of objective and subjective factors upon the course of historical science during the Soviet period. The article traces the evolution of topics and assessments given in the articles, monographs and collective summary works dedicated to the history of the republic. The novelty of this study is consists in the analysis of the works of Soviet historians from the perspective of modern historical paradigm, which was founded by the scientific school of V. P. Danilov. Examination of the Soviet historiography of collectivization in Right-Bank Moldova allows making the following conclusions: 1) the key problem of Soviet historians consisted in the limited access to archival documents; 2) the agrarian historiography of the problem is often subjective and interprets the information from available archival documents and various statistical records through the prism of generally accepted Soviet ideological attitudes; 3) same as in studying collectivization of the 1920s – 1930s, the topics associated with the violations during collectivization and “dekulakization” remained under the ideological ban; 4) the specificity of historiography of collectivization in Right-Bank Moldova was the significant attention of historians to this problem in the late 1960s – 1970s, which the author believes is associated with L. I. Brezhnev, who was the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the 1951 –1952 and the conventional methods for organizing the collective farms in the republic.
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Goldman, Wendy Z. "Industrial Politics, Peasant Rebellion and the Death of the Proletarian Women's Movement in the USSR." Slavic Review 55, no. 1 (1996): 46–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2500978.
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In December 1927 delegates to the XV Party Congress of the Soviet Union adopted the slogan, “Face toward Production.” Over the next five years, as the Party embarked on a massive effort to industrialize the country and collectivize agriculture, this slogan came to define policy in every area of life. The Party daily exhorted the people to speed up production, increase the harvest, reconstruct agriculture. Workers erected behemoths of heavy industry as artists emblazoned the image of belching smokestacks everywhere, symbols not of pollution but of the transformative promise of industrialization. Stalin and his supporters purged the unions, the planning agencies and the Party of “rightists” who were seen as obstacles to the new tempos of production and the collectivization of agriculture.
12
Kuromiya, Hiroaki. "The Crisis of Proletarian Identity in the Soviet Factory, 1928–1929." Slavic Review 44, no. 2 (1985): 280–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2497751.
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In 1928-29 the drive for rapid industrialization exacerbated economic hardships in the Soviet Union and forced the adoption of food rationing in the major cities.1 Social discontent and social tensions grew more acute. Workers pressed for a tougher line against the educated and privileged classes, and the Stalin leadership responded by promoting a "proletarianization" of the party, government, and educational institutions. In this way the leadership hoped to win working-class support for the revolutionary path on which it was preparing to embark. But the economic hardships provoked by the industrialization drive caused the Stalin leadership to doubt whether it could indeed rely on uniform support. It feared that certain strata of the proletariat would resist the accelerated drive for industrialization and the collectivization of agriculture.
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Шуберт, Татьяна, and Tatyana Shubert. "Stages of Development of the Soviet Statehood of 1917—1940 and their Estimation in Works of Soviet Scientists." Journal of Russian Law 2, no. 7 (September 18, 2014): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/4830.
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In this article the three stages of development of the Russian Constitution (1918, 1925, 1937), are discussed each of represents a certain phase of the constitutional development of the Soviet state. The first stage (1917—1925) is characterized with the transition from capitalism to socialism, the second one stages (1925—1937) is associated with the adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR in 1925, reflecting changes in the state-building — the formation of the unanimous union of the republican states — the USSR and delegating some mostly important items to it, the formation of the new autonomous regions, the end of the civil war and the reconstruction of the national economics. The third stage (1937—1940) is connected with the adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR in 1937 (based on the Stalin Constitution of the USSR), which was characterized with the victory of socialism, the industrialization of the country and the collectivization in the agriculture, sphere of economics, the construction of a society without exploiting classes based on the alliance of the working class and the peasantry.
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Hale-Dorrell, Aaron. "The Soviet Union, the United States, and Industrial Agriculture." Journal of World History 26, no. 2 (2016): 295–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2016.0027.
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Josephson, Paul R. "EMPIRE-BUILDING AND FRONTIER OF SOVIET AND POST-SOVIET TIMES." Ural Historical Journal 73, no. 4 (2021): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2021-4(73)-88-96.
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The paper deals with the strategies of colonization and assimilation of frontier in Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia in relation to, Siberia and the Far East. These frontier spaces were disturbing the Soviet leadership for they were both vulnerable for an external invasion and unsupportive of the new socialist order. Thus, countryside of Soviet Russia was also seen as frontier of its own kind. The conquest of frontier and its integration into the socialist, industrial economy was implemented by Stalinist leadership through the violent collectivization, which was accompanied by colonization in the periphery strengthened by the flow of exiles and labor camp prisoners from the collectivized western areas. From the point of view of Soviet leaders, the frontier territories were both resource pantry and “empty spaces” to settle. To stimulate colonization Soviet government was establishing the “corridors of modernization”, a network of infrastructure, connecting the newly constructed “company towns”, the outposts of frontier conquest. Such politics was simultaneously integrating indigenous peoples of frontier into the socialist economy and destroying their way of life. In spite of efforts of Soviet rulers from Stalin to Brezhnev, the assimilation of frontier did not succeed. However, in the 21st century Russian leadership continues to treat Arctic, Siberia and the Far East along the Soviet lines, as frontier spaces of economic and symbolic conquest and military-political contestation. Unlike the Soviet era, though, nowadays the concept of frontier had found its way into Russian historical and political thought.
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Tsyganenko, Lilia. "Трансформация этнического состава населения украинского Подунавья: к вопросу о переселении молдаван/румын на Дальний Восток (1947-1949 гг.) / Transformation of the Ethnic Combination of the Ukrainian Podunavia Population: on the Issue of the Resettlement of Moldavians/Romanian to the Far East (1947 – 1949)." Supplement 9, no. 1 (July 24, 2021): 84–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.37710/plural.v9i1s_6.
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Based on previously unpublished archive documents (Ismail, Ukraine), the organization and resettlement of parts of the residents from the lower Danube region to South Sakhalin in 1947-1949 are considered. First of all, the resettlement touched the representatives of the Moldovan/Romanian ethnic group living in Reni district. This relocation should be seen as an attempt from the part of the Soviet totalitarian regime to transform the ethnic composition of the region, having evicted the part of the local population to remote corners of the Soviet empire, which, without much enthusiasm, met the socialist changes of the second half of the 1940s and related to the collectivization of agriculture. The age, gender, and quantitative indicators are analyzed. Lists of immigrants to the South Sakhalin in 1947 and 1948 are given.
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Anfertiev, Ivan A. "Stalin’s Liquidation of Kulaks as Class and Organization of the Process of the Soviet Peasantry Proletarianization." Herald of an archivist, no. 4 (2021): 1229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2021-4-1229-1244.
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The article examines various aspects of the recently revealed archival document of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) on the plan of repressive policy against the Soviet peasantry “On measures to eliminate kulak farms in the areas of continuous collectivization.” The author notes that the process of liquidation of kulaks as class, or of depeasantrification, as it is often designated in the historical literature, has been well studied. The first and rather timid attempts to assess the problem in the terms of individual “deformations of socialism” date to the turn the 1990s. At present, the attention is mostly focused on the regional aspect, as over the past three decades there has been made available a complex of sources from local archives, which was previously in closed storage. The article analyzes preconditions of the protest sentiments in the course of mass collectivization undertaken by the party bodies in the center and in the regions, as well as harsh suppression of possible peasant uprisings by punitive bodies, identification and persecution of the instigators. Examination of official party documents on collectivization permits to identify the ideological, social, and economic criteria for ranking Soviet peasants among kulaks. It is concluded that liquidation of kulaks as class on the territory of the USSR was conducted in a very short time and in two stages. At the first stage, in January – March 1930, repressions were to be carried out in the economically developed regions: the Black Earth region, the Middle and Lower Volga region, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Belarus, North Caucasus, Dagestan, Ural, Siberia. The second stage spread them to other regions of Soviet Russia. The author notes an inconsistency in the thesis of positive economic consequences of the mass collectivization and elimination of kulaks as class for industrialization. Taking into account their consequences, the author proposes to consider these two complementary processes initiated by the leadership of the CPSU (B) as a preventive campaign to intimidate the rural population in order to return to the methods of surplus appropriation via formation of the collective farm system. It has been revealed that J.V. Stalin’s plans, in accordance with the Marxist-Leninist doctrine, included a rapid change in socio-economic status of peasants: from relatively free farmers, producers of agricultural products entitled to manage their crops (after paying the taxes) to hired workers, in other words, proletarians. According to the author, the large-scale famine of the first half of the 1930s was a direct consequence of the so-called “revolutionary transformations in agriculture,” the victims of which are still to be accurately calculated.
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Janick, Jules. "Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov: Plant Geographer, Geneticist, Martyr of Science." HortScience 50, no. 6 (June 2015): 772–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.6.772.
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Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov (1887–1943), one of the pioneers of 20th century plant breeding, is best known for seminal work in identifying centers of origins and diversity for cultivated plants. Vavilov studied genetics with William Bateson from 1913 to 1914 at the John Innis Horticultural Institute. In 1921, he was chosen by Vladimir Lenin to head the Branch of Applied Botany in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) and rose to be the Director of the All-Union Institute of Agriculture in Leningrad, where he oversaw agricultural research for the entire country. By 1934, Vavilov established more than 400 research institutes and experiment stations with a staff of 20,000. His efforts established the Soviet Union as a world leader in genetics and plant breeding in the 1920s and early 1930s. Vavilov carried out an extensive series of expeditions worldwide, including the United States, to collect germplasm; and he created the world’s largest repository, over 250,000 seed accessions. However, as a result of famine in the Soviet Union in the late 1920s, partly as a result of forced collectivization of peasants, Vavilov came in conflict with an ambitious agronomist, Trofim Lysenko, who came to prominence with an agricultural technique proposed in 1928, of exposing chilled, soaked seeds of wheat (dubbed vernalization) to extend production in northern areas of Russia. Lysenko’s rejection of Mendelian genetics won the support of Joseph Stalin, leading to the arrest and death sentence of Vavilov, although this was later commuted to 20 years imprisonment. Vavilov died of starvation in prison in 1943, thus entering the select group of martyrs of science along with Gordiano Bruno, Galileo Galilei, Antoine Lavoisier, and Georgii Karpechenko.
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Soloshenko, V. "Zigzags in Cultural Policy of the Soviet Union in the Cold War Epoch." Problems of World History, no. 14 (June 10, 2021): 196–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2021-14-9.
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Presented article has been written based on the report, which was delivered at the International Workshop “The Cultural and Academic Relations between the Eastern Bloc Countries and the West during the Cold War Period” organized by the Ohara Institute for Social Research/Hosei University (Tokyo, Japan) in cooperation with the State Institution “Institute of World History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine” (Kyiv, Ukraine) and Jagielonian University (Krakow, Poland).In order for reading this article to be more accessible for the scholars of post-Soviet countries, far and near abroad, the author, on exceptional basis, used Russian as the language of her research. Because exactly Russian was the language of learning of the author’s Japanese colleagues, professors from the Hosei University / Tokyo and other universities during their studying in the USSR in the Cold War years.The article underlines that accession of Ukraine to the Soviet Union as the Union Republic-co-founder and its commitment to the establishment of the new social and economic system involved a series of public transformations. In the Soviet Union, the industrialization, collectivization, and cultural revolution were conducted, numerous universities, scientific institutions, theatres, and other culture centers were opened. Soviet culture, as officially defined, served the purpose of construction of a socialist society. At the same time, the cultural policy of the Soviet Union had not only the objectives of changing public consciousness, covered the principles of liquidation of private property and repudiation of religion, but also, on the base of communist ideology, it was intended to provide a formation of the «New Soviet Man». The author demonstrated the Cold War influence on the culture of the USSR. The research highlighted that the development of new industries and scientific discoveries of global significance by the Soviet scientists enabled to use to a greater extent of human achievements for further progress and cultural wealth accumulation. The article deals with the achievements and loses in the process of Ukrainian national identity assertion.
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Khristenko, Dmitrii Nikolaevich, and Yuliya Vladimirovna Krasovskaya. "Collectivization and public health system formation in rural Russia." Samara Journal of Science 8, no. 4 (November 29, 2019): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201984215.
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Collectivization in the USSR, without any doubt, became one of the most difficult and tragic pages in the history of our country. Not denying the devastating results of the socialization of agriculture in the 1930s, some positive consequences, nevertheless, should be noted, especially in the public health service. In this paper the authors analyze changes in the public health service for rural residents from the late 19th century to the end of the 1930s. They use various types of historical sources, such as statistical data, studies of Zemstvo leaders, government officials and memoirs of contemporaries. The state policy in the public health, the availability of medical care and the provision of medical personnel, the attitude of the population towards doctors and official medicine and the sanitary and hygienic living conditions of the rural residents are examined in detail. It is concluded that the depressing situation in the public health service for the rural population in pre-revolutionary Russia, aggravated by ignorance, numerous superstitions and distrust of doctors, changed dramatically only after the establishment of the Soviet government. In the process of collectivization in rural areas, an extensive network of hospitals, medical sites, maternity hospitals and pharmacies appeared. As a result, in spite of numerous problems in rural public health, it can be argued that it was in the 1930s that general medical care became an integral part of rural life.
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Dědovský, Daniel. "The Continuity of the Traditional Livelihood of the Altai-Kizhi People in the Post-Soviet Period from the Perspective of Material Culture and Social Change." HISTORICKÁ SOCIOLOGIE 14, no. 2 (November 15, 2022): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23363525.2022.16.
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The livelihood of the Altai-Kizhi people saw two paradigm shifts during the 1900s: forcible collectivization at the turn of the 1930s, and its impromptu deconstruction in the 1990s. This paper observes the changes to the livelihood of the Altai-Kizhi following the collapse of the USSR with a particular focus on the area of material culture and social change. It investigates the issue of continuity of traditional culture patterns in modern society and their importance. Particular attention is paid to the form and function of farming buildings in the context of climatic conditions in the South Siberian Mountains, the veneration of the horse hitching post, the aspect of agriculture, and the relationship of the Altaians to their livestock.
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Miller, Chris. "Soviet Assessments of China after Mao." Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 42, no. 2 (July 9, 2015): 197–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763324-04202005.
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This article examines Soviet analyses of the economic reforms that China implemented during the 1980s under Deng Xiaoping. Many historians have argued that Soviet economic reform efforts during the Perestroika era might have been more successful had the Kremlin more closely followed Chinese efforts. This article shows that Soviet economists and sinologists carefully studied China’s reforms to agriculture, industry, and foreign investment law. By the mid-1980s, the article suggests, a significant section of the Soviet intelligentsia believed that China’s market-based economic reforms were working and that the Soviet Union should learn from them.
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Kamenskaya, Ekaterina V. "“A Window to the World”: Newspapers and Soviet Foreign Correspondents in the 1960s." Russian History 48, no. 3-4 (September 19, 2022): 404–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763316-12340039.
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Abstract The expansion of foreign correspondent networks in the late Soviet period reflected the importance that international news and reporting had for readers of the Soviet press. This article traces the development of one such foreign correspondent network, that of the Soviet newspaper Sel’skaia zhizn’ (Rural Life), one of the most popular and widespread newspapers in the Soviet Union. Although historiographically overlooked in favor of major political newspapers like Pravda (Truth) and Izvestiia (News), Sel’skaia zhizn’ was an important source of foreign news for the rural population of the Soviet Union. The article examines the role of the editorial office of Sel’skaia zhizn’ in creating a correspondent network, tracing the geographical reach of the newspaper’s correspondents (sobkors) and analyzing their activities and different types of publications. While some materials were similar to those published in other Soviet newspapers, the specifically rural audience of Sel’skaia zhizn’ influenced the topics chosen for articles as well as the style of the authors. The newspaper became a practical guide for readers because foreign correspondents provided them with unique information about the development of agriculture abroad. The article provides research into how readers perceived international news and information in Sel’skaia zhizn’, finding that readers expected the newspaper to fulfill their needs and to reflect their own interests, even in the international section.
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Allemann, Lukas. "The Sami of the Kola Peninsula - About the life of an ethnic minority in the Soviet Union." Samisk senters skriftserie, no. 19 (May 15, 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/10.2546.
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<p>With this study of the Sami population in the Russian part of Lapland, Lukas Allemann closes a research gap. The author focuses on the little explored period between the end of the war in 1945 and beginning of perestroika. Applying an oral history approach with biographical interviews the author opens up the inner world and structural relationships of this minority ethnic group. <br />For all the differences, contradictions and diverging assessments of the Soviet era, what emerges from this study is that - contrary to the widespread view expressed in the secondary literature - it was not collectivization and terror, but the forced relocations between the 1930s and 70s that represented the deepest rupture in the life of the Sami. The opinion that it was Soviet rule that initiated the destruction of Sami culture is also relativized. Russification and changes in reindeer herding patterns had set in already before the October Revolution.</p><p>Translated from German language by Michael Lomax.</p><p>Originally published (in German) by:<br />Verlag Peter Lang, 'Menschen und Strukturen' series. Historisch-sozialwissenschaftliche Studien, Ed. Heiko Haumann, Vol. 18, Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, Brussels, New York, Oxford, Vienna, 2010.</p>
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Erokhina, Ol’ga. "Concession Policy of the Soviet Union in Agriculture: A Review of the Recent Historiography." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 2 (May 2021): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.2.10.
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Introduction. The article analyzes the issues of agricultural concession presented in the works of Russian researchers Maxim Matveyevich Zagorulko, Vladimir Viktorovich Bulatov and German historian Marina Schmider. Methods and materials. The monographs are significantly complemented by the already known works on concession policy and practice, as the authors introduce a significant number of new sources and statistics from German and Russian archives and libraries. To provide an objective analysis of the scientific works, the author uses the historical-system and historical-comparative methods. Analysis. The Russian researchers analyze the economic activities of four agricultural concessions: “Druzag”, “Manych”, “Druag”, “Prikumskoye Russo-American Partnership”. They identified factors that influenced the increase or decrease in profitability of the enterprises. M. Schmider focused her attention on changing the attitude of the government and business circles of Germany to the concession policy pursued in the USSR. In addition, it reveals the role of German agricultural concessions in the development of the German economy. The author identified mechanisms of influence on the Soviet leadership, which were used to facilitate the activities of two large agricultural concessions – Manych-Krupp and Druzag. It should be noted that the memoirs of German employees of agricultural concessions helped to recreate the life and activity of Soviet and German workers and employees, compare their working conditions, describe the relationship with the local population and government officials. Results. The authors conclude that the effective management methods and economic activities of these concessions contributed to increasing their competitiveness in comparison with similar Soviet enterprises. However, the activities of the concessions depended not only on the interest of the Soviet leadership in them, but also on the foreign policy relations of Germany and the Soviet state.
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Bakhtiyarov, Rustam S., and Alla V. Fedorova. "Livestock industry of the Urals on the eve of the Great Patriotic War." Samara Journal of Science 9, no. 3 (November 20, 2020): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv202093209.
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The study examines the development of the most important branch of agriculture and livestock farming on the eve of the great Patriotic war of 19411945. The work provides the most important indicators of the livestock development in the USSR as a whole and in the Ural Region in particular after the beginning of agricultural production reconstruction in the Soviet Union on an industrial basis. The authors analyze the reasons that influenced the dynamics of the agricultural livestock sector development in the country after the beginning of collectivization in the Soviet village. The paper contains the facts of the negative impact of the first steps that the leaders of the country and the Ural regions made during the transition to industrial methods of livestock farming. The paper also considers the ways of the identified shortcomings and excesses elimination in the agricultural policy in the 20s30s of the XX century. The paper provides clear evidence that, despite the most serious mistakes in planning the development of the industry in conditions when the bulk of commercial livestock products gradually began to be produced by large collective and state agricultural enterprises rather than by small farms, the states efforts to improve the efficiency of the industry yielded positive results. Compared with previous periods, the marketability of agricultural production in general and the livestock industry in particular significantly increased. For example, in comparison with the pre-revolutionary period, the marketability of meat had risen from 42% to 67% by 1940 as well as the amount of meat produced in the country had increased from 2,4 million tons in the late 20s to 4,2 million tons by 1940. At the same time, the Ural economic area during the period under review, contrary to many established stereotypes, was one of the largest livestock areas in the USSR. In the Soviet Union the share of livestock in agricultural production reached 25,4% while in the Urals it was 28,4%.
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KESSLER, GIJS. "Work and the household in the inter-war Soviet Union." Continuity and Change 20, no. 3 (December 2005): 409–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416005005643.
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The article examines patterns of work and employment in urban households of the inter-war Soviet Union. Drawing on population censuses and time-budget surveys, it analyses trends in labour participation and gainful employment for men, women and different age-groups from the mid-1920s to the late 1930s. Particular attention is devoted to the division of labour within the household. The single most important change over this period was a substantial increase in labour participation rates, in particular among women. This was a direct result of the state-led industrialization drive of the 1930s, which simultaneously caused a booming demand for labour and a rapid decline of real wages. Households reacted to this challenge by increasing the number of working members per household. Self-employment, targeted by state repression from the late 1920s, practically disappeared, leaving paid employment as the only viable form of gainful employment. Within the household, the increase in female labour participation rates put a heavy strain on women, who came to face a double burden of employment and household duties, including child-care. In three-generation extended households, which were the norm at the time, this resulted in a division of labour between the generations, with the household members of working age concentrating on paid employment and the elderly members of the household on child-care and subsidiary agriculture.
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Tsench, Yuliya S. "Agricultural science in the Soviet Union in 1945-1965." Tekhnicheskiy servis mashin, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): 156–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2618-8287-2020-58-2-156-170.
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The law on the five-year plan for the restoration and development of the national economy of the USSR for 1946-50 provided for a significant increase in the volume of agricultural machinery. It was necessary to introduce into agricultural production new high-performance tractors, self-propelled combines, mounted machines with hydraulic control, specialized machines for technical, tilled, forage crops. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in analyzing the achievements of agricultural engineering science in the USSR in 1945-1965. (Materials and methods) Author studied the history of agricultural engineering science development in the USSR in the post-war period on the basis of archival materials and scientific literature. The sources have shown that the creation of new agricultural machinery required the development of research methods, new more effective technologies for design work and the consolidation of efforts of agricultural engineering science, testers and manufacturers of equipment. (Results and discussion) The article presents an analysis of the development of scientific research and technical developments aimed at improving agricultural technologies and agricultural machinery, and intensifying agricultural production. Author have found regional specialized research institutes, specialized design bureaus, and zonal machine-testing stations were established during the period under review. The article notes that the Department of Mechanization of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences has been significantly strengthened. A crucial role in the development of agricultural engineering science played the leading research institutions in the country, the All-Union Scientific and Research Institute of Mechanization of Agriculture, All-Union Institute of Electrification of Agriculture, All-Union Scientific and Research Technological Institute of Repair and Operation of Machine and Tractor Park, Research Tractor Institute and the National Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Agricultural Universities - Moscow, Azov-black sea, Chelyabinsk, Kharkiv institutes of agricultural mechanization, Rostov and Kirovograd institutes of agricultural engineering. (Conclusions) Thanks to the efforts of academic and university scientists, designers and testers, the latest agricultural machines and equipment were created, the introduction of which made it possible to fully meet the country's needs for food and agricultural raw materials.
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Zhukova, Oksana. "“Forward to the bright future of socialism!”: the role of images and symbols in promoting collectivization in Soviet Ukraine." SHS Web of Conferences 63 (2019): 10003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196310003.
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In every country, state symbols such as the national flag, emblem, and national anthems represent the independence and sovereignty of the state. In the Soviet Union as well as in other autocratic states symbols also played an important role in propaganda, influencing peoples’ attitudes to the actions of the state at all levels. These symbols could also be found, together with powerful imagery in posters, on buildings, monuments and many other things visible and incorporated in the routine life the people. Ukraine has huge historical heritage of symbolism and propaganda from when the country was a major part of the USSR. After the creation of the USSR a political, socio-economic, cultural and spiritual experiment on the construction of a communist society, which in the case of Ukraine was unprecedented in scale and tragedy, began. The collectivization of the village is one of the most tragic pages in the history of Ukraine. As the most important grain-growing region of the country at the time its production was vital to feed the growing cities and industrialisation. The forced collectivisation led to starvation in the 1930s and millions of people died. In order to counter this most public information showed people another side of collectivization. Propaganda was used, such as posters and slogans, to persuade the peasants to join the collective farms and to promote the real or fictitious results of the workers, and, conversely, to attack people who did not want to believe in the “bright future” of the USSR and to denounce “kulaks” and “saboteurs”. Materials from archives and published sources show many examples of Ukrainian images and symbols of that time which shed a light on the way the collectivisation process was portrayed and promoted.
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Filep, E., and C. Bichsel. "TOWARDS A RESEARCH AGENDA ON STEPPE IMAGINARIES IN RUSSIA AND THE SOVIET UNION." GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 11, no. 3 (September 29, 2018): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2018-11-3-39-48.
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This article proposes that there is a need for a sustained engagement with and deconstruction of steppe imaginaries in Russian and Soviet literature in the twentieth century. It argues that “steppe” is not solely a term describing a particular environment, but also a pivotal idea which has shaped and shapes identities, cultural assumptions, political reasoning and even geopolitical thought. Based on the review of existing scholarship, the paper demonstrates the centrality of the steppe as a key imaginary for Russian history until the nineteenth century. However, it also reveals that the research on the relevance of such imaginaries for Russian and Soviet political history in the twentieth century is largely absent. Yet, it was during this period that the steppe environments underwent largescale transformations through processes of land reclamation, irrigation development and industrial agriculture.
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MASTEROVOY, ANTON. "What Was Socialist Food and What Comes Next?" Contemporary European History 26, no. 3 (October 3, 2016): 523–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096077731600045x.
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Food in the former Soviet Union remains serious political business. In the summer of 2014, in retaliation against Western sanctions imposed in response to the annexation of Crimea, Vladimir Putin's government decreed an odd brand of ‘self-sanctions’ by forbidding the importation of many foodstuffs from the United States and the European Union. Conservative supporters of President Putin sprang into action, exhorting Russian consumers to embrace the opportunity to develop Russian agriculture while Putin's opponents raised the spectre of late Soviet food shortages. Though starvation does not seem like a genuine threat to modern Russia, the fact that these questions are raised at all requires scholars of food to pay attention to Russia and scholars of Russia to view food as an important aspect of the country's history. Serious studies of food in the Soviet Union and under other socialist regimes are particularly worthy of attention since these socio-economic systems, paradoxically, were best known both for proclaiming an end to hunger and for presiding over chronic shortages if not outright famines.
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Ivanov, S. "The destruction of the Ukrainian village by the holodomor of 1932-1933: criminal laws of the soviet authority." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 71 (August 25, 2022): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.71.4.
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The article considers and analyzes a number of important legal acts adopted by the Union and Republican leadership of the Bolshevik Party during 1932 - 1933. It was made an attempt to demonstrate theirs crime and inhumane nature on the example of repressive actions against the Ukrainian peasantry. It was determined that one of the keys implementation mechanisms of this crime against the Ukrainian peasantry was the establishment of excessive grain supplies, which provided for the planned grain seizure from the peasants to the state’s favour. It is shown that essentially the grain procurement provided not only an opportunity to replenish the stock of bread for sale abroad, but was a convenient and profitable state’s way to deal with the rebellious Ukrainian peasantry. It was found that under the guise of grain procurement, fighting against speculation, embezzlement, and sabotage, the government issued laws that effectively legitimized the extermination of the Ukrainian peasantry. A thorough analysis of a number of regulations adopted by the Soviet authorities during the study period and confirm the thesis of the artificial nature of the Holodomor, which in turn is an extremely important and urgent task in modern historical and legal science to preserve historical memory ukrainians. It has been proved that the legal nihilism of Stalin’s totalitarian dictatorship, embodied in a concentrated form by the anti-peasant laws of 1932-1933, convincingly proves that the Holodomor became one of the largest crimes against humanity in modern human history, that can be qualified as genocide against Ukrainians as a nation and peasants as a class by all criteria. Particular attention is paid to the criminal actions of the Soviet leadership during the forced collectivization of peasant farms and grain companies, as well as the policy of eliminating the kulaks as a class. It has been shown that the main goal of forced collectivization was to create collective farms instead of individual peasant farms, which in turn would facilitate the rapid implementation of grain procurement plans.
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Edele, Mark. "The Soviet Culture of Victory." Journal of Contemporary History 54, no. 4 (February 27, 2019): 780–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009418817821.
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The Soviet Union after the Second World War can serve as a prime example of how victory ’locks in’ a political system. In a mirror image of Wolfgang Schivelbusch’s argument of how ‘cultures of defeat’ encourage social and political innovation, the Soviet ‘culture of victory’ reaffirmed a dictatorial system of government and a command economy based on collectivized agriculture and centrally planned industry. At the same time, however, the war also engendered changes, which played themselves out somewhat subterraneously at first. They include a complex system of veterans’ privileges, a growing welfare state, a more routinized administration, and an economy where individual and family farming played a major role in the provisioning not only of the rural, but also of the urban population. Moreover, counter-narratives and counter-memories of this war could never be completely silenced by the bombastic war cult and would break forth at the end of the Soviet century. Finally, the economic and human costs of this victory were such that they formed a constant dark underbelly to the celebration of the ‘Great Victory’. This article surveys these contradictory legacies of the war and the ways in which they helped shape late Soviet society.
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LAMBERT, KERI. "‘IT'S ALL WORK AND HAPPINESS ON THE FARMS’: AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN THE BLOCS IN NKRUMAH'S GHANA." Journal of African History 60, no. 01 (March 2019): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853719000331.
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AbstractThis study assesses the agricultural sector under the government of Kwame Nkrumah as a dynamic Cold War front. After Ghana's independence in 1957, Nkrumah asserted that the new nation would guard its sovereignty from foreign influence, while recognizing that it needed foreign cooperation and investment. His government embarked upon a development program with an emphasis on diversifying Ghana's agriculture to decrease her dependence on cocoa. Meanwhile, both the United States and the Soviet Union sought to establish footholds in Ghana through agricultural aid, trade, and investments. In the first years of independence, the Ghanaian state encouraged smallholder farming and American investment. Later, in a sudden change of policy, the government established large-scale state farms along the socialist model. This article brings to light the ways that Ghanaians in rural areas engaged with and interpreted the increasingly interventionist agriculture projects and policies of Nkrumah's government.
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Sukhova, Olga A. "Kolkhoz System and Re-Feudalization of Soviet Economy in 1930s — Early 1950s: Limits and Scope of Source Studies Analysis." Herald of an archivist, no. 4 (2018): 1020–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-4-1020-1037.
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The article reveals specifics of formation and interpretation of еру document collections that bespeak of a return to the methods of non-economic coercion and optimization of surplus product during the collectivization in the USSR. The article is to offer a source study analysis of problems of studying kolkhoz system as an instrument of re-feudalization of Soviet economy in the period of forced industrialization. Development of application methodology for systematic study of the history of agrarian system in the USSR of 1930s-1950s is the most important achievement of the author. In her opinion, the creation of kolkhozes opened before Soviet state a short and radical way of transit to modernity (i.e. commodification, intensification of production, and transformation of the social structure) and secured resources for mobilization economy, which became a model for adapting Soviet system to global challenges. Adaptation mechanism was based on restoration of archaic administrative practices, which had been characteristic for the period of formation of Russian absolutism. Sources corpus is formed by documents collections: normative documents and record keeping documentation, mass sources and letters. They show two sides of the social experience: practice of decision-making and their implementation, on the one hand, and ‘depot’ of social reactions, perception of policies, dynamics and nature of peasant resistance to agrarian despotism, assimilation of new meanings, and innovations in the system of kolkhoz social images, on the other hand. After the research, the author concludes that drawing on the experience of traditionalization can only be partially effective for solving problems of modernity. Although the Russian state had successfully approbated similar tools in the past, in 1930s – early 1950s administrative pressure, disparity of repressive practices and social resistance they fought, and high social cost of the project outweighed all its institutional merits and turned the history of Soviet peasants a national tragedy and made agriculture a major factor in crisis and collapse of Soviet economic model.
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Kravchuk, Leonid Vasylovych, Taras Bohdanovych Kadobnyi, and L. О. Kravchuk. "Formation of democratic values and competence among medical students at the ambushes of the interdisciplinary integration (Sovietization history of Ternopil region in the 1940s)." Engineering and Educational Technologies 8, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30929/2307-9770.2020.08.04.03.
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The article reveals the inhumane nature of the communist system, the inefficiency of command-and-control Soviet methods of managing agriculture and industry. The activity of the Soviet power is analyzed, which from September 1939-1941 began to implement force management methods. This issue is especially relevant today, when Ukrainian society solves a set of political, economic and socio-cultural problems generated in the previous historical period by authoritarian forcible replacement of a democratic socialist state, market economy - administrative-planned, universal values - values of communist ideology. In the main part of the article the author, using the achievements of domestic and foreign historical science, the source base of national and foreign archives, applying the theoretical and methodological experience of the past and innovations of the present, managed to expand unbiased, comprehensive, multi-vector and diverse study of socio-political and socio-economic western Ukrainian lands at the initial stage of forceful accession to the USSR as part of the USSR. Modern analysis and coverage of socio-political and socio-economic transformations in Ternopil region in September 1939-1941 contributes to the establishment of narrative, de-Sovietization of consciousness of certain segments of modern society and awareness of the aggressive nature of totalitarianism. Secondly, the Sovietization of Ternopil took place simultaneously with the liquidation of Poland by destroying democratic European values, with the rigid imposition of Stalin's party-state policy aimed at establishing an authoritarian administrative-command system of government in the western Ukrainian region. The main features of Sovietization, the author identifies, are: the use of military force at the initial stage of its implementation; formation of administrative-command management system; authoritarian interference of party bodies in all spheres of life in the region; nationalization of industry and collectivization of agriculture, etc. State-owned enterprises, as well as enterprises of the socialized municipal economy, were formed on the basis of nationalized industrial, financial, trade and communal facilities. The practical significance of the results of LV Kravchuk's research is that its main provisions, theoretical generalizations and conclusions can be used in the process of further, more detailed study of such individual industries as industry, agriculture in the field of local lore and in preparing special courses in History. Ukraine of the twentieth century. The struggle against the communist system continued in the 1970s and 1980s, and the creation of the Ukrainian People's Movement and other political and public organizations accelerated the collapse of the Soviet empire in 1991. Therefore, in the proposed articles, the main scientific provisions are professionally justified, are of considerable scientific interest. The factual material is systematized and consistently presented, the conclusions are clear and understandable.
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Ilyinykh, Vladimir A. "PERSONAL HOUSEHOLD PLOTS OF WORKERS AND EMPLOYEES OF SIBERIA IN THE 1930S: DYNAMICS AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS." Ural Historical Journal 76, no. 3 (2022): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-144-152.
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Formation of a new model of agrarian system was the result of mass collectivization in the USSR. Collective farms were its organizational and production basis. The second largest sector of agriculture in terms of production potential consisted of personal household plots. They were main producers of potatoes, vegetables and milk, and a significant part of meat products. Soviet and Russian historiography has paid main attention to the study of the personal plots of collective farmers, overlooking the dynamics of personal plots of workers and employees. The author of the article reconstructs factors and trends of development of personal household plots of workers and employees in Siberia in the 1930s. It was found that in the early 1930s the size of personal plots of this category of population was minimal. State farm workers were prohibited from personal farming, and personal household plots of other categories of workers and employees were taxed at the rates of individual farmers. After the 1932–1933 mass famine, several restrictions on the development of personal household plots were canceled. Level of its taxation was decreased. Liberalization of state policy and an increasing part of workers and employees in population of the region led to a rapid growth in production potential of their personal plots. Development rate of workers and employees’ personal plots was higher than that of collective farmers. In the late 1930s a campaign took place to limit the size of personal household plots. Taxation was increased. This led to decline in the personal sector of agricultural economy.
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Nomogoeva, Viktoriya V. "Советская модернизация культуры и быта бурят в 1920–30-е гг." Oriental Studies 14, no. 6 (December 30, 2021): 1154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2021-58-6-1154-1164.
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Introduction. Since the 17th c. as part of the Russian Empire, Buryats found themselves in the sphere of influence of Western secular culture and Orthodox Christianity. Depending on the local natural and climatic conditions, some basic features of agriculture, mining, and Russian culture were introduced into the Buryat economic activities and everyday life, but, in general, the people persisted in their extensive nomadic and semi-nomadic economy and patriarchal culture. In 1923, with the birth of the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (BMASSR), the processes of transformation of their culture and life began in every sphere of their traditional life, such as economic activities, material culture, family and marriage relations, religious beliefs, public leisure, etc. The article aims to study the processes of modernization of Buryat culture and everyday life at the initial stage of Soviet construction. Materials and methods. Major sources for the study were documents from the State Archives of the Republic of Buryatia; also, published sources and media materials were of great importance for the discussion. In its methodology, the study proceeds from the principles of historicism, consistency, objectivity, and reliability, helpful in approaching the process of Soviet modernization of Buryat culture as a multidimensional, contradictory process, hence avoiding both one-sided criticism and idealization. Results. The undertaken analysis of pertinent media materials and archival sources shows that two stages may be singled out in the Soviet construction in Buryatia. The first stage, that began with the formation of the BMASSR and continued to the late 1920s, was the time of radical transformations introduced in the lifestyle of the Buryats, but, still, their traditional culture and life persisted. They were to finally give up, with the policy of collectivization and the process of settlement of the nomadic Buryats pursued by the Soviet authorities at the next stage marked by Velikii perelom (Great turning point) and the beginning of “militant atheism”, i. e. in the period of intensive construction of a new life and the eradication of traditional lifestyles. The study concludes that the Soviet modernization embraced every aspect of the Buryat society, and its impact was deep, comprehensive, and effective. The project was implemented, with objectives and hopes assigned to it fulfilled.
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Chakars, Melissa. "Buryat Literature as a Political and Cultural Institution from the 1950s to the 1970s." Inner Asia 11, no. 1 (2009): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000009793066569.
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AbstractThis paper explores the history of Buryat literature as an institution in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. Buryat literature was not simply the creation of Buryat writers. Local Party and government officials, censors, editors, publishers, and others made a substantial contribution to the direction, promotion, and content of Buryat literature. Buryat literature, as well as writers, was widely promoted by local media. Literature was also taught regularly at all levels of education. Buryat writers did not produce any samizdat and they generally did not use literature as a way to explore their pre-Soviet or pre-Russian history and culture as did other Soviet nationalities. Instead, Buryat literature generally emphasised topics that promoted and supported the project of Soviet modernisation. It promoted the value of Soviet leadership, the importance of the friendship of nations and in particular the friendship between Buryats and Russians, and it promoted the idea that life was better for the Buryats in the Soviet Union than it had been in the past or could be anywhere else. In addition, it helped create a new Buryat history that showed how the Buryats played an important role in Soviet historical events such as the Civil War, the October Revolution, the collectivisation of agriculture, and the Second World War. Buryat literature was a place to define and promote the new Soviet Buryat nation and all its modern attributes.
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Kotelenets, Elena A., and Maria Yu Lavrenteva. "The British Weekly: a case study of British propaganda to the Soviet Union during World War II." RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 24, no. 3 (December 15, 2019): 486–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2019-24-3-486-498.
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The research investigates a publishing history of the Britansky Souyznik (British Ally) weekly (further - British Weekly) in Russian language, which was published in the Soviet Union by the UK Ministry of Information in the Second World War years and to 1950. This newspaper published reports from fronts where British troops fought against Nazi Germany and its allies, articles on British-Soviet military cooperation, materials about British science, industry, agriculture, and transport, reports on people’s life in the UK, historical background of British Commonwealth countries, cultural and literature reviews. British Weekly circulation in the USSR was 50,000 copies. The main method used for the research was the study of the newspaper’s materials, as well as the propaganda concepts of its editorial board and their influence on the audience. The researched materials are from archives of the Soviet Foreign Ministry as well as of the UK Ministry of Information and Political Warfare Executive (1940-1945), declassified by the British Government only in 2002, on the basis of which an independent analysis is conducted. The British Weekly played a bright role in the formation of techniques and methods of British foreign policy propaganda to Soviet public opinion in 1942-1945. Results of the research indicates that the British government launched foreign policy propaganda to the USSR immediately after breaking-out of World War II and used the experience of the British Weekly for psychological warfare in the Cold War years.
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Głuszkowski, Michał. "Socio-cultural and Language Changes in a „Cultural Island”: Vershina – A Polish Village in Siberia." Eastern European Countryside 20, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eec-2014-0008.
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Abstract The present article attempts to describe the social evolution of the community of Vershina, a village founded in the beginning of the 20th century by voluntary settlers from Little Poland, from a cultural island to the stage of assimilation. The social, economic, cultural, political and language situation of the community changed several times. The most significant historical moments of Russia and the Soviet Union set the borders of three main periods in Vershina’s history. During its first two-three decades Vershina consisted a homogenous Polish cultural and language island. The migrants preserved the Roman Catholic religion, Polish language and traditions as well as farming methods and machines. Collectivization and the communist system with its repressions made the Polish village assimilate to its surroundings. With the flow of time, the generation of first settlers died and some of the traditions of Little Poland vanished or got modified by the elements of the Soviet, Russian or Buryat culture. After the Perestroika the minorities gained some rights, which strengthened in the 1990s. Thanks, to the political changes and the collapse of the SU the inhabitants of Vershina can found cultural organisations, cultivate their religion, and learn Polish in local schools. However, in spite of the regained rights, over the decades of mass sovietization and ateization, the culture and customs of the Polish community became similar to other Siberian villages. Young people from the group of our interest abandon their mother language and are not eager to leave Russia and move to Poland. The process of assimilation is intensifying while there are practically no factors protecting the local culture and language.
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Mussagaliyeva, Arailym, and Roza Mussabekova. "Activities of the All-Union Research Institute of Grain Farming in the Framework of Combating Soil Erosion in Virgin Regions of Kazakhstan (1960–1970)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 3 (July 2020): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.3.3.
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Introduction. The history of the contribution of Soviet scientists to the development of virgin and fallow lands in Kazakhstan is one of the relevant and new topics in the study of the history of the USSR in modern society. Methods and materials. Studying the history of a large agricultural project of the Soviet Union is necessary to develop new concepts in modern historical science. In Soviet and modern historiography, historians have studied virgin soil as a political and economic reform of the state. In this vein, the contribution of Soviet scientists who solved the issues of environmental and economic efficiency of this agrarian reform was not sufficiently represented. The works do not present the fight against land erosion, organized by the All-Union Research Institute of Grain Farming located in Northern Kazakhstan. Analysis. For scientific work and research of virgin lands, the opening of the AllUnion Scientific Research Institute of Grain Farming in Northern Kazakhstan was necessary. Famous agricultural scientists worked at the institute; they conducted their research in the fields of Tselinny Krai. Academician A.I. Baraev, breeder, academician V. Kuzmin were among them. They were engaged not only in scientific work, but also in a short time saved the virgin lands of Kazakhstan. Their direct scientific work was related to the fight against land erosion and the protection of soils from wind erosion. At the Institute, scientists created new soil tilling tools and seeders, improved a new farming system, and created new highly productive varieties of crops. The Institute defended dissertations on topics related to the fight against land erosion, and conducted many scientific projects. Results. The work with new sources of local archives of Kazakhstan makes it possible to talk about the enormous contribution of Soviet scientists in the development of virgin and long-fallow lands of the arid North Kazakhstan and the development of agriculture in this region. Their experience and scientific results were invaluable in the agricultural sector of the republic.
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Bugrov, K. D. "URAL VERSUS THE SOUTH: CRAWLER TRACTOR IN THE VISUAL CULTURE OF THE USSR IN THE ERA OF INDUSTRIALIZATION." Вестник Пермского университета. История, no. 2 (2022): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2022-2-42-54.
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The paper analyzes the role of the tractor as a visual symbol in the Soviet culture of the industrialization era, using a number of different cases including those of painting, photography, graphics, textual narratives, and presentations of material objects. The author shows that, originally, it was wheeled tractor that served as a visual symbol of the socialist transformation of the Soviet village, including both imported machines and those produced by Soviet factories in Leningrad. The start of industrialization and launching of facilities in Stalingrad and Kharkov led to changes in symbolic system: the wheeled tractor SKhTZ-15/30 (“international”) moved to the foreground. However, since the mid-1930s, the symbolic status transferred to the crawler tractor, which corresponded with the major trend of the Soviet economy of the period. Thus, the “Stalinets” tractors of the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant started to dominate in the sphere of symbols, combining spectacular appearance, technological reputation of the plant, choice of name, and design solutions in regard for coloring. The paper examines the ways in which the “Stalinets” crawler assumed the leading role in the Soviet visual culture of the second half of the 1930s. However, in 1937, both Stalingrad and Kharkov plants launched their own mass-produced crawler under the name of SKhTZ-NATI. A sort of competition between crawler machines of the South and the Urals unfolded in the Soviet culture of the late 1930s – early 1940s. The author investigates the case by studying the presence of crawler tractors imagery in the decorations of the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (VSHV) in 1939 and in the mosaics of Moscow Metro in 1943. The conclusion is made about the double character of the symbolism of crawler tractors, which served both as general symbols of the promoted success of the Soviet agriculture, and as manifestations of the industrial identity of particular enterprises, cities and territories.
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Svetlana V., Bershadskaia. "Journey from Krasnoyarsk to Moscow in 1923." Humanitarian Vector 16, no. 3 (June 2021): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-3-71-78.
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By examining the personal journal of Marfa Solov’eva, one of the staff of Krasnoyarsk Local History Museum (Yenissei Province), the article aims to analyze some changes of everyday life at the beginning of the 1920s. Aged 33, Ms. Solov’eva found herself among the members of the Yenissei Province delegation sent to participate in the First All-Union Agriculture and Orchard Industry Exhibition in Moscow in 1923. She wrote down her personal experiences of travelling from Krasnoyarsk to Moscow. Given that anthropological shift has taken the lead in historical research, the materials of personal origin (like personal journals) provide an additional avenue to get firsthand information on how contemporaries interpreted the turning points in history. By focusing on the findings from the personal journal introduced for the first time the article investigates the transformations in early Soviet society at the grassroots level and from the point of view of a young representative of Siberian intelligentsia. The article demonstrates how day-to-day and leisure practices of those who took part in the trip were organized. Additionally, it considers the emotional sphere, which is missed to a greater extent by official sources. A mixture of interdisciplinary, systematic and sociocultural approaches and descriptive methods for interpreting sources has been adopted. Keywords: personal journal, everyday life, the intelligentsia, Siberia, the Yenissei province, the onset of NEP, the First All-Union Agriculture and Orchard Industry Exhibition in Moscow in 1923
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Bakanov, Sergey A., and Ivan A. Medvedev. "Economic History in the Topics of Dissertation Research in Russia (1991–2019)." Economic History 17, no. 1 (April 24, 2021): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2409-630x.052.017.202101.085-094.
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Introduction. This article deals with the subject of thesis in the direction of “Economic history”, which were prepared and defended in Russia in the post-Soviet period (1991–2019). The dissolution of the Soviet Union is getting rid of research from ideological clichés, which made the topic of economic history relevant and in demand. Materials and Methods. On the basis of the e-catalog of authors’ abstracts of the Russian State Library, the database “Dissertations on economic history of the late XX – early XXI centuries” was formed. The bibliographic information about the authors’ abstracts became the formal attributes of the described database. The analytical units were the attributes of the “geographical range”, “chronological frame” and “research problem”. Results. The analysis of the database showed that during the entire period were formed stable trends scientific subdirectories within the frame of economic history (history of industry, history of agriculture, history of entrepreneurship, history of banks, etc.), and in maintaining the status of leading research centers. The historical period from the second half of the XIX to the first half of the XX centuries attracts the main attention of the authors of thesis on economic history. Discussion and Conclusion. A quantitative analysis of the dynamic of thesis defenses showed a decline in the interest of authors of thesis in the problems of economic history in the 2010s. The key factors of this decline were changes in the requirements to thesis. Nevertheless, the authors believe that the direction of “economic history” has a potential to overcome designated problems.
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Neuberger, Pavel, and Pavel Kic. "A Century of Use of SOLOMIT Thermal Insulation Panels." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 2, 2021): 7197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217197.
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This article traces the century-old history of using a thermal and acoustic insulation panel called SOLOMIT. It presents some of Sergei Nicolajewitsch Tchayeff’s patents, on the basis of which production and installation took place. The survey section provides examples of the use of this building component in Australia, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, the Soviet Union and Spain. It pays attention to applications in the 1950s and 1960s in collectivized agriculture in Czechoslovakia. It also presents the results of measuring the thermal conductivity of a panel sample, which was obtained during the reconstruction of a cottage built in the 1950s and 1960s of the 20th century. Even today, SOLOMIT finds its application all over the world, mainly due to its thermal insulation and acoustic properties and other features, such as low maintenance requirements, attractive appearance and structure and cost-effectiveness.
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Lityński, Adam. "Powracające ludobójstwo w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej i Rosji (1894-1995)." Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica 19, no. 2 (2020): 267–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/mhi.2020.19.02.13.
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There have been numerous publications on genocide, which provides evidence that this topic is up-to-date, important and still insufficiently researched. The author of the legal concept of "genocide " is Rafał Lemkin, a Polish scholar of Jewish nationality: "Father of Genocide Convention". In 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted a convention on the prevention and punishment of genocide crime. During the hundred years (1894-1995), genocide repeatedly occurred in Central and Eastern Europe. The greatest genocide in human history is the extermination of the Jews (the Holocaust). The author also recalls the genocide of the Armenians (1894-1915) in the Ottoman Empire (although it goes beyond Central and Eastern Europe and Russia). There were numerous genocide cases in the Soviet Union, and it is only about them that it is possible to accumulate substantial literature. Namely, the author reminds: the Cossacks genocide following the Bolshevik revolution; genocide in the countryside in connection with the collectivization process; Great Famine in Ukraine; the extermination of entire national minorities (so-called national operations 1937-1938); the most massive such operation was the "Polish operation." The author also recalls genocide in the countries of former Yugoslavia: especially in the fascist so-called Independent Croatian State [Nezavisna Država Hrvatska - NDH). The genocide of Ukrainian nationalists on Poles (1943-1946) closes the text. The article describes the largest genocidal operations carried out in Central and Eastern Europe over the course of a century and outlines their historical and political background, the manner in which they were carried out and their relationship with the international law and individual national regulations in force at the time.
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CHEGODAEV, E. A. "POLITICAL REPRESSION AMONG THE BELARUSIANS OF BASHKIRIA." Izvestia Ufimskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.31040/2222-8349-2021-0-3-96-102.
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The article is devoted to political repressions among Belarusians of Bashkiria in the 30s of the XX century. To date, this ethnic group remains one of the little-studied peoples of the republic, which was a consequence of the long-term priority in the research of the titular Bashkir ethnic group against the background of the ethnocentrism of the historical science of the country. The number of publications devoted to the Belarusians of Bashkiria continues to remain insignificant until now, and most of them are published in the periodical press, as a rule, they have a journalistic, local history, popular science, reference or review orientation. For the first time, the researcher was faced with the task of identifying the dynamics of repressive measures against the ethnic group of Belarusians who lived compactly in rural areas of the region. The analysis of the data of the "Book of Memory of the Victims of Political Repression of the Republic of Bashkortostan" has established that rural residents from among the Belarusian ethnic group suffered more at the initial stages of mass collectivization. this confirms the prosperity of the settlers acquired during the functioning of the farm system of management, as well as the fact that the repressions against Belarusians did not have an ethnic coloring, like their neighbors in the farm residence of Latvians. As an example, the archival and investigative cases of the FSB in the Republic of Bashkortostan from 1931 are considered. The fate of a late-period migrant who emigrated to the Soviet Union in 1926 from the territory of Western Belarus is considered.
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Kalenichenko, Mariya Vladimirovna. "Production of popular science films in Leningrad: late 1940s – 1960s." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 4 (April 2021): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2021.4.35594.
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This article is dedicated to the history of the Soviet popular science cinematography on the example of the Leningrad film studio “Lentekhfilm” / “Lennauchfilm"” during the late 1940s – 1960s.The goal of this work consists in tracing the development and production stages of popular science films at the Leningrad film studio “Lennauchfilm”. The author sets the following tasks: follow the work of the film studio “Lennauchfilm” based on the archival materials, as well as determine the main plotlines of popular science films of the period under review. The article employs archival documents stored in the fund No. 243 of the St. Petersburg Central State Archive of Literature and Art. Namely, based on the materials of the annual financial and production reports of the film studio, using the quantitative methods, the author carries out the sampling of films that were classified as popular science. The author also applies the problem-chronological method for studying the stages of operation of the film studio. The novelty of this research consists in determination of production volumes of popular science films at a particular film studio, as well as their main themes. As a result, the author highlights six main plotlines: natural sciences, geography of the country, industry and agriculture, education of children and adolescents, history of culture and art, historical-revolutionary. The conclusion is made that the Soviet popular science cinematography was aimed not only at popularization of scientific knowledge (as follows from the definition of the term “popular science film” given in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia), but also performed the important political and civic functions on youth education, distribution of technical knowledge, as well as illustration of the achievements of the Soviet Union in economic and social policy.
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Permyakov, Igor A., Teimur A. Dzhalilov, and Nikita Yu Pivovarov. "After Khrushchev: Activities of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU in October 1964 – June 1965 according to V.?N. Malin’s Notes." Herald of an archivist, no. 1 (2022): 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-1-137-153.
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The article analyzes preliminary working notes of the meetings of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (СС CPSU) from October 1964 to June 1965, which were made by V. N. Malin, head of the General Department of the СС CPSU from 1954 to 1965. The purpose and objective of the study is to use unique historical sources from the fonds of the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History (RGANI), which are being thus introduced into scientific use, to deduce the mechanisms of developing key decisions in the supreme political leadership of the USSR, while political system was transformed and power functions redistributed after the resignation of N. S. Khrushchev. Extensive historiography of various aspects of the history of the Soviet Union under L. I. Brezhnev notwithstanding, this topic has not yet received its proper coverage in national and foreign scholarship. Due to research specifics, the authors have used comprehensive methodological approach, based on a combination of source criticism, problem-chronological and system-structural methods, which permits, to some degree, to interpret the historical sources introduced into scientific use as convincingly as possible. Having analyzed issues considered at the meetings of the Presidium of the CC of the CPSU at the time, the authors come to a conclusion that the main range of topics did not change after October 1964: key problems of domestic and foreign policy remained in the focus of attention of the supreme political body of the USSR, while its approach to them did change. An important area of activity of the Presidium of the Central Committee was overcoming the N. S. Khrushchev legacy. This could have been formal issues related to the resignation of the former Soviet leader from his numerous posts, as well as fundamental problems of ideological nature. International relations were central in revision of N. S. Khrushchev's policy, resulting in a reconsideration of the Soviet foreign policy strategy and tactics. In late October 1964-1965, the Soviet leadership made efforts to normalize the relations with the ruling parties of Albania and the People's Republic of China (PRC), which had been “tested for durability” in the N. S. Khrushchev era. The preliminary working notes of the meetings of the Presidium of the Central Committee show that internal problems of the USSR were discussed by the Soviet leaders just as vividly and intensely as international ones. The main discussions revolved around two fundamental issues: situation in the agriculture and changes in the planning system in industry. Discussions of the need for agrarian reforms dominated late 1964 – early 1965, while discussion of reforming planning industrial production figured large since spring of 1965. The authors conclude that, when implementing their initiatives, the leaders of the Soviet Union, in many respects, were limited by the configuration of the political system developed over the previous years, as well as by the existing foreign policy realities. The authors argue insufficient coverage of the mechanisms for developing key decisions by the top political leadership of the USSR and connect the prospects for this research with expanded access to archival complexes.