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1
Miller, Richard L., and Tyler L. Collette. "Cultural Differences in Children’s Recommended Punishment of Moral Transgressions." ATHENS JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 9, no. 3 (January 12, 2022): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajss.9-3-1.
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The purpose of this research was to examine the severity of punishment recommended by children for moral transgressions. Using Hofstede’s (1980) distinction between individualism and collectivism, we examined the severity of punishment recommended by eight to twelve year old children for moral transgressions that violated a cultural value. Participants were children of various nationalities enrolled in a summer camp on the island of Mallorca, Spain. The children were classified as either individualist or collectivist using the Children’s Self-Construal Scale (Lewis et al. 2000). Each child reacted to nine moral transgressions, two of which were universal and seven of which reflected transgressions of either individualist or collectivist values. The results indicated that children classified as collectivists recommended harsher punishments for transgressions of collectivist values, whereas individualists did not vary in their recommended level of punishment for transgressions against both collectivist and individualist values. Keywords: individualism, collectivism, moral judgments, cultural orientation, moral transgressions
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Finkelstein, Marcia A. "Correlates of individualism and collectivism: Predicting volunteer activity." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 39, no. 5 (June 30, 2011): 597–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2011.39.5.597.
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Differences in the factors that initiate volunteering in individualists versus collectivists were examined. In prior work it has been suggested that the two differ, not in how much service volunteers give, but in the reasons why. Individualist and collectivist tendencies were measured in a sample of long-term volunteers. Also assessed were respondents' attitudes about the responsibility of individuals and of society to help those in need, the individual's obligation to engage in social and political action, and the quality of social support available to participants. Collectivism was associated most strongly with personal responsibility and with a strong social support network, while individualism was related to a perceived responsibility to participate in social and political activism. Neither individualism nor collectivism was predictive of time spent volunteering. The findings suggest that rather than predicting who will, and will not, volunteer, the individualism/collectivism construct is useful in clarifying why people help. This knowledge, in turn, can be used to match the volunteer to the appropriate activity.
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Lu, Cloudia. "The Variance of the Display Regarding the Free Riders Effect within Collectivist and Individualist Individuals." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 26 (March 2, 2024): 1008–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/446pqy41.
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This study aims to investigate the difference in the display of free-riding behavior in individuals with collectivist orientations compared to those with individualistic orientations. Free riding refers to benefiting from a public good or resource without contributing one's fair share towards its provision. Understanding the influence of collectivism and individualism on free-riding behaviors has important implications for social cooperation, resource management, and the design of incentive structures. In this natural experiment, the independent variable (individuals' relative individualism-collectivism tendencies) and the dependent variable (free-rider behavior) measured by the frequency of in-game behaviors that advance the objective—are compared to see if they have any causal correlations. A sample of participants was recruited and divided into collectivist and individualist groups according to their cultural orientation scale individualism-collectivism test results to conduct this experiment. The participants are mixed evenly into groups, including both collectivists and individualists, and then provided to build a house on Minecraft's gaming platform. Their behavior is measured through quantitative methods using a designed table to show their in-game contributions and the Likert scale to reflect their in-game behaviour. The prediction concludes that this experiment will reveal a set of data stating that possessing individualistic values decreases an individual's chances of free-riding in a group compared to collectivistic beliefs.
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Rhee, Jaehoon, Xiaofei Zhao, and Choonghyun Kim. "Effects of Individualism-Collectivism on Chinese Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Focused on Mediating Effects of Trust." Asian Social Science 12, no. 3 (February 23, 2016): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n3p177.
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<p>For an organization, its’ members’ individual value-orientations play an important role in affecting on their organizational behavior. As China has been known as a collectivist country, its’ cultural value-orientation impact all the Chinese people. However, a growing spirit of “Chinese-style” individualism appeared gradually. Even though some studies have display the relationships between individualism-collectivism and OCB, lacking of the empirical studies of demonstrating that relationships in China even use the Chinese OCB dimensions urged this study with considering the mediating roles of trust. Individual level data has been acquired by 382 Chinese labors. Results indicate a positive relationship between collectivism and Chinese OCB mediated by trust. This study strengthens the Chinese OCB dimension which is still a limited one. Also results provide the guidelines for HR managers when recruiting or making training programs, select collectivists or improve the individuals’ collectivism is very important. Results suggest that while individual behavior in the organizations, they should nurture their collective orientations as to exhibit a high level of OCB which will lead to work performance later. During this process, if they trust in their organizations or their supervisors, a higher level of OCB will be acquired and then switched into later job effectiveness.</p>
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Brewer, Marilynn B., and Ya-Ru Chen. "Where (Who) Are Collectives in Collectivism? Toward Conceptual Clarification of Individualism and Collectivism." Psychological Review 114, no. 1 (2007): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.114.1.133.
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Fatehi, Kamal, Jennifer L. Priestley, and Gita Taasoobshirazi. "The expanded view of individualism and collectivism: One, two, or four dimensions?" International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 20, no. 1 (April 2020): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470595820913077.
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Recent research to analyze and discuss cultural differences has employed a combination of five major dimensions of individualism–collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, femininity–masculinity (gender role differentiation), and long-term orientation. Among these dimensions, individualism–collectivism has received the most attention. Chronologically, this cultural attribute has been regarded as one, then two, and more recently, four dimensions of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. However, research on this issue has not been conclusive and some have argued against this expansion. The current study attempts to explain and clarify this discussion by using a shortened version of the scale developed by Singelis et al. ((1995) Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: a theoretical and measurement refinement. Cross-Cultural Research 29(3): 240–275). Our analysis of aggregate data from 802 respondents from nine countries supports the expanded view. Data aggregation was based on the Mindscape Theory that proposes inter- and intracultural heterogeneity. This finding is reassuring to scholars who have been using the shortened version of the instrument because confirmatory factor analysis indicated its validity. The findings of the present study provides clarification of some apparent ambiguity in recent research in specifying some cultures such as India, Israel, and Spain as individualists or collectivists. By separating the four constructs, more nuanced classification is possible. Also, such a distinction enables us to entertain such concepts as the Mindscape Theory that proposes a unique intracultural and transcultural heterogeneity that do not stereotype the whole culture as either individualist or collectivist.
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Zhang, Yuan. "Individualism or Collectivism? Cultural Orientations in Chinese TV Commercials and Analysis of Some Moderating Factors." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 86, no. 3 (September 2009): 630–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769900908600311.
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Are traditionally collectivist cultures shifting to individualism due to economic and cultural globalization? This study addresses the question from a media message perspective by analyzing manifest individualism and collectivism in Chinese advertising. Drawing on the cross-cultural theory of Individualism-Collectivism, the study develops a measurement instrument and applies it in a content analysis of 523 TV commercials aired in 2003 in China. Results show that the predominant cultural orientation reflected in local-product Chinese TV commercials is still collectivism, but not in foreign-product commercials.
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Ang, Rebecca P., and Eddie C. Kuo. "Effects of Gender and Individualism-Collectivism on Directness of Refusal." South Pacific Journal of Psychology 14 (2003): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0257543400000262.
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AbstractThe effects of gender and individualism-collectivism on directness of refusal were examined on a Singapore sample. A 2 × 2 (Gender X Individualism-Collectivism) ANOVA revealed a significant interaction effect between gender and cultural orientation. Specifically, male individualists preferred more direct refusal strategies and male collectivists preferred more indirect refusal strategies compared to both female individualists and collectivists. Implications of the results and the limitations of the study were discussed.
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Green, Eva G. T. "Successful or Friendly? Inferring Achievement and Relational Competence from Individualist and Collectivist Attitudes." Swiss Journal of Psychology 65, no. 1 (March 2006): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185.65.1.25.
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Two experiments investigated to what extent different types of individualist and collectivist attitudes are perceived as leading to achievement and relational competence. In Study 1, the degree of unique (horizontal individualism) and competitive (vertical individualism) attitudes of a fictitious target person were manipulated, whereas in Study 2 interdependent (horizontal collectivism) and group-dependent (vertical collectivism) attitudes were varied. The results showed that both horizontal individualism and collectivism were perceived as leading to achievement and relational competence. In turn, vertical individualism led to achievement, whereas vertical collectivism was perceived as inducing only modest relational competence and achievement. Overall, the findings demonstrate that horizontal attitudes were considered functional for a wider range of social outcomes than vertical attitudes.
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Freeman, Mark A., and Prashant Bordia. "Assessing alternative models of individualism and collectivism: a confirmatory factor analysis." European Journal of Personality 15, no. 2 (March 2001): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.398.
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Six alternative structural models of individualism–collectivism are reviewed and empirically compared in a confirmatory factor analysis of questionnaire data from an Australian student sample (N = 340). Central to the debate about the structure of this broad social attitude are the issues of (1) polarity (are individualism and collectivism bipolar opposites, or orthogonal factors?) and (2) dimensionality (are individualism and collectivism themselves higher‐order constructs subsuming several more specific factors and, if so, what are they?). The data from this Australian sample support a model that represents individualism and collectivism as a higher‐order bipolar factor hierarchically subsuming several bipolar reference‐group‐specific individualisms and collectivisms. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Saad-Lessler, Joelle, and Karen Richman. "THE ROLE OF COLLECTIVISM IN EXPLAINING LIFE COURSE HEALTH DISPARITIES IN OLDER AGES." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1820.
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Abstract Collectivism refers to the social practice of investing in and relying on one’s social network, rather than formal institutions, to ensure personal security. Using the re-engineered 2014 Survey of Income and Pension Participation (SIPP), we investigate how collectivist practices affect life course health disparities at older ages in the US. Indicators of Collectivism include measures of caregiving, inter and intrahousehold financial and material support and help from charities, friends and family members. Regression results indicate that increased collectivist interactions are associated with improved self-reported health status outcomes. Government support for collectivist behaviors can thus yield a low cost means of improving health outcomes among the elderly.
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Tari, Erlyna Hidyan. "Public Culture A United States and Asia Comparison: The Role Emotion Display Migrant Labour of Performance Individual (Evidence from Indonesia)." International Journal of Management Excellence 14, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 2029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17722/ijme.v14i1.1128.
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This study explores the relationship between emotional immigrant labor and burnout in the context of individualist versus collectivist culture. Based on immigrant labor samples working in the United States and in east and central Asian countries, the results show that: (1) Migrant labor emotions that pretend are positively related to burnout in individualist culture and collectivism. (2) The othentic Migrant labour emotions are negatively related to burnout of individualist culture and collectivism. (3) Emotional pretensions are positively related to individual performance in the culture of collectivism. (4) There is no difference in the relationship between emotional appearance and performance in individualist culture and collectivism. (5) Working for an individualist culture company is more likely to cause burnout than a culture of collectivism. This finding shows the differences in eastern (Asian) and western (American) cultures, but the view of culture is dynamic.
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Janicˇic´, Sonja, Natalija Ignjatovic´, and Teodora Vuletic´. "How Much Collectivism Is There in Young Adults’ Collectivism? Vaccination Against COVID-19 in Serbia." YOUNG 31, no. 4 (August 31, 2023): 379–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11033088231179556.
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Collectivism is consistently correlated with a positive attitude toward COVID-19 vaccination. Nevertheless, qualitative evidence on how collectivism benefits vaccination is scarce. Serbia has been transitioning from a socialist to a neoliberal country for decades now, and its unique ideological context provokes different forms of collectivism. Young adults are usually the ones who represent radical political, non-neoliberal opposition, embracing collectivistic ideas. We selected a group of self-declared collectivists from Serbia and encouraged them to express their attitude toward vaccination. The final sample consisted of 16 narratives (four female), written by 13 vaccinated and three unvaccinated participants. We conducted two types of thematic analyses, resulting in 12 semantic (five collectivistic and seven individualistic) and two latent themes. The results unambiguously showed the presence of individualism in the argumentation of self-declared collectivists, especially those unvaccinated. We proposed the term Neoliberal collectivism to reach a better understanding of young people’s perspectives in the specific socio-political context.
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Zarzycka, Beata, Anna Tychmanowicz, and Agata Goździewicz-Rostankowska. "The Interplay between Religiosity and Horizontal and Vertical Individualism-Collectivism among Polish Catholic Students." Polish Psychological Bulletin 47, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ppb-2016-0045.
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Abstract Individualism-collectivism has emerged as one of the most important constructs to depict cultural differences and similarities. It is typical to examine individualism and collectivism through comparison between the cultures of the West and those of the East or comparison between various religious traditions, e.g. Christianity has been seen as the source of Western individualistic understanding whilst Buddhism as the source of Eastern collectivist understanding. The research presented in this paper explored the connections between individualism-collectivism and religiosity in Polish Catholic culture. Although Poland is an orthodox Catholic environment, gradually intensified secularization processes have been observed there. In two separate studies we examined relationships between individualism-collectivism and religiosity defined in a traditional (study 1) and secularized context (study 2).
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Finkelstein, Marcia A. "Individualism/collectivism: ImplicatIons for the volunteer process." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 38, no. 4 (May 1, 2010): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2010.38.4.445.
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In the present study the constructs of individualism and collectivism were incorporated into a conceptual understanding of the volunteer process. The findings offer a broader perspective on volunteer antecedents and experiences and address an ongoing debate about the implications of individualism and collectivism for volunteering. Collectivism was found to be more strongly related than was individualism to altruistic motivations and the desire to strengthen social ties. Collectivism, but not individualism, was found to be associated with the development of a volunteer role identity. Individualism was most closely associated with career-related volunteer objectives. The results suggest that individualists and collectivists differ, not in their willingness to volunteer, but in why they choose to volunteer.
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Okoro, Ephraim, Peter W. Cardon, Bryan Marshall, and Otis Thomas. "Cross-Cultural Communication And Dimensions: A Hybrid Analysis Of Horizontal And Vertical Individualist And Collectivist Tendencies Among African American And European American Management Students." Journal of Diversity Management (JDM) 6, no. 3 (November 22, 2011): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jdm.v6i3.6607.
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This article describes research about horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism (HVIC) among African American and European American university students. The survey is based on the work of Harry Triandis (1995), one of the seminal researchers of individualism and collectivism (I-C). The survey of attitude and scenario items, developed by Harry Triandis (1995), was administered to undergraduate management students in three universities in the Eastern and Southeastern United States. Many of the attitude and scenario survey items directly address preferred communication patterns. The findings are also interpreted in terms of situational preferences about I-C, including the following contexts: social events, workplace decisions, and group and work dynamics. The research is unique in that it measures four types of the I-C dimension: horizontal individualism, vertical individualism, horizontal collectivism, and vertical collectivism, as conceptualized by Triandis (1995). Furthermore, it emerges from the premise that cultures are neither strictly collectivist nor individualist; rather, cultures have profiles in which individualist tendencies are prominent in some circumstances whereas collectivist tendencies are emphasized in others. Also, this article provides findings that can easily be converted into training about cross-cultural similarities and differences. Related recommendations for future research and implications for teaching are provided.
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Finkelstein, Marcia A. "Individualism/Collectivism and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: An Integrative Framework." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 40, no. 10 (November 1, 2012): 1633–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.10.1633.
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In this study individualism and collectivism are, for the first time, incorporated into a conceptual model of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). I asked whether individualism and collectivism show systematic differences in their relationships with OCB, its motives, and the development of a citizen role identity. Collectivism most strongly correlated with OCB motivated by concern for coworkers. A concept of self as one who helps others at work was also associated with collectivism. Individualism was associated more with a commitment to the well-being of the institution per se rather than to its employees. Individualism and collectivism were related positively, suggesting that these seemingly opposing attributes are complementary; which of these traits predominates may depend on which citizenship behavior is needed at a given time. Overall, the findings suggest that it is not in amount of citizenship that individualists and collectivists differ, but in why they serve and how they perceive the experience.
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Qi, Chen. "Research on the Collective Values in the Reform of Basic Education Teaching Methods." World Journal of Social Science Research 10, no. 4 (October 8, 2023): p38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjssr.v10n4p38.
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In the context of quality education, personalized learning has emerged as the direction for future educational growth, but it has also had a significant impact on and challenged traditional teaching: where collectivism once faced a chilly reception, collective learning in primary and secondary classrooms has been marginalized over time. The concepts of collectivism and customized education do not contradict; rather, the organic integration of both concepts is the goal of the reform of basic education teaching techniques. In light of this, the author suggests that the collectivist value orientation be taken into consideration when reforming basic education teaching methods. This essay explores the collectivist value orientation, its interpretation of its connotation, and its value analysis. On the basis of the interpretation of the connotation and value analysis of collectivist value orientation, this paper discussed the necessity of collectivist value orientation in basic education teaching method reform and proposed that the reform of basic education teaching method to the deep development must be based on the traditional collective teaching activities, strengthen the collectivist value of the interpretation of the collectivist teaching method of innovative.
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Jiao, Jingjing, and Jun Zhao. "Individualism, Collectivism, and Allocation Behavior: Evidence from the Ultimatum Game and Dictator Game." Behavioral Sciences 13, no. 2 (February 14, 2023): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs13020169.
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Studies have demonstrated the influence of the cultural values of individualism and collectivism on individuals’ economic behavior (e.g., competition and trade). By using individualistic and collectivistic texts to prime participants’ minds in a lab experiment, we investigated the impact of the cultural values of individualism and collectivism on allocation behavior in an ultimatum game (UG) and dictator game (DG). In the dictator game, we found that participants in the collectivism-priming condition reported a slightly higher mean offer than in the individualism-priming condition, and participants had an average higher acceptance rate of the proposers’ offer in the collectivism-priming (vs. individualism-priming) condition in the ultimatum game. Our findings suggest that participants exhibit more altruistic allocation behavior and are more tolerant of unfair allocation behavior after being primed by the collectivistic (vs. individualistic) texts. In comparison with participants who did not undergo initiation, we also found that Chinese participants who had been influenced by collectivist values for a long time remained unaffected after the initiation of collectivism, but shifted their allocation behavior (i.e., showed decreased altruistic allocation behavior and reduced tolerance of unfair allocation behavior) when individualism was primed.
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Merkin, Rebecca. "The Relationship between Individualism / Collectivism Consultation and Harmony Needs." Journal of Intercultural Communication 15, no. 3 (November 10, 2015): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36923/jicc.v15i3.704.
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This study examines how individualism and collectivism impact the need for consultation versus harmony respectively and whether they underlie direct and indirect communication during face-threatening situations. A MANCOVA design was employed testing individualism/collectivism, while controlling for social desirability, on consultation expectations and harmonious facework strategies from self-report questionnaires (n = 654) collected in the Chile, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, Sweden, and the United States. Linear regression results show a direct link between individualism and consultation needs and collectivism and harmony needs indicating that when individualists’ face is threatened, they need to be consulted directly about the situation at hand, while face-threatened collectivists need to be treated with harmonious (indirect) communication to manage their face.
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Dargan, Sereena, Kristi Baerg MacDonald, and Julie Aitken Schermer. "Exploring Locus-of-Hope: Relational Tendencies, Self-Esteem, Attachment, and Gender." Behavioral Sciences 11, no. 9 (September 3, 2021): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs11090120.
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Background: As little research has been devoted to examining associations between the four locus-of-hope dimensions (internal, external—peer, external—family, and external—spiritual) and individual differences, the current study explores the correlations with individual-level individualist and collectivist relational tendencies, self-esteem, insecure attachment, and gender within a culturally diverse sample of university undergraduate students. Methods: questionnaires were completed by a culturally diverse sample of undergraduate students measuring locus-of-hope, individualist and collectivist relational tendencies, self-esteem, insecure attachment, and gender. Results: State and trait locus-of-hope were significantly correlated. Individualism showed positive correlations with internal and external—family locus-of-hope. Collectivism positively correlated with internal locus-of-hope and the three external locus-of-hope dimensions. Internal locus-of-hope was significantly predicted by self-esteem, relational self-esteem, individualism, and collectivism. External—spiritual locus-of-hope was not significantly predicted by the variables. External—family locus-of-hope was significantly predicted by relational self-esteem and collectivism and external—peer locus-of hope was significantly predicted by relational self-esteem, collectivism, and avoidant attachment style. No significant gender differences in locus-of-hope were found. Conclusions: The results provide further understanding about the construct of locus-of-hope and provide a foundation for future research to continue exploring the role of locus-of-hope in the development and expression of self-esteem and attachment profiles.
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Hoxha, Sejdi, and Riad Ramadani. "The Impact of Collectivistic Values and Psychological Needs on Individual Performance with Conscientiousness Acting as a Moderator." Sustainability 15, no. 14 (July 8, 2023): 10746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151410746.
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All organizations are made up of organizational structures, which are made up of individual members who require motivation, development, performance, and psychological fulfilment. Management must exercise caution in upholding collectivist values, which have their roots in classical sociological theory, which opposes citizens’ autonomous desires in relation to social needs in institutions. The application of sociological theory allowed the concepts of individualism and collectivism to be included in psychology and organizational sciences. The goal of this research is to determine the impact of collectivist values and psychological needs on job performance, with conscientiousness acting as a moderator. Participants in this study were employees of public companies in Kosovo that operate in the field of post and telecommunication. A sample of 394 workers from these companies was used to test the hypotheses. We used PROCESS macro model 4 and model 59, as well as multiple regression analysis, to test the research hypotheses. The findings revealed that horizontal and vertical collectivism has a significant effect on work performance. Furthermore, the findings revealed a positive indirect relationship between horizontal and vertical collectivism and job performance via the mediation of psychological needs. Moreover, there was a positive direct relationship between horizontal and vertical collectivism and the three psychological needs, with conscientiousness acting as a moderator. The indirect effect of horizontal and vertical collectivistic values on work performance was found to be significant with moderation of the relatedness for low conscientiousness.
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Piacentini, Laura, and Gavin Slade. "Architecture and attachment: Carceral collectivism and the problem of prison reform in Russia and Georgia." Theoretical Criminology 19, no. 2 (April 30, 2015): 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362480615571791.
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This article looks at the trajectory of prison reform in post-Soviet Georgia and Russia. It attempts to understand recent developments through an analysis of the resilient legacies of the culture of punishment born out of the Soviet period. To do this, the article fleshes out the concept of carceral collectivism, which refers to the practices and beliefs that made up prison life in Soviet and now post-Soviet countries. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 revealed a penal culture in notable need of reform. Less obvious, in retrospect, was how over the course of a century this predominantly ‘collectivist’ culture of punishment was instantiated in routine penal practices that stand in opposition to western penalities. The article shows how the social and physical structuring of collectivism and penal self-governance have remained resilient in the post-Soviet period despite diverging attempts at reform in Russia and Georgia. The article argues that persistent architectural forms and cultural attachment to collectivism constitute this resilience. Finally, the article asks how studies of collectivist punishment in the post-Soviet region might inform emerging debates about the reform and restructuring of individualizing, cell-based prisons in western jurisdictions.
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Efendy, Mamang, Danardana Murwani, Imanuel Hitipeuw, and Hetti Rahmawati. "Achievement Motivation among Students in Indonesia: What is the Role of Teacher-Student Relations, Peer Relations and Moderation of Collectivist Culture?" Journal An-Nafs: Kajian Penelitian Psikologi 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 294–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.33367/psi.v8i2.4606.
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Although there is much research related to students' achievement motivation, there is still very little research involving social relations at schools and the role of culture in these studies. This research analyses the relationship between teacher-student relations, peer relations, and achievement motivation, as well as whether collectivist culture moderates the relationship between teacher-student and peer relations on achievement motivation. Data was collected using a questionnaire adapted from the Student Teacher Relationship Scale (STRS), the Quality of Relationships Inventory (QRI) Scale, the Individualism-Collectivism Scale (ICS), and an achievement motivation scale. Data analysis used multiple regression analysis and the F. Hayes moderation test. An unexpected finding from this research is that the collectivist culture does not significantly moderate the relationship between teacher-student relations and achievement motivation; the collectivist culture does not significantly moderate the relationship between peer relations and achievement motivation, even though collectivist culture should have a strengthening effect on social relations of achievement motivation. The research results provide essential findings; namely, there is an indication of the transformation of cultural dimensions in the Z Generation who were participants in this research, so that the cultural dichotomy of individualism and collectivism becomes meaningless in the relationship among teacher-student relations and peer relations with achievement motivation. This research provides essential information on the development of science and future researchers to conduct a more comprehensive study of the dichotomy of the cultural dimensions of individualism and collectivism by involving two countries with different cultural backgrounds because cultural transformation is possible.
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Wilczewski, Michał, Arkadiusz Gut, and Oleg Gorbaniuk. "The impact of individualism-collectivism orientation and communal orientation on employees’ attitudes toward intercultural communication The case of Chinese employees in an MNC." Journal of Intercultural Communication 17, no. 3 (November 10, 2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36923/jicc.v17i3.749.
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This study explored relationships between an individualism-collectivism orientation as well as communal orientation and the perceptions of Chinese employees (n = 20) from an MNC of intercultural communication. On the basis of previous research, we hypothesised that this group of employees would display a tendency to focus their attention on the actions, knowledge and needs of their co-workers. To verify this hypothesis, the employees were surveyed in a Chinese subsidiary of a European top manufacturing company. We administered Individualism and Collectivism Scale, Communal Orientation Scale and an original questionnaire survey collecting data about participants’ opinions of cultural diversity, communication problems, and stereotypes in intercultural interactions. A correlation analysis showed that although collectivists expressed positive attitudes to cultural diversity, they accentuated a need for respecting their own cultural values. Both collectivists and communally-oriented employees were not emotionally involved in communication with co-workers from other cultures. Whilst collectivism was moderately associated with focusing on norms at a workplace, communal orientation was proven to be related to maintaining and regulating relationships within a professional group.
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Brown, Mark, Barbara Minsky, Richard Voss, and Eren Ozgen. "Global perspectives on top management team pay structures." Evidence-based HRM: a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship 5, no. 2 (August 7, 2017): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ebhrm-09-2015-0038.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relation between countries’ values of individualism/collectivism and organizations’ top management team (TMT) pay structures. Individualistic countries are expected to prefer more hierarchical TMT pay structures and collectivist countries are expected to prefer more egalitarian TMT pay structures. The manuscript also investigates the international implications of the relation between TMT pay structures and organizational performance. Specifically, it is proposed that a country’s level of individualism/collectivism will mediate the relation between TMT pay structure hierarchy and organizational performance. Design/methodology/approach A pooled sample of data from 56 organizations in 12 countries was used to investigate the research questions. Individualism/collectivism was measured using country specific individualism/collectivism scores and top management pay structures were operationalized using Gini coefficients. Organizational performance was evaluated using return on assets. Findings Support was found both for a preference for more hierarchical TMT pay structures in individualistic countries, and that a country’s level of individualism/collectivism mediates the relationship between an organization’s top management’s pay structure and company performance. Originality/value Findings demonstrate that organizations use pay structures consistent with their environments. Results suggest cultural dimensions can contribute to understanding cross-national TMT pay structures and that national culture plays a significant role in the relationship between TMT pay structure and company performance.
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Tascioglu, Mertcan, Jacqueline Kilsheimer Eastman, and Rajesh Iyer. "The impact of the motivation for status on consumers’ perceptions of retailer sustainability: the moderating impact of collectivism and materialism." Journal of Consumer Marketing 34, no. 4 (June 12, 2017): 292–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-03-2015-1351.
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Purpose The purpose of the study is to investigate consumers’ perceptions of status motivations on retailers’ sustainability efforts and whether collectivism and materialism moderate this relationship. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative research methodology using survey data was used. Data were collected by administering questionnaires from millennial respondents (n = 386) from the USA and Turkey. Findings The results show that cultural value (collectivism) and materialism can serve as moderators of the effects of status motivation and sustainability. The findings indicate that the link between status motivation and sustainability perceptions (both environmental and social sustainability) is stronger for more collectivist consumers. In terms of materialism, while it did not moderate the relationship between status motivation and perceptions of environmental sustainability, it did moderate the relationship between status motivation and perceptions of social sustainability, particularly the uniqueness aspect of materialism. Research limitations/implications The stronger link between status motivation and both environmental and social sustainability for collectivists suggests that the bandwagon effect may be impacting their need for status. The stronger link between status motivation and social sustainability for those more materialistic suggests that their need for status may be more impacted by a snob effect as they want to appear unique. The use of college students is a limitation of this study, and future research needs to explore a wider range of age groups to determine if there are generational differences. Additionally, future research could examine other cultural dimensions such as power distance and masculinity versus femininity. Practical implications Findings from this research provide insights for retailers, especially those targeting the status and luxury market when developing their sustainability plans. An interest in sustainability may aid consumers in meeting their need for status, particularly for those status consumers who are more collectivist, as a means to fit in with their group. For more materialistic consumers, retailers may want to focus more on unique social sustainability efforts that are more publicly noticeable. Social implications Social sustainability, a topic not studied as frequently as environmental sustainability, has significant implications for consumers. The findings suggest that the link between status motivation and social sustainability is stronger for collectivists, suggesting a bandwagon effect. Additionally, the authors find that the link between status motivation and social sustainability is stronger for materialists, particularly the uniqueness dimension of materialism, suggesting a snob effect. Originality/value The originality of this study lies in the exploration of how status motivation impacts consumers’ perceptions of retailers’ environmental and social sustainability efforts and if these relationships are moderated by collectivism and materialism. Few studies have examined social sustainability, especially in terms of culture.
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Glanville, Jennifer L., and Qianyi Shi. "The Extension of Particularized Trust to Generalized and Out-Group Trust: The Constraining Role of Collectivism." Social Forces 98, no. 4 (October 22, 2019): 1801–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz114.
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Abstract A central line of inquiry into the sources of generalized trust concerns how particularized trust (trust in known others) extends to generalized trust (default expectations about the trustworthiness of people in general). While we know that there is considerable cross-national variability in the strength of the relationship between particularized and generalized trust, little is known about the contextual factors that shape the degree to which particularized trust spills over to more diffuse forms of trust. We argue that collectivism plays a key role in the extension of trust. The nature of social interactions in low collectivism societies is conducive to the trust and distrust built up within social interactions extending to generalized and out-group trust, whereas high levels of collectivism should dampen the ability of particularized trust to extend. Analyzing data on over 52,000 respondents from 39 countries from Waves 5 and 6 of the World Values Survey, we find that the predicted effects particularized trust on generalized and out-group trust are substantially smaller in more collectivist countries. Our results also suggest that collectivism and individualism matter more for generalized and out-group trust for individuals who have higher levels of particularized trust.
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Neog, Bhaskarjit. "Metaphysics of Group Moral Responsibility." Journal of Human Values 26, no. 3 (May 22, 2020): 238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971685820923943.
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The concept of group moral responsibility is apparently problematic, in that it is unobvious in what sense a group, which is evidently not a conscious rational subject like an individual person, can be held morally accountable. It is unclear how a group can be said to have the ability to form beliefs and intentions needed for genuine group actions of moral assessment. Broadly speaking, there are two separate platforms from which one can investigate this problem: individualism and collectivism. Subscribing to the doctrinal position of methodological individualism, individualists suggest that individual members are the only capable entities, who can meaningfully bear the burden of moral responsibility, either individually or in a shared way. Collectivists, on the other hand look for an alternative position wherein they advocate the genuine possibility of attributing moral responsibility to groups qua groups. The collectivist approach has received substantial philosophical attention in recent years. However, most supporters of collectivism search for such possibility without strongly invoking the idea of group moral agency. In this article, I argue for an irreducible moral agential status of groups in terms of the intentional actions of their constituent individual members and their special conglomeration. I suggest that certain collective or group entities are capable of being identified as proper agents of moral assessment analogous to that of individual agents of similar assessment.
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Sawitri, Dian R., and Peter A. Creed. "Collectivism and Perceived Congruence With Parents as Antecedents to Career Aspirations." Journal of Career Development 44, no. 6 (September 14, 2016): 530–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894845316668576.
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Cultural orientation and perceived career congruence with parents are potentially important influences on adolescent career development in collectivist contexts, but few studies have integrated these variables in a social cognitive-based model. We surveyed 337 Grade 10 students (53% girls, mean age = 15.9 years) from Central Java, Indonesia, and examined a model that consisted of vertical collectivism (VC) and horizontal collectivism (HC), perceived congruence with parents, self-efficacy, and career aspirations. After controlling for socioeconomic status and school achievement, HC was more strongly associated with perceived congruence with parents than VC, and VC and HC were indirectly associated with aspirations via congruence and self-efficacy. These two patterns of collectivism were directly and indirectly associated with self-efficacy via congruence, and perceived congruence was indirectly associated with aspirations via self-efficacy. This study underlined the effects of VC, HC, and perceived adolescent–parent career congruence on career decision-making self-efficacy and aspirations of adolescents from a collectivistic country.
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Voytyuk, Mariya, and Daniel Hruschka. "Cognitive Differences Accounting for Cross-cultural Variation in Perceptions of Healthy Eating." Journal of Cognition and Culture 17, no. 1-2 (February 8, 2017): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12342194.
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What counts as healthy eating varies both within and across cultures. While people often focus on specific foods and nutrients, the timing and style of eating (eating context) can also be an important consideration, and one that appears to vary across cultures. One possible explanation for this variation is differences in basic cognition, with holistic thinking in collectivist cultures favouring contextual factors. We assess this hypothesis by examining perceptions between two cultural groups that vary in collectivism. In study 1, we investigate whether residents of Ukraine place more importance on considerations of eating context than residents of the usa. In study 2, we test whether this between-country difference is due to the mediating effect of individual differences in collectivism. Ukrainian participants consistently placed more importance on context (Cohen’s d = 0.71–0.84; p < 0.01) and were more collectivist (Cohen’s d = 0.95, p < 0.001). A mediation analysis shows that collectivism significantly mediates the effect of nationality on context endorsement, and renders the effect of nationality non-significant (p > 0.05). These results suggest that the holistic pattern of attention might extend to the domain of nutrition and may account for some cross-cultural differences in perceptions of healthy eating. We briefly discuss the benefits of perception focused on the context of eating, such as decreased burden of self-regulation in a food-rich environment.
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Kumar, Aneel, Khalil Ahmed Channa, and Muhammad Waqas Maharvi. "Individualism versus Collectivism Orientation as Moderator between Co-Workers’ Social Support and Work to Family Enrichment." JABM JOURNAL of ACCOUNTING - BUSINESS & MANAGEMENT 25, no. 2 (December 14, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31966/jabminternational.v25i2.352.
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The purpose of this study was to test the effect of co-workers’ support on work to family enrichment and the moderating role of individualism/collectivism orientation in the relationship between social support and work to family enrichment. There were 243 respondents of banking sector on which the analysis was based. Primary data were collected through the five point Likert type of survey questionnaire. The findings of this study showed co-workers’ support as the potential antecedent of work to family enrichment. The workplace resource of co-workers’ support engendered the positive experiences of work to family enrichment in the employees. Further, individualism/collectivism orientation was found as the significant moderator in the relationship between co-workers’ support and work to family enrichment. The relationship was stronger for employees high on individualistic/collectivist orientation, as compared to those who were low on such orientation. These results validate the prevalence of collectivist cultural context in this part of world.
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Li, Zilu. "Unseen Scars: The Intersection of School Bullying, Individualism, and Collectivism." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 38, no. 1 (January 15, 2024): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/38/20240629.
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Violence in schools occurs in both collectivist and individualist societies. This paper examined bullying in educational settings and the connection to individualism and collectivism. It reported how these concepts influence bullying behaviors. Data from the OECD indicated that around 23% of students in these countries face bullying several times a month. The main focus was on the impact of bullying on students' mental health, social relationships, and academic performance. The paper also explored the differences in bullying behaviors in cultures prioritizing group values (collectivism) versus individual values (individualism). In individualistic societies, bullied students might feel more isolated, while in collectivist societies, bullying might be less visible as individuals might not discuss their struggles in public. This study aimed to provide a clearer understanding of school bullying by considering both personal experiences and the wider cultural context. The findings were expected to contribute significantly to developing more effective anti-bullying strategies that consider both individual and group perspectives.
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Asif Tasneem, Khawaja, and Saba Feroz Qureshi. "Knowledge Sharing, Individualism, Collectivism, and Organizational Innovative Behaviour in Public Health Organizations." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, no. 3 (January 31, 2022): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n3p195.
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This paper focuses on investigating the more innovative employees, i.e., individualists or collectivists, in the public sector when it comes to knowledge sharing and organizational culture. The study adopted quantitative research technique and data was collected through an online survey. A field study was conducted and data was obtained from 480 employees working in Pakistan's two major public health institutions so as to test the study's hypotheses. A hierarchical linear regression model was used to test the hypotheses. The results show that there is a significant positive influence of organizational-based knowledge sharing, individual-based knowledge sharing, collectivism, and individualism on organizational innovative behaviour in the organizations. This study also found a significant positive impact of collectivism and individualism as moderators on organizational innovative behaviours. The study further concluded that collectivism has a higher positive impact on organizational innovative behaviour in comparison to individualism.
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Huang, Yi-Hui, Olwen Bedford, and Yin Zhang. "The relational orientation framework for examining culture in Chinese societies." Culture & Psychology 24, no. 4 (October 13, 2017): 477–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354067x17729362.
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Individualist and collectivist cultural frameworks have been the dominant research paradigm in cross-cultural studies despite evidence of conceptual and measurement problems with collectivism. We propose a new theoretical framework of psychological functioning in Chinese societies that captures some of the useful elements of collectivism without its drawbacks. The relational orientation framework takes into account the variety of relations in an individual’s social and cultural environment. The model comprises a structural–relational factor grounded in sociological structuration theory and relational orientation characteristics, and a rational–relational factor that captures important aspects of agency based on social exchange theory. We discuss the framework’s role in providing an alternative to methodological individualism for research in Chinese societies.
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Magar, Manisha Thapa, Sita Bista, Krishna Hamal, and Netra Prasad Nyaupane. "Collectivism from Employees' Perspective in the Nepalese Banking Industry." International Journal of Atharva 1, no. 1 (September 28, 2023): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ija.v1i1.58837.
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It is vital to recognize the challenges and possibilities that Nepalese commercial bank workers practice collectivist concepts in their workplaces. It is necessary to investigate methods to employ collectivist ideas to practice understandably. That is why it is significant to assess the practice of collectivism in Nepalese commercial banks. Findings emphasize the participants' tendency for placing importance on the success of the collective, prioritizing the group's interests over individual objectives, and regarding acceptance within the group as a significant factor. Additionally, it signifies a moderate degree of consensus regarding the significance of prioritizing the welfare of the group over individual rewards, as perceived by both employees and managers. No significant correlation was found between demographic factors and the mean (Collectivism) ratings provided by the participants. Overall, these results showed the participants' propensity to value collective achievement, sacrifice personal objectives for the good of the group, and place value on group approval. It also showed a moderate level of agreement between managers and employees on the significance of putting group welfare ahead of individual rewards.
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Schwartz, Shalom H. "Individualism-Collectivism." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 21, no. 2 (June 1990): 139–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022190212001.
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Fjneman, Yvonne A., Madde E. Willemsen, Ype H. Poortinga, Fatos G. Erelcin, James Georgas, C. Harry Hui, Kwok Leung, and Roy S. Malpass. "Individualism-Collectivism." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 27, no. 4 (July 1996): 381–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022196274001.
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Hui, C. Harry, and Harry C. Triandis. "Individualism-Collectivism." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 17, no. 2 (June 1986): 225–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002186017002006.
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Low, Nicholas. "Reinventing Collectivism." Urban Policy and Research 26, no. 1 (March 2008): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08111140701540687.
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Hartung, Paul J., Nadya A. Fouad, Frederick T. L. Leong, and Erin E. Hardin. "Individualism-Collectivism." Journal of Career Assessment 18, no. 1 (December 2, 2009): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069072709340526.
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Stimson, Blake, and and Gregory Sholette. "Periodising collectivism." Third Text 18, no. 6 (November 2004): 573–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0952882042000284989.
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Arraya, Marco António, René Pellissier, and Isabel Preto. "Team goal-setting involves more than only goal-setting." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 5, no. 2 (May 11, 2015): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-11-2012-0046.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to research factors like task-orientation and collectivism and to examine the relationship between them and goal-setting as research construct. This research investigates the phenomena of team goal-setting in a selected sports organisation. Therefore 49 players from three Portuguese elite male handball team were selected for the study. Design/methodology/approach – Three well-known questionnaires were employed to determine the relationships between the above factors in a case setting. Task- and ego-orientation in Sport Questionnaire, the Jackson Psychological Collectivism Measure and the Goal-setting in Sport Questionnaire. Findings – The results reveal that the team and players are task-oriented, collectivist and possessing professional and personal goal habits. The correlations between questionnaire outcomes indicate that, when the team wants to set goals, it should consider the players’ orientation and the team’s collectivism. Thus team goal-setting is more than only goal-setting, because of the need for task-orientation and collectivism. Research limitations/implications – The research was conducted using three teams in a specific sports and thus cannot be generalised to the general sports environment. Yet, certainly the strength of the findings indicate that the results and conclusions may be used in a wider sports or business setting. Practical implications – This research paper should provide managers and coaches with insight into the complexity of team goal-setting. It also should provide insight into the chosen process related to human resources. Originality/value – The paper adds and demonstrates to the literature on team goal-setting the importance of task-orientation and collectivism as goal-setting mediators.
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Ye, Zhongjun, Hefu Liu, and Jibao Gu. "Relationships between conflicts and employee perceived job performance." International Journal of Conflict Management 30, no. 5 (October 14, 2019): 706–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcma-01-2019-0010.
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Purpose Over 83.72 million Chinese firms employing more than 775 million employees. It is essential to explore employee relationships and conflict management practices in China. Although collectivism can influence employee cognition and emotions, the psychological mechanism that links collectivism and job satisfaction is still unclear. Researchers have found existing empirical findings on conflict–performance relationships to be mixed and inconsistent, and have identified the need to pinpoint the explanatory mechanisms and boundary conditions that underlie the effect of conflict on job performance. This study aims to provide some clarification to this important yet relatively unclear issue. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire survey was conducted in China to collect data. The authors received completed questionnaires from 466 employees. Findings Analysis of questionnaire results reveals that job satisfaction mediates the relationships between conflicts and perceived job performance, and that collectivism moderates the relationships between conflicts and job satisfaction. Specifically, the positive relationship between task conflict and job satisfaction is amplified by high levels of horizontal collectivism (HC) and vertical collectivism (VC), while the negative relationship between relationship conflict and job satisfaction is strengthened by HC. Research limitations/implications The main limitation is that this study used a cross-sectional design, meaning that causality in relationships cannot be established from results. Despite this limitation, the present findings provide insights into conflict management, job satisfaction and culture value literature. Originality/value This paper examines the moderating role of employees’ collectivist orientation (not national culture) on the relationships between conflicts and employee job satisfaction at the individual level. It also explores HC and VC and identifies their differential effects on the relationships between conflicts and job satisfaction.
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Zeffane, Rachid. "Does collectivism necessarily negate the spirit of entrepreneurship?" International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 20, no. 3 (April 29, 2014): 278–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-03-2013-0042.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationships between individualism/collectivism (as personal traits) and individuals’ potential to become an entrepreneur. Design/methodology/approach – The study draws on a sample of 503 students enrolled in business courses at a university in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It focusses on the concept of Entrepreneurial Potential (EP) as a measure of “desirability and inclination” to start a business. The paper tests the hypothesis that the concepts of individualism and collectivism are not necessarily polar ends of the same continuum and examine their impacts on EP, controlling for age and gender as main demographic characteristics. Four main hypotheses are explored. Findings – Statistical analysis confirms the two main hypotheses. They reveal that: first, concomitant with the dominant collectivist values at national level, potential future entrepreneurs evolving in the Middle East/Gulf region endorse personal traits of a predominantly collectivist nature; second, contrary to popular assumptions individualism does not have a strong impact on youth EP. In the context of this study, the impact of collectivism on EP is most significant. The paper also found that gender had no significant impact on EP Research limitations/implications – The use of personality traits alone, as a basis for understanding predictors of EP may not be sufficient. A number of contextual variables (such the socio-cultural and economic context) may also have a strong influence. Unfortunately, it is not possible to test for these effects with the data available in this study. Future research may consider these. Practical implications – Despite its limited scope (limited sample-size and target population), the findings of this study are useful to both practitioners and policy makers. Management practitioners interested in entrepreneurial behaviors need to take stock of the fact that future entrepreneurs can (and perhaps should be able to) blend their competitive entrepreneurial drive with the spirit of collectivism. This is particularly relevant in selection processes using personality tests for the purpose of extracting the most likely candidates for entrepreneurial ventures involving youth. Originality/value – The findings of this study do not support the general assumption that individualism and entrepreneurship ties necessarily go hand in hand. They clearly indicate that collectivism has more explanatory power in this regard, though this may be contextual. These findings may be explained by the context of the study (UAE/Middle East). The overwhelming majority of the respondents are from the Middle East and gulf region, where collectivist aspirations are predominant. Yet, the economies of countries in those regions are fuelled by an increasing number of advanced and quite daring entrepreneurial projects, as exemplified by the modernist business ventures in Dubai, Qatar, and Abu Dhabi.
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Zhu, Yicheng, Ran Wei, Ven-Hwei Lo, Mingxin Zhang, and Zongya Li. "Collectivism and Altruistic Behavior: A Third-Person Effect Study of COVID-19 News Among Wuhan Residents." Global Media and China 6, no. 4 (October 18, 2021): 476–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20594364211045568.
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This study examines the third-person effects of COVID-19 news among Wuhan residents during the peak of the outbreaks in the city. Using data collected in a telephone survey of 1,071 Wuhan residents, results show that respondents believed others were more influenced by the COVID-19 news. However, the more the respondents systematically processed the news through elaboration and the more they were oriented toward collectivist values, the smaller the self-other perceptual gap. Finally, results suggest the moderating effect of collectivism on the relationship between perceived effects of COVID news and altruistic behavior—collectivism enhances the influence of perceived effects on others on adoption of altruistic behavior. The influence of culture in shaping risk perception and behavioral responses is discussed.
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Liu, Yijuan, and Jieun Choi. "Differential Effects of Cultural Orientation on the Changes in Group Creativity." Korean Society for Creativity Education 22, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36358/jce.2022.22.3.41.
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Recently, Asian countries, including Korea and China, are rapidly changing from a traditional collectivist culture to an individualistic culture. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate how individualism as an individual traits affects group creativity, which essentially requires social interaction. Under the background, we divided the cultural orientations of Chinese university students into the four types of Triandis (1995): vertical individualism, horizontal individualism, vertical collectivism, and horizontal collectivism. And then we constructed 4 homogeneous groups according to each types, and their group creativity was tested three times over an 8-week period. The results were first, in the last measurement, the groups with the highest group creativity were the horizontal collectivist team and the vertical individualistic team. Although the horizontal collectivist team had the lowest score among the four teams at the beginning, it continued to show a steep rise over time, showing the highest score in the last. The vertical individualist team started with a high score from the beginning and maintained a consistently high level. The vertical collectivist team seemed to maintain a high level of group creativity from the beginning to the middle, but showed a sharp decrease at the end. The horizontal individualism team showed low group creativity from the beginning and tended to keep it at a low level. This tendency was also supported by peer ratings and expert ratings. In the subsequent discussion, the causes of this tendency were analyzed, implications and limitations, and suggestions for future research were discussed.
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Martin, Daniel E. "Culture and unethical conduct: Understanding the impact of individualism and collectivism on actual plagiarism." Management Learning 43, no. 3 (December 2, 2011): 261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350507611428119.
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This criterion study examined the impact of the cultural dimensions of individualism and collectivism on actual plagiarism in working business students. Given globalization of business and recent business scandals, furthering our understanding of international ethics remains critical. Business students are the potential employees, managers and leaders of organizations in the future. In this study we focus on one form of unethical conduct by business students, i.e. actual plagiarism, and seek to determine the link between this behavior and cultural values of individualism/collectivism and associated stereotypes of Asian/Caucasian students. Our findings suggest that individualists plagiarize more than collectivists, and that no significant differences in plagiarism exist between Asian and Caucasian students, contrary to popular beliefs. The implications of these findings for scholars and managers are discussed.
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Pezzuti, Todd, Meghan E. Pierce, and James M. Leonhardt. "Does language homophily affect migrant consumers’ service usage intentions?" Journal of Services Marketing 32, no. 5 (August 13, 2018): 581–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsm-07-2017-0252.
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Purpose This paper investigates how language homophily between service providers and migrant consumers affects migrant consumers’ intentions to engage with financial and medical service providers. Design/methodology/approach Three empirical studies were conducted with migrant consumers living in Chile, England and the USA. Participants were presented information on service providers, and language homophily was manipulated between subjects. In the high (low) language homophily condition, service providers were described as having (not having) the ability to speak the native language of the migrant consumer. Findings Language homophily was found to increase migrant consumers’ expectation of control over a service encounter and, in turn, increase their intention to use a provider’s services. Collectivism was identified as a boundary condition. Among high collectivist consumers, language homophily did not affect service usage intentions; however, language homophily did positively affect service usage intentions among low collectivist consumers. Originality/value This work extends prior research on service provider language by finding a positive effect of language homophily on service usage intentions and by identifying mediating (i.e. expected control over the outcome of the service encounter) and moderating (i.e. collectivism) mechanisms for this effect.
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Kruczek, Agnieszka, Izabela Grzankowska, and Małgorzata A. Basińska. "The role of cultural psychological orientations for flexibility in coping with stress in Polish adolescents." Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna 21, no. 2 (July 30, 2021): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15557/pipk.2021.0009.
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Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the dominant cultural psychological orientation among Polish youth, the role of individualism and collectivism for flexibility in coping, and the assessment of the modifying role of gender and age of the studied youth for the relationship between the included cultural psychological orientations and the flexibility in coping with stress. Materials and methods: A total of 367 adolescents (131 boys and 236 girls) aged between 13 and 20 participated in the study. The following methods were used: the Individualism–Collectivist Questionnaire by Harry Triandis and Michele Gelfand, Flexibility in Coping with Stress Questionnaire by Basińska et al., and a personal survey. Results: Polish adolescents obtained the highest average score in the psychological orientation of vertical collectivism. There were statistically significant positive correlations between horizontal individualism, horizontal collectivism, vertical collectivism and flexibility in coping and its dimensions. Moreover, Polish adolescents’ psychological orientation – horizontal individualism – was a predictor of flexibility in coping with stress and its dimensions. The analysis revealed that the model for the relationship between horizontal individualism and coping competences with the modifying role of age was statistically significant. Younger adolescents (from 13 to 17 years of age) were more individually oriented horizontally, and had higher coping competences, whereas in the group of older adolescents (>17.4) this effect was not observed. Conclusions: The results of the study are an important contribution to the recognition of flexibility in coping, but also answer numerous questions about its relationships with cultural psychological orientation.