Journal articles: 'Collectivised agriculture'

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FFORDE, ADAM. "SOCIO-ECONOMIC DIFFERENTIATION IN A MATURE COLLECTIVISED AGRICULTURE: NORTH VIETNAM." Sociologia Ruralis 27, no. 2-3 (August 1987): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.1987.tb01000.x.

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Raymond, Chad. ""No Responsibility and No Rice": The Rise and Fall of Agricultural Collectivization in Vietnam." Agricultural History 82, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 43–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-82.1.43.

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Abstract Communist leaders in Vietnam attempted to use agricultural collectivization to transform a poor, agrarian country into a modern, socialist nation with an industrialized economy. Collectivized agricultural production lacked sufficient economic incentives for Vietnamese farmers; they preferred to produce privately for household consumption or the free market. State-initiated reforms to collectivize agriculture failed to improve the performance of the agricultural sector, and eventually the Vietnamese Communist Party was forced to abandon collectivization altogether. Once farmers were freed from collective labor and could pursue private production for the free market, Vietnam’s agricultural output skyrocketed.

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Miller, Ann-Leena. "Keep out! No entry! Exploring the Soviet military landscape of the coast of Estonia." SHS Web of Conferences 63 (2019): 11001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196311001.

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During the Soviet occupation of 1945-1991, Estonia became a Soviet Republic and was cut off from open contact with the Western world. The Estonian coastline was now the outer border of the Soviet Union and part of the Iron Curtain. On the coast of the Baltic Sea this was less visible than in some places (e.g. the Berlin wall), but the military control was no less restrictive. The coastal areas were under military control and accessible only with special permits – so often the inhabitants had to leave and their homes were taken over by the Soviet military or abandoned. Military installations also marked the Soviet security zone. There was a massive construction programme of artillery defensive positions along the coastline. As the last Soviet troops left Estonia in 1994, the Soviet military installations were left to the Estonian Republic. Most were stripped of anything useful and abandoned. Many of these objects or complexes are still visible in the landscape but most are forgotten and ruined. They are not yet seen as a part of Estonian heritage and are fast disappearing. A study of a section of the NE coast of Estonia has identified a military landscape along with the former closed city of Sillamäe (where uranium was refined). Mapping of the defence structures, assessment of their condition and their visible presence reveals a distinctive military landscape alongside collectivised agriculture, where residential quarters, roads and communications formed a unique complex. Interviews with local residents reveal how the zone and the restrictions were ever present in their lives and generally they are not interested in them or their preservation; younger interviewees with no memory view the remains as curiosities; there is the beginning of interest in them as part of a “dissonant heritage”.

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SWAIN, GEOFFREY. "Deciding to Collectivise Latvian Agriculture." Europe-Asia Studies 55, no. 1 (January 2003): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713663446.

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Navrátil, Josef, Tomáš Krejčí, Stanislav Martinát, Kamil Pícha, Petr Klusáček, Jaroslav Škrabal, and Robert Osman. "Abandonment or Regeneration and Re-Use? Factors Affecting the Usage of Farm Premises in Different Social Spaces of the Rural." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (November 3, 2020): 9124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219124.

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Nearly every village in Central and Eastern European countries with heavily collectivized agriculture has its collective farm premises that encompass substantial parts of the village area, were built in the sixties, and now are unable to be used in former ways. The aim of the paper is to identify indicators that are relevant for spatial disparities in the utilization of agricultural premises thirty years after the fall of the Iron Curtain. The location and its area of all pre-1989 rural farm premises within two NUTS 3 regions of the Czech Republic with its current uses were identified, and differences in present uses were tested against agri-natural and socio-economic characteristics (of the municipalities where rural farm premises are located) obtained from national databases. From a global point of view, socio-economic characteristics of municipalities were found to be exceedingly more important than agri-natural—thus, changing of uses is rather dependent on socio-economic context than on geographical preconditions of agriculture. Surprisingly, agricultural use or re-use can be primarily found in municipalities not suitable for intensive agriculture located in the fodder crops and potatoes areas of agricultural production with the highest shares of permanent grassland on agricultural land. On the other hand, areas with the best preconditions for agriculture tend to re-use former farm premises for non-agricultural production.

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Sklar, Richard L. "Reds and Rights Zimbabwe’s Experiment." Issue 14 (1985): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700505915.

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In this day and age, Marxism-Leninism is the leading and least parochial theory of social revolution in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. It strongly appeals to intellectuals who believe that capitalist imperialism in “neocolonial” forms perpetuates social injustice on a world scale; and that a “conscious minority’ ‘ or vanguard of the downtrodden should establish a “developmental dictatorship” dedicated to the pursuit of economic and social progress. Since the death of Mao Zedong and the subsequent repudiation of his economic theories in China, collectivism as an economic strategy has been reassessed and found wanting in other countries whose leaders are disposed to learn from China. For example, in the People’s Republic of the Congo, where collectivist methods, inspired by Marxism-Leninism have been discarded in favor of entrepreneurial methods, the minister of agriculture has said simply, “Marxism without revenue is Marxism without a future.”

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MANCHIN, ROBERT, and IVAN SZELENYI. "THEORIES OF FAMILY AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN COLLECTIVIZED ECONOMIES." Sociologia Ruralis 25, no. 3-4 (December 1985): 248–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.1985.tb00765.x.

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Ardillier-Carras, Françoise. "Productions agricoles de qualité dans le Transcaucase : quel avenir pour l'agriculture post-collectiviste ? L'exemple de l'Arménie (Agricultural products of quality in Transcaucasus : which future for post-collectivist agriculture ? The case of Armenia)." Bulletin de l'Association de géographes français 79, no. 3 (2002): 312–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bagf.2002.2281.

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Lu, Peng, Scott Burris, Matt Baker, Courtney Meyers, and Glenn Cummins. "Cultural Differences in Critical Thinking Style: A Comparison of U. S. and Chinese Undergraduate Agricultural Students." Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education 28, no. 4 (August 21, 2021): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5191/jiaee.2021.28449.

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This study aimed to compare critical thinking styles between students studying agriculture in the U.S. and China. A survey of critical thinking styles was administered to two groups of students in U.S. (n = 104) and China (n = 103). Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was applied to determine if there were significant differences in critical thinking styles between the two groups. Results indicate that U.S. students tended to prefer an engaging critical thinking style, whereas Chinese students tended to prefer an information seeking critical thinking style. These differences between critical thinking style preferences may be explained by students’ cultural backgrounds. This study can help agricultural educators understand the differences in critical thinking style preferences among culturally-diverse students. Further, it provides empirical evidence to guide agricultural educators seeking to adopt effective pedagogical approaches to cultivate critical thinking among students from diverse cultural backgrounds. This study provides fresh insight into the individualism and collectivism theory by explaining the cross-cultural differences in critical thinking style between U.S. and Chinese agricultural students. Keywords: agricultural education, critical thinking style, international agricultural student, cross- cultural

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Milošević, Srđan. "Okućnica kolektivizovanih seoskih domaćinstava u Jugoslaviji (1945–1953)." Tokovi istorije 30, no. 2 (August 31, 2022): 39–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31212/tokovi.2022.2.mlo.39-71.

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The paper deals with the organizational and practical issues related to the household plot of the collectivized households in Yugoslavia. This household plot was in the regime of individual property. This structure originated from the Soviet kolkhoz, but had different characteristics in the Yugoslav context. Besides having been an additional source of agricultural products to satisfy the needs of the collectivized households, the products grown on these plots were also allowed to enter the market. The household plot had a disproportionally large impact on the overall agricultural production, since the peasants intensified the use of this plot. This came as a consequence of the dysfunctional and unpopular organizational characteristics of the agricultural cooperatives.

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Schrank, Zachary, and Katrina Running. "Individualist and collectivist consumer motivations in local organic food markets." Journal of Consumer Culture 18, no. 1 (July 11, 2016): 184–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469540516659127.

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Community-Supported Agriculture programs have become a popular model for providing consumers with direct economic engagement with independent local organic farms. The degree to which Community-Supported Agriculture members are unified in their identity and consumer interests, however, is unclear. One possibility is that mostly individual interests including supposed nutritional benefits, superior taste, and avoidance of synthetic pesticides motivate Community-Supported Agriculture members. Another is that they are motivated more by environmental and economic concerns at the collective level. Our study engages this debate by analyzing emergent themes in consumers’ motivational narratives using interview data with 58 members of a Community-Supported Agriculture program in a large southwestern city in the United States. We find that Community-Supported Agriculture members are largely unified in their consumer orientation and pursue individualist and collectivist goals equally. In other words, Community-Supported Agriculture members are neither primarily altruistic nor egoistic consumers, but they approach their consumption as a holistic act. Specifically, they emphasize environmental issues and a commitment to sustainability through local organic consumption as a pathway to individual health. This suggests that an internally homogeneous, yet multidimensional, framework constitutes the motivational structure of local organic food consumption. We argue this framework aligns with an emerging eco-habitus exhibited in environmentally conscious market fields that translate into both collective and individual benefits.

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Krejčí, Tomáš, Josef Navrátil, Stanislav Martinát, Ryan J. Frazier, Petr Klusáček, Kamil Pícha, Jaroslav Škrabal, and Robert Osman. "Spatial Unevenness of Formation, Remediation and Persistence of Post-Agricultural Brownfields." Land 10, no. 3 (March 21, 2021): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10030325.

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The fall of the Iron Curtain created a vacuum upon which large-scale collectivized agriculture was largely abandoned. Post-agricultural brownfields emerge in multiple manners across national, regional and local levels. While these sites remain rarely explored, we aimed to better understand the spatial consequences of the formation, persistence and reuse of these sites. The regions of South Bohemia and South Moravia in the Czech Republic are used to show the location of post-agricultural brownfields identified in 2004 through 2018. Using Global Moran’s I test we have found that post-agricultural brownfields existing in 2004, long-term brownfields in 2018 and brownfields established between 2004 and 2018 are spatially clustered, but remediated brownfields between 2004 and 2018 are not. Next, the Anselin’s Local Moran’s I test identified where the spatial clusters exist. The clusters identified were examined for differences in their social, economic and environmental development by the means of logistic regression. The results show that the brownfields initially identified in 2004 are concentrated in regions with lower quality agricultural land while simultaneously located in the hinterlands of regional urban centers. In contrast, peripheral regions most often contained long-term brownfields. Brownfield sites identified after 2004 occurred in regions with higher agricultural quality of land and where corn usually grows.

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O'Relley, Z. Edward. "The Changing Status of Collectivized and Private Agriculture under Central Planning." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 45, no. 1 (January 1986): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1986.tb01894.x.

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14

Ash, Robert F. "The Peasant and the State." China Quarterly 127 (September 1991): 493–526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000031040.

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The institutional framework of agriculture defines the context in which the relationship between the peasant and the state is enacted. In China from the mid-1950s until 1979 that framework was characterized by a collectivist and interventionist ethos. The state–peasant relationship weighed heavily in favour of the state. The three tiers of agricultural organization–commune, brigade and production team – facilitated control of the economic activities of individual peasants by the government, whether at central or local level. Individual initiative was largely limited to those activities which could be carried out in spare time or on private plots. The relationship between effort and reward was frequently tenuous and distribution was guided by egalitarian principles.

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15

Maurel, Marie-Claude. "La recomposition post-collectiviste des agricultures hongroise et tchèque." Revue d’études comparatives Est-Ouest 26, no. 3 (1995): 53–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/receo.1995.2740.

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Duckett, Jane. "State, Collectivism and Worker Privilege: A Study of Urban Health Insurance Reform." China Quarterly 177 (March 2004): 155–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741004000098.

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Since 1998, the central government has focused its attention on social security. Among other things, it has created a ministry for social security, pressed for the extension of health and unemployment insurance to larger numbers of the urban working population, and increased spending. Does this mean that the party-state is rebuilding the eroded urban social security system and re-asserting its role in ensuring collective provision? Do recent initiatives repair or damage the interests of urban workers? This article examines these questions through a study of urban health insurance reform. It argues the state has taken over from work units the responsibility for health insurance, that collectivism has been partially preserved through redistributory “risk-pooling” systems, and that the party-state is moving away from its traditional state enterprise-centred working-class base and widening participation to include workers in the private and rural industrial sectors. However, continued prioritization of economic growth means that the party-state's role is limited, while collectivist provision is restricted to the non-agricultural working population. In practice, government officials and workers in successful state enterprises are still the most likely to be insured.

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Pesic, Jelena. "Persistence of traditionalist value orientations in Serbia." Sociologija 48, no. 4 (2006): 289–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc0604289p.

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Systematic failures in attempts to modernize Serbian society during the past two centuries have led to the survival of traditionalist value orientations. The long period of Ottoman rule allowed patriarchal, warrior-tribal cultural patterns to persist and shape the basis for national and overall cultural identity. Extreme poverty, autarkical agricultural production, the slow penetration of capitalism and a market economy, an undifferentiated social structure with majority of rural population, patriarchal organization of both the private and public sphere and the authoritarian character of authority, were characteristics of Serbian pre-modern society, which inhibited its development and contributed to the persistence of traditionalism. Although the socialist period was modernizing in many respects, homology between socialist and pre-modern collectivist, egalitarian and authoritarian orientation, made it easy for nationalism to penetrate and consequently led to decomposition of the state in civil wars. Delayed post-socialist transformation, characterized by civil war, economic collapse, extreme impoverishment, and international isolation, has only strengthened the orientation towards pre-modern patterns of identification. This paper examines the persistence of collectivism, authoritarianism and patriarchal orientation in the period of unhindered post-socialist transformation, based on the data obtained in the "South-East European Social Survey Project" (SEESSP), conducted from December 2003 to January 2004. These results are compared with those obtained in the research project "Changes in the Class Structure and Mobility in Serbia", conducted in 1989.

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Gabbas, Marco. "Collectivization and National Question in Soviet Udmurtia." Russian History 47, no. 4 (September 8, 2021): 309–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763316-12340015.

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Abstract The subject of this article is the collectivization of agriculture in Soviet Udmurtia at the turn of the 1930s. Situated in the Urals, Udmurtia was an autonomous region, largely agricultural, and with a developing industrial center, Izhevsk, as capital. The titular nationality of the region, the Udmurts, represented slightly more than 50% of the total inhabitants, while the rest was made up by Russians and other national minorities. Udmurts were mostly peasants and concentrated in the countryside, whereas city-dwellers and factory workers were mostly Russians. Due to these and other circumstances, collectivization in Udmurtia was carried out in a very specific way. The campaign began here in 1928, one year before than in the rest of the Union, and had possibly the highest pace in the country, with 76% of collectivized farms by 1933. The years 1928–1931 were the highest point of the campaign, when the most opposition and the most violence took place. The local Party Committee put before itself the special task to carry out a revolutionary collectivization campaign in the Udmurt countryside, which should have been a definitive solution to its “national” backwardness and to all its problems, from illiteracy to trachoma, from syphilis to the strip system (that is, each family worked on small “strips” of land far from each other). The Party Committee failed to exert much support from the peasant Udmurt masses, which stayed at best inert to collectivization propaganda, or opposed it openly. However, the back of the Udmurt peasantry was finally broken, and Udmurtia was totally collectivized by the end of the 1930s.

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Khudoyorov, Noyibjon Maripjonovich. "COLLECTIVIZATION POLICY OF THE SOVIET GOVERNMENT IN UZBEKISTAN (AS AN EXAMPLE 1920-1930)." Frontline Social Sciences and History Journal 02, no. 02 (February 1, 2022): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/social-fsshj-02-02-12.

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In this article has been analyzed the collectivization policy of the Soviet government and its implementation, why the Bolsheviks decided to mass collectivize agriculture in the Union in the late 1920s, and how the mechanism for implementing this idea was developed, based on primary sources and scientific literature.

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Lalande, J. Guy. "Hammer, Sickle, and Soil: The Soviet Drive to Collectivize Agriculture by Jonathan Daly." Histoire sociale / Social History 54, no. 110 (2021): 194–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/his.2021.0014.

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Noda, K. "Collectivism and Individualism in Post-war Japanese Agriculture: Reflections on Nishida and Kase." Social Science Japan Journal 4, no. 2 (October 1, 2001): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/4.2.281.

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Goldman, Wendy Z. "Industrial Politics, Peasant Rebellion and the Death of the Proletarian Women's Movement in the USSR." Slavic Review 55, no. 1 (1996): 46–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2500978.

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In December 1927 delegates to the XV Party Congress of the Soviet Union adopted the slogan, “Face toward Production.” Over the next five years, as the Party embarked on a massive effort to industrialize the country and collectivize agriculture, this slogan came to define policy in every area of life. The Party daily exhorted the people to speed up production, increase the harvest, reconstruct agriculture. Workers erected behemoths of heavy industry as artists emblazoned the image of belching smokestacks everywhere, symbols not of pollution but of the transformative promise of industrialization. Stalin and his supporters purged the unions, the planning agencies and the Party of “rightists” who were seen as obstacles to the new tempos of production and the collectivization of agriculture.

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Vish, I. M. "On the issue of alcoholic psychoses in children and alcoholism among young people." Kazan medical journal 32, no. 2-3 (September 23, 2021): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj80746.

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While on a business trip for agricultural health care. workers in the spring sowing campaign in 1931 (Kolpakovsky state farm Sakhkombpnata "Collectivist" Ivaninsky district Ts. Ch. O), I observed a case of acutely developed alcoholic psychosis in a peasant boy of 3 years of age.

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Hannachi, Mourad, M’hand Fares, François Coleno, and Christophe Assens. "The “new agricultural collectivism”: How cooperatives horizontal coordination drive multi-stakeholders self-organization." Journal of Co-operative Organization and Management 8, no. 2 (December 2020): 100111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcom.2020.100111.

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Siegel, Benjamin. "The Kibbutz and the Ashram: Sarvodaya Agriculture, Israeli Aid, and the Global Imaginaries of Indian Development." American Historical Review 125, no. 4 (October 2020): 1175–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa233.

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Abstract In the first two decades of Indian independence, members of the Sarvodaya movement—India’s popular, non-state program for Gandhian social uplift—sought to partner with representatives of Israel’s developmental apparatus to build a communal agricultural settlement at Gandhi’s former ashram. Working against the lure of large-scale, Nehruvian development, Cold War politics, and cool formal diplomatic relations between the two countries, Indian votaries of small-scale rural uplift saw in Israeli collective agriculture the chance to give Gandhian “constructive work” a practical program rooted in voluntary, village-based socialism—a goal that eluded Gandhi himself. Israeli planners saw their work with Indian civil society as a means of securing the formal diplomatic sanction largely stymied by India’s relationship with the broader Muslim world. Gandhi’s vision of the Indian “village Republic” and the Israeli model of agrarian collectivism both owed their origins to nineteenth-century utopian thought, and both projects felt anachronistic by the time of their decade-long joint effort, whose initial promise succumbed to realpolitik and the hegemony of the developmental state. Yet their work foregrounds the enduring international stake that Indian civil society maintained in development and nation-building, long presumed to have withered with the arrival of the nation-state.

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Ko, Kwang Hyun. "The Influence of Rice Agriculture on East Asian Culture and Language." European Journal of East Asian Studies 15, no. 1 (2016): 86–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700615-01501001.

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Studies have long confirmed the existence of psychological differences between people in the East and those in the West. They have found that East Asians are more interdependent and think in terms of the group; Westerners adopt more individualistic, analytical thinking. Recent studies of rice farming have shown that large-scale agriculture is largely responsible for the collectivist mindset of East Asians. Rice farming alone, however, was not sufficient to mould cooperative, holistic thinking. Rice farming influenced festivals, customs, proverbs and the overall structure of language, all of which would have led Asians to develop an interdependent cultural psychology. This article presents an analytical study that scrutinises Eastern customs and languages, comparing them to those of Western cultures. Generally, the following comparative analysis pertains mostly to widely spoken languages from populated and prospering sectors, such as the Chinese, Korean and Japanese in East Asia, and the English, Spanish and French in Western regions. It is argued that rice farming is correlated not only with festivals, but also with proverbs, particular ways of answering questions, weather-related expressions and overall language structures, including pronouns and articles. This study further posits that a culture of respecting elders may be attributable to rice agriculture.

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Thornhill, Randy, and Corey L. Fincher. "Parasite stress promotes homicide and child maltreatment." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1583 (December 12, 2011): 3466–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0052.

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Researchers using the parasite-stress theory of human values have discovered many cross-cultural behavioural patterns that inform a range of scholarly disciplines. Here, we apply the theory to major categories of interpersonal violence, and the empirical findings are supportive. We hypothesize that the collectivism evoked by high parasite stress is a cause of adult-on-adult interpersonal violence. Across the US states, parasite stress and collectivism each positively predicts rates of men's and women's slaying of a romantic partner, as well as the rate of male-honour homicide and of the motivationally similar felony-related homicide. Of these four types of homicide, wealth inequality has an independent effect only on rates of male-honour and felony-related homicide. Parasite stress and collectivism also positively predict cross-national homicide rates. Child maltreatment by caretakers is caused, in part, by divestment in offspring of low phenotypic quality, and high parasite stress produces more such offspring than low parasite stress. Rates of each of two categories of the child maltreatment—lethal and non-lethal—across the US states are predicted positively by parasite stress, with wealth inequality and collectivism having limited effects. Parasite stress may be the strongest predictor of interpersonal violence to date.

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Neuberger, Pavel, and Pavel Kic. "A Century of Use of SOLOMIT Thermal Insulation Panels." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 2, 2021): 7197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217197.

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This article traces the century-old history of using a thermal and acoustic insulation panel called SOLOMIT. It presents some of Sergei Nicolajewitsch Tchayeff’s patents, on the basis of which production and installation took place. The survey section provides examples of the use of this building component in Australia, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, the Soviet Union and Spain. It pays attention to applications in the 1950s and 1960s in collectivized agriculture in Czechoslovakia. It also presents the results of measuring the thermal conductivity of a panel sample, which was obtained during the reconstruction of a cottage built in the 1950s and 1960s of the 20th century. Even today, SOLOMIT finds its application all over the world, mainly due to its thermal insulation and acoustic properties and other features, such as low maintenance requirements, attractive appearance and structure and cost-effectiveness.

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Mardika, I. Nyoman. "Opposition of community citizenship against the policy of the village's leader." International journal of social sciences and humanities 1, no. 3 (December 11, 2017): 74–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.29332/ijssh.v1n3.57.

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The process of industrialization, reformation, and globalization has led to the changes in people's lives such as livelihoods, lifestyle, and also the character of the Balinese themselves. Livelihoods that initially agriculture shifted to the tourism industry, productive lifestyles became consumptive and the way people's lives changed from collectivism to individualism and materialism. Changes of Balinese characters from previous hospitality and courteous, today tend to be violent and conflicted. Traditional institutions such as Desa Adat are social-religious and proud because they are capable of functioning to protect their citizens. However, Adat Village, which is a respected institution today, is often the arena of conflict to fight for various interests, so that quiet and peaceful life is no longer the case. The process of change and the emergence of conflicts in the development of indigenous villages in Bali often occurs in the areas of Adat Perasi Village. In the field of livelihood, Perasi traditional villagers who originally lived from agriculture and fishermen, have now changed because of a shift in the livelihoods of life. Its citizens are no longer just depend on agriculture and fishing, but rather have been leading to services especially the tourism industry. This shift must have caused a change in the view of people's lives from the original emphasis on togetherness because the collectivity of citizens turn into commercialism (materialism) that leads to individuality.

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van Vliet, Simon, and Martin Ackermann. "Bacterial Ventures into Multicellularity: Collectivism through Individuality." PLOS Biology 13, no. 6 (June 3, 2015): e1002162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002162.

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Margolin, Victor. "Stalin and Wheat: Collective Farms and Composite Portraits." Gastronomica 3, no. 2 (2003): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2003.3.2.14.

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In late 1939, USSR in Construction, the Soviet propaganda magazine, published a special issue on the Stalin Collective Farm in the Ukraine. The inside front cover of the magazine contained an anonymous paean to socialist farming, attributing its success to the foresight and support of Joseph Stalin, the nation's leader. On the page flanking the euphoric opening text was a near full-page portrait of Comrade Stalin composed of multi-hued grains including millet, alfalfa, and poppy. Grain, or the absence thereof, was fundamental to the development of collective farms in the Soviet Union. By early 1929, government pressure to form large state-run farms had increased and Stalin declared war on the kulaks, or rich peasants. The kulaks responded by killing their livestock, destroying their crops, and demolishing their homesteads. Nonetheless, collectivization, backed by the Party apparatus, continued relentlessly. Needless to say, none of the resistance to collectivized agriculture was evident in USSR in Construction's depiction of life on the Stalin Collective Farm. At the end of the issue, the apparent happiness and prosperity of the workers were attributed to the virtues of socialism. In the later 1930s, with the inauguration of Stalin's "cult of personality," the nation was consistently equated with Stalin himself, hence the choice of his profile for the composite grain portrait. The seamlessness with which a multitude of grains could become a composite portrait of the nation's leader shows how successfully the Soviet government was able to rewrite the history of agricultural collectivization. The pain, loss, and resistance of the small landowners was successfully obliterated and replaced by a new narrative in which collective farm workers prospered and found happiness within a political system that was now synonymous with the beneficence of a single individual, Joseph Stalin.

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Mizrahi, Dor, Ilan Laufer, and Inon Zuckerman. "Collectivism-individualism: Strategic behavior in tacit coordination games." PLOS ONE 15, no. 2 (February 4, 2020): e0226929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226929.

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Pottier, Johan, and James Fairhead. "Post-famine recovery in highland Bwisha, Zaire: 1984 in its context." Africa 61, no. 4 (October 1991): 437–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160532.

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AbstractThe 1984 drought affected vast areas of East, Southern and Central Africa, including Zaire's Kivu Province. Within North Kivu, areas of the collectivité Bwisha, of the zone of Rutshuru, were known to have been particularly hard hit. Within this collectivite, two administrative units (groupements) were singled out for famine relief: Jomba and Gisigari. Although few people died of the direct effects of the drought there was widespread impoverishment and hunger. This analysis of the drought of 1984 focuses on the groupement of Jomba.The aim is to reconstruct what happened before, during and after the famine. To do this, Part One outlines the farming systems of highland Bwisha from an historical perspective. Part Two discusses the stages of the drought, the social groups worst affected and the coping mechanisms used by groups and individuals. The latter discussion includes aspects of external relief. Part Three discusses post-famine changes in agriculture and trade relations, with a comment on how the people of Bwisha will fare when faced with another major drought.Since the end of the prolonged drought and famine of 1984 cropping systems have continued to change. Current intensification of highland agriculture is associated with an emphasis on aseasonality in production. This new phase, accelerated and conditioned by the famine, will alter future famine coping responses. Despite the appearance of productive agriculture and flourishing trade, food security in the area and the ability to cope with future climatic disruption are being eroded fast.

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Viola, Lynne. "The Campaign to Eliminate the Kulak as a Class, Winter 1929–1930: A Reevaluation of the Legislation." Slavic Review 45, no. 3 (1986): 503–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2499054.

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The drive to collectivize Soviet agriculture in the winter of 1930 was “spontaneous“ (stikhiinyi) in the extreme. Spontaneous, in this context, is not a synonym for voluntary; instead, it denotes the process by which collectivization was implemented from January to March 1930. This process was characterized by a deficit in organization and order, a revolutionary impulsiveness tempered by neither law nor legality, and, perhaps most of all, “teleological planning“ based on constant upward revisions of numerical indicators as plans and directives were passed down the hierarchical chain of regional command. Central control, in the traditional sense, was nonexistent or ineffective; control, central or otherwise, seemingly so pervasive in “Stalinist” collectivization, is simply a misnomer for the arbitrary coercion that prevailed at the time and was predicated, in large part, upon the very absence of such control.

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Wojnicki, Jacek, and Piotr Swacha. "Dylematy wyboru ustroju społecznopolitycznego w koncepcjach programowych partii parlamentarnych ruchu ludowego w wybranych państwach Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej (w okresie transformacji systemowej)." Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 18, no. 4 (December 2020): 121–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2020.4.6.

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The purpose of the article is to present the dilemmas of sociopolitical system based on the program concepts of people’s movement parliamentary parties from Central and Eastern Europe. The period of analysis covers first years of the systemic transformation, when people’s movement parties from Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania had their parliamentary representation. The research is based on methodological assumptions of content analysis and comparative method. The categorization key included issues concerning: postulated political system; economic order; main directions of foreign policy. People’s parties stressed the need to build democratic states, based on the tripartite separation of power, including citizens’ civil rights. They opted for a free market economy but permitted state interference, especially in the agricultural sector. In strongly collectivized states the privatization of land was a crucial issue. People’s parties also called for changes in international alliances of their countries.

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Akkuş, Birol, Tom Postmes, and Katherine Stroebe. "Community Collectivism: A social dynamic approach to conceptualizing culture." PLOS ONE 12, no. 9 (September 28, 2017): e0185725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185725.

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Si, Zhenzhong, Theresa Schumilas, Weiping Chen, Tony Fuller, and Steffanie Scott. "What Makes a CSA a CSA?" Canadian Food Studies / La Revue canadienne des études sur l'alimentation 7, no. 1 (July 12, 2020): 64–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cfs-rcea.v7i1.390.

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In different parts of the world, community supported agriculture (CSA) has taken a variety of organizational forms, drawn on different ideologies, used a variety of land tenure arrangements, and taken on varied types of market relations in terms of how they arrange sales and memberships. Despite this, comparative studies of CSAs are sparse. Based on interviews and survey results, this paper develops a framework to compare CSAs in Canada—where this system has evolved for the last 30 years as an alternative to industrialized agriculture—with those in China, where CSAs have emerged since the late 2000s, mainly in response to food safety and health concerns. The comparison is based on their initiators’ motivations, economic characteristics, ecological practices, shareholder relations, and community building. We find that in both Canada and China CSAs are struggling to maintain the movement’s original values and be economically viable. They are moving away from the traditional ‘risk sharing’ approach underpinning the model and adopting more flexible payment mechanisms. However, other original tenets of the CSA model, such as member engagement, are strengthening. This poses a definitional challenge—what makes a CSA a CSA? We conclude that CSAs mix capitalist and other-than-capitalist economic logic, blend traditional, organic, and productivist ecological relations, and demonstrate both individualist and civic collectivist politics simultaneously. These characterizations are what make a CSA a CSA in contemporary Canada and China.

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Nekbakhtshoev, Navruz, and Suresh Chandra Babu. "Agrarian Reform and Water Resource Management: A Case Study and Lessons from Tajikistan." Central Asian Journal of Water Research 8, no. 1 (2022): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2022-r1.v8-1/1-26.eng.

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This paper examines the preconditions for collective action in the context of Water User Associations (WUAs) in Tajikistan. The paper uses qualitative case studies of five WUAs from three cotton-producing districts of Khatlon region in Tajikistan. Findings suggest that the ability of WUAs to generate collective action for the benefit of the rural community depends on factors internal and external to WUAs. The WUAs in our study tended to exhibit top-down organizational forms which might not bode well for their sustainability. WUAs were set up by donors in a setting where large, collectivized farms and vestiges of command agriculture persist alongside small individual farms. The presence of large farms among smaller holdings makes it difficult for WUAs to distribute water equitably among its members. Local government officials tend to favor the interest of big planters over small independent farms and can exert pressure on WUAs to skew water distribution. By studying the institutional challenges facing water resource management in Tajikistan, a major natural resource challenge facing all the Central Asian economies, the paper identifies opportunities for speeding up the process of agrarian reforms currently underway in all the transition economies.

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Edele, Mark. "The Soviet Culture of Victory." Journal of Contemporary History 54, no. 4 (February 27, 2019): 780–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009418817821.

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The Soviet Union after the Second World War can serve as a prime example of how victory ’locks in’ a political system. In a mirror image of Wolfgang Schivelbusch’s argument of how ‘cultures of defeat’ encourage social and political innovation, the Soviet ‘culture of victory’ reaffirmed a dictatorial system of government and a command economy based on collectivized agriculture and centrally planned industry. At the same time, however, the war also engendered changes, which played themselves out somewhat subterraneously at first. They include a complex system of veterans’ privileges, a growing welfare state, a more routinized administration, and an economy where individual and family farming played a major role in the provisioning not only of the rural, but also of the urban population. Moreover, counter-narratives and counter-memories of this war could never be completely silenced by the bombastic war cult and would break forth at the end of the Soviet century. Finally, the economic and human costs of this victory were such that they formed a constant dark underbelly to the celebration of the ‘Great Victory’. This article surveys these contradictory legacies of the war and the ways in which they helped shape late Soviet society.

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Watanabe, Chika. "Muddy Labor: A Japanese Aid Ethic of Collective Intimacy in Myanmar." Cultural Anthropology 29, no. 4 (November 10, 2014): 648–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14506/ca29.4.04.

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Japanese aid has long been criticized for its focus on infrastructural projects, but Japanese aid actors have also valued non-infrastructural soft aid, especially through NGOs. Drawing on twenty months of fieldwork conducted with a Japanese NGO and its training program in sustainable agriculture in Myanmar, this article examines how Japanese and Burmese aid actors engaged in what I call an aid ethic of “muddy labor”—an emphasis on shared physical and relational labor that produced a collective form of intimacy. Scholars have tended to formulate humanitarian moral sentiments as responses to a distant suffering stranger. In contrast, I argue that the ideologies and political effects of a collectivist form of aid emerge in physical, relational, and geographic proximity. I demonstrate how the collective intimacy of physical and relational labor generated a meaningful sense of belonging among aid workers, while Japanese official discourses of soft aid indicated that this ethos of solidarity was also based on hierarchical views of Japanese superiority. The article ultimately asks how this ambiguity of the ethics of muddy labor challenges capacities for critique.

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Jankowiak, Stanisław. "The “Gryfice Scandal” In Poznań — Dealing with Abuses Committed in the Process of Establishing Cooperative Farms in the Poznań Region." Studia Historiae Oeconomicae 35, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sho-2017-0005.

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Abstract Several years after the war, a revolution started in the Polish agriculture - even though until 1948, the authorities claimed that farms in Poland would not be collectivized. The new stage meant that things accelerated quickly. Central party authorities determined the number of cooperatives to be established per year in a top-down manner. The Poznań region was considered particularly opposed to the system, hence the pressure to establish cooperative farms was particularly intense. The quick pace of the operation and accountability of the party officials for its results meant that they often resorted to prohibited methods of forcing resistant individuals to enter into cooperatives. Though party guidelines emphasized that the process was voluntary, and formally banned any form of pressure, various forms of power abuse were tolerated in practice. Only when the situation rapidly escalated into scandals, the authorities stigmatized the illegal methods. However, after a while, the situation returned to normal, and the anomalies reoccurred. The problem was that the principles of the operation were flawed. One of the party activists claimed that establishing cooperatives according to the guidelines would have taken 200 years to complete. Farmers had to be coerced, otherwise they would never have joined cooperatives. Most cooperative farms established this way collapsed in 1956.

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Soltoff, Ben, Chijioke Onyekwelu, Chris Martin, and Mushfiq Mobarak. "Examining Temporary Migration as a Solution to the Lean Season." Hasanuddin Economics and Business Review 1, no. 1 (August 22, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26487/hebr.v1i1.1190.

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Our research in Indonesia took as its focus the concept of the lean season, that is, predictable times of scarcity which contribute to large drop offs in productivity, consumption and caloric intake for an affected region and its people. For this research, we partnered with students from Universitas Hasanuddin (UnHas) in Makassar to leverage their knowledge of the local language and broader cultural context. They proved to be invaluable colleagues as we met with the various constituencies across South Sulawesi. We conducted first-person interviews with village leaders, as well as agricultural workers and city employers. Through these formal interactions – and impromptu meetings and conversations too – we were able to get a sense of the viability of a temporary migration scheme like the ones implemented in Bangladesh and Timor by Dr. Mobarak and his team. We made serious effort to embark on lines of questioning which were open-ended instead of suggestive and, when appropriate and possible, conducted our interviews with individuals as opposed to groups to ward off collectivist thinking. In particular, our questions were meant to illuminate the lived experience of locals around four broad areas of concern: the agricultural calendar, coping mechanisms, migration history and employer insights. The coming pages spell out our findings.

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Hierman, Brent, and Navruz Nekbakhtshoev. "Whose land is it? Land reform, minorities, and the titular “nation” in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan." Nationalities Papers 42, no. 2 (March 2014): 336–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2013.857298.

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Each of the post-Soviet Central Asian states inherited both inefficient collectivized agricultural systems and an understanding of the nation rooted in categories defined by Soviet nationality policy. Despite the importance placed on territorial homelands in many contemporary understandings of nationalism, the divergent formal responses to these dual Soviet legacies have generally been studied in isolation from one another. However, there are conceptual reasons to expect more overlap in these responses than generally assumed; in this paper, we engage in a focused comparison of three post-Soviet Central Asian states (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan) in order to investigate how nationalizing policies and discourse, land distribution, and ethnic tensions interact with each other over time. We reveal that the nationalizing discourses of the three states – despite promoting the titular groups vis-à-vis other groups – have had limited influence on the actual processes of land distribution. Furthermore, the Kyrgyzstani case challenges the assumption that the effect flows unidirectionally from nationalizing policies and discourse to land reform implementation; in this case, there is evidence that the disruption caused by farm reorganization generated grievances which werethenarticulated by some nationalistic political elites.

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Mabbs‐Zeno, Carl C. "Pryor, Frederic L. The Red and the Green: The Rise and Fall of Collectivized Agriculture in Marxist Regimes . Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992, xii + 550 pp., $@@‐@@59.50." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 75, no. 3 (August 1993): 866–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1243613.

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Li, Jian-Bin, Alexander T. Vazsonyi, and Kai Dou. "Is individualism-collectivism associated with self-control? Evidence from Chinese and U.S. samples." PLOS ONE 13, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): e0208541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208541.

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Higueras-Castillo, E., F. J. Liébana-Cabanillas, F. Muñoz-Leiva, and S. Molinillo. "The role of collectivism in modeling the adoption of renewable energies: a cross-cultural approach." International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 16, no. 4 (January 30, 2019): 2143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02235-4.

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Schmitt, Günther. "The Red and the Green: The Rise and Fall of Collectivized Agriculture in Marxist Regimes, Frederic L. Pryor, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 1992, xiii + 550 pp., index, $59.50." Journal of Comparative Economics 19, no. 1 (August 1994): 162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcec.1994.1079.

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Nguyen, Giang NT, Thinh Gia Hoang, Tam Minh Nguyen, and Thanh Thien Ngo. "Challenges and enablers of women entrepreneurs’ career advancement in Vietnam’s coffee industry." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 15, no. 1 (February 8, 2021): 76–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-04-2020-0075.

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Purpose This paper aims to explore the motivational factors and contextual facilitators of female entrepreneurs in Vietnam’s coffee industry and also the barriers facing them. Design/methodology/approach This study adopts the grounded theory approach, using semi-structured in-depth interviews with 31 women entrepreneurs in the coffee industry in the rural Central Highlands of Vietnam. Findings This study found that necessity-driven factors play an important role in motivating female entrepreneurs to advance their careers. However, these factors may be transformed into the opportunity-driven motives. Furthermore, the findings suggest that Asia’s collectivism culture and family support significantly affect the success of the women entrepreneurs, although gender inequality is not perceived as a serious constraint in entrepreneurial activities. Research limitations/implications This study has implications for the literature of women entrepreneurs regarding motivations and contextual influences in agricultural and rural areas of Vietnam. However, the sample size is relatively small which limits the concept generation of the study. For further research, a larger sample size with different business sectors should be considered to generate more explicit findings. Practical implications The findings from this study can assist the policymakers in developing strategies and governmental policies to support the career advancement of women entrepreneurs and improving gender equality in Vietnam. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature about understanding the motives and the roles of socioeconomic contexts in women’s entrepreneurial activities in agricultural and rural areas.

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Dowling, David O. "Emerson’s Newspaperman." Journalism & Communication Monographs 19, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 7–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1522637916687321.

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This monograph examines New-York Tribune editor Horace Greeley’s support of radical intellectual culture throughout his influential journalistic career, from the antebellum era to the Gilded Age. His early interest in alternatives to the unregulated free market led him to charismatic figures like Ralph Waldo Emerson, who questioned the tenets of laissez-faire capitalism and lamented its impact on politics and culture. Emerson’s followers included Associationists, those who sought to place nature at the center of life as an agricultural resource and to return to humanistic values threatened by the Industrial Revolution. In the pages of the Tribune, Greeley leveraged Associationists’ attack on economic inequality to advance his crusade against unemployment and labor exploitation, including Southern slavery. Publicity campaigns on behalf of economic reform appeared during three key phases of his career. In his weekly New-Yorker, Greeley promoted Emerson and his followers including Associationist radicals during the antebellum period. During the Civil War, he provided a platform for the editorials of Karl Marx. During the Gilded Age, Greeley’s final attempt to realize his socialist utopian vision was the Union Colony, an ill-fated collectivist frontier establishment led by his Tribune agricultural editor Nathan Meeker. Greeley’s relationship with Emerson inspired his willingness to use the Tribune to publicize each era’s most controversial critics of capitalism. This research traces the socialist threads in the tapestry of press history and the promotional apparatus that brought radical intellectual culture into prominence in American life.

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Laine, Kirsi. "Böndernas agerande inför och anpassning till storskiftet i sydvästra Finland." 1700-tal: Nordic Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 18 (July 2, 2021): 66–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/4.5906.

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This article examines peasants’ goals and means of negotiation in the reallocation of land or enclosure reform called storskifte in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century in Southwest Finland. It stresses the agency of peasants and their actions in the quest for best practices. The study is based on the meeting minutes of the storskifte reform of 230 villages with mainly freeholders or crown tenants as stakeholders. This article shows how peasants balanced between individualism and collectivism in their decision making because their goals were opposite. They aimed to increase the freedom of work and decision making in the household economy. At the same time, the cooperation with neighbours was an important method of decreasing the workload and costs of farming. Sources indicate that peasants made agreements with each other so they could combine both goals. They achieved independence as farmers as well as low costs by combining consolidation of land with mutual agreements about cooperation in specific issues, but they allowed each other to do individual decisions, too. This kind of flexible solution-seeking behaviour provides a new perspective on the discussion about peasants and agricultural change.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Collectivised agriculture'

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