Relevant bibliographies by topics / Collectivised agriculture

Academic literature on the topic 'Collectivised agriculture'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Collectivised agriculture"

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FFORDE, ADAM. "SOCIO-ECONOMIC DIFFERENTIATION IN A MATURE COLLECTIVISED AGRICULTURE: NORTH VIETNAM." Sociologia Ruralis 27, no. 2-3 (August 1987): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.1987.tb01000.x.

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Raymond, Chad. ""No Responsibility and No Rice": The Rise and Fall of Agricultural Collectivization in Vietnam." Agricultural History 82, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 43–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-82.1.43.

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Abstract Communist leaders in Vietnam attempted to use agricultural collectivization to transform a poor, agrarian country into a modern, socialist nation with an industrialized economy. Collectivized agricultural production lacked sufficient economic incentives for Vietnamese farmers; they preferred to produce privately for household consumption or the free market. State-initiated reforms to collectivize agriculture failed to improve the performance of the agricultural sector, and eventually the Vietnamese Communist Party was forced to abandon collectivization altogether. Once farmers were freed from collective labor and could pursue private production for the free market, Vietnam’s agricultural output skyrocketed.
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Miller, Ann-Leena. "Keep out! No entry! Exploring the Soviet military landscape of the coast of Estonia." SHS Web of Conferences 63 (2019): 11001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196311001.

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During the Soviet occupation of 1945-1991, Estonia became a Soviet Republic and was cut off from open contact with the Western world. The Estonian coastline was now the outer border of the Soviet Union and part of the Iron Curtain. On the coast of the Baltic Sea this was less visible than in some places (e.g. the Berlin wall), but the military control was no less restrictive. The coastal areas were under military control and accessible only with special permits – so often the inhabitants had to leave and their homes were taken over by the Soviet military or abandoned. Military installations also marked the Soviet security zone. There was a massive construction programme of artillery defensive positions along the coastline. As the last Soviet troops left Estonia in 1994, the Soviet military installations were left to the Estonian Republic. Most were stripped of anything useful and abandoned. Many of these objects or complexes are still visible in the landscape but most are forgotten and ruined. They are not yet seen as a part of Estonian heritage and are fast disappearing. A study of a section of the NE coast of Estonia has identified a military landscape along with the former closed city of Sillamäe (where uranium was refined). Mapping of the defence structures, assessment of their condition and their visible presence reveals a distinctive military landscape alongside collectivised agriculture, where residential quarters, roads and communications formed a unique complex. Interviews with local residents reveal how the zone and the restrictions were ever present in their lives and generally they are not interested in them or their preservation; younger interviewees with no memory view the remains as curiosities; there is the beginning of interest in them as part of a “dissonant heritage”.
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SWAIN, GEOFFREY. "Deciding to Collectivise Latvian Agriculture." Europe-Asia Studies 55, no. 1 (January 2003): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713663446.

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Navrátil, Josef, Tomáš Krejčí, Stanislav Martinát, Kamil Pícha, Petr Klusáček, Jaroslav Škrabal, and Robert Osman. "Abandonment or Regeneration and Re-Use? Factors Affecting the Usage of Farm Premises in Different Social Spaces of the Rural." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (November 3, 2020): 9124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219124.

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Nearly every village in Central and Eastern European countries with heavily collectivized agriculture has its collective farm premises that encompass substantial parts of the village area, were built in the sixties, and now are unable to be used in former ways. The aim of the paper is to identify indicators that are relevant for spatial disparities in the utilization of agricultural premises thirty years after the fall of the Iron Curtain. The location and its area of all pre-1989 rural farm premises within two NUTS 3 regions of the Czech Republic with its current uses were identified, and differences in present uses were tested against agri-natural and socio-economic characteristics (of the municipalities where rural farm premises are located) obtained from national databases. From a global point of view, socio-economic characteristics of municipalities were found to be exceedingly more important than agri-natural—thus, changing of uses is rather dependent on socio-economic context than on geographical preconditions of agriculture. Surprisingly, agricultural use or re-use can be primarily found in municipalities not suitable for intensive agriculture located in the fodder crops and potatoes areas of agricultural production with the highest shares of permanent grassland on agricultural land. On the other hand, areas with the best preconditions for agriculture tend to re-use former farm premises for non-agricultural production.
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Sklar, Richard L. "Reds and Rights Zimbabwe’s Experiment." Issue 14 (1985): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700505915.

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In this day and age, Marxism-Leninism is the leading and least parochial theory of social revolution in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. It strongly appeals to intellectuals who believe that capitalist imperialism in “neocolonial” forms perpetuates social injustice on a world scale; and that a “conscious minority’ ‘ or vanguard of the downtrodden should establish a “developmental dictatorship” dedicated to the pursuit of economic and social progress. Since the death of Mao Zedong and the subsequent repudiation of his economic theories in China, collectivism as an economic strategy has been reassessed and found wanting in other countries whose leaders are disposed to learn from China. For example, in the People’s Republic of the Congo, where collectivist methods, inspired by Marxism-Leninism have been discarded in favor of entrepreneurial methods, the minister of agriculture has said simply, “Marxism without revenue is Marxism without a future.”
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MANCHIN, ROBERT, and IVAN SZELENYI. "THEORIES OF FAMILY AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN COLLECTIVIZED ECONOMIES." Sociologia Ruralis 25, no. 3-4 (December 1985): 248–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.1985.tb00765.x.

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Ardillier-Carras, Françoise. "Productions agricoles de qualité dans le Transcaucase : quel avenir pour l'agriculture post-collectiviste ? L'exemple de l'Arménie (Agricultural products of quality in Transcaucasus : which future for post-collectivist agriculture ? The case of Armenia)." Bulletin de l'Association de géographes français 79, no. 3 (2002): 312–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bagf.2002.2281.

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Lu, Peng, Scott Burris, Matt Baker, Courtney Meyers, and Glenn Cummins. "Cultural Differences in Critical Thinking Style: A Comparison of U. S. and Chinese Undergraduate Agricultural Students." Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education 28, no. 4 (August 21, 2021): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5191/jiaee.2021.28449.

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This study aimed to compare critical thinking styles between students studying agriculture in the U.S. and China. A survey of critical thinking styles was administered to two groups of students in U.S. (n = 104) and China (n = 103). Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was applied to determine if there were significant differences in critical thinking styles between the two groups. Results indicate that U.S. students tended to prefer an engaging critical thinking style, whereas Chinese students tended to prefer an information seeking critical thinking style. These differences between critical thinking style preferences may be explained by students’ cultural backgrounds. This study can help agricultural educators understand the differences in critical thinking style preferences among culturally-diverse students. Further, it provides empirical evidence to guide agricultural educators seeking to adopt effective pedagogical approaches to cultivate critical thinking among students from diverse cultural backgrounds. This study provides fresh insight into the individualism and collectivism theory by explaining the cross-cultural differences in critical thinking style between U.S. and Chinese agricultural students. Keywords: agricultural education, critical thinking style, international agricultural student, cross- cultural
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Milošević, Srđan. "Okućnica kolektivizovanih seoskih domaćinstava u Jugoslaviji (1945–1953)." Tokovi istorije 30, no. 2 (August 31, 2022): 39–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31212/tokovi.2022.2.mlo.39-71.

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The paper deals with the organizational and practical issues related to the household plot of the collectivized households in Yugoslavia. This household plot was in the regime of individual property. This structure originated from the Soviet kolkhoz, but had different characteristics in the Yugoslav context. Besides having been an additional source of agricultural products to satisfy the needs of the collectivized households, the products grown on these plots were also allowed to enter the market. The household plot had a disproportionally large impact on the overall agricultural production, since the peasants intensified the use of this plot. This came as a consequence of the dysfunctional and unpopular organizational characteristics of the agricultural cooperatives.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Collectivised agriculture"

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Last, George Philip Murray. "After the 'Socialist Spring' in the GDR : a study of collectivised agriculture in Bezirk Erfurt." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444695/.

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This thesis is an analysis of the role of low level political and economic functionaries in the organisation and management of the farming collectives, the implementation and development of agricultural policy and the parallel development of the East German village in the 1960s and 1970s. With the completion of the (forced) collectivisation of agriculture in the spring of 1960 began the next major step towards the socialist transformation of rural society in East Germany. The process by which over subsequent years the rural population came to terms with this new situation and by which the SED regime established new systems of economic and social organisation in the rural communities of the GDR was long and complex in comparison with the campaign for collectivisation. Using a broad range of archival material from state and SED party sources as well as Stasi files and individual farm records along with some oral history interviews, I have made a thorough investigation of this process with respect to one of the GDR's 15 regions (Bezirk Erfurt). This thesis examines on the one hand how East Germans responded to the end of private farming by resisting, manipulating but also participating in the new system of rural organisation and on the other how the regime sought via its representatives to implement its aims with a combination of compromise and material incentive as well as administrative pressure and other more draconian measures. In addressing the roles and responsibilities of the various levels of functionaries involved in the development of agriculture, my research has contributed to a more differentiated understanding of the nature of authority (Herrschaft) at the grassroots in the SED dictatorship, which qualifies the simple top- down model of the transmission of authority and a starkly dichotomous view of the state and society.
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Smith, S. Andrew Enticknap, and ANDREW_SMITH@acdi-cida gc ca. "Water First : a political history of hydraulics in Vietnam's Red River Delta." The Australian National University. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, 2002. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20050314.135921.

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Between 1961 and 1976 Häi Hung province -- present day Häi Duong and Hung Yên -- lost the equivalent of two entire districts of agricultural land. How could so much land be abandoned under a collectivised agriculture system? And what role did poor water control infrastructure play in creating such a situation?¶ I answer these questions by examining the historical patterns of hydraulic development in northern Vietnam from the beginning of the 19th century until the introduction of the Production Contract system in 1981. Underlying both the French colonial and communist visions of modernity and economic development was a belief that improving agricultural productivity, of which large-scale hydraulic infrastructure was an important component, could catalyse growth in the rural economy, which could then finance industrialisation. I argue throughout this thesis that developing large-scale hydraulic infrastructure in the Red River delta has relied upon the creation of a hydraulic bargain between the state and water users. This is in contrast to Wittfogel's theory of the hydraulic state, insofar as developing hydraulic infrastructure has depended upon the active political and economic participation and support of water users, and not the absolute power of the state. The political economic history of the hydraulic bargain highlights the relative power of peasants to influence the direction of large-scale hydraulic development and, as such, the shape of the Red River delta's wet-rice economy.
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Lee, In Heok. "Readiness for self-directed learning and the cultural values of individualism/collectivism among American and South Korean college students seeking teacher certification in agriculture." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3281.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between self-directed learning readiness and the cultural values of individualism/collectivism in two sample groups drawn from different cultures. The research design used for this study was descriptive and correlational in nature. The target population for this study consisted of two sample groups: Korean and American college students who seek teacher certification in the field of agriculture. Data were collected using a web-formatted questionnaire. Results were computed statistically, including the means, standard deviations, effect size, independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, bivariate correlations, and multiple regression. Findings indicated that in a hierarchical multiple regression analysis, scores for the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale (SDLRS) (R2 = .03, adjusted R2 = .01, p = .30) in Step 1 was not statistically significantly related by gender, student classification, and GPA. Gender, student classification, and GPA accounted for only 3% of the variance and the three beta weights for the gender, student classification, and GPA variables were not statistically significantly related to the SDLRS. However, scores for SDLRS (R2= .34, adjusted R2 = .30, ¨R2 = .31, p =.00) in Step 2 was statistically significantly related by gender, student classification, GPA, nationality, vertical individualism (VI), horizontal individualism (HI), vertical collectivism(VC), and horizontal collectivism(HC). This model accounted for 34 % of the variance in the SDLRS (R2 change = .31). It appears that nationality, VI, HI, VC, and HC accounted for a further 31% of the variance. However, in Step 1, the gender, student classification, and GPA variables did not account for a significant amount of variance in Step 2. The beta weight for nationality and VI variables were not statistically significantly related to the SDLRS (E = -0.15, t = -1.67, p = .10; E = 0.01, t = 0.10, p = .92, respectively). However, the beta for the HI variable was statistically significant and positive (E = 0.40, t = 4.31, p = .00). The beta for the VC variable also was statistically significant and positive (E = 0.20, t = 2.12, p = .04). The beta for the HC variable also was statistically significant and positive (E = 0.21, t = 2.19, p = .03). These findings indicated that if HI, VC, and HC attitudes are high, the SDLRS scores tend to be high. That is, differences in the students’ SDLRS can be best explained through HI, VC, and HC among the cultural values of individualism/collectivism.
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Halim, Abdeljalil. "Le capitalisme agraire au maroc." Paris 7, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA070109.

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Pour examiner l'impact de l'implantation du capitalisme au maroc, dans le domaine agraire, nous avons ete achemines a etudier les modes d'appropriation traditionnels de la terre et la maniere dont ils ont evolue vers un prot-capitalisme au debut de ce siecle. Nous avons montre, ensuite, comment la colonisation du pays, dans le cadre de la division du monde entre les grandes puissances imperialistes, a entrave cette evolution et impose les lois du mode de production capitaliste au pays, de l'exterieur et par en haut. Nous avons examine, a ce propos, tous les moyens qui ont ete utilises pour deposseder la paysannerie et creer des lots de colonisation destines a une agriculture capitaliste orientee vers la metropole, et les consequences qui en ont decoule. Nous avons de meme montre quelles ont ete les reactions des differentes categories sociales a ce sujet. Nous avons, ainsi, pu conclure que: i) la capitalisation de la societe marocaine par l'imperialisme a engendre sa dependance vis-a-vis du centre capitaliste mondial, 2) il y a une continuite entre la politique de l'etat national et celle qui etait suivie par le protectorat
To examine the impact of capitalism in morocco, in the agrarian sector, we studied traditional systems of land ownership and the way these developed towards a proto-capitalism at the beginning of this country. We then showed the colonisation of the country, in the context of the division of the world between the grat imperialist powers, hindered this development and imposed capitalist production method of the country from the outside and from above. In this connection, we examined all the methods used to disposses the pesantry and create colonisation allotements de tined for capitalist agriculture oriented to the me tropolis and their consequences. We have also shown the reactions of the different social categories towards this question. We conclued that: i) the capitalisation of the moroccan society by imperialism has led to its dependence on the world centre of the capitalism 2) ther is a continuity between the politics of the national state and that which followed by the protectorate
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Zrinscak, Georgette. "Le système agro-alimentaire tchèque : ruptures et recompositions spatiales." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010519.

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Depuis 1990, les campagnes tchèques sont confrontées à de profonds bouleversements causés par une rupture de système politico-économique, commune à l'ensemble des pays de l'ex-Europe de l'est. L'étude de l'activité agricole et des industries alimentaires permet d'une part d'observer certains des changements, tant fonctionnels que structurels, qui affectent l'espace rural national et, d'autre part, de comprendre les modalités de ces changements propres à la République tchèque. Ces dernières se caractérisent dans un premier temps par un dysfonctionnement du secteur agro-alimentaire, dont la radicalité est liée a la démission de l'état qui se retire brutalement de la sphère économique. En revanche, et presque paradoxalement, les modalités de la rupture systémique présentent un aspect particulièrement modéré lorsqu'il s'agit des mutations des structures de la production agricole et alimentaire. L'inachèvement actuel de leur privatisation ne suffit pas à justifier la faible ampleur des recompositions structurelles. Le rôle de structures antérieures, en particulier des structures spatiales héritées du système socialiste, et les choix - désormais libres - des acteurs économiques sont les deux principaux facteurs pris en considération pour expliquer cette singularité de la transition tchèque
Since 1990, the Czech countryside has been faced up to deep upheavals caused by a rupture of the political and economic system, alike the other states of the former eastern Europe. The study of agricultural activity and food processing industry helps to observe some of the changes - the functional ones as well as the structural ones - that occur in the national rural areas, and to understand their specific forms. First, these ones are characterized by a dysfunctioning of the agri-food sector in a particularly radical way because of the brutal resignation of the state from the economic sphere. On the other hand, the forms of the systemic rupture appear in a very moderate way when it is about the mutations of the agricultural and food production's structures. The uncompletion of their privatization is not sufficient to explain the small scale of the structural reorganizations. The role of former structures, especially the spatial structures inherited from the socialist system, and the choices - now free - of the economic actors are the two most important factors taken into account to explain the particularity of the Czech transition
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Smith, S. Andrew Enticknap. "Water First : a political history of hydraulics in Vietnam's Red River Delta." Phd thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/48195.

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Between 1961 and 1976 Häi Hung province -- present day Häi Duong and Hung Yên -- lost the equivalent of two entire districts of agricultural land. How could so much land be abandoned under a collectivised agriculture system? And what role did poor water control infrastructure play in creating such a situation?¶ I answer these questions by examining the historical patterns of hydraulic development in northern Vietnam from the beginning of the 19th century until the introduction of the Production Contract system in 1981. Underlying both the French colonial and communist visions of modernity and economic development was a belief that improving agricultural productivity, of which large-scale hydraulic infrastructure was an important component, could catalyse growth in the rural economy, which could then finance industrialisation. I argue throughout this thesis that developing large-scale hydraulic infrastructure in the Red River delta has relied upon the creation of a hydraulic bargain between the state and water users. This is in contrast to Wittfogel's theory of the hydraulic state, insofar as developing hydraulic infrastructure has depended upon the active political and economic participation and support of water users, and not the absolute power of the state. The political economic history of the hydraulic bargain highlights the relative power of peasants to influence the direction of large-scale hydraulic development and, as such, the shape of the Red River delta's wet-rice economy.
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Books on the topic "Collectivised agriculture"

1

Maurel, Marie Claude. La transition post-collectiviste: Mutations agraires en Europe centrale. Paris: l'Harmattan, 1994.

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The red and the green: The rise and fall of collectivized agriculture in Marxist regimes. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1992.

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Pryor, Frederic L. The red and the green: The rise and fallof collectivized agriculture in Marxist regimes. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1992.

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Torrents, Antoni Gavaldà i. Història econòmico-social de les cooperatives agrícoles de Nulles (1917-1992). Valls: Institut d'Estudis Vallencs, 1993.

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Torrents, Antoni Gavaldà i. Història econòmico-social de les cooperatives agrícoles de Nulles (1917-1992). Valls: Institut d'Estudis Vallencs, 1993.

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The object of labor: Commodification in socialist Hungary. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.

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Meurs, Mieke. Many shades of red: State policy and collective agriculture. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1998.

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Resistencia y colectivismo en los convites campesinos de la provincia San Cristóbal. Santo Domingo: Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo (UASD), 2011.

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Conquest, Robert. The harvest of sorrow: Soviet collectivisation and the terror-famine. London: Hutchinson, 1986.

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Conquest, Robert. The harvest of sorrow: Soviet collectivization and the terror-famine. London: Arrow Books, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Collectivised agriculture"

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Jiajian, Chen. "The Agricultural Cooperative Movement and the Forming of Rural Collectivism." In The Many Roads to Becoming Modern, 44–81. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003272298-3.

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"‘Family labour’ in the achievement and consolidation of collectivised agriculture, 1946–68." In Collective Farms which Work?, 25–50. Cambridge University Press, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511522017.003.

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"Vietnamese agriculture: changing property rights in a mature collectivized agriculture." In Communist Agriculture, 117–41. Routledge, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203169117-8.

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Pouliquen, Alain. "The Contract Brigades: Towards a Neo-collectivism in Soviet Agriculture?" In Socialist Agriculture in Transition, 45–54. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429306518-5.

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Taunton, Matthew. "Homestead Versus Kolschoz." In Red Britain, 162–215. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817710.003.0004.

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‘Homestead versus Kolchos’ was a question that obsessed Ezra Pound, an opposition between independent freeholders farming small plots (associated by Pound with the early history of the United States), and the mechanized factory farming of the Soviet collective farm or kolkhoz (which he transliterates as Kolchos). This chapter explores the ways in which British writers and intellectuals, including G. K. Chesterton, George Orwell, John Rodker, Joan Beauchamp, and J. B. Priestley, thought and wrote about Soviet agriculture. The tension between the cottage economy and the collective farm, as opposing models of socialist agriculture, created a wide-ranging debate about food, about the independent peasant proprietor, and about the possibilities of collective ownership. It shows how the ‘cottage economy’, celebrated by William Cobbett, became a key theme for anti-Communist critiques of collectivized agriculture.
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"Chapter 7. A Clientelist System: Collectivized Agriculture and Cadre Power." In State and Peasant in Contemporary China, 131–54. University of California Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520911895-012.

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Pallot, Judith, and Tat'yana Nefedova. "The Environmental Resources of Rural People’s Farms." In Russia's Unknown Agriculture. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199227419.003.0011.

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In Fig. 4.1 we show diagrammatically the contrasting relationships and dependencies of rural households in the forested region of European Russia, north of Moscow and in the black earth steppe to the south. In this and the following chapters we analyse the various components making up these food production systems, beginning with the land. At the heart of personal subsidiary farming in rural Russia is the household plot or uchastok; the small parcel of land lying within the boundary of rural settlements on which rural dwellers may grow crops and construct outbuildings. Ever since the translation of Karl Wadekin’s (1973) seminal work, the uchastok has been referred to in English language literature as the ‘private plot’, and ‘personal subsidiary farming’ as ‘private farming’. The underlying conceit of the Western view, which it must be remembered grew out of the Cold War ideological battles between communism and market capitalism, was that the private plot was proof of the efficacy of individualism and private property over collectivism and social ownership. In reality, of course, household plots were not ‘private’ in the neoclassical understanding of property rights, since they could be neither bought nor sold (nor, indeed, was there much protection for their users from their alienation) and the food individuals produced did not originate exclusively from the plot but drew on other environmental resources, access to which was covered by a variety of often ill-defined rights and obligations. Since 1991, there have been some important improvements in property rights for the rural population. In particular, they have acquired title deeds to their plots (although there are size limits and their conveyance has to take place according to normative prices) and the use of other resources has, in some cases, been subject to legal regulation or (re)codified. At the local level, land use often remains governed more by custom than by the provisions of statutes and codes. It thus makes sense when discussing rural people’s access to resources to define ‘property rights’ broadly as a field of public claims and entitlements over a variety of resources, rather than as a bundle of clearly defined rights.
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Dániel, Luka. "Teaching Land Law: Controversy and Land Policy in Hungary from 1948 to 1968." In Different Approaches to Economic and Social Changes: New Research Issues, Sources and Results, 146–57. Working Group of Economic and Social History Regional Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Pécs, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/seshst-02-13.

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Topic of the study. During the harsh Stalinization from 1948 agriculture had to be collectivized while land was not nationalized by decree as the Bolsheviks did in Russia in 1917. The Soviet legal system was a pattern for jurists but the differences made the transition to “socialism” more rugged and controversial. The legal scholars had to interpret a situation which had to develop further to full “socialization”. In order to do that, a “cooperative law” and a “land law” had to be created and taught as part of “agricultural law”. Research questions and methods. Land law consisted of regulations regarding private farmers and collective agricultural producers (cooperatives, state farms etc.), theoretically in the whole research period. How did the agrarian, cooperative and land policy affect legal theory on land tenure system? What kind of scientific dispute emerged on this matter and how did the attempts of codification of land law affect legal education? Various types of sources were evaluated, for instance protocols of council meetings of the faculty of law of two universities, archival sources, articles and studies from authors who taught land law and took part in its debate and codification. Results and conclusions. Law was used as a tool to boost transformation, and the lawmakers and jurists faced a paradox situation in which there was a need of codification of land law and to make it independent from other branches of law. On the one hand, jurists argued like Gyula Eörsi and Miklós Világhy that civil law had primatus in the legal system and property relations had to be included in that part of legislation during the “transition period”. On the other hand, many jurists, for instance Iván Földes, Imre Seres claimed that cooperative law or/and land law were separated branches of law despite the fact that mass collectivization was not completed until the spring of 1961.
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Weiner, Benno. "High Tide on the High Plateau." In The Chinese Revolution on the Tibetan Frontier, 121–45. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501749391.003.0006.

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This chapter explores the period from summer 1955 to summer 1956, a year that saw the sudden introduction of class analysis and protocollectivization into Amdo's grasslands. Spurred by the nationwide “High Tide of Socialist Transformation,” which sought to collectivize agriculture at a sudden and startling pace, in fall of 1955, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) organized “intensive investigations” into Amdo's pastoral society, efforts meant to pave the way for the staged introduction of pastoral cooperatives. By early 1956, Qinghai's leadership had made cooperativization (hezuohua) the year's core task in pastoral areas. Under these circumstances, the underpinnings of the United Front came under pressure as socialism itself was declared the means to achieve nationality unity and economic development. With revolutionary impatience threatening to overwhelm United Front pragmatism, the rhetoric used to describe Tibetan elites began to shift as well. Rather than covictims of nationality exploitation, headmen and monastic leaders were increasingly transformed into representatives of the pastoral exploiting class.
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Hale-Dorrell, Aaron T. "Growing Corn, Raising Citizens." In Corn Crusade, 109–36. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190644673.003.0006.

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Like all groups, collective farmers responded to a varying combination of incentives. Khrushchev’s policies began to moderate the economic and labor conditions inherited from Stalin’s time, when collective farmers were threatened with violent repression. Farm work remained difficult and earned a limited—albeit growing—income, but coercion abated in favor of appeals to youthful enthusiasm, socialism, and patriotism, appeals that economists term moral incentives. Propaganda equated the corn crusade with heroic industrial projects of the 1930s and Khrushchev’s famed Virgin Lands program to settle isolated agricultural regions. The Young Communist League, moreover, established annual competitions awarding prices to youth growing the largest harvests of corn. In some locales, participating work teams planted, cultivated, and harvested as much as 50 percent of the corn. These programs contributed to Khrushchev’s initiatives to include manual labor in formal education, which he hoped would prepare citizens for a future of collectivism and communism.
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Conference papers on the topic "Collectivised agriculture"

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Raj, Rengalakshmi, Thamizoli Perumal, and Venkataraman Balaji. "MobiMOOC – A Practical Learning Tool to Promote Corporate Literacy for Effective Functioning of Farmer Producer Organizations." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.2639.

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Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood to more than 70% of rural households in India. Of the total farmers, 87% are small-holders with less than two hectares of land. Yet they play an imperative role in agriculture development and poverty reduction. They face constraints to adopt technologies, access credit services, buy inputs, get market links and achieve economies of scale. As a mitigation measure, in the recent past, Indian government has adopted the development of the Farmer Producer Organization (FPO) to collectivize farmers with the core objectives of doubling farmers income by reducing production costs, improving productivity, strengthening participation in the value-chain and foster business principles. As on date 10,000 FPOs are formed in India with an average 700 to 1000 shareholders and registered under the company’s act. However, there have been gaps and challenges in securing the active participation of the shareholders in contributing to the business. The recent impact study conducted in the state of Maharashtra pointed out that FPOs resulted in rising in price realization among 22% of members and 28% accessed inputs at a lesser cost. Although results are encouraging, promoting the participation of all members in business transactions is crucial to the growth of the company. The main barriers are limited understanding among shareholders about their roles, responsibilities, rights, operational structure, and governance of the organization. Members perceive the FPO as one more collective and thus they miss connecting the corporate dimension in their organization. Thus, promoting continuous learning among shareholders and leaders about the above-listed issues is necessary for their active participation in the company activities and achieving a successful business. // Against this backdrop, a corporate literacy course was designed and piloted using the MobiMOOC digital tool with 24 FPOs from five districts, having an average shareholder base of 1035, in Tamil Nadu, India. Contents are prepared based on the learner's needs assessment conducted and categorized into blocks, divided into units and chunks. The contents were disseminated to farmers as voice calls on simple mobile phones with options of retrieving (IVRS) and listening when convenient to individual farmers. In this paper we will discuss the experiences of pedagogy adopted, design and dissemination of contents, feedback of learners on how it supported in gaining and knowledge on FPOs, and how they practiced the learning in their FPOs businesses and its impacts. The paper will also touch upon the scope for replication of the learnings.
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