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Journal articles on the topic 'Collective'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 22 June 2024

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1

Kieft, Robert H., and Lizanne Payne. "Collective Collection, Collective Action." Collection Management 37, no. 3-4 (July 2012): 137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01462679.2012.685411.

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2

Dang, Sarah-Mai, and Alena Strohmaier. "Collective Collecting." Audiovisual Data in Digital Humanities 7, no. 14 (December 31, 2018): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18146/2213-0969.2018.jethc155.

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Massive digitization makes histories appear as well as disappear. While digital archives facilitate the access to documents, recordings, films, and other s urces there is the risk that offlin sources get lost. Thus, the question about how digital collections are generated is essential for today’s film and media historians. Which artefacts are getting digitiz d – and which are not? In addition, for what reasons? Who is responsible for preserving historical material? Moreover, how can we access it? How can we make sense of the abundance of audio-visual sources, which are at the same time ephemeral? In this article, we analyse tools and methods useful for coping with digital archives and databases. Presenting a case study on the Syrian Archive, we discuss how concepts of authenticity and provenance relate to current media practices. We argue that besides posing productive research questions, conducting critical online search becomes more and more important in the humanities. Therefore, we examine not only what but also how the use of audio-visual material affects us. Furthermore, we argue that regarding the abundance of material the practice of curating – of selecting, structuring, and providing access – becomes a key activity in digital media practices.
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Baier, Verena. "Collective Writing – Writing Collectives." Zeitschrift für Kultur- und Kollektivwissenschaft 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 49–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/zkkw-2019-050105.

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4

Davis, Fred, Gladys Engel Lang, and Kurt Lang. "Collecting on "Collective Memory"." Contemporary Sociology 20, no. 2 (March 1991): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2072978.

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5

Aas, Sean. "Distributing Collective Obligation." Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy 9, no. 3 (June 5, 2017): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26556/jesp.v9i3.91.

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In this paper I develop an account of member obligation: the obligations that fall on the members of an obligated collective in virtue of that collective obligation. I use this account to argue that unorganized collections of individuals can constitute obligated agents. I argue first that, to know when a collective obligation entails obligations on that collective’s members, we have to know not just what it would take for each member to do their part in satisfying the collective obligation, but also what they should do if they cannot do their part because others will not do theirs. I go on to argue (contra recent proposals) that it is not good enough for members in this situation to reasonably believe that others will not do their part. Rather, for a member of an obligated collective to permissibly escape doing her part in a collective obligation, she must both reasonably doubt that others will do their part and stand ready to act in case others do as well. This necessary condition for collective obligation points the way to plausible sufficient conditions – conditions that, I argue, allow unstructured collectives to bear obligations. For (a) if a collective’s members are individually obligated to be ready to do their part, in a given collective action, and (b) if that individual readiness makes it sufficiently likely that the collective will in fact act, then it is hard to see what could block an attribution of collective obligation. In particular, in that case there ought to be no additional objection that there is no existing, organized “agent” on which the obligation might fall. For agents are, simply, things that can act. To be able to act is just to be able to succeed by trying. Unstructured collectives try to do something, I argue, when each member acts on their willingness to do their part in that thing if others do theirs; sometimes they succeed, producing a collective action. Some unstructured collectives, therefore, can succeed by trying; therefore, they can act; therefore they are agents.
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6

Royall, Dawna. "Collective action / Action collective." Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 75, no. 03 (September 1, 2014): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3148/cjdpr-2014-016.

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7

Manning, Mary Lou, and Anthony D. Harris. "Collective Strength, Collective Action." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 37, no. 1 (December 3, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2015.308.

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Manning, Mary Lou, and Anthony D. Harris. "Collective strength, collective action." American Journal of Infection Control 44, no. 1 (January 2016): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2015.11.001.

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9

Handal, Gunnar. "Collective time – collective practice?" Curriculum Journal 2, no. 3 (September 1991): 317–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0958517910020306.

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10

McPhail, Clark, and Ronald T. Wohlstein. "Collective Locomotion as Collective Behavior." American Sociological Review 51, no. 4 (August 1986): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2095580.

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11

McMahon, Christopher. "Collective Rationality and Collective Reasoning." Philosophical Studies 116, no. 2 (November 2003): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:phil.0000005838.83795.3a.

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12

González de Prado Salas, Javier, and Jesús Zamora-Bonilla. "Collective Actors without Collective Minds." Philosophy of the Social Sciences 45, no. 1 (February 20, 2014): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0048393113520397.

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13

Newman, D. G. "Collective Interests and Collective Rights." American Journal of Jurisprudence 49, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 127–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajj/49.1.127.

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14

Apró, Éva. "Collective Responsibility or Collective Scapegoat?" Eastern European Economics 25, no. 1 (September 1986): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00128775.1986.11648350.

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15

Gongaware, Timothy B. "Collective Memories and Collective Identities." Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 32, no. 5 (October 2003): 483–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891241603255674.

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16

McMahan, Jeff. "Collective crime and collective punishment." Criminal Justice Ethics 27, no. 1 (January 2008): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0731129x.2008.9992223.

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17

Zaibert, L. A. "Collective Intentions and Collective Intentionality." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 62, no. 1 (January 2003): 209–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1536-7150.t01-1-00008.

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18

HARBIN, AMI. "Collective Responsibility and Collective Feeling." Dialogue 53, no. 1 (December 17, 2013): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217313000930.

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19

de la Roche, Roberta Senechal. "Why is Collective Violence Collective?" Sociological Theory 19, no. 2 (July 2001): 126–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0735-2751.00133.

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20

SESAY, MAX AHMADU. "Collective Security or Collective Disaster?" Security Dialogue 26, no. 2 (June 1995): 205–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010695026002009.

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21

Morton, A. "Collective Rationality and Collective Reasoning." Philosophical Review 112, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00318108-112-1-118.

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22

Isaacs, Tracy. "Collective Responsibility and Collective Obligation." Midwest Studies In Philosophy 38, no. 1 (September 2014): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/misp.12015.

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23

Adams, F., and D. Casteleijn. "Assessment of participation in collective occupations: Domains and items." South African Journal of Occupational Therapy 53, no. 2 (August 2023): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2310-3833/2023/vol53n2a9.

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INTRODUCTION: Occupational therapists work with groups of people who engage in collective occupations to have a positive influence on their health and wellbeing. Although the concept of collective occupations is described and defined in occupational science literature, little has been done on specific assessment tools to guide clinicians on how well people are engaging in collective occupations AIM: This article describes the development of an assessment tool to assess participation in collective occupations in a South African context METHOD: A mixed methods approach with a sequential exploratory design was used. Domains and items were generated from a literature review on collective occupations as well as semi-structured interviews with occupational therapy experts in community settings. Data were thematically analysed using a priori coding. The Vona du Toit Model of Creative ability was used to frame the coding. Domains and items emerged from the data RESULTS: The result was the development of five domains and 19 items that could be used to measure and describe collective participation in occupations. Domains include collective's motivation, ability to perform action, ability to form a collective, ability to produce and end product, emotional-cognitive functioning and collective relations Implications for practice: To work with groups of people, clinicians not only need to understand the nature of collective participation but also need to understand why people participate in them. They should also have insight in the abilities needed to effectively participate as a collective. Understanding of a collective's behaviour in the above-mentioned domains, could guide occupational therapists in planning intervention to enhance collective participation in occupations. The levels of collective participation could guide occupational therapists to gain insight into the potential and behaviour of collectives. Such understanding can enable effective intervention-, preventive- and promotive health programmes with collectives.
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24

Roundtree, Karina A., Jason R. Cody, Jennifer Leaf, H. Onan Demirel, and Julie A. Adams. "Visualization Design for Human-Collective Teams." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (November 2019): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631028.

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Robotic collectives (i.e., colonies and swarms) are applicable to a wide range of applications, including environmental monitoring, search and rescue, as well as infrastructure monitoring. The presented evaluation focuses on how two visualization designs impact human-collective team performance during a best-of- n sequential decision making task with colonies of 200 agents. Traditional visualizations present all the individual robots that encompass the entirety of the collective, which may cause the human operator to suffer from information overload which hinders understanding the collective’s current state, the reasoning behind actions, and associated predictive future outcomes. Interface designs that abstract the individual collective member details and present the collective’s state are needed to alleviate high workload and mitigate human error. The evaluation determined that an abstract visualization of the collective’s state produced better overall performance than the visualization that showed all the individual agents.
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25

Ball, David. "An economic case for a UK collective collection." Bottom Line 28, no. 1/2 (July 6, 2015): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bl-12-2014-0036.

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Purpose – This paper is a thought experiment that investigates the possibilities of moving from the typical “just-in-case” model of managing legacy collections of printed monographs to a centralised “just-in-time” model. Design/methodology/approach – Reliable published statistical data have been used; the core of these are the annual library statistics for UK research libraries collected by SCONUL. From these and other sources, the costs of monograph storage across UK research libraries have been determined. Findings – Establishing a centralised collective collection would bring a large return on investment. Research limitations/implications – This is not an empirical study. Originality/value – The value of this study is high.
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26

Dimitrova, Radosveta, Athanasios Chasiotis, Michael Bender, and Fons J. R. van de Vijver. "From a Collection of Identities to Collective Identity." Cross-Cultural Research 48, no. 4 (February 20, 2014): 339–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069397114523922.

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27

Hu, Xinya. "Narrative Continuity and Natural Collective: Minimalism in Winter Recipes from the Collective." International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistics 10, no. 1 (2024): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijlll.2024.10.1.494.

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Existing reviews mainly regard pessimism as the accordatura of Winter Recipes from the Collective due to its leaping narrative and metaphorical imagery. This essay aims to reexamine it from the perspective of minimalism, arguing that what is hidden behind the seemingly pessimistic confession is the continuity of narrative and the emphasis on the collective as a polysemant, referring to society, nature, and the universe. The study finds that formal minimalism is demonstrated in the uncertain narrator, unbinding narrative time, and the form of book-length sequence, forming the continuity of the narrative. The minimalist images of moss, Bonsai, and Zhu Da’s painting further realize the thematic minimalism. Confronted with the physical and spiritual plight in the post-pandemic era, the poem indicates the indispensability of the collective, as the society to the individual, nature to a pine, and the universe to the particular, serving as the essence of winter recipes.
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Bottazzi, Emanuele, Carola Catenacci, Aldo Gangemi, and Jos Lehmann. "From collective intentionality to intentional collectives: An ontological perspective." Cognitive Systems Research 7, no. 2-3 (June 2006): 192–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2005.11.009.

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29

Edwards, Brent Hayes, Anna McCarthy, and Randy Martin. "Collective." Social Text 27, no. 3 (2009): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01642472-2009-012.

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30

Dausgaard, Solveig, Stina Marie Hasse Jørgensen, Cecilie Ullerup Schmidt, and Mette Tranholm. "Collective." Peripeti 17, no. 31 (March 8, 2020): 16–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/peri.v17i31.119030.

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31

Nguyen, Huong. "COLLECTIVE MEMORY AND COLLECTIVE MEMORY STUDIES." Journal of Science Social Science 66, no. 4 (November 2021): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1067.2021-0065.

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While some scholars have argued that the research related to “Collective Memory” could be traced back to the 18th century or even earlier, it was not until the 1920s that Halbwachs systematically proposed characteristics of collective memory from a sociological perspective. From his works, the study of memory began to develop, and led to a boom in the 1970s, and the launching of the academic journal Memory Study in 2008. Collective memory has now become an interdisciplinary field gaining contributions from different professional perspectives such as literary criticism, psychology, sociology, historiography, cultural studies, and communication studies.
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ISAACS, TRACY. "Collective Moral Responsibility and Collective Intention." Midwest Studies in Philosophy 30, no. 1 (September 2006): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4975.2006.00128.x.

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33

Rørth, Pernille. "Collective guidance of collective cell migration." Trends in Cell Biology 17, no. 12 (December 2007): 575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2007.09.007.

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34

Wang, Hongqing, Tianxiu Lu, Risong Li, Yuanlin Chen, Yongjiang Li, and Weizhen Quan. "Collective Sensitivity, Collective Accessibility, and Collective Kato’s Chaos in Duopoly Games." Mathematics 10, no. 22 (November 12, 2022): 4226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10224226.

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By using the uniform continuity of two onto maps, this paper further explores stronger forms of Kato’s chaos, sensitivity, and accessibility of Cournot maps. In particular, the sensitivity, the collective sensitivity, the accessibility, and the collective accessibility of the compositions of two reaction functions are studied. It is observed that a Cournot onto map H on a product space is sensitive (collectively sensitive, collectively accessible, accessible, or collectively Kato chaotic) if and only if the restriction of the map H2 to the MPE-set is sensitive as well. Several examples are given to show the necessity of the reaction functions being continuous onto maps.
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35

Hewitt, Andrew, and Mel Jordan. "On trying to be collective." Art & the Public Sphere 9, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2020): 63–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/aps_00033_1.

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In this article we ask in what way can the notion of care, collectivizing and the collective become a primary part of contemporary art practice? And further, what types of art practices address these central tenets of democracy? We do this by reflecting on the political potential of care and its importance as a tool for achieving an equal society. Uniting the action of care and collectivity, we conclude that together these two undertakings represent a political force of commoning within the public sphere. Utilizing the writing of Beech, Hutchinson and Timberlake, who argue for collectivism over collaboration as a way towards societal change, we reflect upon the political implications for art when artists work collectively. We consider the practices and function of other art collectives examining their key purpose for acting collectively. We employ our previous practice as the Freee Art Collective, as well as our more recent work as the Partisan Social Club to consider in what ways our practice can be deemed collective.
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Han, Ning. "On the Relationship between Farmers’ Collectives and Rural Collective Economic Organizations—From the Perspective of Collective Land Ownership." Beijing Law Review 14, no. 04 (2023): 1690–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/blr.2023.144093.

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37

Nguyen, Van Du, and Mercedes G. Merayo. "Intelligent collective: some issues with collective cardinality." Journal of Information and Telecommunication 1, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24751839.2017.1323702.

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38

Miller, Dale T., and Deborah A. Prentice. "Collective Errors and Errors about the Collective." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 20, no. 5 (October 1994): 541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167294205011.

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39

Opp, Karl-Dieter. "Collective identity, rationality and collective political action." Rationality and Society 24, no. 1 (February 2012): 73–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043463111434697.

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This paper explores the effects of collective identity on protest behavior by applying an extended version of the theory of collective action. Hypotheses are derived about the following questions that are rarely addressed in the literature: Are there situations in which collective identity diminishes protest? The standard assumption is that collective identity increases protest behavior. Does collective identity have indirect effects – via the determinants of protest – on protest behavior? Are there feedback effects of protest participation on collective identity? The hypotheses that address these questions are tested with a three-wave panel study. Three findings are of particular interest: (1) the overall direct additive effects of identity on protest behavior are statistically not significant. (2) Evidence is provided that in solidary groups identity does not raise but reduce protest. (3) The major effects of identity are indirect: identity influences the determinants of protest.
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40

Vengerov, Alexander. "Collective Learning and Collective Intelligence Working Together." International Journal of Learning: Annual Review 18, no. 2 (2011): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1447-9494/cgp/v18i02/47500.

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41

Clark, Janine Natalya. "Collective Guilt, Collective Responsibility and the Serbs." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 22, no. 3 (April 16, 2008): 668–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325408318533.

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Can an entire nation be collectively guilty for crimes committed in its name? Focusing on the case of Serbia, this article argues that collective guilt is a morally flawed and untenable concept that should be rejected. It presents various moral and practical objections to both the generic notion of collective guilt and the more specific idea of Serbian collective guilt and contends that the latter is a fundamental impediment to peace-building and reconciliation in the former Yugoslavia. On what basis might it be argued that the Serbs are collectively guilty? To claim that they are collectively guilty for having supported Milošević both exaggerates levels of support for the former Serbian leader and does a major injustice to those individuals who bravely fought against the Milošević regime. Drawing on the work of Hannah Arendt and Karl Jaspers, the article concludes by suggesting that perhaps we can speak of Serbian collective responsibility.
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42

Talib Bon, Abdul, Muhammad Iqbal Al-Banna Ismail, Sukono ., and Adhitya Ronnie Effendie. "Collective Value-At-Risk (Colvar) In Life Insurance Collection." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.7 (July 4, 2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.7.16199.

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Analysis of risk in life insurance claims is very important to do by the insurance company actuary. Risk in life insurance claims are generally measured using the standard deviation or variance. The problem is, that the standard deviation or variance which is used as a measure of the risk of a claim can not accommodate any claims of risk events. Therefore, in this study developed a model called risk measures Collective Modified Value-at-Risk. Model development is done for several models of the distribution of the number of claims and the distribution of the value of the claim. Collective results of model development Modified Value-at-Risk is expected to accommodate any claims of risk events, when given a certain level of significance
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Gough, Richard. "A Puzzle of Diagrams (Incorrect Collective Noun/Incomplete Collection)." Performance Research 27, no. 8 (November 17, 2022): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13528165.2022.2240653.

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44

Han, Isla Xi, Forrest Meggers, and Stefana Parascho. "Bridging the collectives: A review of collective human–robot construction." International Journal of Architectural Computing 19, no. 4 (November 25, 2021): 512–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14780771211025153.

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Advancements in multi-agent, autonomous, and intelligent robotic systems over the past decades point toward new design and fabrication possibilities. Exploring how humans and robots can create and construct collectively is essential in leveraging robotic technology in the building sector. However, only by making existing knowledge from relevant technological disciplines accessible to designers can we fully exploit current construction methods and further develop them to address the challenges in architecture. To do this, we present a review paper that bridges the gap between Collective Robotic Construction (CRC) and Human–Robot Interaction (HRI) and defines a new research domain in Collective Human–Robot Construction (CHRC) in the architectural design and fabrication context.
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Dang, Dai, Thanh Nguyen, and Dosam Hwang. "An effective method for determining consensus in large collectives." Computer Science and Information Systems 19, no. 1 (2022): 435–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis210314062d.

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Nowadays, using the consensus of collectives for solving problems plays an essential role in our lives. The rapid development of information technology has facilitated the collection of distributed knowledge from autonomous sources to find solutions to problems. Consequently, the size of collectives has increased rapidly. Determining consensus for a large collective is very time-consuming and expensive. Thus, this study proposes a vertical partition method (VPM) to find consensus in large collectives. In the VPM, the primary collective is first vertically partitioned into small parts. Then, a consensus-based algorithm is used to determine the consensus for each smaller part. Finally, the consensus of the collective is determined based on the consensuses of the smaller parts. The study demonstrates, both theoretically and experimentally, that the computational complexity of the VPM is lower than 57.1% that of the basic consensus method (BCM). This ratio reduces quickly if the number of smaller parts reduces.
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46

Fleming, Whitney, Brittany King, Kerrick Robinson, Eric Wade, Brian Erickson, Jackie Delie, Ricardo de Ycaza, David Trimbach, Ana Spalding, and Kelly Biedenweg. "Is there no “I” in team? Potential bias in key informant interviews when asking individuals to represent a collective perspective." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): e0261452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261452.

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This paper sought to understand the extent to which, and how individuals use personal or collective language when asked to articulate sense of place from a collective perspective. Understanding a collective sense of place could illuminate place-based connections in natural resource industries, where it is as groups or as institutions that organizations interact with the environment rather than as individuals. While there are well known methods for collecting information about sense of place at the individual level, there is a gap in understanding the best method to collect information at a collective level. We examined the use of key-informant interviews as a method to understand collective sense of place. In Bocas del Toro, Panama, ecotourism and environmentally based organizations are becoming more prolific due to abundant natural resources, making it an interesting case study for understanding sense of place from an organizational perspective. The use of personal and collective language is examined though in-depth semi-structured interviews from 15 environmentally-oriented organizations with a total of 17 interviews. This study specifically examined whether and how key informants, when prompted to speak for their organization, spoke collectively, reflecting a collective perspective versus their own. Methods included both quantitative analysis of personal versus collective language use frequency, and qualitative examinations of how individuals used personal versus collective language. Our results indicated no difference in the frequency with which individuals use personal versus collective language. We found that how individuals situated their perspectives into an organization reflects a complex personal and collective point of view reflecting five themes of personal versus collective language use: 1) sole personal perspective, 2) sole collective perspective, 3) distinction between collective and personal perspective; 4) organization perspective with insertion of “I think”; and 5) personal and collective perspective about organization and greater community. Our research identifies a previously undiscussed potential bias of key informant interviews. These findings have implications for how researchers approach collecting information beyond the individual level.
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47

Skarzhinskaia, Elena M., and Vladimir I. Tsurikov. "Theory of Collective Action: Structuring a Collective under Deficit of Trust." Economics of Contemporary Russia, no. 2 (July 17, 2019): 15–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33293/1609-1442-2019-2(85)-15-35.

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The article examines the possibilities of coordinating action among members in a collective with the aim of maximizing individual gains. Projected aggregate income is assumed to increase as the effort invested by each individual member of the collective increases, subject to the law of decreasing returns. Mathematical analysis is performed using two income functions: one non-specific, used for finding the overall solution, and the other – a specifically formulated, manifest mathematical relationship serving to calculate the results of collective action. It is shown that in order to avoid a balanced (equilibrium) yet inefficient outcome, coordination of respective effort is necessary. Coordination based on mutual trust among all members is capable of attaining optimal outcomes for the collective. Deficit of trust, characteristic of numerous collectives, alongside their members’ desire to maximize individual gains, creates demand for the formation of smaller groups of individuals united by mutual trust. Within each group of this kind, members coordinate their actions, aiming to maximize gains as a group. As a result, members of the group increase their effort above equilibrium levels, thus increasing individual gains for all members of the larger collective. The same effect is produced by an increase in the number of members in any group, as well as formation of new groups out of previously unaffiliated members of the larger collective. In view of decreasing returns and lack of information where value is created collectively, transformation of a uniform collective into a more intricately structured system partially compensates for the lack of social capital, opening the road to increasing the efficiency of collective action.
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48

Acharya, Pradeep. "Ethnicity, Identity and Collective Memory." Contemporary Social Sciences 27, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.29070/27/57475.

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49

Wahlke, John C. "Collective Wisdom." American Political Science Review 86, no. 1 (March 1992): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1964025.

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50

Schwarz, Joshua L., Neil W. Chamberlain, and James W. Kuhn. "Collective Bargaining." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 40, no. 3 (April 1987): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2523501.

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