Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Collective'
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Aliquot-Suengas, Sophie. "Référence collective/sens collectif." Lille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LIL30017.
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Castro, Nino Natalia. "Du dommage aux lésions collectives : recherches sur des concepts adaptés aux enjeux contemporains de la responsabilité internationale." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D057.
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La doctrine internationaliste a accordé une attention notable au dommage depuis l'apparition de la responsabilité internationale en tant que discipline au sein du droit des gens. Toutefois, depuis plusieurs décennies, elle a délaissé les analyses transversales pour se concentrer sur des dommages précis subis soit par l’État, soit par les particuliers. Ce clivage a laissé subsister un angle mort dans l'analyse de la pratique internationale : l'étude des lésions dont la victime n'est ni une personne publique ni une personne privée, mais une entité collective composée par les unes et/ou par les autres et qui ne peut être réduite à l'addition de ses composantes. La prise en compte des lésions dont peuvent être victimes des entités comme la famille, les peuples, l'humanité ou la communauté internationale est l'un des principaux défis auxquels sera confrontée la responsabilité internationale à l'avenir. Afin de proposer une catégorie qui rende possible une analyse d'ensemble de ces atteintes, il est indispensable de clarifier le cadre conceptuel des lésions prises en compte par la responsabilité internationale. Cette réflexion conduit à constater qu'en plus du dommage, celle-ci tient compte d'une deuxième forme de lésion, purement juridique et inhérente au fait internationalement illicite. Les dommages et lésions juridiques peuvent être regroupés dans la catégorie des «lésions collectives» lorsqu'ils portent atteinte à des droits, des intérêts ou des biens collectifs. Des conséquences particulières découlent des lésions collectives ainsi définies dans le cadre de la responsabilité internationale. Elles se manifestent notamment au regard de son invocation et de son contenuThe emergence of international responsibility as an autonomous field of study in International Law has compelled the international legal doctrine to devote considerable attention to damage and injury. However, during the last decades, scholars have progressively abandoned the cross-sectional analysis of these concepts in order to further focus on specific injuries and damages suffered by States or individuals. This rift has thus Ieft a blind spot in the analysis of international practice: the study of injury and damage whose victim is neither a public nor a private person, but rather a "collective entity" integrated by either, or both, public and private actors; an entity which cannot be simply reduced to the addition of its components. To take into account the injury and the damage -suffered by entities such as the family, peoples, humanity or the international community - is indeed one of the main challenges that faces international responsibility in the near future. In order to suggest a new category which allows for an overall analysis of such injuries and damages, it is necessary to clarify the conceptual framework of both, injury and damage, within the framework of international responsibility. This clarification leads to the conclusion that, in addition to damage, international responsibility also takes into consideration a purely legal injury which is inherent to the internationally wrongful act. Damage and legal injury can be qualified as "collective whenever they infringe collective rights, interests or goods. Specific effects result from this kind of injuries and damages in particular with regard to the invocation as well as to the legal consequences which arises from international responsibility
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Pohler, Nina. "Collective Firms between Collective and Company." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22260.
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Diese Arbeit möchte verstehen, was es bedeutet gleichzeitig eine Gemeinschaft und ein Unternehmen zu sein, und welche Herausforderungen dadurch für die intraorganisationale Koordination entstehen. Wie vereinbaren alternative Betriebe unterschiedliche Menschen und Rationalitäten miteinander, ohne auf formale Hierarchien zurückzugreifen? In einer vergleichende Fallstudie von drei kleinen, direkt-demokratisch organisierten Kollektivbetrieben wird der Beziehung zwischen Koordination, Bewertung und Moralvorstellungen nachgegangen.
Die Arbeit nutzt hierfür Laurent Thévenots pragmatischer Soziologie des Engagements.
Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit liefern einen Beitrag zu drei Forschungsbereichen:
Die Arbeit liefert einen Beitrag zum Feld der „valuation studies“. Es wird gezeigt, dass die mit Bewertung verbundene Unsicherheit zu Prozessen führen kann, die mehr einer kollektiven Entdeckung, als einem Konflikt entsprechen. Darüber hinaus wird die zentrale Rolle von legitimen Differenzierungs- und Äquivalenzprinzipien für Kommensuration aufgezeigt.
Die Arbeit liefert einen Beitrag zur Forschung zum Verhältnis von Koordination, Bewertung und Moralvorstellungen in Organisationen. Sie zeigt, dass ein theoretischer Rahmen, der unterschiedliche Grade der Generalisierung von Koordination beachtet, wichtige Erkenntnisse für das Verständnis intraorganisationaler Koordination liefert.
Die Arbeit liefert einen Beitrag zur Forschung über Kollektivbetriebe und Genossenschaften. Indem die eingenommene Perspektive über die Analyse von Governance-Strukturen hinausgeht, wird die Dualität von Kollektivbetrieben als ein Problem der Balance zwischen unterschiedlichen Koordinationsmodi gerahmt. Aus dieser Perspektive ist die zentrale Spannung, die Kollektivbetriebe ausbalancieren müssen, eine zwischen auf Vertrautheit basierender Koordination und Koordination, die auf Generalisierung von Beziehungen beruht.This thesis wants to understand how alternative firms deal with the complexity of balancing different rationalities in their intraorganizational coordination, in the absence of formal hierarchies. In a comparative case study of three small, democratically governed collective firms, the relationship between coordination and morality is analyzed. The majority of research on collective firms focuses on democratic governance structures, which risks to underestimate the importance of coordination that is based on intimate knowledge and personal relations. This is especially important to understand collective firms, which are dependent on lateral accountability and cooperation between their members. Consequently, this work is informed by the work of Laurent Thévenot which allows to understand coordination based on different levels of generalization. The results of this thesis contribute to three different areas of research: First, contributions are made to the field of valuation studies, by further developing insights on the notion of the test. The thesis also points out the central role of legitimate principles of difference and equivalence for successful commensuration, and the tension between particularity and generalization in standardizing evaluation devices. Second, the study contributes insights for scholarship on coordination and morality in organizations. It demonstrates that considering coordination based on different degrees of generality yields important insights on intraorganizational coordination. Finally, this study contributes to scholarship on cooperatives and collectivist organizations. The often noted duality of collective firms is reframed as the need to balance and mediate different modes of coordination. The study develops a heuristic concept, the composite relation, which explains how collectives are held together despite their central tension between particular and collective goods.
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Boudreaux, Brandon. "Collective." [Kent, Ohio] : Kent State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=kent1271692395.
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Arnaud, Manon. "L'extinction des conventions et accords collectifs de travail." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTD035.
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La volonté exprimée par le législateur de renforcer la place de la norme conventionnelle au sein du droit du travail, témoigne de l’importance devant être accordée à l’acte conventionnel de sa formation à son extinction, en passant par son exécution. Cette thèse aura ainsi pour objet d’étudier la phase d’extinction et plus spécifiquement les différents mécanismes conduisant à l’anéantissement des conventions et accords collectifs de travail. L’analyse de ces derniers conduit ainsi à opérer une distinction selon l’origine du fait générateur de l’extinction. L’extinction sera dite assumée lorsqu’elle sera la conséquence directe de la volonté des parties de mettre un terme à l’acte conventionnel. Un tel choix imposera dès lors le recours à la dénonciation ou bien aux conventions et accords à durée déterminée. Par opposition, l’extinction pourra être subie. L’anéantissement de l’acte s’imposera alors aux parties en raison de la survenance d’un événement déterminé. Dans pareilles circonstances, ce sont la mise en cause et la caducité qui devront alors être mises en oeuvre. La pluralité des situations que de tels mécanismes ont vocation à régir atteste de leur pertinence et de leur intérêt. Dès lors, au-delà de leur définition, c’est un régime complet de chacun de ces différents mécanismes d’extinction de l’acte conventionnel qui sera proposé au travers de cette étudeThe decision expressed by the legislator to strengthen conventional norm’s position in labor law, shows the importance of collective bargaining agreement from their conclusion through their application to their extinction. This PhD work aims to study the extinction phase and more precisely various mechanisms which lead to the end of collective bargaining agreements. There should be a clear distinction according to the origin of the operative event. Extinction will be shouldered when it will be the direct result of the choice made by the contracting parties to put an end to collective bargaining agreement. This choice will require the use of specific mechanisms such as denunciation or fixed term collective bargaining agreement. In contrast, extinction can be induced. Extinction should be binding on the parties because of a determinate event occurrence. In such cases different mechanisms have to be used such as caducity or « mise en cause ». These several situations show their relevance and interest. Therefore, beyond their definition a comprehensive scheme for each extinction mechanism will be suggested in this study
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Archer, Tom. "Collective realism : exploring the development and outcomes of urban housing collectives." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2016. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/16557/.
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The undersupply of housing in England has created a pervasive sense of crisis about the delivery of sufficient new dwellings. Alternative forms of housing provision therefore merit further exploration, particularly those that can deliver low cost, stable accommodation in good condition. Potential remedies may be found in various models for collective ownership of housing. Housing collectives are organisations controlled by their members and residents, operating in a defined geography, which collectively own and manage land and housing for the benefit of a designated group. But why have such organisations consistently been a marginal form of provision? And do the patterns of benefits and costs they create make their future expansion desirable? Significant gaps in knowledge emerge in attempting to answer such questions. Furthermore, the relationship between the benefits and costs arising within collectives, and the form and function of these organisations, is poorly understood. Three housing collectives were studied intensively to address these gaps in knowledge. Ideas from realist social science and analytical sociology are brought to bear on processes of change. The study finds powerful constraints and enablements in the internal workings of collectives, as well as a series of external constraints and enablements arising through the structure of relations around the collectives. Residents and members of the collectives identified a range of costs and benefits. Causal mechanisms are introduced to show how these perceived outcomes are, in part, attributable to collective form and function. The rules governing collective forms blend with internal regulation, to generate certain costs and benefits. Furthermore, the history of each collective tends to shape current behaviours to preserve original ideals and achieve desired outcomes. The lessons from this research are far reaching for activists, support agencies and governments, revealing forms of agency and state intervention which can affect the conditions for future collectivism.
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Ionescu-Gaglio, Octavia. "Caravan : Investigating the dynamics and consequences of Collective mentAl time tRAvel in light of perceiVed societAl aNomie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021PA080043.
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Après avoir longtemps négligé l’ancrage temporel des groupes sociaux, un nombre croissant de travaux en psychologie sociale appréhende désormais les groupes comme des entités qui se meuvent à travers le temps et suggère que les représentations du passé et du futur collectifs des individus, en plus d'être continuellement (re)construites en fonction du présent, sont pertinentes pour la compréhension des comportements collectifs actuels. Cette nouvelle ligne de recherche a récemment conduit à l'idée d'un voyage mental temporel collectif (VMTC) –i.e., l'équivalent collectif du voyage mental temporel individuel, qui rassemblerait les influences croisées entre les représentations du présent, du passé et du futur du groupe des individus. Cette thèse visait à examiner les dynamiques et conséquences de ces VMTC, à la lumière de l'anomie sociétale perçue –i.e., la perception que la société actuelle est désintégrée et dérégulée. A travers neuf études corrélationnelles et expérimentales, nous avons montré que la perception d’anomie dans la société actuelle (a) façonnait les représentations du passé national des individus (e.g., une représentation plus positive de Charles de Gaulle) (b) favorisait la projection de futurs nationaux négatifs et anxiogènes et (c) influençait les relations entre les représentations du passé et du futur collectifs (e.g., une représentation de déclin national d’autant plus abrupte lorsque la société actuelle était perçue comme anomique). Par ailleurs, ces VMTC étaient à leur tour associés au soutien et à l’intention présente de s'engager dans différents types d'actions visant à défendre la France (dont des actions anti-immigration)After neglecting the temporal aspect of social groups for a long time, a growing body of research in social psychology now apprehends groups as entities that move through time and suggests that people’s representations of the collective past and future, in addition to being continuously (re)constructed according to the present, are relevant for understanding current collective behaviours. This new line of research has recently led to the idea of a collective mental time travel (CMTT) -i.e., the collective equivalent of individual mental time travel, that would gather the cross-influences between people’s representations of the group’s present, past, and future. This thesis aimed to examine the dynamics and consequences of these CMTT in light of perceived societal anomie -i.e., perceiving that current society is disintegrated and disregulated. Through nine correlational and experimental studies, we found that perceiving anomie within current society (a) lead individuals to reinterpret the national past (e.g., even more positive representations of the former French president Charles de Gaulle) (b) fostered the projection of negative, anxiety-inducing national futures and (c) influenced the relationships between people’s representations of the national past and future (e.g., declinist representations of the nation across time that were steeper when current society was perceived as highly anomic). Moreover, these CMTT were in turn associated with people’s current support for and intention to engage in various types of actions aimed at defending France (including anti-immigration actions)
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Stéfanon, Pierre. "Intérimaires et permanents dans un même collectif : une équation impossible ?" Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EVRY0001/document.
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Les intérimaires seraient en concurrence avec les permanents souhaitant garder leur emploi. Cependant, les observations menées dans différentes plates-formes logistiques, nous ont amené à penser que cette vision ne permet pas d’expliquer les raisons poussant des embauchés à faire preuve de solidarité vis-à-vis d’un intérimaire. Le débat mérite d’autant plus d’être posé que la coopération et la solidarité semblent difficilement envisageables sans collectif. Mais si intérimaires et permanents ont des intérêts opposés, comment expliquer qu’un collectif puissent rassembler ces deux types de salariés ? Cette question mérite d’autant plus examen que les intérimaires sont déconsidérés dans les entreprises utilisatrices. Pour autant, il y a peu de conflits entre les temporaires et les embauchés. Est-il possible d’imputer cette absence – relative – de conflits à la présence d’un collectif ?Supposedly temporary workers compete with permanent staffs who, in turn, want to retain their positions. Observations carried out at various logistics hubs have led us to think that standpoint insufficient to understand the reasons why permanent employees are able to show temporary workers solidarity. The debate needs all the more to be open that cooperation and solidarity relations seem hardly possible without referring to a collective. If temporary and permanent workers have conflicting interests, how should we explain that a collective gathers both groups? The question needs further study as temporary workers are generally discredited in end-user businesses. Oddly enough, we came across few conflicts between temporary and permanent workers. Can we impute the relative absence of conflicts to the presence of a collective ?
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Pohler, Nina [Verfasser]. "Collective Firms between Collective and Company / Nina Pohler." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1226153372/34.
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Yañez, González Carmen Gloria, and Garofalo Nathalia Salazar. "Collective wines." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/143433.
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TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE MAGÍSTER EN ADMINISTRACIÓN
Carmen Gloria Yañez González [Parte I], Nathalia Salazar Garofalo [Parte II]El consumidor chileno ha experimentado en los últimos años cambios en los hábitos de consumo de bebidas alcohólicas. Es inteligente, sofisticado y ávido de información, persigue productos de calidad que le permitan exponer su paladar a nuevas experiencias, expande los momentos de consumo a la socialización en casa con amigos y familia y se involucra en actividades de esparcimiento asociadas a continuar desarrollando su conocimiento del mundo del vino. Un estudio de Adimark del año 2015 reveló una tendencia a la baja en el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas, siendo la única que crece la categoría de vinos, que se ha incrementado en los últimos dos años más de un 10%. En este contexto, se detecta la oportunidad de ofrecer al consumidor de vinos Premium la propuesta de valor de Collective Wines que tiene como objetivo el acompañamiento al cliente en el descubrimiento del mundo del vino a través de una experiencia de compra única, con una marcada connotación cultural y bajo una filosofía pedagógica. Collective Wines posee una oferta variada de vinos de más de 240 tipos, cursos de catas y maridajes, perfectos alimentos complementarios y accesorios, acompañados de una atención especializada con foco en el momento de consumo. El modelo de negocios contempla la comercialización a través de dos canales, el canal tradicional a través de una tienda física y el canal On Line. El objetivo es instalar la primera tienda física en el Barrio Italia entre las calles Caupolicán y Santa Isabel, considerando este como un polo gastronómico y cultural clave de la ciudad. El crecimiento en el canal tradicional tendría lugar después del quinto año de operación en Barrio Lastarria y Barrio Bellavista. El equipo gestor está conformado por dos enólogos y dos profesionales del área de la administración cuyo interés en común es la pasión por el vino y por compartir su conocimiento.
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Slawsby, Alex (Alex David), and Carlos Rivera. "Collective innovation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39518.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2007.Includes bibliographical references (p. 178-179).
The ability to innovate sits at the heart of an organization's ability to succeed in a competitive environment. An organization can innovate by improving existing products, services, or processes or by generating new products, services, or processes. Achieving successful, repeated organizational innovation, however, is a significant challenge. The hurdles to such innovation run the gamut from psychological to structural to procedural. Managers can fall victim to myopia and other human level challenges. Organizational processes, structures, and values can short circuit innovation as well. Given these challenges, we posit that an innovation strategy embracing the concepts of collective intelligence and openness may enable organizations to surmount these hurdles. We refer to this approach as Collective Innovation and define it as a connected, open, and collaborative process that generates, develops, prioritizes, and executes new ideas. To develop our argument, we surveyed literature from a wide array of disciplines including economics, organizational behavior, social psychology, and organizational change.
(cont.) We begin this thesis by drawing a connection between the economic theories of Adam Smith and Ronald Coase and research into the changing workplace by Thomas Malone. We then introduce the concepts of collective intelligence and openness, core tenets of Collective Innovation. After introducing Collective Innovation, we examine its place in the history of innovation strategy. Next, we outline and describe the four stages of the Collective Innovation process. Having dealt mainly in theory, we then turn to the application of Collective Innovation and the myriad challenges that managers will face when attempting to implement such a strategy. Keeping in mind these challenges, we outline four ways in which organizations might use Collective Innovation to power the exploration-side of their operations. Finally, we revisit several remaining questions before concluding our analysis.
by Alex Slawsby [and] Carlos Rivera.
M.B.A.
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Bäckman, Emma, and Anna Westberg. "Collective Communication." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-31953.
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Collective Communication är ett examensarbete som har gjorts i samarbete med examensarbetets uppdragsgivare, konstnären och arkitekten Robert Hais. Roberts vision varatt skapa ett offentligt konstverk för att belysa alla människors lika värde oavsett kön, ålder, etnicitet, läggning etcetera, samt att belysa vikten av att prata med varandra i verkligheten och inte enbart via sms, facebook, snapchat och andra sociala medier. Idén är en offentlig kommunikationsportal som ska vara placerad i olika städer och vara inom samma nätverk. På så sätt ska människor som passerar konstverket i respektive stad kunna prata in ett meddelande som skickas vidare till ett annat konstverk i en annan stad där meddelandet spelas upp. Ingen vet vem som spelade in meddelandet eller vart det skickades ifrån. Mottagaren av meddelandet blir därmed troligen nyfiken och skickar iväg ett nytt meddelande som tas emot av ett annat av konstverken inom nätverket. Studenternas uppgift i detta projekt har varit att agera projektledare för examensarbetet, vara med och ta beslut kring alla delar runt konstverket samt att få alla delar att fungera ihop. En version av konstverket har tagits fram som prototyp och ytterligare versioner av konstverket har för dess genomförande beskrivits med hjälp av handlingsplaner.
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Wawrentowicz, AGNIESZKA. "Collective habitat." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231992.
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Dietz, Alicia. "Collective Cadence." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4237.
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Collective Cadence
Stories that start at birth,
end with death,
and include everything in-between.
A Medal of Honor recipient,
A mistake.
Morning coffee;
a late night call.
Whispered first names;
an off-key chorus;
deafening explosions;
silence.
One child playing;
another lifeless.
On the battlefield,
concealment is a survival skill.
Off that battlefield,
transparency enables survival.
Stories that shape the fabric of our experience
The threads that bind us
Through the telling of each,
we are united as one.
In the telling of the collective,
We find our own.
These are our stories.
This is our story.
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Hamilton, Kelly. "Collective forgiving." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002839.
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Forgiveness is traditionally understood as a personal change of heart, in which an individual victim of a wrongdoing overcomes her resentment towards the perpetrator of that wrongdoing. Peter Strawson (1974) famously argued that resentment is a personal participant retributive reactive attitude, and the overcoming of such an attitude through forgiveness is itself a personal reactive attitude – in other words, forgiveness is an affective response to a wrongdoing by an individual victim, that is devoid of a retributive element. Because reactive attitudes are personal, it is argued that collectives – groups of individuals – cannot forgive, since collectives cannot, as collectives, hold reactive attitudes. I argue against this. I show that it is possible for collectives to hold attitudes in a way that is not reducible to individuals holding attitudes as individuals, and yet these attitudes still remain personal. Individuals exist within communities, and are interdependent on one another. Much of an individual‟s beliefs and attitudes depend on the collectives that she is a part of. I argue that an attitude is collective when it is deemed to be the appropriate attitude for members of the collective to hold. Members of the collective will take this attitude on as their own insofar as they identify themselves as members of the collective. Individuals hold the attitude, making the attitude personal, but since the individuals hold the attitude in virtue of their membership to a collective, the attitude is also collective. Given that forgiveness is itself a reactive attitude, and that collectives can hold attitudes, I argue that it is possible for a collective to forgive. Members of a collective will come to forgive when forgiveness is held up as the appropriate attitude for them, and once enough members have taken on the attitude of forgiveness as their own attitude, a collective can be said to have forgiven.
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Yuan, An S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Collective debate." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122893.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2018Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 101-102).
Participating in online debate can expose people to diverse viewpoints, and thereby reduce polarization of opinion over controversial issues. However a lot of online debate is hostile and further dividing -we need tools that facilitate meaningful back and forth discussion. For my thesis work I created such a tool in the form of an artificial agent that engages users in debate over controversial issues. By engaging in debates with many users, the agent will start to gain insight into things like: what kinds of arguments do people find persuasive? Or, what can we predict about a person's argumentative behavior from their moral sense? Or, what is the characteristic debate path for someone who becomes persuaded to change his mind completely? The agent will then use what it has learned to help users on either side of an issue better understand each other by exposing them to compelling arguments from both sides. To identify these arguments, the agent develops a model of the user that predicts which arguments the user will like. I measure the agent's performance given different models of the user. I then evaluate the performance of each model against the random agent, which does not attempt to model the user.
by An Yuan.
S.M.
S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences
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Freisses, Lucas. "Stratégie d'anticipation collective des restructurations." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON10036.
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Les restructurations occupent plus que jamais le devant de l'actualité. En effet, il ne se passe pas une semaine sans que les médias ne relayent un nouveau plan de restructuration aux conséquences souvent désastreuses sur l'emploi. S'il est vrai que les restructurations sont également présentes en période de croissance économique, elles prennent un relief tout particulier en temps de crise ; c'est à ce moment là qu'elles vont véritablement se révéler. Elles représentent un phénomène complexe qui engendre de nombreuses conséquences économiques, financières et humaines. A partir de ce constat, il paraît évident qu'une stratégie doit être mise en place afin de les anticiper et de sécuriser au mieux l'emploi en France. Le dialogue social est alors privilégié pour atteindre cet objectif. La procédure d'information-consultation des représentants du personnel et la négociation collective peuvent-elles contribuer à la mise en place d'une stratégie d'anticipation collective des restructurations ? Sans se vouloir exhaustive, cette étude tente d'apporter des éléments de réponse à la question soulevéeCompany reorganizations have now become burning issues. Every single week, the media report a new reorganization project whose consequences on employment are disastrous. Of course, reorganizations also take place in times of economic prosperity, however, they take a new dimension in times of crisis when they do reveal themselves. They represent a complex phenomenon which generates a lot of economic, financial and human difficulties. Once this observation made, it seems obvious that a relevant strategy must be put in place to anticipate reorganizations and secure employment in France as best as possible. Social talks are then favoured so as to reach this objective. Can this process of information-consultation of the staff representatives added to collective negotiation talks lead to a better strategy of anticipation of reorganizations? Without being exhaustive, this study tries to bring some possible answers to this question
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Mueller, B. "The collective alternative : Ideology and practice of productive collectives in West Berlin." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372927.
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Purl, Justin D. "Collective Control: Collective Efficacy's Role in Team Resource Allocation." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1412876236.
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Filipetto, Emmanuelle. "Le juge et l’accord collectif de travail." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0309.
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La promotion d'un droit du travail de plus en plus négocié conduit-elle le juge à se mettre en retrait ? Ce problème réfère à la dynamique promue par les pouvoirs publics depuis un certain nombre d'années déjà, qui confie un rôle majeur à la négociation collective – décentralisée en particulier - dans la production de la norme. Cette transformation implique-t-elle que le juge doive s'abstenir de s'immiscer - notamment par son contrôle – dans une convention ou un accord collectif de travail, signé par des acteurs réputés seuls légitimes à apprécier la teneur des normes applicables ? Voilà la question qui se pose aujourd'hui de façon aiguë. Mais le sujet du juge et de l'accord collectif de travail ne doit pas être limité au carcan du débat contemporain. Le sujet se doit d’être appréhendé dans toutes ses dimensions. Le juge et l'accord collectif de travail est, en premier lieu, une question d'appréhension. Avec un objet : l’accord collectif. Et un acteur : le juge. Comment le juge traite-il l'accord collectif de travail ? Quelle conception s'en fait-il ? De la perspective qu'adopte le juge dépend la position de celui-ci par rapport à l'accord collectif. Quelle posture le juge se doit-il d'adopter dans un modèle de droit du travail qui se place sous la bannière du dialogue social ? La promotion de la négociation collective entraîne-elle (doit-elle entraîner) un retrait du juge par rapport à l'acte collectif négocié ? Seraient-ce là des mouvements irréductiblement liés, selon des dynamiques inversées ? Pour aborder le sujet dans toutes ses dimensions, c'est une confrontation qui mérite d'être orchestrée : celle du juge et de l'accord collectif. Se joue là une dimension essentielle du nouveau modèle de droit du travail qui émergeIs the promotion of a more negotiated labor law about to sideline the judge? This question refers to a trend that public authorities have been following for many years, a trend that gives a greater role to the decentralized collective bargaining, especially as for law-making. Does this change prevents the judge from interfering - in particular by their monitoring mission - in any labor collective agreement or convention, signed by actors deemed to be the only persons entitled to assess the content of the applicable rules ? This important question arises today. But the analysis of the judge and the collective agreement should not limited to the current debates. This topic should be studied in all its dimensions and it is mainly about perspective. With a subject matter: the collective agreement. And an actor: the judge. How does the judge deal with the labor collective agreement? How do they see it? The way they handle the agreement depends on how he or she understand it. How should the judge act while the current labor law model relies on social dialogue? Does (or should) the promotion of collective bargaining entail to sideline the judge regarding the negotiated collective agreement? Are these movements irreducibly linked, according to inverted dynamics? To address this subject in all its dimensions, it is the confrontation between the judge and the collective agreement that is to be orchestrated. What is at stake is the fundamental aspect of the new and emerging labor law model
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Delgado, Pin Jordi. "On Collective Computation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6662.
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DiGiovanni, James J. "Against Collective Consequentialism." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/philosophy_theses/109.
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In this paper I argue that Liam Murphy’s collective consequentialism—emphasizing fairness instead of maximization of value—is not an adequate response to the demandingness objections levied at consequentialism. Especially since Peter Singer’s “Famine, Affluence, and Morality,” many have objected that consequentialism is far too demanding, particularly concerning our obligations of assistance to those in extreme poverty. Murphy thinks that the problem is not that consequentialism is necessarily too demanding; it is that, in our nonideal world of partial compliance, consequentialism is too demanding on those who comply with its dictates. I hope to show that Murphy’s theory is unsatisfying. I will not defend any particular version of consequentialism over alternative consequentialist theories, nor will I defend consequentialism over alternative non-consequentialist moral theories. My aim is far narrower: To show that those who accept a broadly consequentialist account of morality have little reason to accept Murphy’s collective consequentialism.
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Couzin, Iain D. "Collective animal behaviour." Thesis, University of Bath, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301544.
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I investigate collective behaviour using a wide range of theoretical and experimental approaches. Individual-based (Lagrangian) computer modelling is used extensively to reveal how individual movement and interactions result in group characteristics. This technique is used to gain insight into the structured patterns of movement within human crowds and the development of trail networks by ants. These models reveal the importance of interactions among individuals to density-dependent group behaviour. A simulation of animal groups in three-dimensional space reveals the existence of several robust collective patterns. Simulated groups show similar group-level behaviour and internal structure to natural groups. The model also reveals how differences among individuals influence group structure, and how individuals employing simple, local rules of thumb, can accurately change their relative position within a group (for example, to move to the centre, or to the periphery) without necessitating information regarding their current position within the group. New techniques in computer vision are introduced that can facilitate the automatic analysis of collective motion. This software can simultaneously track and analyse the movement of a large number (hundreds) of organisms. Computer vision is used to reveal the spatio-temporal patterns of activity in ant colonies for the first time. I also show how it can record detailed aspects of individual behaviour, including the movement of, and production of honeydew and offspring by, aphids. This technique is used in a detailed analysis of ant exploratory behaviour, revealing temporal and spatial information about the movement patterns of individual ants, and the relationship between individual behaviour and collective exploration. Simultaneous digital tracking of organisms is a powerful technique that in the future is likely to provide insight into the behaviour of many animal groups.
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Teichmann, Gunter, Eva-Maria Schwartz, and Frank-Michael Dittes. "Collective Business Engineering." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-143416.
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Lynch-Lloyd, Mary (Mary Patricia), Ching Ying Ngan, and Maya Shopova. "Collective Home Office." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115616.
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Thesis: M. Arch., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2018.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 260-269).
Collective Home Office is a collaborative practice whose working process tests the propositions it makes through architecture. As a group of friends, willing test subjects, a union of producers, a jury, a family, or an army, CHO explores the frictions and benefits of collectivity in both method and content. The three words that form its name provide a framework through which the practice engages with its context, questioning how the meanings of collective, home and office have been historically shaped. Targeting the agents most implicated in defining the current moment, namely the proto-state corporations, platforms and institutions that constitute Big Tech, CHO pitches a series of unsolicited projects to clients who are radically changing how we live and relate to one another. CHO believes that not only should these agents be held responsible for the drastic social and urban impacts they exert, but that they may become willing partners in designing new ways of living that respond to the social estrangement, imminent technological unemployment, and chronic housing crisis that have resulted from their unregulated conquest of market share. Far from neglecting the notion of collectivity, the tech world has appropriated its surplus value and replaced sharing with a sharing economy and then with a gig economy. The "capitalist collective" fails to recognize its misuse of the word; collectives differ greatly from memberships rosters. CHO believes that collectivity is a shared motivation towards a common goal. Fundamentally ideological, it is accrued over time through social intimacy built on shared experiences, both positive and negative. Spatially, this notion of the collective requires a new organizational strategy. Modeled on both the city and the home, forms of domestic urbanism are fostered by intimate encounters occurring at overlapping scales of interaction, redefining the notion of household. CHO focuses its practice on how this unlikely partnership can be used as an opportunity to rewire the collective with new priorities. Using the home office as a device, CHO emphasizes the increasing importance of care work and social grooming as means of coping with transitional post-work lifestyle no longer based on the binary of home and work.
by Mary Lynch-Lloyd, Ching Ying Ngan [and] Maya Shopova.
M. Arch.
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Delgado, Jordi. "On Collective Computation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6662.
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Teichmann, Gunter, Eva-Maria Schwartz, and Frank-Michael Dittes. "Collective Business Engineering." Technische Universität Dresden, 2011. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A28064.
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Початко, Тетяна Володимирівна, Татьяна Владимировна Початко, and Tetiana Volodymyrivna Pochatko. "Specific collective nouns." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/65154.
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Harry Blamires is widely known for his works of literary history and criticism. For over three decades students in the USA and the UK havebenefitted from his classic guide to Joyce’s Ulysses, The New Bloomsday Book. More recently, in The Cassell Guide to Common Errors in English and The Penguin Guide to Plain English, he has shown how lively and entertaining the exploration of current usage of English language can be. Since the verb is a key element in the structure of utterance, good writing is impossible without correct use of verbs.
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Striblen, Cassie Ann. "Recognizing Collective Responsiblities." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1181591359.
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Roberts, Michael E. "Human collective behavior." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana Unversity, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3330786.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Depts. of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Cognitive Science, 2008.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Jul 22, 2009). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-10, Section: B, page: 6448. Advisers: Robert L. Goldstone; Peter M. Todd.
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Fallis, Don. "Collective Epistemic Goals." Taylor & Francis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/106289.
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We all pursue epistemic goals as individuals. But we also pursue collective epistemic goals. In the case of many groups to which we belong, we want each member of the group--and sometimes even the group itself--to have as many true beliefs as possible and as few false beliefs as possible. In this paper, I respond to the main objections to the very idea of such collective epistemic goals. Furthermore, I describe the various ways that our collective epistemic goals can come into conflict with each other. And I argue that we must appeal to pragmatic considerations in order to resolve such conflicts.
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Cai, Wenxin M. Arch Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Collective urban block." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/121694.
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This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.Thesis: M. Arch., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2019
"February 2019." Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 92).
Since the economic reform in 1978, urban planning in China has shifted from spatial manifestation of economic planning to projective planning. This rapid mode of policy-driven urbanization has instrumentalized infrastructural development using the master plan as tools to promote urbanization for economic growth. The transformation of Beijing has epitomized how the master plan has replaced urban block as a spatial tool for the making of the city. The result of this practice is Le Corbusier's radiant city in a dystopian state: parallel blocks of residential towers enclosed in gated communities that are detached from the city. Currently, Beijing has a migrant population of 8 million, who called themselves "Bei Piao", literally translated as "floating in Beijing". The exclusive policy to cap population and exorbitant housing price further exclude migrants to live in the city. As Beijing continued to expand with the construction of new infrastructure, I will argue that development of infrastructure will not solve the problems of the city and make it more inclusive. Through the reading of the historical context of Beijing, the idea of collectivity is manifested, seen through historical urban forms of courtyard house and Hutong (alley). This thesis uses the vocabulary of historical neighborhood of Beijing, and investigates how collectivity can be formed through relational aspects of elements of architecture, such as courtyard, alley, window, balcony and terrace. This project intends to use key elements of architecture from the contextual reading to make a neighborhood of collective living in central Beijing. Rather than proposing a solution to reverse socio-spatial exclusiveness, the project intends to set up a framework, and imagine how it can be appropriated by future residents.
by Wenxin Cai.
M. Arch.
M.Arch. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture
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Wells, Dominic. "From Collective Bargaining to Collective Begging: State Expansion and Restriction of Collective Bargaining Rights in the Public Sector." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1522790947706508.
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Mohameden, Negrech. "La gérance collective dans les SARL et les sociétés en nom collectif." Nice, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NICE0023.
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Le législateur français n'impose pas aux associés en nom ou de Sarl, l'administration à plusieurs de leurs groupements respectifs, comme il le fait pour les actionnaires dans la société anonyme. Cela s'explique sans aucun doute par la souplesse censée être de mise dans le fonctionnement des sociétés de personnes. Mais la gérance multiple est permise et assez fréquente dans les sociétés en nom aussi bien que dans les Sarl. Mieux encore : l'absence d'une organisation légale systématique de cette méthode de gestion dans lesdites sociétés n'empêche pas que la cogérance, dont l'origine est simplement conventionnelle, déploie certains effets, laissant entrevoir sa dimension collective. Dans le statut professionnel des gérants, la structure plurale de la gérance apparait dans l'obligation qu'assument les associés, lorsque l'effectif-gérant ne coïncide plus avec le nombre statutairement requis, de procéder aux remplacements qui s'imposent ou de modifier leur charte en conséquence. La notion de gérance minoritaire ou majoritaire dont dépend l'imposition des gérants et leur affiliation ou non au régime général de sécurité sociale, peut également être témoin de la structure plurale de la gérance mais de Sarl uniquement. La dimension collective de la gérance se manifeste aussi, malgré l'individualisation du pouvoir des gérants à l'endroit des tiers, dans les aménagements internes possibles du mode d'action au sein de la gérance et dans le "veto" que les membres de celle-ci peuvent s'opposer mutuellement dans l'exercice de leur mission. En matière de responsabilité "civile" la validité de toute organisation statuaire interne de la cogérance fonde, le cas échéant, la responsabilité solidaire des membres gérants à l'égard des associés. Une responsabilité solidaire dont la voie est par ailleurs ouverte par la loi aux tiers aussi bien qu'aux associes et qui se trouve fréquemment aggravée par les tribunaux : ce qui met alors en relief la dimension collective de la gérance plurale. Une telle dimension n'est pas non plus absente dans la responsabilité pénale des cogérants : la multiplication des motifs d'imputation spéciale (absence ou caractère tenu de l'élément moral dans certaines infractions) dans le droit pénal des sociétés ainsi que la rigueur de la responsabilité dite "du chef d'entreprise" permettent, en effet de rechercher l'effectif gérant "en bloc".
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Mohameden, Negrech. "La Gérance collective dans les S.A.R.L. et les sociétés en nom collectif." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375998175.
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Monteblanco, Vinces Alejandro. "The Extension of Collective Agreements Within Collective Bargaining at Company Level." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118932.
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In this article, a review is conducted to the implementation of Peruvian law of collective agreements and their impact at company level. To achieve this purpose, in principle we mentioned what the Peruvian labor laws and their current application, and then compared with other Latin American visions, and finally outline a more peaceful solution considering the guidelines of the International Labour Organization labor standards and our constitutional current.En el presente artículo, se realizará una crítica a la aplicación de la legislación peruana de los convenios colectivos y sus efectos a nivel de empresa. Para alcanzar tal finalidad, en principio analizaremos lo que menciona la normativa laboral peruano y su aplicación actual, para luego compararla con otras visiones latinoamericanas, y finalmente, esbozar una solución más pacifica considerando los lineamientos de la Organización Internacional de Trabajo y nuestra normativa constitucional laboral vigente.
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Pintea, Ioana. "L'accord collectif de travail et l'emploi." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTD006.
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Depuis plus d’une trentaine d’années, la conception française de l’accord collectif qui améliore la loi en créant des avantages supplémentaires pour les salariés, n’a cessé d’être bouleversée. Alors que ce bouleversement a débuté par l’avènement d’accords de type « dérogatoires » et « supplétifs à la loi » portant sur le temps de travail, c’est désormais l’emploi qui transforme profondément le rôle de l’accord collectif. Fonction sociale et fonction organisationnelle se complètent désormais, faisant émerger des innovations conventionnelles liées à l’emploi : accord de GPEC, accord de maintien de l’emploi, accord sur le plan de sauvegarde de l’emploi, accord de mobilité interne, accord de performance collective, accord portant rupture conventionnelle collective… C’est désormais acquis : l’emploi est devenu un thème important de la négociation collective française. Il s’agit d’une évolution notable du droit du travail qui conforte la contractualisation de ce dernier, met en exergue le renforcement de l’accord collectif de travail et nécessite une plus grande maturité des partenaires sociaux. C’est à partir d’un tel constat que nous nous proposons d’étudier les liens renforcés qui unissent l’accord collectif de travail à l’emploi en examinant des questions récurrentes telles que les fonctions assignées à l’accord collectif qui porte sur l’emploi ; l’organisation conventionnelle de l’emploi dans le système de production normative ou encore le rôle des acteurs de la négociation collective. Le sujet nous invite à mettre en lumière la dynamique d’une mobilisation de l’accord collectif de travail au service de l’emploiFor more than thirty years, the French concept of the collective agreement, which improves the law by creating additional benefits for employees, has been in constant upheaval. While this upheaval began with the advent of agreements of the "derogatory" and "supplementary to the law" type relating to working time, it is now employment that is profoundly transforming the role of the collective agreement. The social and organizational functions now complement each other, giving rise to employment-related conventional innovations: the GPEC agreement, job maintenance agreement, agreement on the job protection plan, internal mobility agreement, collective performance agreement, agreement on the termination of the collective bargaining agreement, etc. It is now a given: employment has become an important theme in French collective bargaining. This is a significant development in labour law which reinforces the contractualisation of labour law, highlights the strengthening of the collective labour agreement and requires greater maturity on the part of the social partners. It is on the basis of this observation that we propose to study the strengthened links between the collective labour agreement and employment by examining recurrent questions such as the functions assigned to the collective agreement on employment; the conventional organization of employment in the normative production system or the role of the actors of collective bargaining. The subject invites us to shed light on the dynamics of mobilizing the collective labour agreement in the service of employment
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Monnin, Quintin M. "Collective Memory: American Perception as a Result of World War II Memorabilia Collecting." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1587402522418034.
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Pedersen, Jan Egedal. "Fast ions in tokamaks and their collective measurement by collective Thomson scattering." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298419.
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Newman, Dwight G. "Community and collective rights." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422518.
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Folland, Ian. "Demandingness and collective consequentialism." Thesis, University of Reading, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.515717.
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St-Louis, Hugo. "Création d'une mémoire collective." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25348/25348.pdf.
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Avec l'amélioration et la prolifération de la téléinformatique, les systèmes informatiques distribués connaissent un véritable essor dans l’industrie du logiciel. Un système distribué est un système pour lequel chaque composante est indépendante et souvent située à un endroit éloigné des autres composantes. Dans un tel système, les composantes communiquent entre elles pour échanger des informations, coordonner leurs actions, prendre des décisions collectives, etc. Cependant, dans ces systèmes, certaines problématiques subsistent ; comment représenter les informations, comment transmettre les informations et comment gérer la mise à jour de ces informations? Ce mémoire s’intéresse principalement à ces problèmes pour les systèmes distribués où les informations sont centralisées sur un serveur. Pour le cas qui nous intéresse, une partie seulement de ces informations est dupliquée dans les composantes et cette duplication peut ne pas être exacte.
Ce mémoire porte sur le partage de connaissances entre les différentes composantes d’un tel système distribué. Nous détaillerons plus particulièrement le mode de représentation des connaissances, basé sur les graphes conceptuels, ainsi qu’une méthode d’indexation appliquée à ce mode de représentation des informations. Nous proposons une technique originale de gestion des mises à jour. Cette technique, basée sur une analyse statistique des mises à jour, permet d’appréhender et de maintenir à jour les informations entre les composantes du système et le serveur. Avec ces techniques, nous espérons diminuer l’utilisation de la bande passante ainsi que l’incohérence momentanée des informations chez les composantes du système.With the improvement and the proliferation of teleinformatics, the distributed systems are widely used in the software industry. A distributed system is a system for which each component is independent and often located in a place away from the other components. In such system, components communicate with each other to exchange information, to coordinate their actions, to make group decisions, etc. However, in these systems, some problematic remain; how to represent information, how to transmit information and how to manage the update information? This study is mainly interested in these problematic of distributed systems where information is centralized on a server. For the case which interests us here, only a part of information is duplicated in the components and it may not be exact. This study is related to the way of sharing knowledge between components of such distributed system. We will more particularly detail the knowledge representation, based on conceptual graphs, as well as a method of indexing this knowledge representation. We proposed an original technique of management of the updates. This technique, based on a statistical analysis of the updates, makes it possible to perceive and maintain up to date the information between the components of the system and the server. With these techniques, we hope to decrease the use of the bandwidth as well as the temporary inconsistency of information between the components and the server.
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Lecheval, Valentin. "On collective bandit behaviour." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-230982.
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The collective decision process of Gambusia affinis (the mosquitofish) is investigated from the standpoint of online machine learning algorithms. A new algorithm, the Collaborative Exp3 algorithm, is derived from the adversarial bandits framework to model how groups of fish make collective decisions leading to consensus. Thanks to maximum likelihood estimation, parameters are tuned and comparisons between data and algorithm performances are addressed. This work provides promising results in the scope of recovering information transfer within fish groups as well as to understand the individual mechanisms involved in the collective decision process. It is the first published approach to connect online machine learning algorithms with data, hence bridging a gap between theory and biological practice.
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Nagar, Yiftach, Thomas W. Malone, Patrick De Boer, and Ana Cristina Bicharra Garcia. "Essays on collective intelligence." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/105080.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
This dissertation consists of three essays that advance our understanding of collective-intelligence: how it works, how it can be used, and how it can be augmented. I combine theoretical and empirical work, spanning qualitative inquiry, lab experiments, and design, exploring how novel ways of organizing, enabled by advancements in information technology, can help us work better, innovate, and solve complex problems. The first essay offers a collective sensemaking model to explain structurational processes in online communities. I draw upon Weick's model of sensemaking as committed-interpretation, which I ground in a qualitative inquiry into Wikipedia's policy discussion pages, in attempt to explain how structuration emerges as interpretations are negotiated, and then committed through conversation. I argue that the wiki environment provides conditions that help commitments form, strengthen and diffuse, and that this, in turn, helps explain trends of stabilization observed in previous research. In the second essay, we characterize a class of semi-structured prediction problems, where patterns are difficult to discern, data are difficult to quantify, and changes occur unexpectedly. Making correct predictions under these conditions can be extremely difficult, and is often associated with high stakes. We argue that in these settings, combining predictions from humans and models can outperform predictions made by groups of people, or computers. In laboratory experiments, we combined human and machine predictions, and find the combined predictions more accurate and more robust than predictions made by groups of only people or only machines. The third essay addresses a critical bottleneck in open-innovation systems: reviewing and selecting the best submissions, in settings where submissions are complex intellectual artifacts whose evaluation require expertise. To aid expert reviewers, we offer a computational approach we developed and tested using data from the Climate CoLab - a large citizen science platform. Our models approximate expert decisions about the submissions with high accuracy, and their use can save review labor, and accelerate the review process.
by Yiftach Nagar.
Understanding collective-intelligence: the structuring of an online community as a collective-sensemaking process, by Yiftach Nagar -- Using collective-intelligence: combining human and machine predictions in semi-structured environments, by Yiftach Nagar and Thomas W. Malone -- Augmenting collective-intelligence: accelerating the review of complex intellectual artifacts in open-innovation challenges, by Yiftach Nagar, Patrick De Boer and Ana Cristina Bicharra Garcia.
Ph. D.
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Sakai, Yasushi S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Bikebump : collective urban design." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/114065.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 105-109).
Present urban planning issues require to involve the public in the urban design process, and this slow and complicated process remains the primary domain of expert planners and consultants. Although there have been many attempts to leverage new mobile tools to engage the community. These tools support the three stages of planning 1. data collection 2. analysis and visualization three solutions. Within these tools, some gather unstructured data that is hard to convert into physical interventions. Also, some applications are not designed to encourage debate and consensus building. This study will consider how a structured integrated tool will help the process of grassroots urban design. This thesis will focus on the development of a bottom-up, crowd-sourced, urban planning tool to improve the quality and safety of urban bike lanes. A mobile application will be developed to enable non-experts to actively participate in the process of real time data collection and feedback, mapping, selection of solutions, and the establishment of priorities. The system will be evaluated using both quantitative and qualitative methods, compared to present methods on bottom up interventions.
by Yasushi Sakai.
S.M.
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Mandal, Soumyajit 1979. "Collective analog bioelectronic computation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/52801.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2009.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 677-710).
In this thesis, I present two examples of fast-and-highly-parallel analog computation inspired by architectures in biology. The first example, an RF cochlea, maps the partial differential equations that describe fluid-membrane-hair-cell wave propagation in the biological cochlea to an equivalent inductor-capacitor-transistor integrated circuit. It allows ultra-broadband spectrum analysis of RF signals to be performed in a rapid low-power fashion, thus enabling applications for universal or software radio. The second example exploits detailed similarities between the equations that describe chemical-reaction dynamics and the equations that describe subthreshold current flow in transistors to create fast-and-highly-parallel integrated-circuit models of protein-protein and gene-protein networks inside a cell. Due to a natural mapping between the Poisson statistics of molecular flows in a chemical reaction and Poisson statistics of electronic current flow in a transistor, stochastic effects are automatically incorporated into the circuit architecture, allowing highly computationally intensive stochastic simulations of large-scale biochemical reaction networks to be performed rapidly. I show that the exponentially tapered transmission-line architecture of the mammalian cochlea performs constant-fractional-bandwidth spectrum analysis with O(N) expenditure of both analysis time and hardware, where N is the number of analyzed frequency bins. This is the best known performance of any spectrum-analysis architecture, including the constant-resolution Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), which scales as O(N logN), or a constant-fractional-bandwidth filterbank, which scales as O (N2).
(cont.) The RF cochlea uses this bio-inspired architecture to perform real-time, on-chip spectrum analysis at radio frequencies. I demonstrate two cochlea chips, implemented in standard 0.13m CMOS technology, that decompose the RF spectrum from 600MHz to 8GHz into 50 log-spaced channels, consume < 300mW of power, and possess 70dB of dynamic range. The real-time spectrum analysis capabilities of my chips make them uniquely suitable for ultra-broadband universal or software radio receivers of the future. I show that the protein-protein and gene-protein chips that I have built are particularly suitable for simulation, parameter discovery and sensitivity analysis of interaction networks in cell biology, such as signaling, metabolic, and gene regulation pathways. Importantly, the chips carry out massively parallel computations, resulting in simulation times that are independent of model complexity, i.e., O(1). They also automatically model stochastic effects, which are of importance in many biological systems, but are numerically stiff and simulate slowly on digital computers. Currently, non-fundamental data-acquisition limitations show that my proof-of-concept chips simulate small-scale biochemical reaction networks at least 100 times faster than modern desktop machines. It should be possible to get 103 to 106 simulation speedups of genome-scale and organ-scale intracellular and extracellular biochemical reaction networks with improved versions of my chips. Such chips could be important both as analysis tools in systems biology and design tools in synthetic biology.
by Soumyajit Mandal.
Ph.D.
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Borghi, Paolo. "Self-employed collective representation." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22017.
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Diese Arbeit untersucht in einer vergleichenden Perspektive das neu entstehende Feld der Vertretung der Selbständigen in Italien und Deutschland. Dabei stehen sowohl die traditionellen als auch die neuen Organisationen und ihre Vertretungsstrategien im Mittelpunkt. Der theoretische Ansatz basiert auf der Idee, dass sowohl die neuen als auch die traditionellen Organisationen in das gleiche neu entstehende strategische Handlungsfeld eingebunden sind (Fligstein & McAdam, 2012). Der Begriff des Feldes wird ausgehend von der bahnbrechenden Arbeit von Pierre Bourdieu über den theoretischen Ansatz, der von der Neo-Institutionalistischen Schule vertreten wird, erörtert. Die Theorie der neu auftauchenden "strategischen Handlungsfelder" wurde durch die von Barbara Czarniawska (1992, 2004, 2009) vorgeschlagene ethnographische Perspektive auf komplexe Organisationen ergänzt, um die Gründe und Motivationen für deren Entscheidungen und Standpunkte vollständig zu verstehen. In dieser Hinsicht war der klassische Ansatz zur Untersuchung von Organisationen, der sich auf den Sensmaking-Prozess konzentriert (Weick, 1979, 1995, 2009), grundlegend. Formen, Strukturen, Regeln, die die Organisationen sowie ihre Ressourcen bestimmen, wurden ebenfalls berücksichtigt. Danach wurden die Vertretungsstrategien sowohl innerhalb verschiedener Organisationen im gleichen Land als auch zwischen ähnlichen Organisationen in Italien und Deutschland analysiert und verglichen. Das äußere Umfeld, das von Verbündeten, Gegnern und anderen relevanten Akteuren wie öffentlichen Institutionen besetzt wird, wurde aus der Sicht der Hauptakteure und durch die Analyse von Dokumenten berücksichtigt. Schließlich wurde die städtische Dimension, eine der relevanten Variablen, die den Strukturierungsprozess der Vertretung der Selbständigen beeinflussen, berücksichtigt.This work explores, in a comparative perspective, the emerging field of self-employment representation in Italy and Germany. In doing so the traditional organizations and the new ones are the main focus as well their representation strategies. The theoretical approach is based on the idea that both new organisations and the traditional ones are involved in the same emerging strategic action field (Fligstein & McAdam, 2012). The concept of field is discussed starting from the seminal work of Pierre Bourdieu, passing through the theoretical approach promoted by the Neo-Institutionalist School. The theory of emerging ‘strategic action fields’ has been complemented by the ethnographic perspective on complex organizations proposed by Barbara Czarniawska (1992, 2004, 2009) in order to fully understand the reasons and motivations for their choices made and their positions. In this regard, the classic approach to the study of organizations that focuses on the sensmaking process (Weick, 1979, 1995, 2009) was fundamental. Shapes, structures, rules governing the organisations as well as their resources have also been considered. After that the representations strategies have been analysed and compared both within different organisations in the same country and between similar organisations in Italy and Germany. The external environment populated by allies, enemies and other relevant players such as public institutions has been taken into account through the point of view of the key actors and through the analysis of documents. Finally the urban dimension, one of the relevant variable that influence the structuring process of self-employment representation has been considered.
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Lund, Jon Michael. "Toward A Collective Architecture." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1491313042368663.
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Perrin-Bonraisin, Anne. "La sécurité économique collective." Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05D014.
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Seares, Rei Mark. "THE COLLECTIVE NEXT DOOR." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298817.
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Fågelbärsträdet 12 is a property on John Ericssonsgatan on the area of Kungsholmen in Stockholm. It has been emptied since 2018 and undergoing the application process for demolition due to erroneous use of aluminate cement during its construction in the 1930’s, making the structure weak and at risk of falling down. In this project, the site is reused and reinforced to accommodate a collective housing for single mothers with their children, and elderly. By reusing an existing building, the question regarding the life cycle of building was touched. Most often, proprietors decide upon demolition for economic gain which mean throwing away energy and resources used to build the building, and only to build a new one. Furthermore, the proximity of the site to the iconic Markelius Kollektivhus (which is just next door), gave an opportunity to revitalize the concept of collective living to modern day society. Using collective living as a tool, social and economic sustainability was also taken into consideration. Through a collective, a community within the building can easily flourish and become a support system both for all the residents. The result of the project is the reinforcement of the existing load-bearing walls, a new entrance from the courtyard, and new co-living spaces on the upper floors. There are social spaces accessible to the public on the ground floor (restaurant and youth recreation space), and collective activity rooms on the upper floors for the residents to use.