Academic literature on the topic 'Collective Arrangements'

This study examines the importance of different forms of influence on the work situation for counteracting intentions to leave work among older employees working in the public eldercare sector in Sweden. We particularly study the importance of procedural autonomy and individual arrangements on intention to leave. Procedural autonomy, i.e., the possibility to adjust the workday temporarily without negotiation, is contrasted with individually negotiated arrangements made with a supervisor or manager. The relation between occupational position and the different forms of influence was also controlled for. The article is based on a survey directed to employees aged 55–70 years working in the public eldercare sector in one municipality in Sweden (n=769) and analyzed with structural equation modelling. The results show low intentions to leave, and that procedural autonomy and possibilities for making individual arrangements regarding financial incentives have a negative association with intention to leave. The prevalence of individual arrangements differs depending on class position and the specific arrangement. Flexible schedules and financial incentives are less possible to influence for employees in lower-grade occupational class positions whereas employees in a higher-grade service class position had lower opportunities for making task and work arrangements. Finally, financial incentives are slightly more important than procedural autonomy for intentions to leave, but it is also the only individual arrangement affecting intention to leave.

Résumé Dès les années 1920, Mauss et Halbwachs jettent les bases d’une « psychologie collective » qui se soucie du contenu des représentations collectives. Ils admettent cette idée selon laquelle les consciences individuelles peuvent produire la réalité sociale, et ne sont pas qu’une manifestation individuelle « résiduelle » des évolutions de la conscience collective, et ils s’orientent vers une étude plus « compréhensive » du vécu des hommes en groupe. Mauss dresse un programme de collaboration entre sciences sociales qui, à ses yeux, doit permettre de jeter des ponts entre états mentaux individuels et collectifs, en vue de bâtir une science de « l’homme total » qui examine l’activité du groupe pour autant qu’elle révèle des arrangements psycho-physiologiques susceptibles d’éclairer la réalité du groupe dans son intégralité. Halbwachs de son côté bâtit une psychologie collective dans laquelle l’activité psychique des individus en groupe est assimilable à un « instinct collectif de survie » émanant de leur rassemblement.

This study looks at three models employee! by Saskatchewan's provincial public sector management to facilitate bargaining. First is a relatively conventional adaptation to bargaining with provincial civil servants. In the second, associations of nursing homes and hospitals bargain in the presence of a government observer. The third has the government and school trustees, with government holding the balance of power, negotiating jointly with the teachers. The paper also discusses the central coordination and control functions which the government has developed to deal with bargaining.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to fill several knowledge gaps regarding the contents of collective agreements, using a new online database. The authors analyse 249 collective agreements from 11 countries – Benin, Brazil, Ghana, Indonesia, Kenya, Madagascar, Peru, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda. The authors research to what extent wage and other remuneration-related clauses, working hours, paid leave arrangements and work-family arrangements are included in collective agreements and whether bargaining topics cluster within agreements. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use the web-based WageIndicator Collective Bargaining Agreement Database with uniformly coded agreements, that are both collected and made accessible online. The authors present a quantitative multi-country comparison of the inclusion and contents of the clauses in the agreements. Findings – The authors find that 98 per cent of the collective agreements include clauses on wages, but that only few agreements specify wage levels. Up to 71 per cent have clauses on social security, 89 per cent on working hours and 84 per cent of work-family arrangements. The authors also find that collective agreements including one of these four clauses, are also more likely to include the other three and conclude that no trade off exists between their inclusion on the bargaining agenda. Research limitations/implications – Being one of the first multi-country analyses of collective agreements, the analysis is primarily explorative, aiming to establish a factual baseline with regard to the contents of collective agreements. Originality/value – This study is unique because of its focus on the content of collective bargaining agreements. The authors are the first to be able to show empirically which clauses are included in existing collective agreements in developing countries.

The purpose of this article is to compare the new British trade union recognition procedures with those of Canada and the United States. The article considers how the new legal framework in Britain affects the collective bargaining process and contrasts this with North American arrangements. It is argued that the British legal position involves a much lower level of interference with the administration of collective agreements and a much higher level of autonomy and independence given to workers to negotiate their own terms and conditions of employment than is the case in Canada or the United States. The article also examines the level of statutory and judicial support given to union security arrangements in Canada and the United States and compares this with the British position where no change has been made to the extensive range of statutory protections given to the non-union worker.

Due to the high inpatient population in hospitals, regular monitoring of inpatients' vital signs is currently a practical concern. As a solution, our proposed system manages the continuous analysis of the vital signs of every inpatient in the general wards, and informs medical professionals in any location at any time about their inpatients' current states in real-time to improve inpatients' health. The suggested system consists of the following arrangements; arrangement for acquiring health readings, identifying the on-duty reported doctors in charge of wards, arrangement for health data exhibiting unit, fall detection, and ECG acquisition. In addition to these arrangements, a website, and an android mobile application were designed to publish measured inpatient vital signs. This proposed product is both novel and different from the existent products because, it comprises of collective arrangements, and is developed in order to assess hospital wards’ inpatients, whereas other systems are designed for remote health monitoring of patients at home. This paper describes the system that was developed and tested successfully. KEYWORDS: Real-time database, Temperature, Heart rate, SpO2, ECG, Fall detection, Website, Mobile application

Collective-action problems affect the structure of stakeholder networks differently in policy settings (Berardo and Scholz 2010). However, interactions in policy settings do not usually occur in an institutional vacuum; instead, they are guided and constrained by agreed-on rules. Therefore, to better understand behavior in these settings, it is important to understand the parameters that guide and constrain it. Combining arguments from game theory and social network analysis, this paper focuses on how the nature of collective-action problems affect the design of formal institutional arrangements. The cases are two institutional arrangements for the provision of high-quality drinking water, in New York City and in Boston. The design of these arrangements is measured through Networks of Prescribed Interactions (NPIs), capturing patterns of interactions mandated by formal rules. NPI structures in each case are then compared analyzing their structural measures and applying exponential random graph models (ERGMs). By comparing these NPIs, the paper assesses the effects of collective-action problems on the design of formal institutional arrangements. Results show that cooperation problems are associated with designs prescribing redundant interactions that create a balanced distribution of responsibilities among the key actors to the agreement.

This paper examines the rates of pay of female canteen workers employed by British Coal as compared to male employees, with a focus on the reasons for the existence and persistence of a wage differential of around 20%. Four sets of interrelated issues are addressed: first, the structure of collective pay bargaining in the coal industry and the formal and informal relationship between bargaining arrangements for female canteen workers and male mineworkers; second, the empirical evidence on relative pay levels and rates of change for female canteen workers and other British Coal employees; third, the structure and influence of the external labour market for canteen workers and its relation to the position of British Coal’s female canteen workers; and fourth, the role of gender in influencing the level of wage differential between female employees and male employees of British Coal. The conclusion is that gender difference seems to be the main explanatory factor for the remaining differences in pay and conditions that exist between female canteen workers and mineworkers.

The economic modernization of the Amazon fostered by the Brazilian military government during the 1960s and 1970s was largely realized without taking into consideration the presence of local households which lived from the extraction of forest products (mainly non-timber). When they began to be expulsed, a political resistance, often guided by the Catholic Church, appeared as well as the creation of unions based on traditional identities, especially that of rubber tappers. During the 1980s, these unions made a strategic alliance with the ecologist movement which started to consider traditional populations, whose lifestyle depended on the forest, as allies for the protection of the Amazon rainforest. The movement gained a decisive momentum at the end of the decade by putting forward new proposals of land tenure for traditional populations, grounded on collective land rights. This strategy has been very efficient during the 1990s and 2000s, during which about 1,300,000 km(2) of rainforest were set apart and reserved for the use of "traditional communities" under a variety of legal status. But it has also led to mix under the same "collective" etiquette and principles a number of different ways of using and managing land and natural resources. This assumption however should be nuanced by a careful analysis of the resource management systems existing in each case, for they are in general complex and mix varying proportions of individual and collective decisions. The aim of this paper is to explore this question using the example of the Chico Mendes agroextractive settlement (PAE-CM), inhabited by about 100 rubber tapper families and symbolic of the political struggle of traditional populations in the Amazon for being the home of the rubber tapper leader Chico Mendes assassinated in 1988. Applying Ostrom "design principles", we try to catch what are the local institutional arrangements and to see if they suggest collective or individual management, and what the boundaries between both categories are. As a conclusion, we find that the PAE-CM's system is much less collective than expected, and also very much controlled by external authorities, in a logic pretty much away from the idea of a CPR system. This finding is useful to understand the shortcomings in the actual management of the PAE but also to foresee difficulties which will probably arise in the management of many of the areas which have gained collective land rights or collective management statutes in the Amazon.

La déforestation, le changement climatique et la pauvreté sont devenus des sujets critiques de ce siècle. [...] L'objectif de cette recherche est de mieux comprendre le rôle des initiatives multi-acteurs ou collectives visant à traiter les problèmes complexes -« wicked problems »- dans le contexte des chaînes logistiques globales. Pour atteindre un tel objectif, il est important, dans un premier temps, de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement de ces initiatives collectives, leurs mécanismes de gouvernance, comment elles sont organisées, et quelles dynamiques politiques et de pouvoir sont présentes au sein de ces initiatives multi-acteurs dans le contexte des chaines globales. Cette étude s'inscrit principalement dans le domaine du management durable de la chaîne logistique (Sustainable Supply Chain Management ou SSCM). Malgré le fait que la littérature de ce champ reconnaît l'importance de prendre en compte les enjeux de développement durable tout au long de la chaîne et d'y inclure les différents acteurs, la réalité est que la plupart des recherches menées à ce jour se sont concentrées sur les relations dyadiques, mettant ainsi en évidence la perspective des entreprises focales (Lee, 2008; Mena, et al., 2013; Beske-Janssen, Johnson, and Schaltegger, 2015; Busse, Meinlschmidt and Foerstl, 2017; Foerstl, Azadegan, Leppelt and Hartmann, 2015). De ce fait, les recherches ont soit négligé les acteurs « non traditionnels » de la chaîne logistique (tels que les Organizations non-gouvernementales, les initiatives multi-partie prenantes), soit les ont simplement considérés comme des acteurs qui servent les intérêts de l'entreprise focale (Montabon, et al., 2016). La littérature en responsabilité sociale des entreprises (RSE), et en particulier l’approche politique de la RSE (PCSR en anglais pour Political CSR) apporte une nouvelle perspective à la littérature SSCM en explorant la pertinence et la légitimité des initiatives collectives face aux enjeux de développement durable. La littérature PCSR propose une série de critères permettant un transfert de la régulation de la sphère publique vers les acteurs privés. Par exemple, la participation démocratique est considérée comme un mécanisme clé pour la légitimité du processus (tels que l'inclusivité, la transparence et l’égalité), et pour la légitimité des résultats (tels que la couverture, l’efficacité et l’application) (Mena and Palazzo, 2012). L’ensemble de cette thèse repose sur une démarche inductive qualitative afin d’explorer les initiatives collectives à partir du cas de la RSPO. Plus précisément, l'analyse multimodale critique du discours (M-CDA) nous permet d’'intégrer de multiples ressources pour l’analyse non seulement des textes écrits mais aussi des médias, de la vidéo, de la voix ou des gestes. En tenant compte de la diversité des acteurs aux connaissances, perspectives et attentes multiples, une approche discursive semble appropriée pour étudier les initiatives multi-acteurs. Dans ce travail, l’analyse critique du discours est ainsi utilisée pour explorer les interactions, les relations et les contradictions entre le texte, l'image et la voix afin de révéler les récits et contre-récits présentés simultanément par les multiples acteurs de la RSPO. Au total, les données de cette étude comprennent : 66 vidéos, 29 entretiens, 57 articles de journaux, et une série de données secondaires (rapports annuels, code de conduite et statuts de la RSPO, observations lors de la participation à la conférence annuelle de la RSPO). Les résultats de cette thèse s'articulent autour de quatre articles [...]
Deforestation, climate change and poverty have become some of the hottest topics of this century. Both scholars and practitioners recognize them as major societal grand challenges, with a growing number of academics referring to them as “wicked problems”. Due to their complex, uncertain and controversial nature, wicked problems cannot be effectively handled by individual actors. Their magnitude calls for a collective governance approach, including a wide range of heterogeneous actors with a diverse set of expertise and background, each of them bringing a different perspective to the problem. The purpose of this research is to better understand the role of collective arrangements tackling wicked problems in the context of global supply networks. This study is mainly framed within the field of sustainable supply chain management (SSCM). Although collective initiatives are the focus of a growing number of studies in the SSCM literature, scholars from the discipline still refer to these players as “nontraditional” supply chain actors. The political CSR (PCSR) theoretical stream complements the SSCM literature and provides a new perspective to shed the light on the effectiveness and legitimacy of collective arrangements in dealing with wicked problems in global supply networks. This research adopts an inductive qualitative approach and explores collective arrangements through the case of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). The findings are articulated around four papers, exploring the following issues: (1) the role of nontraditional actors in the governance of SSCM; (2) the mechanisms employed by a leading collective initiative to promote sustainability along the palm oil supply network; (3) the “dark sides” of these new forms of governance of wicked problems and; (4) the construction of a collective identity and a legitimate authority in tackling wicked problems. In contrast to the current normative approach of PCSR, mobilizing the discourse analysis methodology in the PCSR field to shed light on the political multivocal discursive construction of collective identities, contributes to the exposure of subtle and less-apparent power dynamics, underpinning the legitimacy construction of collective initiatives. By adopting a critical approach, the main contribution of this research to the SSCM literature is the shift from the traditional SCM assumptions of linearity (dominated by the focal-firm-centric perspective) to a more integrative logic at the supraorganizational level. In doing so, it is possible to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the role of collective arrangements in the context of supply networks and reveal their underlying political and power struggles in framing the different facets of wicked problems

Este trabalho consiste em um estudo sobre o arranjo produtivo local (APL) de agroindústrias familiares e produtores de alimentos do Vale do Rio Pardo (APLVRP), reconhecido no Programa de APLs do estado, além de ser uma alternativa econômica aos produtores de tabaco na região. O objetivo foi avaliar a influência das relações interorganizacionais na eficiência coletiva do arranjo. Como quadro teórico, utilizou-se o conceito de eficiência coletiva, compreendendo que as externalidades não são suficientes para assegurar um desenvolvimento duradouro à aglomeração, necessitando a ação conjunta (SCHMITZ, 1997a). Para compreender a natureza das relações entre os atores, adotou-se a abordagem de redes (SOUZA, 2008), optando pela perspectiva analítica do estudo de redes (POWELL; SMITH-DOERR, 1994), baseando-se na concepção de imersão social (GRANOVETTER, 1985), segundo a qual as ações econômicas estão imersas em redes de relações sociais. Foi utilizada a imersão estrutural como enfoque (ZUKIN; DIMAGGIO, 1990), referindo-se à contextualização das trocas econômicas em padrões contínuos de relações interpessoais, admitindo-se na análise, contudo, outros tipos de imersão: política, cognitiva e cultural (Idem). Utilizando-se a abordagem qualitativa, o estudo foi conduzido através da estratégia de estudo de caso e pesquisa longitudinal com corte transversal, enfocando em momentos históricos da trajetória do arranjo desde 2012 até os dias atuais (VIEIRA, 2006). As principais fontes dos dados foram: pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, observação e entrevista semiestruturada, utilizando-se análise de conteúdo (BARDIN, 1977). A análise histórica do arranjo permitiu concluir que os atores centrais que atuam no APL surgiram no contexto da produção de tabaco na região. Através da análise das inter-relações entre os atores do APL (imersão social estrutural), pôde-se compreender a ocorrência de alterações na configuração da rede (NOHRIA, 1992) – mudança da entidade gestora e a inclusão de novos atores na rede, como os produtores de alimentos in natura, permitindo a intensificação das ações conjuntas com as cooperativas, propiciando eficiência coletiva (SCHMITZ, 1997a) para o arranjo – ocasionadas pela ampliação do escopo de atuação do APL – um resultado da ação conjunta e mobilização de seus atores. Constatou-se a importância das relações inter-atores entre entidades de apoio, especialmente a EMATER, para superar dificuldades enfrentadas pelas agroindústrias, notadamente a informalidade no setor. A imersão social ajudou a compreender como a configuração dos relacionamentos entre os atores pode beneficiar intermediários e até agroindústrias de fora da região em detrimento dos produtores locais, limitando, portanto, a eficiência coletiva do arranjo. Identificaram-se externalidades positivas e negativas no arranjo, principalmente em decorrência da região ser um local de produção de tabaco. Por fim, observou-se a importância das políticas públicas locais no estímulo a APLs em fases iniciais de desenvolvimento. Entretanto, os resultados revelam as limitações da eficiência coletiva passiva, oriunda das externalidades. Nesse sentido, constata-se a necessidade da eficiência coletiva ativa (NADVI, 1996), através da ação de atores privados na geração de resultados duradouros para o arranjo.
This dissertation consists on a case study of the local productive arrangement (APL) of family food agroindustries and food producers of the Rio Pardo Valley (APLVRP), which is part of the APLs Program of the state, also as an economic alternative to the tobacco farmers in the region. The main objective was to evaluate the influence of interorganizational relations in the collective efficiency of the cluster. As a theoretical framework, the concept of collective efficiency was used, understanding that externalities are not sufficient to ensure a sustainable development of the cluster, requiring joint action (SCHMITZ, 1997a). In order to understand the nature of the relations between the actors, the networks approach (SOUZA, 2008) was adopted, opting for the analytical perspective of the study of networks (POWELL, SMITH-DOERR, 1994), based on the concept of social embeddedness (GRANOVETTER, 1985), according to which economic actions are embedded in networks of social relations. It focused of structural embeddedness (ZUKIN; DIMAGGIO, 1990), which refers to the contextualization of economic exchanges in continuous patterns of interpersonal relations, admitting in the analysis, however, other types of embeddedness: political, cognitive and cultural embeddedness (Id.). Using the qualitative approach, the study was conducted through the case study and cross-sectional longitudinal research strategy, focusing on historical moments of cluster’s trajectory (VIEIRA, 2006). The main data sources were: bibliographic research, documental research, observation and semi-structured interview, using content analysis (BARDIN, 1977). Historical analysis of the cluster allowed us to conclude that the central actors acting in the APL appeared in the context of tobacco production in the region. Through the analysis of the interrelations between the actors of the APL (structural social embeddedness), it was possible to understand the occurrence of changes in the network configuration (NOHRIA, 1992) – shift of the management entity and the inclusion of new actors in the network, as the producers of in natura foods, and the intensification of joint actions with the cooperatives, providing collective efficiency (SCHMITZ, 1997a) for the cluster – caused by the expansion of the scope of the APL, as a result of the joint action and mobilization of its actors. The importance of inter-actor relations between support entities, especially EMATER, was verified in order to overcome difficulties faced by agroindustries, especially informality in the sector. Social embeddedness helped to understand how the configuration of relationships between actors can benefit intermediaries and even agro-industries from outside the region to the detriment of local producers, thus limiting the collective efficiency of the arrangement. Positive and negative externalities were identified in the cluster, mainly as a result of the region being a tobacco production site. Finally, the importance of local public policies in stimulating APLs in the early stages of development was verified. However, the results reveal the limitations of the passive collective efficiency, arising from externalities. Thus, it is needed active collective efficiency (NADVI, 1996), through the action of private actors in generating enduring results for the cluster.

Les politiques publiques affichent des objectifs, pensent et produisent des injonctions qui ont pour but de cadrer l’action publique territorialisée. A l’étude nous avons cependant pu constater que ces développements ne se soucient pas toujours des capacités et des potentialités de compréhension, d’appropriation et de mise en œuvre, non seulement des objectifs, mais aussi des modalités pour traduire cette action publique sur le terrain. Les opérateurs font en effet face aux urgences de mettre en œuvre les injonctions dans des délais relativement courts, qui ne leur laissent que peu de temps pour comprendre les enjeux, problématiser et construire l'ingénierie la plus adéquate pour mettre en œuvre l’action publique territorialisée. A travers notre démarche méthodologique d’inspiration ethnographique, nous avons voulu observer comment les acteurs au quotidien ont alors à inventer, au-delà des cadres et des règlements préétablis, des pratiques et une mise en ordre de l’action publique territorialisée, essayant ce faisant de poursuivre ou de se rapprocher des objectifs fixés par les politiques publiques.Les analyses des interactions des individus, l’étude des documents qui circulent entre eux, les observations in situ ainsi que les entretiens ont permis de révéler comment les individus développent des « conventions » (Diaz-Bone & Thévenot, 2010) à la fois pratiques et langagières pour se comprendre et mener leurs activités et reconnaissent certaines « manières de faire » (de Certeau, 1900) comme étant les plus pertinentes pour résoudre les énigmes auxquelles ils sont confrontés. Même si les acteurs n’en ont pas conscience, l’ensemble de ces éléments, ancrés, actualisés et plus récents, forment ainsi une matrice (Kuhn, 1962) interprofessionnelle au sein de laquelle se développent les actions et se constituent des références communes qui influent fortement sur tout ce qui se joue et est produit au sein de et par ce système. Tout en agissant dans cette dimension matricielle, les acteurs continuent de l’alimenter en s’engageant dans des instances collectives. D’une part les individus y assoient la défense de leurs propres représentations et conceptions des injonctions et objectifs, d’autre part ils essaient de trouver ou de partager des moyens d’actions propres à assurer la mise en œuvre des moyens qui permettront de les atteindre ou de les approcher, oscillant dans ces modes de cheminement entre éthiques professionnelle, morale et même plus personnelle
The public policies display targets, think about and elaborate injunctions which have a purpose to frame the public territorial activities. However our study shows how these intentions are not always aligned with the collective skills, the potentialities of comprehension, the capacities of appropriation and the possibilities of enforcement to reach the goals in the territories, not even the capacities to understand and perform the public activity. The workers are urged by the short delays imposed. They don’t have much time to understand the issues, to engage a problematization process and to build the most suitable engineering to enforce the public territorial activity. Through our ethographic approach, we wanted to observe how the workers create some daily pratices beyond the rules and the frames settled up for us, while they try to follow or get closer to the policies targets. By using the interactionnism analysis, the documents which circulate or not between the workers and their interviews, we were able to show how the individuals elaborate some pratical and language agreements (Diaz-Bone & Thévenot, 2010) to understand each others, carry out particular activities and recognize some « ways of doing » (de Certeau, 1990) as the most releavant to solve their problems. Even if the individuals are not aware of it, all the elements, grounded, actualized and the most recent of them, belong to an interprofessionnal matrix. The activities and the mutual references expand in this matrix. These aspects influence the issues and the productions within and through this system.While acting on the matrix, the individuals nourish it by commiting in the collective. On one hand the individuals are able to protect their own representations and conceptions of the policies injunctions and targets. On the other hand they try to find and share their own ways to act by their own to reach the targets. They are constently swinging between moral, professionnal and personal ethics

Cette étude a pour but d’explorer la dynamique de la négociation collective alors que celle-ci se déroule dans un contexte de restructuration. Plus spécifiquement, ce mémoire vise à explorer l’influence du rapport de force de l’acteur syndical lors d’une restructuration se déroulant sous la Loi sur les arrangements avec les créanciers des compagnies. Les résultats de recherche identifient les impacts sur la dynamique de la négociation collective. Le pouvoir de l’action syndicale est considérablement diminué. Ensuite, la structure de négociation collective est transformée unilatéralement par l’employeur et a comme conséquence l’affaiblissement du rapport de force de l’acteur syndical. Les stratégies de l’employeur, de par la primauté accordée à la réussite de la restructuration, contraignent le syndicat à peu de marge de manœuvre pendant la négociation collective. Ces résultats tendent ainsi à démontrer que la dynamique de la négociation collective vécue par l’acteur syndical est fortement influencée.

No campo das competências coletivas, a identificação e o reconhecimento de lacunas teóricoempíricas (BITENCOURT, 2001; BONOTTO, 2005; RUAS, 2001; SANDBERG, 2000) têm sido um importante elemento motivador de novos estudos na área. Assim, o presente estudo busca elementos que possam representar uma contribuição acadêmica ao campo das competências coletivas, desenvolvendo uma articulação conceitual com o pensamento sistêmico e com arranjos produtivos locais. Nessa articulação, o que se busca é identificar pontos de contato entre as três abordagens que possam representar avanços para a sua aplicação em projetos de desenvolvimento local. O principal objetivo é verificar como o pensamento sistêmico pode contribuir para a identificação das competências coletivas e seu estágio de formação, no caso, do APL vitivinícola da Serra Gaúcha. A metodologia utilizada foi o estudo de caso (YIN, 2005), com coleta de dados, através da história oral, baseada em entrevistas, observação direta e análise documental, tendo como unidade de análise as principais entidades que representam o setor vitivinícola nacional. Para análise dos resultados, foi utilizada a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Os principais resultados indicam que, através de um esforço deliberado, o nível de percepção relativo à interdependência presente no ALP vitivinícola da Serra Gaúcha, pode fomentar o desenvolvimento de uma cultura endógena de colaboração, que possibilite manifestar uma competência coletiva.
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In the field of collective competences, identification and recognition of theoretical and empirical gaps (BITENCOURT, 2001; BONOTTO, 2005; RUAS, 2001; SANDBERG, 2000) have been an important motivator for further studies in the area. Thus, this study seeks to elements that may represent an academic contribution to the field of collective competences, developing a conceptual articulation with the systems thinking and local productive arrangements. In this connection, what is sought is to identify points of contact among the three approaches that can represent enhancements to its application in local development projects. The main objective is to identify how the system thinking may contribute to the identification of the collective competence and its stage of training based on Local Productive Arrangements of vitiviniculture of Serra Gaucha. The methodology used was a case study (YIN, 2005), with data collection through oral history, based on interviews, direct observation and document analysis, using for unit of analysis, the main agencies that represent the national wine industry. To analyze the results, we used the technique of content analysis. The main results indicate that through a deliberate effort, the level of perception in relation to the interdependence present in the LPA of vitiniculture of Serra Gaucha, can foster the development of a endogenous culture of collaboration that allows to express a collective competence.

Au croisement des courants de recherche sur l’étude du travail et sur celle de l’organisation, la thèse analyse la transformation de la main d’œuvre dans l’entreprise via la généralisation du recours à des formes d’emploi qualifiées d’atypiques. La littérature fait état d’une tendance à la déconnexion entre, d'une part, des pratiques de travail dans l’entreprise mêlant des individus aux statuts juridiques différents et, d'autre part, des théories de l’organisation reposant sur une relation d’emploi uniforme entre l’entreprise et ses travailleurs. Sur le terrain, les travailleurs réalisent l’activité de l’entreprise qu’ils soient salariés ou extérieurs, tout en conservant la représentation d’une main d’œuvre constituée de salariés. L’observation directe de la collaboration entre des salariés et des travailleurs extérieurs sur le lieu de travail de l’entreprise permet de comprendre les mécanismes à l’œuvre dans la réalisation commune d’activités sur le lieu de travail de l’entreprise. Pour décrire cette catégorie d’action, qui se situe entre l’étude du travail et celle de l’organisation (au sens de structure formelle représentée par l’entreprise), on proposera la notion d' « équipe composite ». L’équipe composite s’envisage comme une entité modulaire dont les statuts juridiques des travailleurs constituent les interfaces. L’entreprise intègre l’équipe composite au sein de sa structure légitime par des mécanismes bureaucratiques atténués. Quant aux acteurs, ils composent leur rôle de travailleur sur le lieu de l’entreprise au-delà de leur statut juridique et en fonction d’un répertoire construit à partir de leur expérience professionnelle
Bridging work and organization studies, the dissertation analyzes changing workforce in the workplace due to the rising use of nonstandard arrangements. Previous research shows that the current organizational theory is based on inadequate conceptions of work inherited from industrial era. Today, the use of nonstandard work arrangements is very common. This leads to a blend of regular workers and nonstandard workers in the same work situation. As individuals don’t formulate the blending way of performing activities, we observe that a collective action remains possible even if the workers' legal statuses are different. As a consequence, a direct observation is needed to sort out the issue of the collaboration of regular workers and nonstandard workers in a firm’s workplace in order to understand how collective action happens. The “composite team” expression could describe this kind of collective action occurring in a specific organization involving people whose statuses differ. The firm does not disappear by integrating people from other organizations; it acts as an integrator of modular units composed by a composite team. The individuals play a role beyond their legal status in the workplace, depending on a repertoire built from professional experience

Throughout the long history of the library, there have been many examples of methodical approaches to creating techniques, tools and knowledge that contribute to creating the library profession as we know it today. Collection arrangement and book labelling represent skills that are built into the very foundations of librarianship.With the opening of each new library, with collection merging or moving, or when building open access to a collection from scratch, librarians continue to question the methods they inherited. Librarians have to have a good understanding of the details and functions of book labelling in order to make an informed decision on how much of the work required for book labelling and re-shelving can be saved or replaced by other methods of locating and presenting documents.

AbstractThe crystallization of systemic risk in financial markets occurs when financial actors collectively (if unwillingly) bring on a major financial crisis through the withholding of credit and asset fire sales. The management and prevention of such calamities is our focus. We introduce the tools of political science, especially governance and institutional analysis, to help us probe the key dynamics at work. We then show that where appropriate knowledge and governance arrangements can be put in place, collective action may be arranged to help prevent the crystallization of systemic risk. We use the euro crisis to help illustrate our arguments.

AbstractTo achieve industry-wide circular economy (CE) outcomes, such as material reuse or recycling, competitors need to join forces and enter the paradoxical relationship of coopetition, whereby competitors collaborate. According to the literature, coopetition can benefit sustainability. However, little is known about coopetition for a CE and how competitors, as stakeholders, can engage in resolving collective environmental challenges. This study examines the phenomenon of coopetition for a CE through an extensive multiple-case study from various industries in Finland. The findings indicate that coopetition for a CE can be organised through four distinctive modes of circularity: agreements for industry standards, pre-competitive R&D and knowledge-sharing, platforms, and reverse logistics systems. New industry standards supporting CE are set by engaging competitors in voluntary agreements. It is important to bring stakeholders together for CE-focused pre-competitive R&D and knowledge-sharing projects and networks. In applied and commercial coopetitive arrangements, stakeholder engagement (e.g., third-party coordination) enables cross-industry collaboration for reverse logistics systems, whereas platforms are used to connect stakeholders and match their supply and demand, thus facilitating the development of CE business models. Our chapter contributes to academic and practical discussions on how coopetition for a CE can manifest and how competitors, as stakeholders, can engage in collaboration and contribute to CE goals.

Abstract The article explores some of the biggest challenges to the ILO caused by globalization and altering of the collective labour rights scene. It examines the recent transformation of collective bargaining regimes at national and transnational level and the consequences for normativities that characterize the relationship between labour law and the system of international labour standards. Domestic bargaining regimes are influenced by decentralization whereas in a transnational setting, with the phenomena of contractual arrangements between multinational enterprises and trade unions or other employee representatives, transnational collectivization of labour law is occurring. The process of transnationalization of labour law affects the traditional labour law paradigm with profound consequences for our understanding of the purpose and role of labour law. The transformation of labour law highlights regulatory developments that require reinforcement of the role of fundamental labour rights. Building a perspective on major global challenges to the ILO at the beginning of its second centenary requires an assessment of the labour question in terms of flexibility and vulnerabilities. This raises the question of inclusivity, calling for the ILO decent work agenda, employment creation, social protection, rights at work and social dialogue, all to be more firmly integrated in global regulatory approaches to work.

AbstractProjects have become crucial devices in the practice and governance of research. Drawing on the participant ethnography of a two-year interdisciplinary project on microbial bioenergy, this chapter inquires how projectification translates into collective research dynamics. It argues that to understand what projects are and how they affect research practices and communities, it is necessary to look beyond their influence on the organisation of research work. Seeking to delineate the project as a group, the chapter analyses three versions of the project-ed community: in documents, in institutional arrangements, and in daily research. This shows that projects cannot be reduced to temporary arenas of research. They are also argumentative devices that justify and display the excellence and relevance of specific scientific endeavours, as well as projection devices – they serve to imagine future research communities and to start building them. In that, projects are highly strategic entities that integrate scientific practices into coherent narratives to further the interests and ambitions of various parties; but they are also enmeshed in practical matters, because to build communities, researchers have to develop concrete repertoires that are materially embodied.

AbstractIn May 2022, the last cooling tower of the coal-fired power plant in the Spanish region of Andorra in Teruel province was demolished. After forty years in operation such an event had a huge emotional effect on the local population, since much of the local identity and tradition was built around this industrial emblem. On the one hand, it represented a final symbolic farewell to a way of life around coal, now perceived to have inevitably ceased to exist. On the other hand, it highlighted the need to accelerate the full regional transformation towards a new socio-economic structure whose agents of change, content and new identities were not yet well-defined. Our research explores the role of identities and perceptions of the future as key constraining or enabling factors in tipping former carbon-intensive regions towards clean energy and sustainable development pathways. Understanding how local populations see their uncertainties about the future, and examining other views on relative deprivation and inequality, are central in developing enabling governance arrangements and continuous learning feedback loops required in rapid socio-energy transformations. We found out that embracing transformative change towards green transformations may entail adopting more diversified, self-defined complex forms of collective sense-making processes based on project identities.

AbstractData power is a highly ambivalent phenomenon and it is precisely these ambivalences that open up important perspectives for the burgeoning field of critical data studies: First, the ambivalences between global infrastructures and local invisibilities. These challenge the grand narrative of the ephemeral nature of a global data infrastructure and instead make visible the local working and living conditions, and resources and arrangements required to operate and run them. Second is the ambivalences between the state and data justice. These consider data justice in relation to state surveillance and data capitalism and reflect the ambivalences between an “entrepreneurial state” and a “welfare state”. Third is the ambivalences of everyday practices and collective action, in which civil society groups, communities, and movements try to position the interests of people against the “big players” in the tech industry. With this introduction, we want to make the argument that seeing data power and its irreducible ambivalences in a pointed way will provide an orientation to the chapters of this book. To this end, we first give a brief outline of the development of critical data studies. In part, we also want to situate the data power conferences, the most recent of which this volume is based on. This will then serve as a basis for taking a closer look at three facets of the ambivalence of data power.

The ecological theory of cultural change suggests that socioeconomic development enhances individualism and weakens collectivism. Yet, collectivism in terms of childcare arrangements seems to persist in rapidly transforming China. It is possible that Confucian ideals and rural to urban migration promoted kin-based cooperation and enhanced collectivism. To explore such possibilities, forty-five caregivers of two generations from an ethnic village located in the Southwest of China were invited to share their childcare arrangements, priorities, and histories. Iterative thematic analyses revealed that improved life quality allowed caregivers the time and resources to attend to children’s personal well-being, whilst socioeconomic potentials and limitations pressured caregivers to cooperate for children’s developments. Emphases on psychological autonomy and relatedness, and material relatedness all increased. Further, regardless of migrant status, grandparents (<em>n =</em> 24) and parents (<em>n =</em> 21) readily agreed on childcare cooperation for supporting their children’s education and future mobility. Traditional virtues, such as filial piety, endurance, and sacrifice, fostered caregivers’ reciprocal and kin altruism, proposing the involvement of morality in explaining cultural orientations and changes.

This paper introduces research from a special topics seminar that explores the incorporation of collective intermediate space (also referred to as gray space and the intermediate commons), as a possible alternative to the isolated condition of most housing design arrangements in North America. Gray space is most easily understood as the transitional intermediate space prior to entering or after exiting a domestic space to the public domain. These spaces often blur the line between public and private space; inside and outside; formal and informal; are truly multi-functional and can be defined by the end user. One of the primary objectives of this course is to understand the historic and vernacular foundations of housing and architecture’s relationship to public space and the commons through its various conditions and to grasp how this relationship has changed across various contexts over time. This research aims to have the following impact. (1) To visually analyze and assess spatial challenges and opportunities within three vernacular types. This analysis evaluates the social and material qualities of space provided within the domestic type, and the clarity of its connection to the intermediate commons. (2) To examine the local context of these types and how architecture has had a role in cultivating the shared cultural identity and community of the place. (3) To expand upon the use of visual research and visual communication to tell a cohesive narrative of place. In short, the intermediate commons can be understood as spatial, architectural, and tactile, but must also be recognized as a space for social innovation and radical openness. Collective Domestic: Theorizing the Intermediate Commons asserts that the sequestered and heteronormative condition of current developer-driven housing trends can be countered through the proper activation of gray space in housing.

The intrinsic nature of language-power relationships has long attracted wide scholarly attention, particularly from the 1980s onwards. In addition to being assigned a classic communication function, language is also seen as a vital tool for demonstrating and exercising political power, that is, a collective power of ethnopolitical communities. This paper looks into the specificities of the language policies of the Council of the European Union both codified and customary, which demonstrate power relations between the Member States of the European Union. The research is based on the legal-dogmatic method as it assesses current positive law, doctrine, concepts, practice, and scholarly literature addressing elements of language arrangements pertinent to the Council. Special emphasis is put on discrepancies between codified rules calling for equality of all EU languages and nurturing linguistic diversity, on the one hand, and daily practices endorsing linguistic imperialism, on the other hand. The paper examines the evolution of language narratives in the founding treaties of the European Union, Council Regulation No. 1/58 determining the languages to be used by the European Union, the Council’s Rules of Procedure, and other relevant documents, and compares them with European realities on the ground. Although the regulatory framework governing the work of the Council is more or less clear regarding the equality of the Member States and their official languages, the power gap and language disbalance remain an ever-present element of the EU environment.

The houses made in Uruguay under the cooperative system since the beginning of the 70s, are recognized as a socially and politically legitimized way of collective construction of the habitat. From its bases, the system promotes a collective model that forms an alternative to the hegemonic ways of the market to produce habitable space with a national territory reach. The proposal presented is the result of the link between academic networks and the Gender Area of the Uruguayan Federation of Mutual Aid Cooperatives (FUCVAM) with the aim of building a critical and proactive look at the modes of production and use of the housing cooperatives collective space, leaning on urban formulations of feminism. Particularly, addressing hypotheses of transformations in the configuration, quantification, distribution, uses and arrangements of common spaces, understood as areas capable of redirecting roles and relationships, based on sex-gender regulations, and articulating various social care strategies linked to the sustainability of life. Keywords: Care, Commons, Cooperatives, Gender Las viviendas realizadas en Uruguay, desde comienzos de los años 70 bajo el sistema cooperativo, se reconocen como un modo social y políticamente legitimado de construcción colectiva del hábitat. Desde sus bases promueve un modelo que conforma una alternativa a los modos hegemónicos del mercadode producir el espacio habitable. La propuesta presentada es resultado de la vinculación entre redes académicas y el Área de Género de la Federación Uruguaya de Cooperativas de Ayuda Mutua (FUCVAM) con el objetivo de construir una mirada crítica y propositiva a los modos de producción y uso del espacio colectivo de las cooperativas de vivienda apoyándose en formulaciones urbanas del feminismo. Especialmente, atendiendo hipótesis de transformaciones en la configuración, cuantificación, distribución, usos y agenciamientos de espacios comunes, entendidos como ámbitos capaces de redireccionar roles y relacionamientos basados en normatividades de sexo-género, y articular estrategias de cuidado social vinculadas a la sostenibilidad de la vida. Palabras clave: Cuidados, Comunes, Cooperativas, Feminismo

Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) grown on substrates are potential electron sources in field emission applications. Several studies have reported the use of CNTs in field emission devices, including field emission displays, X-ray tube, electron microscopes, cathode-ray lamps, etc. Also, in recent years, conventional cold field emission cathodes have been realized in micro-fabricated arrays for medical X-ray imaging. CNT-based field emission cathode devices have potential applications in a variety of industrial and medical applications, including cancer treatment. Field emission performance of a single isolated CNT is found to be remarkable, but the situation becomes complex when an array of CNTs is used. At the same time, use of arrays of CNTs is practical and economical. Indeed, such arrays on cathode substrates can be grown easily and their collective dynamics can be utilized in a statistical sense such that the average emission intensity is high enough and the collective dynamics lead to longer emission life. The authors in their previous publications had proposed a novel approach to obtain stabilized field emission current from a stacked CNT array of pointed height distribution. A mesoscopic modeling technique was employed, which took into account electro-mechanical forces in the CNTs, as well as transport of conduction electron coupled with electron–phonon induced heat generation from the CNT tips. The reported analysis of pointed arrangements of the array showed that the current density distribution was greatly localized in the middle of the array, the scatter due to electrodynamic force field was minimized, and the temperature transients were much smaller compared to those in an array with random height distribution. In the present paper we develop a method to compute the emission efficiency of the CNT array in terms of the amount of electrons hitting the anode surface using trajectory calculations. Effects of secondary electron emission and parasitic capacitive nonlinearity on the current-voltage signals are accounted. Field emission efficiency of a stacked CNT array with various pointed height distributions are compared to that of arrays with random and uniform height distributions. Effect of this parasitic nonlinearity on the emission switch-on voltage is estimated by model based simulation and Monte Carlo method.

According to estimates and analyses by the international community of economic analysts, the medical crisis generated by the Covid-19 pandemic will induce a major economic and financial crisis worldwide which, in conjunction with the current geopolitical situation, characterized by a high degree of uncertainty (e.g. strategic economic confrontation between the US and China, the position of force adopted by the Russian Federation), will affect production and supply chains, amplify the phenomenon of the adoption of trade policies of a protectionist nature, and, indirectly, will significantly affect national defense budgets. In this fluid geopolitical context, characterized by insecurity and systemic instability, a strategic rethink and recalibration of defence policies can be predicted in a new context, defined by the multipolar competition and the asymmetry of geopolitical geometry, the conflict between civilizational models (competition between democracy vs. autocratic/totalitarian political regimes), to the detriment of regional and international collective security arrangements. Changing government priorities generated by the pandemic crisis generated by Covid-19 may lead to a reduction in budgets for military endowment programs. Most governments allocate about 2% of GDP annually to the defence sector. Given the pandemic generated by Covid-19, there is a risk that some states will significantly reduce the budget allocated to the defence industry in order to increase the budgets for health systems, given the need to expand hospitals, as well as the purchase of medical equipment and services. In Romania, the topic of tools and opportunities that may be able to ensure the improvement of the effects and overcoming the economic crisis is currently being discussed through active economic measures, including in the field of the defence industry. In Romania, however, the path from debate to public policy and strategy assumed and applied is traditionally long and hard, requiring more pragmatism in addressing strategic economic issues.

We demonstrate the generalized lattice Kerker effect in a titanium nanocuboid lattice. The periodic arrangement is shown to enhance both the electric dipole and quadrupole resonances through collective coupling.

Abstract Surfaces that exhibit anisotropy, widely found in nature, promote one-dimensional water control by relying on well-organized features. A comprehensive understanding of the wetting behavior of organic liquids, especially the movement of water and oil liquids on the surface, including the manipulation of water droplets, the separation of water and oil, and the cleaning of the ocean, are of great significance. Here, The filefish Navodon septentrionalis has an anisotropic oleophobicity underwater owing to its distinctive skin, which allows it to self-clean oil droplets from its body. Filefish skin has oriented microscaled hook-like spines arranged in an array pattern that contributes to this prominent wetting anisotropy. Considering the performance at a micron level and the variable arrangement, conventional approaches are ineffective in simulating the natural skin structure. Due to its capabilities of high productivity, cost-effectiveness, rapid production, as well as the ability to fabricate microstructures, additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, has gained considerable attention in various academic fields. Specifically, we utilize a 3D printing method to fabricate biomimetic structures that resemble the arrangement of spines on the skin of filefish. In order to quantitatively evaluate the hydrophobicity of a 3D-printed surface, four different arrangements of spines were displayed on the surface, including the original surface arrangement, the surface with movement, the surface with rotation, as well as the surface that has both movement and rotation. Each surface arrangement has a level of surface hydrophobicity, with moving and rotating surfaces possessing the greatest level of hydrophobicity. This study provides an opportunity to investigate the wettability of biological surface structures with specific arrangements and offers good prospects for oleophobicity studies and a variety of subsequent applications such as water-oil separation, and oil collection devices.

There is nothing more stimulating than deciding to improve the space in which one lives and. In so doing, one can change the way one lives. Doing this alone, while possible, is extremely difficult. Doing it as a group isa great experience! Many traditional communities have social arrangements that facilitate collaborative work, such as indigenous communities in many Latin American and Caribbean villages. In Mexico this collective form of work is known as tequio; the inhabitants of a place come together to carry out the work, whether it be constructing a house for newlyweds, a church for the town, a collapsed bridge, or any other job that can be completed quickly and efficiently when done in collaboration. Would you like to initiate a similar adventure in your school?

This publication looks into the Solid Waste Sector situation in nine Caribbean countries: The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Jamaica, Guyana, Haiti, Suriname, St Lucia and Trinidad and Tobago. Adequate solid waste management is a particularly sensitive issue for them. This publication provides a detailed overview of the institutional arrangements in these countries, describes the main challenges and recommendations for solid waste collection, treatment and disposal, and discusses topics such as the financial sustainability and the impact of climate change on the sector.

Municipal insurance–a collective compact in which municipal government is the lead actor in designing, delivering, and supervising a health care financing arrangement—is considered by some Guatemalans as a potential new avenue for improving financial protection against rising costs and improved access to quality health care. This brief presents a political economy analysis of the prospects for the adoption of municipal insurance in Guatemala. Municipal insurance has so far been tried only once, in 2015, by the large suburban municipality of Villa Nueva. Drawing from the Villa Nueva experience, based on interviews with nearly 30 key informants, this brief examines the potential obstacles to municipal insurance reform as well as leading factors favoring its introduction. Consistent health ministry support and equity concerns are potential limitations, for example, while decentralization and the recent emergence of creative insurance products are likely to be supportive. This brief then concludes with consideration of the policy implications of such a reform. We also offer a series of policy recommendations for policymakers and practitioners who may be looking to implement municipal insurance reform.

This directory of surveys contains data on families and households in developing countries. The emphasis is on intergenerational linkages as well as conjugal ties and co-residential arrangements. Surveys that do not situate individuals within a family or household context are excluded. Thus, many labor force surveys with data on the employment status and earnings of men and women are not included unless they also collected data on respondents’ children and/or households. The same is true of contraceptive prevalence surveys that limit their attention to women’s reproductive behavior. The majority of surveys included in the directory are either household-based or woman-based. Most of the information for this directory was collected through two mailings to a total of 1,250 individuals or institutions in developing and developed countries. Requests for information were also mailed directly to various institutions involved in data collection and storage. Recipients were informed about the project’s goals and asked to complete a questionnaire on each survey for which they were responsible or of which they had specific knowledge.

After almost two years in operation, the challenges and key achievements of the TUC Urban Lab established in Comunidade do Pilar in Recife, Brazil, provide valuable lessons for sustaining ongoing activities, accelerating broader transformations and guiding similar efforts elsewhere: 1. DEVELOPING A PLACE-BASED APPROACH AND BUILDING MUTUAL TRUST: Meaningful participation is contingent upon establishing and maintaining trust between UL facilitators and participants. In the case of Comunidade do Pilar, overcoming initial distrust and skepticism required tailoring UL activities to residents’ needs and linking those to climate action, while increasing presence in the territory and creating safe spaces for equal participation. The strengthening of a place-based approach has been a key contributor to the UL’s achievements. 2. NAVIGATING PARTICIPATION IN REALITY: Participation is often less smooth than planned. Facilitators must consider fluctuations in the frequency and manner of participation and develop strategies to adapt the UL process accordingly. Open dialogues and clear communication are essential. The UL is not a static organization but a flexible arrangement with the potential to bridge diverse interests and aspirations, linking local needs with the climate change agenda. 3. IMPLEMENTING STRATEGIES TO WIDEN THE IMPACT: The UL in Comunidade do Pilar strives to foster long-term outcomes through small-scale experiments. Incremental changes nurture individual and collective capacities, laying the foundation for broader and deeper transformations. However, scaling up learnings depends on institutionalizing changes and garnering support from decision-makers, which can be challenging.

The Elastic Wave (EW) technology has a proven record of detecting longitudinal cracking in gas and liquid pipelines. Prior to the initiation of this project, the technology had been based on a 36" pipe diameter with conversion kits covering 30", 32" and 34". Bend passing capability was 3D back to back, changing to 5D on the 30" build. To extend the technology over a greater range of pipe diameters and to incorporate 1.5D bend-passing capability on the smaller sizes required a radical re-design of the whole system. The brief of this project was to design a system capable of operating over the size range from 20" to 48", to produce a mechanical arrangement that enabled 1.5D bend passing on the 24" to 30", and to provide built-in gas by-pass capability for all sizes from 24"to 48". The project has been completed. Designs have been schemed for 20"to 48". A 24" 1.5D tool and a 36" 3D tool have been designed, manufactured and tested. The mechanical integrity and defect detection capabilities of both vehicles have been proven. Seven commercial inspection operations were successfully completed in 2000, collecting a total 572.8km (355.9 miles) of EW data.

Probes for natural gas sample collection and analysis must extend far enough into the pipeline to avoid contaminants at the pipe wall, but must not be so long that there is a risk of flow-induced resonant vibration and failure. PRCI has sponsored a project to determine the minimum probe depth for obtaining a representative single-phase gas sample in flows with small amounts of contaminants. To this end, Phase 1 of the project involved a review of existing literature and industry standards to identify key probe design parameters. Several current standards for sampling clean, dry natural gas were reviewed, and their requirements for sample probe dimensions and mounting arrangements were compared. Some of these standard requirements suggested probe designs and sampling approaches that could be used to collect gas-only samples from two-phase flows. A literature review identified many useful studies of two-phase flows and phase behavior. While few of these studies evaluated probe designs, the majority examined the behavior of gas and liquid in two-phase flows, methods of predicting flow regimes, and methods of predicting flow conditions that define the minimum probe depth for gas-only samples in gas-liquid flows. Useful recommendations were provided for selecting general probe features where liquids must be rejected from the gas sample. A basic design procedure was also provided to select the minimum sample probe insertion length and optimum installation position for known flow conditions. Plans to test the recommendations and the design procedure in Phase 2 of the project were also discussed. This report has a related webinar.

Covid-19 Responses for Equity (CORE) was a three-year, CA$25m rapid research initiative that brought together 20 research projects to understand the socioeconomic impacts of the pandemic, improve existing responses, and generate better policy options for recovery. The research, funded by the Canadian International Development Research Centre (IDRC), took place across 42 countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Middle East. The Institute of Development Studies (IDS) supported CORE to maximise the learning generated across the research portfolio and deepen engagement with governments, civil society, and the scientific community. This publication celebrates the impact of that research, and highlights Stories of Change from seven of the CORE projects that successfully influenced policy, practice, and understandings of the crisis. Collectively, these individual case studies provide a narrative about the nature of research impact in emergencies and the implications for the design and delivery of future rapid response research initiatives. There are clear lessons around the importance of organisational reputation, and the value of co-designing research with decision makers whilst simultaneously taking a critical position. Every story here emphasises the need to understand political context and to explore the trade-offs between research rigour and the timeliness of evidence. Above all, they illustrate the value of flexible funding arrangements that enable local teams to respond to fast-moving crises. These stories demonstrate unequivocally the value of locally led research responses to emergencies with the right international flow of resources and support. CORE’s research teams were well-placed to bring together communities, civil society organisations, and governments to create a space for vulnerable and marginalised groups to discuss their lived experiences of the pandemic and bring these perspectives into policy conversations. Their success hinged on their hyper-local knowledge and their unswerving focus on providing real-time evidence to advocate for the wellbeing of affected communities.

Taxpayers sometimes engage in complex transactions with uncertain tax treatment, such as mergers, acquisitions, demergers and spin-offs. With the rise of global value chains and proliferation of multinational corporations, these transactions increasingly involve transnational financial arrangements and cross-border dealings, making tax treatment even more uncertain. If improperly structured, such transactions could have costly tax consequences. One approach to dealing with this uncertainty is to create a private rulings regime, whereby a taxpayer applies for a private ruling by submitting a statement detailing the transaction (proposed or completed) to the tax authority. The tax authority interprets and applies the tax laws to the requesting taxpayer’s specific set of facts in a written private ruling. The private ruling offers taxpayers certainty as to how the tax authority views the transaction, and the tax treatment the taxpayer can expect based on the specific facts presented. Private rulings are a common feature of many tax systems around the world, and their main goal is to promote tax certainty and increase investor confidence in the tax system. This is especially important in a developing country like Uganda, whose tax laws are often amended and may not anticipate emerging transnational tax issues. Private rulings in Uganda may be applied for in writing prior to or after engaging in the transaction. The Tax Procedures Code Act (TPCA), which provides for private rulings, requires applicants to make a full and true disclosure of the transaction before a private ruling may be issued. This paper evaluates the Ugandan private rulings regime, offering a comparative perspective by highlighting similarities and contrasts between the Ugandan regime and that of other jurisdictions, including the United States, Australia, South Africa and Kenya. The Ugandan private rulings regime has a number of strengths. It is not just an administrative measure as in some jurisdictions, but is based on statute. Rulings are issued from a central office – instead of different district offices, which may result in conflicting rulings. Rather than an elaborate appeals process, the private ruling is only binding on the URA and not on the taxpayer, so a dissatisfied taxpayer can simply ignore the ruling. The URA team that handles private rulings has diverse professional backgrounds, which allows for a better understanding of applications. There are, however, a number of limitations of the Ugandan private rulings system. The procedure of revocation of a private ruling is uncertain. Private rulings are not published, which makes them a form of ‘secret law’. There is no fee for private rulings, which contributes to a delay in the process of issuing one. There is understaffing in the unit that handles private rulings. Finally, there remains a very high risk of bias against the taxpayer because the unit is answerable to a Commissioner whose chief mandate is collection of revenue. A reform of the private rulings regime is therefore necessary, and this would include clarifying the circumstances under which revocation may occur, introducing an application fee, increasing the staffing of the unit responsible, and placing the unit under a Commissioner who does not have a collection mandate. While the private rulings regime in Uganda has shortcomings, it remains an essential tool in supporting investor confidence in the tax regime.

Cette étude porte sur une des innovations contemporaines liées à l’économie de la publication scientifique : les accords dits transformants, un objet relativement circonscrit au sein des relations entre consortiums de bibliothèques et éditeurs scientifiques, et temporellement situé entre 2015 et 2020. Ce type d’accords a pour objectif affiché d’organiser la transition du modèle traditionnel de l’abonnement à des revues (souvent proposées par regroupements thématiques ou collections) vers celui de l’accès ouvert en opérant une réaffectation des budgets qui y sont consacrés. Notre travail d’analyse sociologique constitue une première étude systématique de cet objet, fondée sur la recension de 197 accords. Le corpus ainsi constitué inclut des accords caractérisés par la coprésence d’une composante d’abonnement et d’une composante de publication en accès ouvert, même minimale (« jetons » de publication offerts, réduction sur les APC...). En conséquence, ont été exclus de l’analyse les accords portant uniquement sur du financement centralisé de publication en accès ouvert, que ce soit avec des éditeurs ne proposant que des revues avec paiement par l’auteur (PLOS, Frontiers, MDPI...) ou des éditeurs dont une partie du catalogue est constitué de revues en accès ouvert. L’accord le plus ancien de notre corpus a été signé en 2010, les plus récents en 2020 – les accords ne commençant qu’en 2021, même annoncés au cours de l’étude, n’ont pas été retenus. Plusieurs résultats se dégagent de notre analyse. Tout d’abord, on note une grande diversité des acteurs impliqués avec 22 pays et 39 éditeurs, même si certains consortiums (Pays-Bas, Suède, Autriche, Allemagne) et éditeurs (CUP, Elsevier, RSC, Springer) en ont signé beaucoup plus que d’autres. Ensuite, la durée des accords, comprise entre une et six années, révèle une distribution très inégalitaire, avec plus de la moitié des accords (103) signés pour 3 ans, ainsi qu’une faible proportion pour 4 ans ou plus (22 accords). Enfin, en dépit d’appels répétés à la transparence, moins de la moitié des accords (96) ont un texte accessible au moment de cette étude, sans qu’on puisse observer une tendance récente à une plus grande disponibilité. L’analyse montre également des degrés d’ouverture très variables, allant d’une simple information sur le répertoire ESAC en passant par la mise à disposition d’un format annotable jusqu’à l’attribution d’un DOI et d’une licence de réutilisation (CC-BY), en incluant le détail des sommes monétaires. Parmi les 96 accords disponibles, dont 47 signés en 2020, 62 ont fait l’objet d’une analyse en profondeur. C’est à notre connaissance la première analyse à cette échelle, sur un type de matériel non seulement inédit, mais qui était auparavant soumis à des clauses de confidentialité. Fondée sur une lecture minutieuse, l’étude décrit de manière fine leurs propriétés, depuis la matérialité du document jusqu’aux formules financières, en passant par leur morphologie et l’ensemble des droits et devoirs des parties. Les contenus des accords sont donc analysés comme une collection dont nous cherchons à déterminer les points communs et les variations, à travers des codages explicites sur certaines de leurs caractéristiques. L’étude pointe également des incertitudes, et notamment leur caractère « transitionnel », qui demeure fortement discuté. D’un point de vue morphologique, les accords montrent une grande diversité en matière de taille (de 7 à 488 pages) et de structure. Néanmoins, par définition, ils articulent tous deux objets essentiels : d’une part, les conditions de réalisation d’une lecture d’articles de revues, sous forme d’abonnement, mêlant des préoccupations d’accès et de sécurité ; d’autre part, les modalités de publication en accès ouvert, articulant la gestion d’un nouveau type de workflow à toute une série d’options possibles. Parmi ces options, mentionnons notamment le périmètre des revues considérées (hybrides et/ou accès ouvert), les licences disponibles, le degré d’obligation de cette publication, les auteurs éligibles ou le volume d’articles publiables. L’un des résultats les plus importants de cette analyse approfondie est la mise au jour d’un découplage presque complet, au sein même des accords, entre l’objet abonnement et l’objet publication. Bien entendu, l’abonnement est systématiquement configuré dans un monde fermé, soumis à paiement qui déclenche des séries d’identification des circulations légitimes tant du contenu informationnel que des usagers. Il insiste notamment sur les interdictions de réutilisation ou même de copie des articles scientifiques. À l’opposé, la publication en accès ouvert est attachée à un monde régi par l’accès gratuit au contenu, ce qui induit des préoccupations de gestion du workflow et des modalités d’accessibilité. De plus, les différents éléments constitutifs de ces objets contractuels ne sont pas couplés : d’un côté, les lecteurs sont constitués de l’ensemble des membres des institutions abonnées, de l’autre, seuls les auteurs correspondants (« corresponding authors ») sont concernés ; les listes de revues accessibles à la lecture et celles réservées à la publication en accès ouvert sont le plus souvent distinctes ; les workflows ont des objectifs et des organisations matérielles totalement différentes, etc. L’articulation entre les deux objets contractuels relève uniquement d’une formule de distribution financière qui, outre des combinaisons particulières entre l’un et l’autre, permet d’attribuer des étiquettes distinctes aux accords (offset agreement, publish & read, read & publish, read & free articles, read & discount). Au-delà de cette distribution, l’étude des arrangements financiers montre une gamme de dispositions allant d’une prévisibilité budgétaire totale, donc identique aux accords d’abonnement antérieurs, à une incertitude sur le volume de publication ou sur le montant définitif des sommes échangées. Les modalités concrètes de calcul des montants associés à la publication en accès ouvert sont relativement variées. S’il existe effectivement des formules récurrentes (volume d’articles multiplié par un prix individuel, reprise de la moyenne des sommes totales d’APC des années précédentes...), le calcul des sommes en jeu est toujours le résultat d’une négociation singulière entre un consortium et un éditeur scientifique, et aboutit parfois à des formules originales et complexes. À ce titre, l’espace des possibles en matière de formules financières n’est jamais totalement clos. Par ailleurs, la volonté des consortiums d’opérer une « transformation » de leurs accords vers la publication à coût constant renvoie à des définitions diversifiées du « coût » (inclusion ou non des dépenses d’APC préexistantes) et de la constance (admission ou pas d’une « inflation » à 2 ou 3%). De plus, nous n’avons observé aucune disposition contractuelle permettant d’anticiper les sommes en jeu au-delà de l’horizon temporel de l’accord courant. La grande diversité des accords provient d’une part des conditions initiales des relations entre consortiums et éditeurs scientifiques – les sommes dépensées en abonnement étant le point de départ des nouveaux accords –, d’autre part des objectifs de chaque partie. Même si cette étude excluait volontairement les négociations, les accords portent des traces de ces objectifs. Ainsi, de nombreux accords sont de nature explicitement expérimentale, quand certains visent un contrôle budgétaire strict, ou d’autres ambitionnent, dans la période plus récente, la publication du plus grand nombre possible d’articles en accès ouvert. C’est dans ce dernier cas qu’on touche à l’ambiguïté des attentes générales sur les accords transformants. En effet, pour les consortiums, la dimension « transformante » consiste essentiellement à transférer les sommes traditionnellement allouées à l’abonnement vers la publication en accès ouvert. Mais l’objectif n’est jamais de transformer le modèle économique des revues, c'est-à-dire de faire basculer des revues sous abonnement ou hybrides en revues entièrement en accès ouvert. D’ailleurs, aucune clause ne vise une telle fin – à l’exception du modèle d’accord proposé par l’éditeur ACM. Du côté des éditeurs, et notamment de Springer, le caractère cumulatif des accords nationaux passés vise à projeter un monde de la publication où l’accès ouvert devient de fait quantitativement très dominant, sans pour autant modifier de manière pérenne le modèle économique de leurs revues. Notre étude montre que les accords transformants actuels ne permettent pas d’assurer de manière durable une transition de l’économie de la publication vers l’accès ouvert, dans la mesure où ils n’offrent pas de garantie sur le contrôle des dépenses ni sur la pérennité de l’ouverture des contenus. L’avenir des relations entre consortium et éditeur demeure largement indéterminé.Cette étude porte sur une des innovations contemporaines liées à l’économie de la publication scientifique : les accords dits transformants, un objet relativement circonscrit au sein des relations entre consortiums de bibliothèques et éditeurs scientifiques, et temporellement situé entre 2015 et 2020. Ce type d’accords a pour objectif affiché d’organiser la transition du modèle traditionnel de l’abonnement à des revues (souvent proposées par regroupements thématiques ou collections) vers celui de l’accès ouvert en opérant une réaffectation des budgets qui y sont consacrés. Notre travail d’analyse sociologique constitue une première étude systématique de cet objet, fondée sur la recension de 197 accords. Le corpus ainsi constitué inclut des accords caractérisés par la coprésence d’une composante d’abonnement et d’une composante de publication en accès ouvert, même minimale (« jetons » de publication offerts, réduction sur les APC...). En conséquence, ont été exclus de l’analyse les accords portant uniquement sur du financement centralisé de publication en accès ouvert, que ce soit avec des éditeurs ne proposant que des revues avec paiement par l’auteur (PLOS, Frontiers, MDPI...) ou des éditeurs dont une partie du catalogue est constitué de revues en accès ouvert. L’accord le plus ancien de notre corpus a été signé en 2010, les plus récents en 2020 – les accords ne commençant qu’en 2021, même annoncés au cours de l’étude, n’ont pas été retenus. Plusieurs résultats se dégagent de notre analyse. Tout d’abord, on note une grande diversité des acteurs impliqués avec 22 pays et 39 éditeurs, même si certains consortiums (Pays-Bas, Suède, Autriche, Allemagne) et éditeurs (CUP, Elsevier, RSC, Springer) en ont signé beaucoup plus que d’autres. Ensuite, la durée des accords, comprise entre une et six années, révèle une distribution très inégalitaire, avec plus de la moitié des accords (103) signés pour 3 ans, ainsi qu’une faible proportion pour 4 ans ou plus (22 accords). Enfin, en dépit d’appels répétés à la transparence, moins de la moitié des accords (96) ont un texte accessible au moment de cette étude, sans qu’on puisse observer une tendance récente à une plus grande disponibilité. L’analyse montre également des degrés d’ouverture très variables, allant d’une simple information sur le répertoire ESAC en passant par la mise à disposition d’un format annotable jusqu’à l’attribution d’un DOI et d’une licence de réutilisation (CC-BY), en incluant le détail des sommes monétaires. Parmi les 96 accords disponibles, dont 47 signés en 2020, 62 ont fait l’objet d’une analyse en profondeur. C’est à notre connaissance la première analyse à cette échelle, sur un type de matériel non seulement inédit, mais qui était auparavant soumis à des clauses de confidentialité. Fondée sur une lecture minutieuse, l’étude décrit de manière fine leurs propriétés, depuis la matérialité du document jusqu’aux formules financières, en passant par leur morphologie et l’ensemble des droits et devoirs des parties. Les contenus des accords sont donc analysés comme une collection dont nous cherchons à déterminer les points communs et les variations, à travers des codages explicites sur certaines de leurs caractéristiques. L’étude pointe également des incertitudes, et notamment leur caractère « transitionnel », qui demeure fortement discuté. D’un point de vue morphologique, les accords montrent une grande diversité en matière de taille (de 7 à 488 pages) et de structure. Néanmoins, par définition, ils articulent tous deux objets essentiels : d’une part, les conditions de réalisation d’une lecture d’articles de revues, sous forme d’abonnement, mêlant des préoccupations d’accès et de sécurité ; d’autre part, les modalités de publication en accès ouvert, articulant la gestion d’un nouveau type de workflow à toute une série d’options possibles. Parmi ces options, mentionnons notamment le périmètre des revues considérées (hybrides et/ou accès ouvert), les licences disponibles, le degré d’obligation de cette publication, les auteurs éligibles ou le volume d’articles publiables. L’un des résultats les plus importants de cette analyse approfondie est la mise au jour d’un découplage presque complet, au sein même des accords, entre l’objet abonnement et l’objet publication. Bien entendu, l’abonnement est systématiquement configuré dans un monde fermé, soumis à paiement qui déclenche des séries d’identification des circulations légitimes tant du contenu informationnel que des usagers. Il insiste notamment sur les interdictions de réutilisation ou même de copie des articles scientifiques. À l’opposé, la publication en accès ouvert est attachée à un monde régi par l’accès gratuit au contenu, ce qui induit des préoccupations de gestion du workflow et des modalités d’accessibilité. De plus, les différents éléments constitutifs de ces objets contractuels ne sont pas couplés : d’un côté, les lecteurs sont constitués de l’ensemble des membres des institutions abonnées, de l’autre, seuls les auteurs correspondants (« corresponding authors ») sont concernés ; les listes de revues accessibles à la lecture et celles réservées à la publication en accès ouvert sont le plus souvent distinctes ; les workflows ont des objectifs et des organisations matérielles totalement différentes, etc. L’articulation entre les deux objets contractuels relève uniquement d’une formule de distribution financière qui, outre des combinaisons particulières entre l’un et l’autre, permet d’attribuer des étiquettes distinctes aux accords (offset agreement, publish & read, read & publish, read & free articles, read & discount). Au-delà de cette distribution, l’étude des arrangements financiers montre une gamme de dispositions allant d’une prévisibilité budgétaire totale, donc identique aux accords d’abonnement antérieurs, à une incertitude sur le volume de publication ou sur le montant définitif des sommes échangées. Les modalités concrètes de calcul des montants associés à la publication en accès ouvert sont relativement variées. S’il existe effectivement des formules récurrentes (volume d’articles multiplié par un prix individuel, reprise de la moyenne des sommes totales d’APC des années précédentes...), le calcul des sommes en jeu est toujours le résultat d’une négociation singulière entre un consortium et un éditeur scientifique, et aboutit parfois à des formules originales et complexes. À ce titre, l’espace des possibles en matière de formules financières n’est jamais totalement clos. Par ailleurs, la volonté des consortiums d’opérer une « transformation » de leurs accords vers la publication à coût constant renvoie à des définitions diversifiées du « coût » (inclusion ou non des dépenses d’APC préexistantes) et de la constance (admission ou pas d’une « inflation » à 2 ou 3%). De plus, nous n’avons observé aucune disposition contractuelle permettant d’anticiper les sommes en jeu au-delà de l’horizon temporel de l’accord courant. La grande diversité des accords provient d’une part des conditions initiales des relations entre consortiums et éditeurs scientifiques – les sommes dépensées en abonnement étant le point de départ des nouveaux accords –, d’autre part des objectifs de chaque partie. Même si cette étude excluait volontairement les négociations, les accords portent des traces de ces objectifs. Ainsi, de nombreux accords sont de nature explicitement expérimentale, quand certains visent un contrôle budgétaire strict, ou d’autres ambitionnent, dans la période plus récente, la publication du plus grand nombre possible d’articles en accès ouvert. C’est dans ce dernier cas qu’on touche à l’ambiguïté des attentes générales sur les accords transformants. En effet, pour les consortiums, la dimension « transformante » consiste essentiellement à transférer les sommes traditionnellement allouées à l’abonnement vers la publication en accès ouvert. Mais l’objectif n’est jamais de transformer le modèle économique des revues, c'est-à-dire de faire basculer des revues sous abonnement ou hybrides en revues entièrement en accès ouvert. D’ailleurs, aucune clause ne vise une telle fin – à l’exception du modèle d’accord proposé par l’éditeur ACM. Du côté des éditeurs, et notamment de Springer, le caractère cumulatif des accords nationaux passés vise à projeter un monde de la publication où l’accès ouvert devient de fait quantitativement très dominant, sans pour autant modifier de manière pérenne le modèle économique de leurs revues. Notre étude montre que les accords transformants actuels ne permettent pas d’assurer de manière durable une transition de l’économie de la publication vers l’accès ouvert, dans la mesure où ils n’offrent pas de garantie sur le contrôle des dépenses ni sur la pérennité de l’ouverture des contenus. L’avenir des relations entre consortium et éditeur demeure largement indéterminé.