Journal articles: 'Collective and individual risk'

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RUMAR, KÁRE. "Collective risk but individual safety." Ergonomics 31, no. 4 (April 1988): 507–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140138808966695.

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Mitello, Lucia, and Fabrizio Rufo. "Individual Risk and Collective Fears:." Topoi 23, no. 2 (2004): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11245-004-5383-8.

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Bach, F. H., J. A. Fishman, N. Daniels, J. Proimos, B. Anderson, C. B. Carpenter, L. Forrow, S. C. Robson, and H. V. Fineberg. "Uncertainty in xenotransplantation: Individual benefit versus collective risk." Nature Medicine 4, no. 2 (February 1998): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0298-141.

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Sosna, Matthew M. G., Colin R. Twomey, Joseph Bak-Coleman, Winnie Poel, Bryan C. Daniels, Pawel Romanczuk, and Iain D. Couzin. "Individual and collective encoding of risk in animal groups." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 41 (September 23, 2019): 20556–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905585116.

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The need to make fast decisions under risky and uncertain conditions is a widespread problem in the natural world. While there has been extensive work on how individual organisms dynamically modify their behavior to respond appropriately to changing environmental conditions (and how this is encoded in the brain), we know remarkably little about the corresponding aspects of collective information processing in animal groups. For example, many groups appear to show increased “sensitivity” in the presence of perceived threat, as evidenced by the increased frequency and magnitude of repeated cascading waves of behavioral change often observed in fish schools and bird flocks under such circumstances. How such context-dependent changes in collective sensitivity are mediated, however, is unknown. Here we address this question using schooling fish as a model system, focusing on 2 nonexclusive hypotheses: 1) that changes in collective responsiveness result from changes in how individuals respond to social cues (i.e., changes to the properties of the “nodes” in the social network), and 2) that they result from changes made to the structural connectivity of the network itself (i.e., the computation is encoded in the “edges” of the network). We find that despite the fact that perceived risk increases the probability for individuals to initiate an alarm, the context-dependent change in collective sensitivity predominantly results not from changes in how individuals respond to social cues, but instead from how individuals modify the spatial structure, and correspondingly the topology of the network of interactions, within the group. Risk is thus encoded as a collective property, emphasizing that in group-living species individual fitness can depend strongly on coupling between scales of behavioral organization.

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Liu, Haiyan, and Ruodu Wang. "COLLECTIVE RISK MODELS WITH DEPENDENCE UNCERTAINTY." ASTIN Bulletin 47, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 361–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asb.2017.4.

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AbstractWe bring the recently developed framework of dependence uncertainty into collective risk models, one of the most classic models in actuarial science. We study the worst-case values of the Value-at-Risk (VaR) and the Expected Shortfall (ES) of the aggregate loss in collective risk models, under two settings of dependence uncertainty: (i) the counting random variable (claim frequency) and the individual losses (claim sizes) are independent, and the dependence of the individual losses is unknown; (ii) the dependence of the counting random variable and the individual losses is unknown. Analytical results for the worst-case values of ES are obtained. For the loss from a large portfolio of insurance policies, an asymptotic equivalence of VaR and ES is established. Our results can be used to provide approximations for VaR and ES in collective risk models with unknown dependence. Approximation errors are obtained in both cases.

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VAN BINSBERGEN, JULES H., DIRK BROEDERS, MYRTHE DE JONG, and RALPH S. J. KOIJEN. "Collective pension schemes and individual choice." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 13, no. 2 (December 16, 2013): 210–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747213000371.

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AbstractCollective pension schemes are the dominant form of saving for retirement in the Netherlands. We investigate the introduction of individual choices into a collective pension system without affecting the generally accepted advantages of a collective agreement. Increasing individual choices can be beneficial, as it prevents pension plans from making decisions for the average plan participant that may not be optimal for individual participants. We argue for a system in which individuals choose from a set of low-cost balanced index funds, together with a level of intergenerational guarantees that are exchange-traded. This system maintains the two primary advantages of collective agreements: risk sharing and low implementation costs, while facilitating different risk taking behavior at the individual level. To facilitate individual choices within collective pension schemes, it is important to enhance the transparency associated with intergenerational guarantees to all participants in the scheme, both in terms of their price and quantity. We argue that the current system, in which long-term guarantees are given by the young to the old within a specific fund but not across pension funds, is not transparent and we argue that it can be suboptimal. We propose a system ofPension Guarantee Exchanges(PGEs) that increase transparency and allow pension funds with different age distributions to trade with each other. Knowing the price of such guarantees facilitates the introduction of individual portfolio choices within collective pension schemes.

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Verrall, R. J. "The individual risk model: a compound distribution." Journal of the Institute of Actuaries 116, no. 1 (June 1989): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020268100036465.

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The two approaches to modelling aggregate claims—the individual and the collective models—have been regarded as arising by considering a portfolio of policies in different ways. The individual risk model (IRM) is derived by considering the claims on individual policies and summing over all policies in the portfolio, while the collective risk model (CRM) is derived from the portfolio as a whole. This is sometimes held to be the main difference between the IRM and the CRM. In fact the IRM can be derived in exactly the same way as the CRM and can be regarded as a compound binomial distribution. This makes a unified treatment of risk models possible, simplifies the calculation of the mean and variance of the IRM, and facilitates the calculation of higher moments.

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Abdel-Aty, Mohamed, and Anurag Pande. "Crash data analysis: Collective vs. individual crash level approach." Journal of Safety Research 38, no. 5 (January 2007): 581–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2007.04.007.

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McDonald, Nicholas D., Sean A. Rands, Francesca Hill, Charlotte Elder, and Christos C. Ioannou. "Consensus and experience trump leadership, suppressing individual personality during social foraging." Science Advances 2, no. 9 (September 2016): e1600892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600892.

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Whether individual behavior in social settings correlates with behavior when individuals are alone is a fundamental question in collective behavior. However, evidence for whether behavior correlates across asocial and social settings is mixed, and no study has linked observed trends with underlying mechanisms. Consistent differences between individuals in boldness, which describes willingness to accept reward over risk, are likely to be under strong selection pressure. By testing three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in a risky foraging task alone and repeatedly in shoals, we demonstrate that the expression of boldness in groups is context-specific. Whereas personality is repeatable in a low-risk behavior (leaving a refuge), the collectively made consensus decision to then cross the arena outweighs leadership by bolder individuals, explaining the suppression of personality in this context. However, despite this social coordination, bolder individuals were still more likely to feed. Habituation and satiation over repeated trials degrade the effect of personality on leaving the refuge and also whether crossing the arena is a collective decision. The suppression of personality in groups suggests that individual risk-taking tendency may rarely represent actual risk in social settings, with implications for the evolution and ecology of personality variation.

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Kaas, R., A. E. van Heerwaarden, and M. J. Goovaerts. "Between Individual and Collective Model for the Total Claims." ASTIN Bulletin 18, no. 2 (November 1988): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.18.2.2014950.

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AbstractThis article studies random variables whose stop-loss rank falls between a certain risk (assumed to be integer-valued and non-negative, but not necessarily of life-insurance type) and the compound Poisson approximation to this risk. They consist of a compound Poisson part to which some independent Bernoulli-type variables are added.Replacing each term in an individual model with such a random variable leads to an approximating model for the total claims on a portfolio of contracts that is computationally almost as attractive as the compound Poisson approximation used in the standard collective model. The resulting stop-loss premiums are much closer to the real values.

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Molenaar, Roderick, and Eduard Ponds. "Risk sharing and individual life-cycle investing in funded collective pensions." Journal of Risk 15, no. 2 (December 2012): 103–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21314/jor.2012.256.

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Alserda, Gosse A. G., Benedict G. C. Dellaert, Laurens Swinkels, and Fieke S. G. van der Lecq. "Individual pension risk preference elicitation and collective asset allocation with heterogeneity." Journal of Banking & Finance 101 (April 2019): 206–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2019.02.014.

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Busby, J. S., and S. A. Bennett. "Analysing the risks of individual and collective intentionality." Journal of Risk Research 11, no. 6 (September 2008): 797–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13669870802056896.

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Kuon, S., M. Radtke, and A. Reich. "An Appropriate Way to Switch from the Individual Risk Model to the Collective One." ASTIN Bulletin 23, no. 1 (May 1993): 23–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.23.1.2005100.

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AbstractFor some time now, the convenient and fast calculability of collective risk models using the Panjer-algorithm has been a well-known fact, and indeed practitioners almost always make use of collective risk models in their daily numerical computations. In doing so, a standard link has been preferred for relating such calculations to the underlying heterogeneous risk portfolio and to the approximation of the aggregate claims distribution function in the individual risk model. In this procedure until now, the approximation quality of the collective risk model upon which such calculations are based is unknown.It is proved that the approximation error which arises does not converge to zero if the risk portfolio in question continues to grow. Therefore, necessary and sufficient conditions are derived in order to obtain well-adjusted collective risk models which supply convergent approximations. Moreover, it is shown how in practical situations the previous natural link between the individual and the collective risk model can easily be modified to improve its calculation accuracy. A numerical example elucidates this.

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Harcourt, Wendy. "Editorial: Big Science: Individual hopes, collective risks." Development 49, no. 4 (November 26, 2006): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.development.1100316.

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Maslenskiy, V. V., and N. A. Lyubetskaya. "Calculation of collective risk of foundry professional groups based on the analysis of individual risk of each employee." SAFETY OF TECHNOGENIC AND NATURAL SYSTEMS, no. 4 (2020): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2541-9129-2020-4-17-23.

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Introduction. The article presents the technique of the definition of integral risk in the organization, on the basis of which the collective risk of several professional groups involved at the foundry is calculated. Problem Statement. The purpose of this study is to calculate the collective risk in the foundry. Theoretical Part. The initial data are the values of individual occupational risk of employees depending on their age, work experience, gender and disability, as well as the quality of working conditions, injury risk and susceptibility to the development of occupational diseases. Conclusion. The results of the calculation indicate a high collective risk of professional groups of the foundry, which requires the development of corrective engineering or organizational measures.

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Flache, Andreas. "INDIVIDUAL RISK PREFERENCES AND COLLECTIVE OUTCOMES IN THE EVOLUTION OF EXCHANGE NETWORKS." Rationality and Society 13, no. 3 (August 2001): 304–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104346301013003002.

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Flache, Andreas. "Individual Risk Preferences and Collective Outcomes in the Evolution of Exchange Networks." Rationality and Society 13, no. 3 (August 1, 2001): 304–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104346301773166945.

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Brennan, Geoffrey, Luis G. González, Werner Güth, and M. Vittoria Levati. "Attitudes toward private and collective risk in individual and strategic choice situations." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 67, no. 1 (July 2008): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2007.02.001.

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Gearhart, Michael C., and Riley Tucker. "Criminogenic Risk, Criminogenic Need, Collective Efficacy, and Juvenile Delinquency." Criminal Justice and Behavior 47, no. 9 (June 12, 2020): 1116–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854820928568.

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Juvenile delinquency is influenced by reciprocal relationships between micro-level and macro-level factors. The risk, need, and responsivity (RNR) model, and collective efficacy theory are two commonly used frameworks in juvenile justice research. This study builds on previous research by testing indicators of both the RNR model and collective efficacy theory as predictors of self-reported juvenile delinquency utilizing data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Taken as a whole, our findings suggest that individual-level factors are strong predictors of self-reported juvenile delinquency, whereas the relationship between collective efficacy and juvenile delinquency is limited. This finding emphasizes the importance of addressing individual needs when implementing community-level interventions aimed at preventing delinquency. Failure to do so may result in merely displacing juvenile delinquency as opposed to helping youth desist from delinquent behaviors.

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Mascini, P., P. Achterberg, and D. Houtman. "Neoliberalism and work-related risks: individual or collective responsibilization?" Journal of Risk Research 16, no. 10 (November 2013): 1209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2012.761274.

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Pays, Olivier, Pierre-Cyril Renaud, Patrice Loisel, Maud Petit, Jean-François Gerard, and Peter J. Jarman. "Prey synchronize their vigilant behaviour with other group members." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1615 (March 6, 2007): 1287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0204.

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It is generally assumed that an individual of a prey species can benefit from an increase in the number of its group's members by reducing its own investment in vigilance. But what behaviour should group members adopt in relation to both the risk of being preyed upon and the individual investment in vigilance? Most models assume that individuals scan independently of one another. It is generally argued that it is more profitable for each group member owing to the cost that coordination of individual scans in non-overlapping bouts of vigilance would require. We studied the relationships between both individual and collective vigilance and group size in Defassa waterbuck, Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa , in a population living under a predation risk. Our results confirmed that the proportion of time an individual spent in vigilance decreased with group size. However, the time during which at least one individual in the group scanned the environment (collective vigilance) increased. Analyses showed that individuals neither coordinated their scanning in an asynchronous way nor scanned independently of one another. On the contrary, scanning and non-scanning bouts were synchronized between group members, producing waves of collective vigilance. We claim that these waves are triggered by allelomimetic effects i.e. they are a phenomenon produced by an individual copying its neighbour's behaviour.

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Ng, Yee-Fui. "Political Constitutionalism: Individual Responsibility and Collective Restraint." Federal Law Review 48, no. 4 (September 10, 2020): 455–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x20955100.

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Australia’s Constitution has been shaped by a blend of legal and political constitutionalism; yet there is limited attention given to political mechanisms of control in Australia. With the recent developments in the United Kingdom and the turmoil of Brexit that shifted the balance between legal and political constitutionalism, it is timely to examine how political constitutionalism has evolved in Australia. This article argues that Australian political constitutionalism is distinct from the United Kingdom as it is shaped not by internal conflict about the nature of the constitution but rather by the significant evolutionary development of fundamental institutions. In particular, it is argued that there are three critical junctures for political constitutionalism in Australia: the foundations of the Commonwealth, the formation of disciplined political parties and the rise of oversight bodies. It is contended that Australia may be reaching a new critical juncture due to the fragmentation of responsible government from privatisation and outsourcing and the rise of ministerial advisers.

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Parker, D. B., and R. J. Barrett. "Collective danger and individual risk: cultural perspectives on the hazards of medical research." Internal Medicine Journal 33, no. 9-10 (September 2003): 463–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1445-5994.2003.00460.x.

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Sarvet, Aaron L., Melanie Wall, Katherine Keyes, Magdalena Cerda, John Schulenberg, and Deborah Hasin. "Perceived harmfulness of marijuana and risk for adolescent use: Individual and collective beliefs." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 171 (February 2017): e184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.504.

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Dresler, Emma, and Margaret Anderson. "Risk perception in young women’s collective alcohol consumption." Health Education 117, no. 4 (June 5, 2017): 414–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/he-12-2016-0065.

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Purpose Heavy episodic drinking in young women has caused concern among many groups including public health professionals. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the experiences of young women’s alcohol consumption so as to facilitate better health education targeting. Design/methodology/approach This qualitative descriptive study examines the narratives of 16 young women’s experience of a “night out” framed as the Alcohol Consumption Journey. Findings The young women’s Alcohol Consumption Journey is a ritual perpetuated by the “experienced” and “anticipated” pleasure from social bonding and collective intoxication. The data showed three sequential phases; preloading, going out and recovery, which were repeated regularly. The young women perceived that going out was riskier than preloading or recovery and employed protective strategies to minimise risk and maximise pleasure. Alcohol was consumed collectively to enhance the experience of pleasure and facilitate enjoyment in the atmosphere of the night time economy. Implications for health interventions on collective alcohol consumption and perceived risk are presented. Originality/value The concept of socio-pleasure is valuable to explain the perpetuation of the young’s women ritualised Alcohol Consumption Journey. The binary concepts of mundane/celebration, individual/collective and insiders/outsiders are useful to illustrate the balancing of collective intoxication with group protective strategies in navigating the edge between risk and pleasure.

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Casadei, Roberto, Gianluca Aguzzi, and Mirko Viroli. "A Programming Approach to Collective Autonomy." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 10, no. 2 (April 19, 2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan10020027.

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Research and technology developments on autonomous agents and autonomic computing promote a vision of artificial systems that are able to resiliently manage themselves and autonomously deal with issues at runtime in dynamic environments. Indeed, autonomy can be leveraged to unburden humans from mundane tasks (cf. driving and autonomous vehicles), from the risk of operating in unknown or perilous environments (cf. rescue scenarios), or to support timely decision-making in complex settings (cf. data-centre operations). Beyond the results that individual autonomous agents can carry out, a further opportunity lies in the collaboration of multiple agents or robots. Emerging macro-paradigms provide an approach to programming whole collectives towards global goals. Aggregate computing is one such paradigm, formally grounded in a calculus of computational fields enabling functional composition of collective behaviours that could be proved, under certain technical conditions, to be self-stabilising. In this work, we address the concept of collective autonomy, i.e., the form of autonomy that applies at the level of a group of individuals. As a contribution, we define an agent control architecture for aggregate multi-agent systems, discuss how the aggregate computing framework relates to both individual and collective autonomy, and show how it can be used to program collective autonomous behaviour. We exemplify the concepts through a simulated case study, and outline a research roadmap towards reliable aggregate autonomy.

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Auer, Judith, Ulrike Keller, Manfred Schmidt, Oliver Ott, Rainer Fietkau, and Luitpold V. Distel. "Individual radiosensitivity in a breast cancer collective is changed with the patients’ age." Radiology and Oncology 48, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/raon-2013-0061.

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Abstract Background. Individual radiosensitivity has a crucial impact on radiotherapy related side effects. Our aim was to study a breast cancer collective for its variation of individual radiosensitivity depending on the patients’ age. Materials and methods. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 129 individuals. Individual radiosensitivity in 67 breast cancer patients and 62 healthy individuals was estimated by 3-color fluorescence in situ hybridization. Results. Breast cancer patients were distinctly more radiosensitive compared to healthy controls. A subgroup of 9 rather radiosensitive and 9 rather radio-resistant patients was identified. A subgroup of patients aged between 40 and 50 was distinctly more radiosensitive than younger or older patients. Conclusions. In the breast cancer collective a distinct resistant and sensitive subgroup is identified, which could be subject for treatment adjustment. Preliminary results indicate that especially in the range of age 40 to 50 patients with an increased radiosensitivity are more frequent and may have an increased risk to suffer from therapy related side effects.

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Barba, Moisés, and Fernando Broncano-Berrocal. "Collective Epistemic Luck." Acta Analytica 37, no. 1 (October 28, 2021): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12136-021-00485-x.

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AbstractA platitude in epistemology is that an individual’s belief does not qualify as knowledge if it is true by luck. Individuals, however, are not the only bearers of knowledge. Many epistemologists agree that groups can also possess knowledge in a way that is genuinely collective. If groups can know, it is natural to think that, just as true individual beliefs fall short of knowledge due to individual epistemic luck, true collective beliefs may fall short of knowledge because of collective epistemic luck. This paper argues, first, that the dominant view of epistemic luck in the literature, the modal view, does not yield a satisfactory account of lucky collective beliefs. Second, it argues that collective epistemic luck is better explained in terms of groups lacking (suitably defined) forms of control over collective belief formation that are specific to the different procedures for forming collective beliefs. One of the main implications of this, we will argue, is that groups whose beliefs are formed via internal deliberation are more vulnerable to knowledge-undermining collective luck than groups that form their beliefs via non-deliberative methods, such as non-deliberative anonymous voting. The bottom line is that the greater exposure to knowledge-undermining luck that deliberation gives rise to provides a reason (not a conclusive one) for thinking that non-deliberative methods of group belief formation have greater epistemic value.

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Higham, James, Elisabeth Ellis, and James Maclaurin. "Tourist Aviation Emissions: A Problem of Collective Action." Journal of Travel Research 58, no. 4 (May 8, 2018): 535–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287518769764.

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While transportation currently accounts for 23% of total global energy-related CO2 emissions, transport emissions are projected to double by 2050, driven significantly by continued high growth in global passenger demand for air travel. Addressing high growth in aviation emissions is critical to climate stabilization. Currently we rely on individual decisions to forego air travel as the means of reducing these high-risk emissions. In this paper we argue that encouraging voluntary responses to such risks cannot succeed because of the nature of human reason and the structure of the problem itself. We use decision-making theory to explore why individuals have been generally unwilling or unable to act upon these risks, and collective action theory to illustrate the futility of relying on uncoordinated actors in such cases. Participation in the high-carbon air travel regime is a social convention, and transition from social conventions requires coordination among players. Our theoretical discussions lead us to conclude that it is our moral duty to promote coordinated collective action, via national or global policy mechanisms, to address tourist aviation emissions. We offer various avenues of future research to advance this moral duty.

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Abdulkareem, Shaheen A., Ellen-Wien Augustijn, Tatiana Filatova, Katarzyna Musial, and Yaseen T. Mustafa. "Risk perception and behavioral change during epidemics: Comparing models of individual and collective learning." PLOS ONE 15, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): e0226483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226483.

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Kuon, S., M. Radtke, and A. Reich. "An appropriate way to switch from the individual risk model to the collective one." Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 13, no. 2 (November 1993): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6687(93)90862-j.

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Morone, Andrea, Simone Nuzzo, and Tiziana Temerario. "Decision process and preferences over risk under the “endogenous decision rule”: results from a group experiment." Economics and Business Letters 10, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/ebl.10.2.2021.107-115.

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Recent literature on individual vs. group decision-making, in risky contexts, has brought about divergent results, mainly depending on the institutional rules through which groups take decisions. Some studies where group decisions relied on majority rule showed no appreciable difference between individuals and groups’ preferences, others where unanimity among group members was required found collective decisions to be less risk-averse than individual ones. We elicited groups’ preferences over risk using what we defined “endogenous-decision-rule”, i.e. leaving groups free to endogenously solve the potential disagreement among their members. Our results unambiguously show that individuals are more risk seeker than groups when facing gambles with positive expected payoff difference and more risk-averse in the opposite case.

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Bombardelli, J. A., K. M. Madureira, C. H. Seino, G. S. Gravina, E. C. Weiss, C. L. Shecaira, G. A. Reis, F. J. Benesi, and V. Gomes. "Risk factors related to the appearance of umbilical disorders in dairy calves." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 73, no. 6 (December 2021): 1249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12344.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the types of calve housing used in dairy farms, the prevalence of umbilical disorders and related risk factors. The 16 farms studied were visited to characterize the types of installation and possible risk factors, as well as information obtained from a questionnaire applied to the farmers. 806 Holstein calves were physically examined, in addition to collecting blood samples for the evaluation of Failures in Passive Immunity Transfer (FPIT), in animals that manifested inflammatory omphalopathies, and were also submitted to ultrasound examination. The prevalence of omphalopathies was assessed by Fisher's test, and multivariate logistic regression to assess risk factors. Eight types of installation were found: tropical house, suspended cage, collective stall, collective picket, Argentinean type, single-story cage, individual stall, and collective picket with chain. Omphalopathies accounted for 6.45% of the calves. Small size farms (up to 99 lactation cows) had high risk for umbilical disorders, ground floor collective calves, without side protection, with sand floor, in closed sheds and without heatstroke were considered risk factors for omphalopathies. Adequate colostrum and umbilical antisepsis are not associated with disease, its appearance being related to the housing conditions of the animals.

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CUI, JIAJIA, FRANK DE JONG, and EDUARD PONDS. "Intergenerational risk sharing within funded pension schemes." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 10, no. 1 (October 14, 2010): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747210000065.

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AbstractIs intergenerational risk sharing desirable and feasible in funded pension schemes? Using a multi-period OLG model, we study risk sharing between generations for a variety of realistic collective funded pension schemes, where pension benefits and contributions may depend on the funding ratio and the asset returns. We find that well-structured intergenerational risk sharing via collective schemes can be welfare-enhancing vis-à-vis the optimal individual benchmark. Moreover, from an ex ante perspective the expected welfare gain of the current entry cohort is not at the cost of the older and future cohorts.

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Galarza-Villamar, Julissa Alexandra, Mariette McCampbell, Andres Galarza-Villamar, Cees Leeuwis, Francesco Cecchi, and John Galarza-Rodrigo. "A Public Bad Game Method to Study Dynamics in Socio-Ecological Systems (Part II): Results of Testing Musa-Game in Rwanda and Adding Emergence and Spatiality to the Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 20, 2021): 9353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169353.

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This article is the second in a series of two and presented findings from field-testing an experimental boardgame (Musa-game) with banana farmers in four villages in Eastern Rwanda. The conceptualization and design of the Musa-game were described in Part I. Musa-game gives insights into how farmers’ individual and collective decision-making and actions regarding management of a public bad interplay with other factors and characteristics of the socio-ecological system (SES). A public bad is a non-rivalrous, non-excludable issue that causes loss of social-welfare of individuals and communities. The method contributes contextual understanding about the emergence of phenomena that arise from the interactions between human and non-human actors. Musa-game was framed to study one public bad challenge in particular: the infectious crop disease Banana Xanthomonas Wilt disease (BXW). Findings increased the knowhow about the emergence and governance of conditions that hinder or enhance the spread of infectious diseases like BXW. Analysis of qualitative and quantitative data suggested that individual farmers’ actions were influenced by perceptions of risk, affecting both individual and collective disease management. Additionally, the used experimental treatments allowed us to evaluate the influence of communication on risk-governance strategies. It appears that a combination of possession of technical knowledge about the disease, opportunities to communicate about the disease, and a collective disease management strategy enables the best individual actions and collective performance.

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Kessler, John O. "Individual and collective fluid dynamics of swimming cells." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 173 (December 1986): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112086001131.

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Gravitational and viscous torques acting on swimming micro-organisms orient their trajectories. The horizontal component of the swimming velocity of individuals of the many algal genera having a centre of mass displaced toward the rear of the cell is therefore in the direction g × ([dtri ] × u), where g is the acceleration due to gravity. This phenomenon, called gyrotaxis, results in the cells swimming toward downward-flowing regions of their environment. Since the cells’ density is greater than that of water, regions of high (low) cell concentration sink (rise). The horizontal component of gyrotaxis reinforces this type of buoyant convection, whilst the vertical one maintains it. Gyrotactic buoyant convection results in the spontaneous generation of descending plumes containing high cell concentration, in spatially regular concentration/convection patterns, and in the perturbation of initially well-defined flow fields. This paper presents a height- and azimuth-independent steady-state solution of the Navier-Stokes and cell conservation equations. This solution, and the growth rate of a concentration fluctuation, are shown to be governed by a parameter similar to a Rayleigh number.

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Abhari, Kaveh, Elizabeth J. Davidson, and Bo Xiao. "A risk worth taking? The effects of risk and prior experience on co-innovation participation." Internet Research 28, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 804–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/intr-05-2017-0196.

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Purpose Co-innovation networks face the important challenge of cultivating collective innovation outcomes while also preserving the interests of individual contributors. Addressing this challenge requires first understanding and then managing individuals’ perception of co-innovation risks. The purpose of this paper is to provide a meaningful approach to addressing co-innovation risks using a valid and reliable model to assess actors’ perception of risk and examine its effect on actor co-innovation behavior. Design/methodology/approach The construct of co-innovation risk from the actor’s perspective was conceptualized based on a case study of a co-innovation network. The measurement items underwent a pilot study and a field study to establish the necessary reliability and validity. This paper also empirically assesses a nomological network that illustrates the effect of risk on co-innovation behavior with a moderating effect of prior experience. Findings Co-innovation actors perceived four different individual risks: time, social, intellectual property right, and financial. The empirical results from the field study demonstrate a high degree of confidence in both translation validity and criterion-related validity. Negative effects of perceived co-innovation risk on actors’ continuous intention to ideate, collaborate, and communicate in co-innovation were evident, but prior experience moderated these relationships. Originality/value Drawing from co-innovation and individual risk literature, this study develops and validates a general instrument to measure co-innovation risk from the actors’ perspective. The result is a reliable and parsimonious instrument with 15 items, which contributes significantly to future empirical investigations of co-innovation behavior on virtual platforms.

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KONSHINA, T. E., V. A. RODIONOV, S. Y. ZHIKHAREV, and I. V. KLIMOVA. "REDUCES OCCUPATIONAL RISK FOR OIL MINERS BY REPLACING EXPLOSIVES." News of the Tula state university. Sciences of Earth 3, no. 1 (2020): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46689/2218-5194-2020-3-1-65-73.

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The article provides a qualitative and quantitative analysis of occupational risk in the use of explosives in the «Yareganeft» during drilling and blasting operations. The replacement of PGV-20 ammonite with a safer poremit PP-IV-36 was proposed. Logical trees of causes and events for these explosives are presented, individual and collective risks, as well as the risk of injury to workers, are calculated.

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Farina, Francesco, Stefania Ottone, and Ferruccio Ponzano. "On the Collective Choice among Models of Social Protection: An Experimental Study." Games 10, no. 4 (October 11, 2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g10040041.

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A real-effort experiment is conducted in order to detect preferences for one out of three different models of the Welfare State characterized by different tax-and-transfer schemes. We reproduce a small society in the lab where: Subjects are grouped in three stylized classes (the rich, the middle class and the poor) on the basis of their performance in a real-effort activity; income and risk are assigned according to the class; tax revenue is spent to refund unlucky people and to provide a public good. Experimental subjects must choose (both under and without a veil of ignorance concerning their position in the society created in the lab) among (a) a baseline proportional scheme, where the State is neutral with respect to risk heterogeneity; (b) an actuarially fair scheme where low ability and low earnings subjects bear full individual responsibility for risk exposure and (c) a progressive scheme where mutual risk insurance spreads risk across all subjects such that low ability and low earnings individuals are compensated. Our most relevant finding is that preference is motivated less by a justice principle and more by self-interested considerations on the expectations surrounding one’s own position in the society.

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Sirot, Etienne. "Negotiation may lead selfish individuals to cooperate: the example of the collective vigilance game." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1739 (March 21, 2012): 2862–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0097.

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Game-theoretical models have been highly influential in behavioural ecology. However, these models generally assume that animals choose their action before observing the behaviour of their opponents while, in many natural situations, individuals in fact continuously react to the actions of others. A negotiation process then takes place and this may fundamentally influence the individual attitudes and the tendency to cooperate. Here, I use the classical model system of vigilance behaviour to demonstrate the consequences of such behavioural negotiation among selfish individuals, by predicting patterns of vigilance in a pair of animals foraging under threat of predation. I show that the game played by the animals and the resulting vigilance strategies take radically different forms, according to the way predation risk is shared in the pair. In particular, if predators choose their target at random, the prey respond by displaying moderate vigilance and taking turns scanning. By contrast, if the individual that takes flight later in an attack endures a higher risk of being targeted, vigilance increases and there is always at least one sentinel in the pair. Finally, when lagging behind its companion in fleeing from an attacker becomes extremely risky, vigilance decreases again and the animals scan simultaneously.

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Fryxell, John M., and Andrew M. Berdahl. "Fitness trade-offs of group formation and movement by Thomson's gazelles in the Serengeti ecosystem." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1746 (March 26, 2018): 20170013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0013.

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Collective behaviours contributing to patterns of group formation and coordinated movement are common across many ecosystems and taxa. Their ubiquity is presumably due to altering interactions between individuals and their predators, resources and physical environment in ways that enhance individual fitness. On the other hand, fitness costs are also often associated with group formation. Modifications to these interactions have the potential to dramatically impact population-level processes, such as trophic interactions or patterns of space use in relation to abiotic environmental variation. In a wide variety of empirical systems and models, collective behaviour has been shown to enhance access to ephemeral patches of resources, reduce the risk of predation and reduce vulnerability to environmental fluctuation. Evolution of collective behaviour should accordingly depend on the advantages of collective behaviour weighed against the costs experienced at the individual level. As an illustrative case study, we consider the potential trade-offs on Malthusian fitness associated with patterns of group formation and movement by migratory Thomson's gazelles in the Serengeti ecosystem. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Collective movement ecology’.

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Kim, Jasper S. "Mitigating Partisan Perceptions between Individual and Collective-based Groups." International Studies Review 10, no. 2 (October 15, 2009): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-01002004.

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In our increasingly globalized and cross-border world, negotiators come across increasingly different cultures, and thus, methods of approaching solutions and problems. Often such cultures may seem "alien" or "unusual" to us, which may in turn give rise to certain partisan perceptions. Within the context of East-West negotiations, I suggest that such partisan perception may further be linked to cultural variables and described as a "barbarian bias," which represents a significant variable that has not been fully discussed in the current literature. This is linked to other phenomenon, such as "accidental Occidentalism" and "biased benchmarking," which can be used, knowingly or unknowingly, by both individual and collective-based negotiators to their possible detriment.

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Minza, Wenty Marina, Faturochman Faturochman, Syurawasti Muhiddin, and Wahyu Jati Anggoro. "Adaptasi individual dan kolektif: Respons masyarakat Indonesia menghadapi pandemi COVID-19." Jurnal Psikologi Sosial 20, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/jps.2022.03.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has given an impact on various aspects of human life forcing humans to adapt to the existing condition. This study aimed to explore the adaptation process toward the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The research method applied was quantitative-descriptive. A total of 544 Indonesian citizens filled out an online social perception toward risk and spread of COVID-19 scale through a google form. The results focused on the adaptive response of the community consisting of both perceptions and behaviors. This study found that the adaptation of the society to deal with COVID-19 did not only occur at the individual level but also at the collective level. At the individual level, there were two kinds of psychological adaptation found namely active and passive. At the collective level, this study suggested that collective coping is an important form of social-psychological adaptation in which solidarity is the essence of the process.

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Bell, Stephen, James Ward, Peter Aggleton, Walbira Murray, Bronwyn Silver, Andrew Lockyer, Tellisa Ferguson, et al. "Young Aboriginal people's sexual health risk reduction strategies: a qualitative study in remote Australia." Sexual Health 17, no. 4 (2020): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh19204.

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Background Surveillance data indicate that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people are more likely than their non-Indigenous counterparts to experience sexually transmissible infections (STIs) and teenage pregnancy. Despite increasing emphasis on the need for strengths-based approaches to Aboriginal sexual health, limited published data document how young Aboriginal people reduce sexual health risks encountered in their everyday lives. Methods: In-depth interviews with 35 young Aboriginal women and men aged 16–21 years in two remote Australian settings were conducted; inductive thematic analysis examining sexual health risk reduction practices was also conducted. Results: Participants reported individual and collective STI and pregnancy risk reduction strategies. Individual practices included accessing and carrying condoms; having a regular casual sexual partner; being in a long-term trusting relationship; using long-acting reversible contraception; having fewer sexual partners; abstaining from sex; accessing STI testing. More collective strategies included: refusing sex without a condom; accompanied health clinic visits with a trusted individual; encouraging friends to use condoms and go for STI testing; providing friends with condoms. Conclusion: Findings broaden understanding of young Aboriginal people’s sexual health risk reduction strategies in remote Aboriginal communities. Findings signal the need for multisectoral STI prevention and sexual health programs driven by young people’s existing harm minimisation strategies and cultural models of collective support. Specific strategies to enhance young people’s sexual health include: peer condom distribution; accompanied health service visits; peer-led health promotion; continued community-based condom distribution; enhanced access to a fuller range of available contraception in primary care settings; engaging health service-experienced young people as ‘youth health workers’.

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Calvo, Daniel de Souza Costa, João Alberto Ferreira, Daisy Moreira Cunha, and Davidson Passos Mendes. "Risk management and the complexity of the right to refuse dangerous work in the context of hospital care: Preliminary issues." Work 67, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 655–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-203315.

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BACKGROUND: Risk management analysis at work makes it possible to find individual and collective experiences of recognition and hierarchization of risks in view of the specificities of labor situations and the complex and contradictory application of the right to refuse in health work, whose space and technique are still in a deep structural transformation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate how work organization impacts on the daily life of nursing care, in a general hospital surgical center, (un)enabling individual and collective risk management strategies in the context analyzed and how the right to refuse can be appropriate as a condition and strategy for work management. METHODS: Ergonomics (Work Ergonomic Analysis) was used to bring about the actual work activity and Ergology for epistemological deepening, whose research approach took place in a surgical center with four registered nurses. RESULTS: The results reveal that nursing work is invisible and that individual and collective strategies are used to manage the variability and constraints of the environment. The right to refuse is one of the competencies universe strategies conceived and built at work that ensure the realization of the results found. CONCLUSIONS: The right to refuse is full of meanings. Refusing does not mean “not doing”, but also to do otherwise, by other means. It is beyond health and security and can be linked to other variables such as quality, environment, social responsibility.

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Dibble, Leland E., Jesse Christensen, D. James Ballard, and K. Bo Foreman. "Diagnosis of Fall Risk in Parkinson Disease: An Analysis of Individual and Collective Clinical Balance Test Interpretation." Physical Therapy 88, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20070082.

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Background and PurposeParkinson disease (PD) results in an increased frequency of falls relative to the frequency in neurologically healthy people. The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of PD fall risk diagnosis based on one test with that based on the collective interpretation of multiple tests.ParticipantsSeventy people with PD (mean age=73.91 years) participated in this study.MethodClinical balance tests were conducted during the initial examinations of people with PD. Validity indices were calculated for individual tests and compared with validity indices calculated for a combination of multiple tests.ResultsThirty-six participants reported a fall history. Analysis of individual tests revealed broad variations in validity indices, whereas the collective interpretation of multiple tests improved sensitivity and negative likelihood ratios.Discussion and ConclusionCollective interpretation of clinical balance tests resulted in fewer false-negative results and more substantial adjustments to the posttest probability of being a “faller” than the interpretation of one test alone. These results should be confirmed in a prospective examination of fall risk in PD.

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Barry, Laurence. "Insurance, Big Data and Changing Conceptions of Fairness." European Journal of Sociology 61, no. 2 (July 6, 2020): 159–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975620000089.

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AbstractThis paper aims to show how insurance mechanisms that historically propelled a conception of fairness based on solidarity and a collective approach shifted along the 20th century towards an idealistic adjustment to individual risk. Insurance originally assumed that, while individual hazards remained unknown, risk could be measured and managed on the aggregate. An examination of the proceedings of the American Casualty Actuarial Society (CAS) during the 20th century demonstrates the slow crystallization of another conception of fairness, that aims at a scientific adjustment of insurance premiums to actual “individual risks.” I argue that this conception of fairness deconstructs the one based on solidarity. Big data technologies have further radicalized this shift. By aiming at predictive individual risk scores rather than average costs estimated on the aggregate, the algorithms contribute to replacing fairness as solidarity by the correctness of a computation.

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Moreau, Arthur F., and C. W. Sealey. "Spanning and efficiency in an economy with collective and individual risks." Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting 3, no. 4 (December 1993): 399–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02409619.

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Cai, Jun, and Ken Seng Tan. "Optimal Retention for a Stop-loss Reinsurance Under the VaR and CTE Risk Measures." ASTIN Bulletin 37, no. 01 (May 2007): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.37.1.2020800.

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We propose practical solutions for the determination of optimal retentions in a stop-loss reinsurance. We develop two new optimization criteria for deriving the optimal retentions by, respectively, minimizing the value-at-risk (VaR) and the conditional tail expectation (CTE) of the total risks of an insurer. We establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the optimal retentions for two risk models: individual risk model and collective risk model. The resulting optimal solution of our optimization criterion has several important characteristics: (i) the optimal retention has a very simple analytic form; (ii) the optimal retention depends only on the assumed loss distribution and the reinsurer’s safety loading factor; (iii) the CTE criterion is more applicable than the VaR criterion in the sense that the optimal condition for the former is less restrictive than the latter; (iv) if optimal solutions exist, then both VaR- and CTE-based optimization criteria yield the same optimal retentions. In terms of applications, we extend the results to the individual risk models with dependent risks and use multivariate phase type distribution, multivariate Pareto distribution and multivariate Bernoulli distribution to illustrate the effect of dependence on optimal retentions. We also use the compound Poisson distribution and the compound negative binomial distribution to illustrate the optimal retentions in a collective risk model.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Collective and individual risk'

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