Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Collections de l'État français'
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Yannakourou, Stamatina. "L'État, l'autonomie collective et le travailleur : Etude comparée du droit italien et du droit français de la représentativité syndicale." Paris 10, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA100102.
The purpose of this research is to understand the relationship between the state, the unions and the individual worker through the comparative study of the concept of representative capacity. In the first part, we assume that the union system constitutes a separate legal order outside of the state legal order. The concept of collective autonomy helps to define this order which draws from the capacity of the parties to the industrial relations process to enact their own legal norms. The state does not remain passive with regard to this independent domain of legal creation. It attempts to integrate it in its own legal structure. To grasp this interference of the state order into the industrial order, we content that the introduction in law of the concept of representative capacity constitutes a means of communication between the orders in question. In the second part, we study the emergence of a category of collective agreements at the enterprise level, which are labeled as management agreements. Their unique characteristic is to have control over individual worker rights
Giral, Gisela. ""Supplient très humblement-- We humbly beg--" : les pétitions collectives et le développement de la sphère publique au Québec, 1764-1791." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30084/30084.pdf.
This thesis examines the contribution of collective petitions to the development of Quebec's public sphere in the second half of the eighteenth century. It examines these using the concepts of public, public sphere, public opinion, and spaces of sociability. The study is based on a detailed analysis of some 278 collective petitions from the establishment of civil government in 1764 until the creation of the parliamentary system in 1791. In the absence of traditional representative institutions, collective petitioning to colonial authorities became an essential tool for influencing political and administrative decisions. A long-standing practice in England but rare in New France, collective petitioning allowed for the participation of a broad swathe of the colony's population in the colonial public sphere: old and new subjects, men and women, elites and ordinary people.
Roucaute, Yves. "Le P. C. F face à l'état." Paris 10, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA100232.
Mulier, Thibaud. "Les relations extérieures de l'État en droit constitutionnel français." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D026.
This study presents constitutional law as an ideal framework to analyze the foreign relations of the State. Through a double standpoint, it examines these relations from the State’s perspective and through the action of the empowered organs of the State. In this way, the study aims to highlight the institutional and normative specificities of State’s foreign relations. When the State establishes diplomatic and military relations at the outer-limits of its borders, it assumes a singular role compared to other political non-state unities. It performs a political function (fonction-fin), as defined by Charles EISENMANN, which belongs to the field of foreign relations. This political function is hold by the State in order to fulfill one basic need of the sovereign collectivity : to establish and to maintain “good relations” outside its boundaries – irrespective of the conflictual or cooperative nature of these relations. Because law and politics are intertwined, the function of foreign relations do not pre-define the distribution of powers within the State. Nevertheless, it exerts some influence on the constituent’s choices and on the practices of the empowered organs. At the interface between the State’s interior and exterior, constitutional analysis enables therefore to reexamine many elements usually taken as evident. This study assesses them and observe its effects. For example, it is possible to nuance the State’s monopoly on foreign relations and, through a historical perspective, to moderate the governmental concentration of the direction of foreign affairs
Boz-Acquin, Elise. "L'état et la force armée en droit constitutionnel français." Thesis, Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VERS024S.
The subject of this thesis is to examine the link between the State and armed force, a link which embodied by war-faring activity, in other words by military function, while focusing on an approach to sociopolitical and legal theories of the State. Military function is part of the general activity of the State and it is up to the military authority to exercise this function. In order to deal with the ways and means this function is exercised, it will be subject to intra-functional analysis (i.e. a study centered solely on the military function) as well as inter-functional analysis (i.e. a study of the military function in relation to the executive and legislative functions). Military function is not autonomous. It is one of the functions carried out by the executive power. The military function is unique in that it is not carried out by a military organ which is responsible for this specific task ̶ the existence of such an organ has always been refused ̶ but by a political power based on a decisional authority hinging on a technical authority carrying out military command. What is at stake is to avoid the setting up of a military organ capable of evolving into a military power, a risk which threatens both the political authority as well as the military authority itself
Noblecourt, Virginie. "L'état-nation et la supranationalité européenne en droit constitutionnel français." Nancy 2, 2002. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/NANCY2/doc142/2002NAN20001.pdf.
At the threshold of the 21st century European Union gives a renewed sens of the concept of supranationality. This concept, basic aspiration as well as a perfectible principle of which end is integration, constitutes a dominant feature of European framework reflecting its sui generis nature. The concept of supranationality presupposes a complete legal system superposed to that of other member countries expressing the will peculiar to European identity. It is via the coming together of the States which this concept creates, that it reveals a social solidarity propicious to the development of a public system of values and to the advent of a global support that the organization needs to bloom. The original aspect of the supranational nature, as a new form of political organisation, is mainly the result of the relationships it has with States, and furthermore, with the individuals who are its subjects and whose common good is its objective. It is in European commitment the Nation-State finds the means of reinforcing itself. The constitutionalisation which brings to light the double aspect of the concept of national sovereignty, renders the State a mere instrument in the service of the nation. The Nation-State endows a status, which constitutes a kind of supranational conditioning, that proves the compatibility of the two legal systems. The adaptability shown by the Nation-State is by no way a sign of atrophy of its original principle of unity. The constitutional integration of supranationality gives the opportunity of consolidating its essence while reasserting the intangibility of its political unity. The respect of national membership and of the link between an individual and its nation seem to be the primary conditions on which depends the efficiency of the supranational traits. The individual, who is the ultimate subject of the supranational action as well as the source of its legitimacy, is the one through whom European organisation finds its raison d'être
Baruch, Marc-Olivier. "Servir l'État français : l'administration en France de 1940 à 1944." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996IEPP0008.
Questions of state were at the heart of the analysis made by the regime attempting to govern France from Vichy : to rebuild France meant first restoring the French state, an exercise whose importance had already been underlined by the new regime in adopting its name of "l'Etat francais". The working of the administration, an essential tool of government during this period poses three types of question. First, how and why did the civil service of the republic adapt to the "Révolution nationale" which was proposing, openly, to break with 70 years of republican tradition. Then one needs to know the extent to which the government could, would and knew how to get itself obeyed by its agents and to make them accept its model of the state. Here one is trying to measure how far the administration asserted its independence and how this affected the functioning of the state. Finally it is necessary to measure the role of the administration in the politics of collaboration, holding the balance between the restraints imposed by the Germans and the autonomy which the French government enjoyed, at least for its first two years. This thesis is concerned more particularly with four bodies. Three are at the heart of the state : the Ministry of the Interior, which controls at the same time the administrative organisation of the country and the police; the Budget Office ("Direction du budget") ; and the "Secrétariat general de la vice-présidence du Conseil", charged with the coordination of the political and administrative aspects of the state
Banguiam, Kodjalbaye Olivier. "Contribution des militaires français à l'enrichissement des collections ethnologiques africaines de grands musées ethnologiques français : 1850-1915." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MNHNA001.
Engneng-Zolo, Paul. "Les atteintes à la sûreté de l'État : droits africains et français comparés." Nancy 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN20002.
The whole, concerning indictments, laws about the violation of state security in french speaking countries of Africa are similar to those of France. But the difference stems from the sanctions inflicted to these indictments : african laws inflict, generally, death penalty while this one was suppressed in France in 1981. In addition, for many reasons, infractions which are qualified as violation of internal and external security of the state are not fitted to the actual context of Africa
Baita, Abdeslam. "L'État colonial au Maroc : 1912-1956." Paris 10, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA100184.
The colonial state in morocco is a result of the conquest. The reforms of the makhzen took the form of an articulation of the traditional structures of the state and the protectorate institutions. The state function of social control operated through a juridical system, the caidalism and the creation of representative institutions. But the legitimacy of the colonial state was always weak
Bataille, Camus Julie. "Substances psychoactives : politiques et responsabilité de l'État : le point de vue des Français." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00957619.
Ongagna, Philippe. "L'état dangereux délictuel et post-délictuel des majeurs délinquants en droit pénal français." Grenoble 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GRE21035.
With the eyes of the whole of the doctrines, the penal responsibility was always regarded as the only base for the French criminal law. The concept of dangerous statute, often presented primarily under its pre-criminal aspect, reduced to categories of infringements (infringements obstacles), and to certain types of delinquent (alcoholic dangerous, mental lunatics etc) thus does not seem a base of the French repressive system. With looking there closely however, this thesis does not resist the analysis. Indeed, the study of the concept of dangerous statute approached under its criminal and post-criminal aspect makes it possible to check with which point this concept seems one of the essential bases of the French criminal law. Implicit base certainly, because of the silence of the legislator on this subject, but undeniable base. Contrary to the thesis more revenue, the role of the dangerous statute appears not only at the stage of the choice and the execution of the sorrow, but also at the time of the research of the culpability. Far from being opposed or being excluded, the dangerous statute and the penal responsibility are as complementary as the sorrow and the measurement of safety
Yu, Yue. "La diffusion et la réception des arts graphiques japonais modernes en France (1919-1939)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILH062.
During the 1920s and 1930s, Japan and France enjoyed particularly rich cultural exchanges. Many Japanese artists came to Paris to study Western painting, some going so far as to compete in Parisian Salons. At least 200 artists exhibited at the parisiens Salons. On the Japanese side, for example, 32 group exhibitions of Japanese artists were organised in France during this period, either by the imperial government or on the initiative of the artists themselves. More than 70 solo exhibitions in Parisian galleries were also dedicated to Japanese artists. On the French side, the art dealer Herman d'Oelsnitz and the Société d'art franco-japonaise organised no fewer than 23 exhibitions of French art in Japan. In 1928, masterpieces from the Musée du Luxembourg were sent to Tokyo, while an exhibition of Japanese art was held at the Musée du Jeu de Paume in 1929. After this exhibition, apart from the 13 paintings bought by the French state, 81 paintings and 31 decorative arts were sold to private collectors. As for prints, 19 were bought by the French State. These particularly intense relations lead us to ask questions such as: why did Japanese artists come to Paris? What selection criteria did Japan adopt for exhibitions of Japanese art? How were Japanese artists and their works perceived in France? What type of work was acquired in France, Japanese-style painting (nihonga) or Western-style painting (yōga), or both? The analyses will pave the way for a better understanding of the dynamic exchanges between Japan and France, exchanges whose importance is also reflected in today's art world
Aroga, Bessong Dieudonné Prosper. "Le bilinguisme officiel, français-anglais, au Cameroun, un problème de communication efficace pour l'État." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq21416.pdf.
Xie, Weixing. "Le thème de l'État de droit dans le discours politique français contemporain : 1981-1993." Montpellier 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON10051.
Kaewla-Iad, Supreeya. "La réforme du budget de l'État : étude comparative en droit budgétaire français et thaïlandais." Toulouse 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOU10036.
The State's activities cannot be performed without financial supports. Public finance is an important component in all institutions in every country. In France, organic law of 1st August 2001 related to annual budget acts (LOLF), modified deeply the provisions of Ordinance of 2nd January 1959 which was the fundamental financial public law. The implementation of budgeting reform results in first, a budgeting model change from the traditional expenditure-oriented budget to performance approach which was inspired by private sector's philosophy, and second, the reinforcement of the Parliament's role on budget matters. The budget reform in Thailand is actually in a continuing process. Many modifications have been proposed but have not been concluded. If the necessity of budget reform cannot be explained by one reason of ancient laws, this reason is still a major element of budget reform. Due to the facts that budgeting regulations are not responded to current social and economic issues, the government applies highly measures with no legal base. The issue of budgeting reform is equally imperative in contemporary society in France and Thailand. Our research conducts a comparative study of budget reform in France and Thailand. The study of budget reform in both countries relies on legal and economic bases which apply to systematically analyze the LOLF in France and the draft acts of 2005 regarding budget reform in Thailand. Our analysis states limitations of the budget reform and excepted solutions in order to set foundation of the optimal and complete budget system in both countries
Banguiam, Kodjalbaye Olivier. "Les officiers français : constitution et devenir de leurs collections africaines issues de la conquête coloniale." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100045/document.
This research concerns the French officers contribution during the colonization of Africa and the quality of the african objects that they collected. It aims to study the exploration and the conquest of Africa at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. During this period, European countries sent in the different parts of the continent many explorers to colonize the population. Those explorers had different social classes and jobs. Among them, there were, for example, religious persons, administrators and soldiers. It is the colonial action of the French officers in the different countries of Africa (Mali, Senegal, Congo, Chad, Central Africa Republic…) that is studing. During the exploration travel, the colonial officers discovered in those countries different kinds of objects. According of the instructions they received in France before their travel, they collected the local objects as the arms, the royal objects, the music objects, the cooking objects, the objects of the traditional ceremony. It’s interesting to study where the objects provided and the conditions of the collect. It’s a best way to know the particularities of the result of the officers discoveries. At the end of the journey in Africa, the officers brought to France the result of the collect and offered the objects to the French museums as the Musée de l’Homme, the Musée de l’Armée. Today, the Musée du Quai Branly is conserving the documents about the exploration travels of many officers (Archinard, Brazza, Marchand, Tilho, Lenfant…) and some of the objects they had collected for studying the customs of the African populations. We interroged about 1500 objects they had collected. The history of those objects is associated to the Africa colonization history. Nowadays, those objects constitute a colonial heritage and permit to analyze the European vision and the military perception about the African material culture and to know the degree of the civilization of the African populations who made and used those objects in Africa at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th
Cointet, Jean-Paul. "La légion française des combattants (1940-1944) : mouvement civique et parti unique sous l'État français." Paris 4, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA040143.
The French legion of combattants (1940-1944) incarnates one of the most original creations of the "French state" and the most representative of the ideology of that government. Only and authoritarian organization of the olden combatants its extended its estate to different categories of non-combatants, the thesis has been realized from public and private original sources. We have explored four main directions: political history, political sociology, history of the ideas, analysis of the opinion during the war. At once civic movement and governmental tool, the Legion became little by little as a real one party. It gave birth to the "service d'ordre légionnaire" (S. O. L. ), later the "Milice francaise". The thesis also develops a political sociology of the Legion which existed in each of the communes of the "free zone". As an history of the ideology of that time, the thesis reconstituted filiations and orientations starting from different kinds of legionary writings. At last, as a study of the opinion, we tried to restitute the reactions of that one to the different forms of the legionary propaganda
Canton-Fourrat, Altide. "L'état unitaire français et les collectivités ultramarines (contribution à l'étude d'un droit des collectivités ultramarines)." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05D003.
Overseas communities that form part of the French State, benefit from the continuous and constant evolution brought about by decentralisation. They are subject to special rights, whose knowledge is not easy. These rights have to be in harmony with the rest of the French laws and integrated into the State's (written and natural) laws. It uses the provisions of the Constitution as a framework. Article 75 of the Constitution recognizes local statute of common rights for each identified population. In this context, the law, an expression of general will, finds itself in competition with other normative sources. These communities are subjected not only to the power of the State but also to that of local normative sources. These secondary laws should not be against the emanated higher standards of the Republic. The French Republic in its bid towards harmonization of its laws is working on ultramarine rights and laws which will meet the requirements of the aforesaid communities, this with no ignorance of the unit management of the Republic. The new constitutional law of March 2003 intervenes in this continuity
Mourabit, Saïd. "La gestion des recettes exceptionnelles de l'État : analyse comparative des systèmes budgétaires marocain et français." Nantes, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NANT4004.
The aim of this study is to present the major trends marking the management practices of the State’s exceptional receipts in Morocco and France. On the light of the proposed definition of the state exceptional receipts which are distinguished from the ordinary receipts by their financial nature, contractual and temporary character, the analysis has been focused on the loans and privatisation receipts. The preponderance of the paradigm “new public management” in Morocco and France eventually influence unevenly the management of the State’s exceptional receipts. Therefore, the system dedicated to managing these receipts restrict the role of politics advocate a central market place and adopt the performance logic. To verify this hypothesis, two main approaches have been taken: the analysis of management techniques and the assessment results. Under the first part of this thesis, the research focuses on two movements namely debudgetisation and marketization. These two movements mobilize a specific technical device in which stand many issues, including economic and socio-political ones. As to the assessment results, it was based on the performance concept. This relatively recent process in both Moroccan and French budgetary systems is strengthened by the influence of the international environment and by the evolution of the public finance and auditing approaches. However, the performance system of exceptional receipts management is not only insufficient, but may reduce the management objectives for a simple technical sphere without taken into account the impact of this management on the well being of citizens and the wealth of the nation and the future generations
Denfer, Samira. "Insertion de l'Islam dans l'état de droit français : sa comptabilité avec le régime des libertés publiques." Lille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LIL20010.
Islam faces difficulties to find its place and its legitimacy in France. As a recent phenomenon in France, islam rises from immigration mainly from Maghreb. Islam is often misjudged and assimilated by some as an alien worship. Muslims are suffering from a lack of recognition, without any official representation. This thesis focuses on religious freedom in international, european an french law, and then tries to unique in Europe. It is build on the principle of equality of religions, as well as the freedom of worship. This thesis is nevertheless pointing out numerous obstacles muslims have to face in their worship, obstacles which are impending their integration. Besides, the status of women in islam can be seen as a problem, according to the french law. Is it backward ? How is it judged by the French courts ?. .
Dixon, Susan Christine. "De l'invention de la société : l'agent de l'État comme personnage et auteur de romans français d'Indochine." Paris 8, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA082628.
This dissertation examines the problematic interdependence between fiction and “reality” in novels written by representatives of France in Indochina. It analyzes common themes in French novels about Indochina: the hero’s initiation to colonial life in Herbert Wild’s Le Conquérant (1925) and George Groslier’s Le Retour à l'argile (1929), relationships between the male hero and both French and indigenous women in these two novels and in L’Âme de la brousse (1923) by Jean d’Esme and L’Autre race (1925) by Herbert Wild, infrastructure as metaphor and colonial reality in George Groslier’s La Route du plus fort (1925), and relations between French and Vietnamese characters in De la rizière à la montagne (1912) and Du village à la cité (1923) by Jean Marquet
Thiébaut, Nicolas. "Étude sur la faculté du chef de l'État de s'adresser au Parlement en droit constitutionnel français." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS512.
« Accident of history » according to the Warsmann report, executed at the time of the 2008 constitutional reform, the ban of the Head of State to appear before the Parliament, as the broader matter of the communication between the two bodies, deserve to be reconsidered. The ability of the Head of State to address the Parliament fits into a mechanical of powers which study contributes to enlighten notably through the parliamentary framework where the Fifth Republic carries out an arrangement whose original feature must be emphasized. For the parliamentary communication of the Executive appears all at once as a tool, for this one, to conduct the Parliament’s work, and, for the latter, as a tool to control the executive action, this issue already is at heart of the revolutionaries’ concerns relating to the organisation of the separation of powers. The synchronization operated by the parliamentary system among political responsability and communication comes to renew the query and distinguish the one relative to the Head of State communication. The irresponsability of the latter will entail a prohibition to appear before the Parliament and an obligation to address them through written messages, under the control of the accountable ministers. The Fifth Republic causes a break in the parliementary design of the Head of State’s ability to address the Parliament which accompanies the redefinition of the presidential office. This break manifests itself both on the issuer and on the receiver’s levels. At the issuer’s level, a disjunction appears between power and responsability, first, through the abolition of the countersignature requirement for the exercise of the right to send messages despite the maintenance of the presidential irresponsability, then, secondly, through the acknowledgment of a certain right to enter and speak in the parliamentary hemicycle. At the receiver’s level, the parliamentary communication of the Head of State is affected by the repercussions of the evolution of the representation’s notion that seems to lead the President to make of people his favored interlocutor
Célard, Alain. "Le partage du pouvoir réglementaire de l'État : (contribution à l'étude du système normatif du droit public français)." Lille 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LIL20010.
Although the doctrine of public law has long been highly concerned with the power to implement regulations, the question of the distribution of the power to implement regulations has nevertheless not it would seem received the full attention it deserves. On the other hand the urgency of this question and perhaps its significance were perceived as relatively unimportant before it became apparent that there was a progressive penetration of the rules of constitutional law into those of administrative law. But from the time that constitutional law has been seen to be imposing certain options, notably in the field of jurisprudential action, the question of the distribution of the state's power to implement regulations must be considered both by accounting for the points of view of the authorities concerned by this distribution of power, and the principles which dictate the mode of distribution
Gueguen, Romaric. "L'action internationale des collectivités territoriales françaises dans le cadre de l'État unitaire." Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX32017.
Although the State traditionally benefits from an uncontested monopoly as regards international issues, the current trends of law have led to the expansion of territorial authorities' international competence. Besides, this concession has recently increased both quantitatively and qualitatively. These changes seem to be inherent to the actual context of decentralization; yet they necessarily raise some questions as far as state organization is concerned. Indeed, in the scope of a unitarian state, especially when dealing with a sphere of competence which is characterized by state supremacy, such developments need to be discussed. In positive law, the international competence of territorial authorities hinges upon two types of juridical mechanisms. On the one hand, decentralized cooperation enables territorial authorities to have infra-state international relationships. On the other hand, the derived international competence allows some French territorial authorities to develop international relationships with foreign states. Yet, both methods of international action by territorial authorities can differ considerably from one category of territorial authority to another. Even more so, overseas territories, which usually testify to the territorialisation of law and an emphasized juridical sense of identity, illustrate the fragmentation of international action by territorial authorities. Consequently, the unitarian scheme of the French Republic may be called into question for two reasons. Not only does the State enable its territorial authorities to interfere in the kingly sphere of international relationships, but it also tolerates a territorially differentiated application. Notwithstanding, the international action of territorial authorities cannot alone constitute a motive of massive change of the unitarian state. Yet it definitely is a relevant step forward: a state that shares the exercise of external sovereignty with some of its territorial authorities is indeed a fine example of unitarian relaxing
Boyer, Alain. "Le statut constitutionnel des territoires d'outre-mer et l'état unitaire : contribution à l'étude des articles 74, 75, 76 de la constitution du 4 octobre 1958." Aix-Marseille 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX32003.
The constitutionnal approach is unusualy to study the "territoires d'outre-mer". However, the conseil consitutionel delivered twenty decisions on these territories. The constitutionnal problematical dictate terms of "territoires d'outre-mer" statute. This approach may to interrogate on the structure of the state and may to verify if the republic is an unitary state. The european state experience on the regionalism encourage to follow this method because it may to place the republic in the graduation between unitary state and federal state. The "territoires d'outre-mer" have a constitutionnal particularism. The parliament does it. This particularism express oneself by a particular form of law, particular form of administration and session right. The principles of indivisibility of the republic and of unit of the republic implicate some limits to the parliament. The indivisibility republic forbide federal ism and the unit of the republic implicate the same application of the constitution protections and guarantees of rights and freedoms
Papanikolaou, Chryssi. "Le principe de l'État social : étude sur les limites de l'activité législative en droit comparé français et hellénique." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D029.
French Constitution guarantees the “Social Republic,” the Greek constitution recognizes the « Social Rule of law ». If the principle of the Social State is to this day apprehended by the authors of both states as an undetermined principle of “low content of normativity,” this study’s focus offers a different perspective on the matter. If we study this principle in the context of normativism, we will be forced to view all norms as obligatory, and we will no longer contest its normative value but focus on determining its meaning. Only in this way we will be in the position of knowing what material level of life the constituents of the two states reserved for the individual, when they qualified the states as social. The study assumes that a state is social when it possesses the foundations that habilitate, oblige and prohibit the legislator from specific actions. The constitutive norms of the social state impose limits at the legal production. Seen at a positive perspective, the fundamental norms of the social state allows the legislator to improve the material conditions of life of the individuals without any constraints. The legislator concretizes the principle of the social state in a positive sense while being free from positive obligations. The only obstacle to the creation of new benefits is the impossibility to control legal inactivity; it constitutes an intrinsic limit to the principle of the social state. Seen from a negative perspective, the constitutive norms of the social state allow the legislator to limit the access to benefits but prohibit the neutralization of the principle. The actions of negative concretization that would lead to the annulation of the social state are prohibited. It follows that a minimum of social legislation should be maintained as long as the Constitution qualifies the state as social. At this angle, the normative foundations of the social state protect the essential core of the principle or, in other words, its counter- limits
Ordioni, Natacha. "L'état de touristicité : analyse de la rationalisation et des transformations du voyage et des pratiques touristiques des français." Aix-Marseille 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX10019.
The research analyses the evolution of the forms of the french touristic practices. The apparition of a touristic time and its diffusion among the society is described and explained. Step by step, a rational administration of the touristic space becomes organized, which embodies for instance in the experts or scientific discourses. The actual and contemporary practices of french tourists are analyzed through a secondary exploitation of statistic data from the national institute of statistics and economic studies (insee), relating to french holidays during the year 1990. Finally, the touristic trip constitues the actualization of a mental disposition based on distance and unconcern, closely related to social conditions of urban life, a disposition which impregnates most of everyday practices
Ohakwe, Valentine. "Le système actuel de formation des professeurs de français dans l'état d'Imo du Nigéria : analyse et perspectives d'amélioration." Université Pierre Mendès France (Grenoble ; 1990-2015), 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992GRE29033.
This work was undertaken when it became obvious to us that researchers had constantly neglected (in our nigerian context) an important area of research which is the training to teachers of french in an education system loaded with varied problems. Our research set out to rediscover the affinity between our teacher training institutions and the different levels of our educational system in an attempt to find out the origin of such problems relating to the teaching of french. Through questionnaires and interviews, information was sollicited from lecturers and students of french of the alvan ikoku college of education, owerri as well as from those in charge of the teaching of french in the imo state ministry of education. The information gathered helped us to identify some of the root causes of french language teaching problems in our system. Based on this discovery, we were able to propose solutions geared towards improving the system
Poyet, Michaël. "Le contrôle de l'entreprise publique : Essai sur le cas français." Saint-Etienne, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STETT058.
Lamy, Odile. "Lire, écrire-- reproduire? de l'influence des collections Roman + et Frissons sur le français écrit en troisième année du secondaire." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2006. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2453.
Yambissi, Claude Désiré. "La légalité de crise en droit public français." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE3037.
Legality is a principle that appears as a cornerstone of the rule of law. The term "principle of legality" has long been used to assert that the administration must respect the rules of law. But, in the event of a major crisis, legality can be mitigated. It is tolerated a legality of crisis. The state needs other legal tools than ordinary ones. Exceptional powers are conferred on certain authorities or recognized to certain persons by legal devices of a very different nature. This theory of exceptional circumstances aims to ensure the continuity of the state. It is based on the controversial "necessity is law" saying that in extreme cases, certain acts that would be illegal in normal times are justified. State of necessity and self-defense of the state are the main justifications for the use of crisis powers. In positive law, crisis regimes are heterogeneous and redundant. The persistence of the terrorist threat accentuates the accumulation of anti-terrorist laws and measures. The heterogeneity of the French crisis regimes raises the question of the unification of the main states of crisis by rewriting their constitutional framework. The control of the state of emergency is tempered by important prerogatives recognized by the executive. This can be a risk for guaranteeing the exercise of fundamental freedoms, especially when the exception becomes permanent or when common law is contaminated by the derogatory right
Bahida, Abderrahmane. "Le sud marocain et les Français : 1912-1930." Rennes 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986REN20029.
The south of Morocco was the last place with strong resistance that had a real position against the penetration of the army and its colonisation. In fact, although the French army had reached and colonised some places there, in Morocco, the south organised itself to resist in spite of its inferiority in number and quality its equipment. And, if there were not the air force army and the politics actions there to opposided and to devide the population, the south people could get more resistance for a longer time and braked the process of invasion of the French plog. So, we asked our selves about the movement of resistance of the south. We started to think the means of it and how it had been seen. If, we locked at the archives of French army, we’ll realised that for them, the resistance of the south was only a movement of villains and foreigner of the low; but they were not brigands nor rebeliouses. They were really the people that defended their territory their owns. They were the real aspiration of the population which had been founded in clears bases
Cheishvili, Ana. "Collectionneurs et collections d'objets caucasiens dans les musées français : histoire et apports des voyages scientifiques au Caucase. (XIXè - début XXè s.)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, EHESS, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023EHES0176.
This thesis focuses on the analysis of French scientific missions in the Caucasus region and the collections brought back to France following these expeditions. The study covers the period from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century, before the major political changes of the 1910s-1920s. The primary focus is on the scientific missions mandated by the Ministry of Public Instruction, without neglecting collections from non-scientific journeys or antiquarians. This research highlights the interest of the French scientific community in the Caucasus in the 19th century, as well as the motivations of the researchers who went there and the work they conducted in the field. Another priority of this study was to examine the archaeological, ethnographic, and photographic collections held in various museums and archives in France. To do this, an inventory of a database of Caucasian collections and the collection of biographical information on French researchers who contributed to these missions was necessary. The contribution of these collections to the reflection on cultural transfers between the Caucasus and France is also examined. The ultimate goal was the identification and study of these collections for their future integration into museography, highlighting the names of researchers and photographers whose journeys in the Caucasus were previously unknown
Arnoux, Mathilde. "La réception de la peinture germanique par les musées français : 1871-1981." Paris 4, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA040215.
German painting is often considered as being poorly represented in French museums. This fact is interpreted as a sign of disregard for German painting on the part of French museums, or as one of the consequences of the conflicts with which contemporary history has been punctuated. No in-depth investigation, however, on the place afforded to German painting in French museums collections has ever been carried out to support this contention. What we are out to do in this survey, is to fill in this gap. Going through the catalogues of museums has put us in a position to draw up an inventory of German paintings in French museums. We highlighted the main characteristics of the German painting acquisitions by French museums between 1871 and 1981. Our survey of German painting exhibitions during those years point to a shift in the approach to this school of painters in the view of French museums. Following a chronological order, structured around world conflicts and taking into account recent historiography regarding museum history and cultural transfer, we bought out the important part played by certain persons in the recognition of German painting by French museums, and showed the kind of qualifications one ought to bring in when investigating the political and diplomatic impact on the receprion of this school in France. An overall enquiry made it possible for us to throw into relief the slow and complex evoltuion which led to the appreciation of the uniqueness of German painting
Quessette, Laurent. "Au croisement de l'État, du service public et du marché : recherches sur les chemins de fer en droit administratif français." Toulouse 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOU10038.
The birth and the development of the railroads in France are understood at the same time by the continuation of the movement of centralization of the territory operated by the State, and the expansion without precedent of the capitalist economy, which saw emergence, as from the XIXth century, of the mode of the concessions and the intervention of the public power. With the explosion of the exchanges and ways, a political control of these flows appeared. As from IIIrd Republic, the role of the State evolving on social matters, the rail was gradually led to become a public line of business. Nationalization operated in 1937, by creating the National company of the railroads, and the passage, in 1983, of the statute of company of mixed economy to that of industrial and commercial public corporation, seems to reinforce this tendency. But the behaviour of company adopted by the SNCF, in particular starting from the reform of 1971, leads to a difficult conciliation between requirements which appear increasingly contradictory. In this direction, the influence of European integration was decisive being the questioning of the monopoly of the SNCF, the opening to the competition of the rail networks and the appareance of a new railway regulation. In this configuration, the maintenance of the railway public service seems to depend on the will of the regional councils, within the framework of railway regionalization, and the financial support of the State for the money-losing lines which continue to answer an general interest. These are theses movements that this thesis intends to analyze
Cordier, Samuel. "Tendances et particularismes des collections provinciales au XVIIIe siècle : l'exemple du nîmois Jean-François Séguier." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MNHN0059.
How do people build collections in the French province during the 18th century ? The study of Jean-François Séguier’s (1703-1784) biography and masterpiece, allows us to measure the contribution of a provincial collector in the age of Enlightenment to France and to the scientific European world. At a time when collections are less and less an object of curiosity and become increasingly rationally organised, exchanges between Paris and the scientific networks contribute to mutual enrichment. Known as for his works upon antiquities, Séguier is also a naturalist whose masterpiece accurately reflects the changing envision of nature during the 18th century. The link between collections and the state-of-the-art reflects the intensity of exchanges and constant information transfers between European botanists. In touch with Linnaeus, with the botanists of the “ King’s Garden ” in Paris, and with those in Montpellier, Séguier is a modern researcher of the 18th century. Testimonies from contemporary visitors enable us to reconstruct the setting up of the different rooms of an historical House, which clearly contrasts with the Cabinets of curiosities and where the cosmopolitism of the Enlightenment took its roots. By opening his door and proposing an unique image of his knowledge, Séguier attracts numerous visitors and invents new modes of socializing. Our study underlines the strong impact of those exchanges
Al, Khaili Saeed. "Le paysage français et émirien de la sécurité intérieure face au phénomène de l'immigration illégale." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR0027.
Homeland Security is an essential requirement for the exercise of freedoms and rights. It is central to the concerns of the governors and the governed. Therefore, illegal immigration phenomenon multiple cause, changed dramatically, both in its scale and nature, requiring, in respect for human rights, the establishment of an ambitious policy. To counter threats or demonstrations of illegal immigration, French and Emirati legislators came reformulate the priority of general guidelines for internal security and justice. They revolve around constitutional reforms, based on a deep collaboration between stakeholders in the field of internal security, but also a desire to give them a legal and administrative framework modernized. In this context, one must understand the variety of discursive aspects, the heterogeneity of concrete arrangements (discourse of human rights ...) and the joint reports of knowledge and power. It should also follow the discursive cross the figure that takes this phenomenon through all these twists and turns and the sense that it maintains links with the various structural problems, as well as the figure that takes the state sovereignty itself. We must understand the reasons for the passage of a speech that was meant reassuring and condescending speech that wants troubling and disturbing, based on the rise of the insecurities related to the phenomenon of illegal immigration and thus weakening internal security
Jarrín, María José. "La formation des collections d'objets amérindiens de l'Équateur : une étude croisée entre les musées français et les musées équatoriens (1875-1929)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01H076.
The purpose of this thesis is to retrace the history of the transnational exchange between Ecuador and France from 1875 to 1929. This was a period of scientific, cultural and political exchange that determined the structure of the practices for collecting Indigenous objects, and the beginning of the museum phenomenon in these two nations. The historiographic survey of various archival and museum collections in Ecuador and France has made it possible to shed light on the nascent stages of the formation of school, municipal and ethnographic collections by different agencies (travelers, scientists, or diplomats) that were operating in the name of science, their homeland, and the new capitalist dynamics. These social networks that developed between the scholars of these two nations made it possible to distinguish between actors that were considered secondary (namely the landscape architect Édouard André or the huaquero éclairé Alcides Destruge), to identify “lost” collections (such as the collections of Auguste Cousin, Dominique-Vivant Denon, and the Trésor de Cuenca), and to analyze the influence between Ecuador and France during the stages in which the school, municipal and ethnographic museums were being set up. Thus, the artefacts that were collected are considered as documental sources that contributed to order the development of global science and the construction of modern nation-states. The Franco-Ecuadorian elites that were motivated by their economic, political and nationalist interests were responsible for presenting national material culture through the prism of the colonial discourse at international exhibitions in Paris. The new museums that were subsequently created would convey this image of an exotic country (savage and Incan) that will be presented as an objective representation of Western modernity until the following century
Zinamsgvarov, Nicolas. "Droits fondamentaux constitutionnels et souveraineté de l'État français : recherche sur la souveraineté de la Constitution française dans le système juridique national." Bordeaux 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR40045.
Does the State has a future as a juridical expression of political power ? We can reasonably solve this major Public Law issue only by highlighting the very nature of the French model of State. To do so, this work aims at proposing a new doctrine of Sovereignty Souveränität) grounded on the links between fundamental rights (Grundrechte) and State Sovereignty (Staatsouveränität) within the national judicial system. Though, on the one hand, knowing that the national judicial system is from now on structured by both a formal normative hierarchy and a substantial hierarchy of fundamentality, and on the other hand, knowing that the nature of its sovereign norm constitutes the gauge of the institutional configuration of the political society model of organization, the object was actually to enhance the existence of a fundamental juridical rule within the national judicial system in order to confirm or cancel a model of Rule of Law. Analyzing both theoretical and practical consequences, the thesis here defended is that the French Rule of Law presents a configuration of a State of Constitutional Law, the conclusion can be reached by offering a new construction of the French Constitution sovereignty principle within the national judicial system
Treves, Viviane. "Comment renforcer la gestion par l'État des transitions agroécologiques ? Analyse et reconception des plans français de réduction des pesticides (2007-2023)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB002.
The aim of this PhD is to generate knowledge and proposals for action to improve the State's management of agroecological transitions. To this end, we analyze the case of pesticide reduction policies in France : the Ecophyto plans. Launched in 2008, they aimed to reduce pesticide use by 50% by 2018, a target later extended to 2025. However, since their implementation, pesticide sales have not decreased in France, raising questions on how to rethink public policies to more efficiently reduce pesticide use. To answer to this question, we use the theory of sociotechnical system transitions, which highlights that reducing the use of chemical pesticides is hindered by lock-in mechanisms. To overcome this lock-in, the literature highlights the need to foster inter-organizational, multi-level and coordinated collective action dynamics. Therefore, we asked ourselves how to strengthen the State's management of collective action for pesticide reduction.Our analysis is structured in three parts. First, we examined Ecophyto policy processes at the national level, and identified several skills and resources lacking within the State administration to improve those processes. We then studied the implementation of three policy instruments designed to support the emergence of collective management of pesticide reduction, and proposed several ways to improve them. Based on these results, we sought to rethink public policies for pesticide reduction, using an innovative design approach. Through multi-stakeholder workshops, we co-designed three scenarios for transforming public policies to reduce pesticides, demonstrating the relevance of an innovative design approach for transition policy processes. Finally, we discuss the need for large-scale organizational change, both within the administration and agri-food organizations, to strengthen the State's management of pesticide reduction
Scherer, Maxi. "Le nom en droit international privé : étude de droit comparé français et allemand." Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010291.
Zeisler, Wilfried. "Les achats d’objets d’art français par la Cour de Russie, 1881-1917." Thesis, Paris 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA040109.
The thesis The purchases of French “objets d’art” by the Russian Court, 1881-1917, dedicated to a new aspect of French-Russian relationships, gives a dual view on the French and Russian decorative arts and studies them in the context of political, commercial and artistic interactions.The favorable context of these purchases, during the reigns of Alexander III and of Nicolas II, is based on the historical French-Russian relations, very developed in the XVIIIth century and at the beginning of the XIXth century. This context results in an increased of export of French “objets d’art” in Russia since the Second Empire, facilitated by the new French-Russian Alliance.The suppliers of the French “objets d’art” in Russia, belonging to the various French Art and Luxury industries – furniture, bronze, textile, silver, ceramic, glassware and jewellery – benefit from repeated stays of Russian customers in France. Consequently, suppliers and various partners develop their relations with the Russian market and strengthen the success of the French “objets d’art”, which were used as a model in Russia.From the emperor to the “grand bourgeois”, the Russian clients, who illustrate the social evolution of the country, collected their purchases in their residences and showed, by their taste for the made in France objects, that they belonged to the European elite. The study of the Russian collections of French “objets d’art”, dispersed during the Revolution, illustrates an aspect of the history of taste and shows the international success of the French decorative arts
Tarchichi, Riyad. "Les statuts spéciaux des baux d'habitation : l'état de la crise et les prospectives des solutions : étude comparée entre droit français et libanais." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON10037/document.
The law is the product of human society. It's found when this society is at the top of its success and its tracks are more blatant when this one is affected by various crisis. The Act has to adapt to these various states.This idea is summarized among others by Mr. BURDEAU : “The disintegration of the concept of law is not explainable by the only data of the legal universe; it's a reflection of a sociological phenomenon”. Then we understand that sometimes, social crises lead to an infringement of the law, to its transcendent authority. Some authors explain that this impairment brings loss of the essential characters of this law which are the generality, the impersonality and the universality. This loss is for the benefit of the principle of stability of the society. The special status of residential leases are an example of the impairment of the main characters of the Act.After the 2nd World War in France and the civil war in Lebanon, French and Lebanese legislators found themselves repairing the social and humanitarian crises from the war. Many social laws have been enacted, particularly in residential leases. New legal statutes have emerged. The legislator had to consider the interests of the tenant, without forgetting that of the lessor. He had to ensure the general interest by respect for personal freedom and the protection of private property considered as fundamental principles in the constitution of the two countries and the human rights conventions.Our study will be based on these special laws (act of September 1, 1948 in France and July 23, 1992 in Lebanon), on their characteristics, operation and plans. We will examine their social, economic and legal impact to see if they appear as a solution to the social crisis, without leading to a legislative crisis
Juilliet, Clair. "Bâtir les relations professionnelles sous l'égide de l'État : conflits et consensus socio-économiques dans un établissement de constructions aéronautiques français (1943-1978)." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20072.
Whilst the aviation industry has been the subject of extensive historical investigations, economic and social topics seem to have remained in the shadows as far as the post-World War II period is concerned. This PhD thesis, through the example of a state-owned aeronautical company, and using a socio-economic micro-history method, focuses on the role played by workers in the building of an aeronautics company over thirty years. By analysing the trajectories followed by collective bargaining, as well as paying attention to industrial development and productive activity, this thesis highlights how professional relationships were built, day after day, inside a firm under the authority of the State. The politicization of industrial relationships, that derived from the company’s status and role in National Defence, often led its actors to oppose each other on social, industrial or political issues throughout the 1950s and 1960s. In the last third of this decade, some of these actors finally decided to return to the bargaining table and base their relations on contractual practices, which contributed, after difficult discussions, to a lasting mollification of these industrial relations.Hence, using a multi-scalar approach to interrogate the relationships that emerged in the factory space, between local, national and international and between plant, firm, branch and inter-professional, makes it possible to evidence the capacity of the protagonists to either succeed or fail in coming to compromises and trade-offs. The aim is thus to understand the role of conflict and consensus in industrial development, in order to demonstrate that the health of industrial relations may depend, at least partly, on a company’s socio-economic development. This example also shows that, contrary to commonly accepted thought, there is a culture of bargaining in French companies, when trade-offs are made possible by the cooperation of the various protagonists, even when professional relationships are based on power dynamics, or influenced by political issues and by the complexities of State intervention
Si la industria aeronáutica fue el objeto de numerosas investigaciones históricas, los aspectos económicos y sociales aun permanecen en la sombra, por el período posterior a la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Esta tesis doctoral, con el ejemplo de una empresa de construcción aeronáutica pública, y mediante una microhistoria socioeconómica, se centra en el papel de los trabajadores en su desarrollo industrial, durante más de treinta años. El análisis de las trayectorias seguidas por la negociación colectiva, así como la atención prestada al desarrollo industrial y a la actividad productiva, permiten destacar la construcción, a diario, de las relaciones profesionales dentro de una compañía que depende de la autoridad del estado. La politización de las relaciones sociales, que se deriva de su estatus y de su papel en la Defensa Nacional, acarrea a sus actores a menudo a oponerse en asuntos sociales, industriales o políticos, a lo largo de las décadas de 1950 y 1960. En el último tercio de esta década, parte de ellos decidieron finalmente volver a negociar y a basar sus relaciones en prácticas contractuales, lo cual contribuye, después de difíciles discusiones, a mejorar el entorno social.Así, preguntarse sobre las relaciones que se establecen en el espacio de la fábrica, con un enfoque multiescalar, – entre local, nacional e internacional, y entre fabrica, sociedad, rama profesional e interprofesional –, permite subrayar la habilidad de los protagonistas de conseguir o no acuerdos. Se trata de mejorar la comprensión del rol de los conflictos y de los consensos en el desarrollo industrial, con el fin de demostrar que de la salud de las relaciones sociales puede depender el desarrollo socioeconómico de las empresas. El ejemplo demuestra que, contrariamente a los patrones comúnmente aceptados, existe una cultura de negociación en el seno de las empresas francesas, cuando el consenso se hace posible gracias a la cooperación de las distintas partes, incluso cuando las relaciones profesionales se basan en el equilibrio de fuerzas, o están marcadas por la influencia de temas políticos y por los papeles intrincados del Estado
Goldoust, Jouybari Rajab. "Étude comparative sur la classification des infractions en droits iranien et français." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010260.
The purpose of this research is to look at the differences between iranian and french laws concerning the methods of classifying of crimes. The classification method of french criminal law has been set according to the seriousness of the crimes since 1810 untill the present time. This method was reaffirmed by the new criminal code of 1992. According to this method, the crimes are divided into three categories : crimes, misdemeanours and fines. In iranian criminal law, the method of classifying crimes according to their importance, was changed after the islamic revolution of 1979, after that criminal policy was changed to reflect the relative religious importance of the crimes. According to this method, the crimes are divided in four categories : ghessasse, hodoud, tazirat and diyat. In this regard, the comparison between two judicials systems is studied in the second part of this thesis. The first part of this research is devoted to the comparative study of these two systems on the fundamentals principles of criminal law and on the historical study concerning the classification of crimes and punishments. In the third part, the methods of classification of crimes are studied comparatively according to their subject and the constitutional elements of crime
Benkhalyl, Said. "Le principe de laïcité. Étude comparative des systèmes français et italien." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022TOUL0156.
The principle of laïcité is present in France and Italy. Nevertheless, its application is different. A similar legal terminology and different realities. This comparative study will allow us to understand the principle of secularism in a historical and cultural way in order to understand its contemporary applications
Sabater-Bono, Béatrice. "L'Etat et ses fonctionnaires dans la politique du Parti communiste français : du programme "Changer de cap" au 25e congrès, 1971-1985." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990IEPP0008.
Beaulieu, Alain. "Ne faire qu'un seul peuple? : Iroquois et Français à l'"âge héroïque" de la Nouvelle-France (1600-1660)." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23872.
Phitkhae, Niramai. "L’accès aux soins : comparaison des systèmes français et thaïlandais." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU10066/document.
The right to access to health care is considered, on the one hand, as a fundamental right of people, both international and national level. This right has a constitutional value in both France and Thailand, in the Preamble of the French Constitution and in many different articles of Thai Constitution. On the other hand, the right to access to health care is seen as a public service that calls the state to step in and take charge. The establishment of a French system to ensure the right to access to health care is primarily attached to the system of social security. The latter is a huge health insurance system that covers much of the French population, including active people, while in Thailand; access to care is implemented by three main categories: social security, health insurance for civil servants and other public officials, and universal health coverage, also known as the National Health Insurance. With these three categories, the government can now provide up to 92.5% of people, allowing them access to health care. The question of the implementation of a health insurance system represents a major challenge for access to care of the population both in France and Thailand. Our research will conduct a comparative study in health law and social protection law, of France and Thailand, which is based on legal, health and social base used to systematically analyze the health system and the health insurance system in France and Thailand. This comparative study will, we hope, help to improve the health insurance system in Thailand