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Journal articles on the topic 'Collagen cross-linkers'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 March 2023

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1

Parise Gré, C., D. Pedrollo Lise, A. P. Ayres, J. De Munck, A. Tezvergil-Mutluay, R. Seseogullari-Dirihan, G. C. Lopes, K. Van Landuyt, and Bart Van Meerbeek. "Do collagen cross-linkers improve dentin’s bonding receptiveness?" Dental Materials 34, no. 11 (November 2018): 1679–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2018.08.303.

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2

Macedo, G. V., M. Yamauchi, and A. K. Bedran-Russo. "Effects of Chemical Cross-linkers on Caries-affected Dentin Bonding." Journal of Dental Research 88, no. 12 (November 5, 2009): 1096–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034509351001.

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The achievement of a strong and stable bond between composite resin and dentin remains a challenge in restorative dentistry. Over the past two decades, dental materials have been substantially improved, with better handling and bonding characteristics. However, little attention has been paid to the contribution of collagen structure/stability to bond strength. We hypothesized that the induction of cross-linking in dentin collagen improves dentin collagen stability and bond strength. This study investigated the effects of glutaraldehyde-and grape seed extract-induced cross-linking on the dentin bond strengths of sound and caries-affected dentin, and on the stability of dentin collagen. Our results demonstrated that the application of chemical cross-linking agents to etched dentin prior to bonding procedures significantly enhanced the dentin bond strengths of caries-affected and sound dentin. Glutaraldehyde and grape seed extract significantly increased dentin collagen stability in sound and caries-affected dentin, likely via distinct mechanisms.

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3

Aydin, B., S. Manohar, P. Messersmith, and A. K. Bedran-Russo. "Characterization of collagen-collagen interactions induced by chemical and natural cross-linkers." Dental Materials 28 (January 2012): e3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2012.07.013.

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4

Kaczmarek, Beata, and Olha Mazur. "Collagen-Based Materials Modified by Phenolic Acids—A Review." Materials 13, no. 16 (August 17, 2020): 3641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13163641.

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Collagen-based biomaterials constitute one of the most widely studied types of materials for biomedical applications. Low thermal and mechanical parameters are the main disadvantages of such structures. Moreover, they present low stability in the case of degradation by collagenase. To improve the properties of collagen-based materials, different types of cross-linkers have been researched. In recent years, phenolic acids have been studied as collagen modifiers. Mainly, tannic acid has been tested for collagen modification as it interacts with a polymeric chain by strong hydrogen bonds. When compared to pure collagen, such complexes show both antimicrobial activity and improved physicochemical properties. Less research reporting on other phenolic acids has been published. This review is a summary of the present knowledge about phenolic acids (e.g., tannic, ferulic, gallic, and caffeic acid) application as collagen cross-linkers. The studies concerning collagen-based materials with phenolic acids are summarized and discussed.

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5

Srivatsan, Kunnavakkam Vinjimur, Natarajan Duraipandy, Rachita Lakra, Sandhiya K, Usha Ramamurthy, Purna Sai Korrapati, and Manikantan Syamala Kiran. "Nano-caged shikimate as a multi-site cross-linker of collagen for biomedical applications." RSC Advances 5, no. 28 (2015): 22106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra02278a.

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6

Karol, S., and A. K. Bedran-Russo. "Nanomechanical properties of demineralized dentin treated with collagen cross linkers." Dental Materials 26, no. 2 (February 2010): e127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2009.11.083.

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7

Scheffel, D. L. S., J. Hebling, K. A. Agee, C. A. De Souza Costa, and D. H. Pashley. "Collagen degradation and MMP activity in dentin biomodified by cross-linkers." Dental Materials 30 (2014): e158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2014.08.322.

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8

Bedran-Russo, A. K., and C. S. Castellan. "Stability of caries-affected and sound dentin treated with collagen cross-linkers." Dental Materials 26, no. 2 (February 2010): e137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2009.11.105.

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9

De Paula, D. M., A. M. P. Da Ponte, M. P. De Lima, D. Lomonaco, S. E. Mazzetto, and V. P. Feitosa. "Pre-treatment using natural collagen cross-linkers on dentin bonding and biomodification." Dental Materials 34 (2018): e39-e40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2018.08.081.

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10

Hass, Viviane, Yong Li, Rong Wang, Dung Nguyen, Zhonghua Peng, and Yong Wang. "Methacrylate-functionalized proanthocyanidins as novel polymerizable collagen cross-linkers – Part 1: Efficacy in dentin collagen bio-stabilization and cross-linking." Dental Materials 37, no. 7 (July 2021): 1183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2021.04.006.

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11

Nagpal, Rajni, Shipra Singh, Payal Singh, Tushar Sharnam, and Naveen Manuja. "Role of Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors and Collagen Cross Linkers in Resin-dentin Bonding." Indian Journal of Contemporary Dentistry 3, no. 1 (2015): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2320-5962.2015.00015.7.

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12

Tarannum, Aafiya, Nitin P. Lobo, J. Raghava Rao, and N. Nishad Fathima. "Are aqueous solutions of choline-based ionic liquid biocompatible cross-linkers for collagen?" Journal of Molecular Liquids 303 (April 2020): 112654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112654.

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13

Skopinska-Wisniewska, Joanna, Marta Tuszynska, and Ewa Olewnik-Kruszkowska. "Comparative Study of Gelatin Hydrogels Modified by Various Cross-Linking Agents." Materials 14, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020396.

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Gelatin is a natural biopolymer derived from collagen. Due to its many advantages, such as swelling capacity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and commercial availability, gelatin is widely used in the field of pharmacy, medicine, and the food industry. Gelatin solutions easily form hydrogels during cooling, however, the materials are mechanically poor. To improve their properties, they are often chemically crosslinked. The cross-linking agents are divided into two groups: Zero-length and non-zero-length cross-linkers. In this study, gelatin was cross-linked by three different cross-linking agents: EDC-NHS, as a typically used cross-linker, and also squaric acid (SQ) and dialdehyde starch (DAS), as representatives of a second group of cross-linkers. For all prepared gelatin hydrogels, mechanical strength tests, thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy, swelling ability, and SEM images were performed. The results indicate that the dialdehyde starch is a better cross-linking agent for gelatin than EDC-NHS. Meanwhile, the use of squaric acid does not give beneficial changes to the properties of the hydrogel.

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14

Siqueira, Fabiana Suelen Figueredo de, Anna Luiza Szesz, Pedro Henrique de Aguiar Moreira, Lucila Cristina Rodrigues Araujo, Alessandra Reis, Andres Felipe Millan Cardenas, and Alessandro D. Loguercio. "Collagen cross-linking agents + dimethyl sulfoxide improving the adhesive properties of erosive lesion dentin." Brazilian Dental Journal 32, no. 6 (November 2021): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440202104595.

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Abstract To investigate the effect of the dimethyl sulfoxide combined with cross-linking agents on microtensile bond strength, silver nitrate penetration and in situ degree of conversion analysis of adhesives to the erosive dentin treatment with Cola-based soft drink. One hundred and sixty-six molars were assigned to 20 groups: (1) Treatment: Sound dentin; Erosive dentin; Erosive dentin treated with primer of dimethyl sulfoxide; Erosive dentin treated with DMSO primer containing proanthocyanidin and rivoflavin; (2) Adhesive systems: iBond Universal and Scotchbond Universal; and (3) adhesive strategy: etch-and-rinse or self-etch strategy. After restoration, specimens were sectioned into sticks to be tested. The data from microtensile bond strength (MPa), silver nitrate penetration (%) and in situ degree of conversion (%) were analyzed by (three- and two-factor ANOVA; Tukey's test α=5%). The application of dimethyl sulfoxide combined of not with cross-linkers improved all properties evaluated when compared to only erosive dentin treatment with Cola-based soft drink. However, only when dimethyl sulfoxide was combined to cross-linkers, the values of the microtensile bond strength, silver nitrate penetration and in situ degree of conversion in erosive dentin treatment with Cola-based soft drink was similar to sound dentin, for both adhesives and adhesive strategies. The application of dimethyl sulfoxide combined with the collagen cross-linking agent contributed to increasing the bond strength and degree of conversion in erosive lesion dentin, at the same time that significantly reduction of nanoleakage in this substrate.

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15

Castellan, Carina Strano, Ana Karina Bedran-Russo, Sachin Karol, and Patrícia Nóbrega Rodrigues Pereira. "Long-term stability of dentin matrix following treatment with various natural collagen cross-linkers." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 4, no. 7 (October 2011): 1343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.05.003.

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16

Lee, Dae Hoon, Atsushi Tamura, Yoshinori Arisaka, Ji-Hun Seo, and Nobuhiko Yui. "Mechanically Reinforced Gelatin Hydrogels by Introducing Slidable Supramolecular Cross-Linkers." Polymers 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 1787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111787.

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Tough mechanical properties are generally required for tissue substitutes used in regeneration of damaged tissue, as these substitutes must be able to withstand the external physical force caused by stretching. Gelatin, a biopolymer derived from collagen, is a biocompatible and cell adhesive material, and is thus widely utilized as a component of biomaterials. However, the application of gelatin hydrogels as a tissue substitute is limited owing to their insufficient mechanical properties. Chemical cross-linking is a promising method to improve the mechanical properties of hydrogels. We examined the potential of the chemical cross-linking of gelatin hydrogels with carboxy-group-modified polyrotaxanes (PRXs), a supramolecular polymer comprising a poly(ethylene glycol) chain threaded into the cavity of α-cyclodextrins (α-CDs), to improve mechanical properties such as stretchability and toughness. Cross-linking gelatin hydrogels with threading α-CDs in PRXs could allow for freely mobile cross-linking points to potentially improve the mechanical properties. Indeed, the stretchability and toughness of gelatin hydrogels cross-linked with PRXs were slightly higher than those of the hydrogels with the conventional chemical cross-linkers 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC)/N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). In addition, the hysteresis loss of gelatin hydrogels cross-linked with PRXs after repeated stretching and relaxation cycles in a hydrated state was remarkably improved in comparison with that of conventional cross-linked hydrogels. It is considered that the freely mobile cross-linking points of gelatin hydrogels cross-linked with PRXs attenuates the stress concentration. Accordingly, gelatin hydrogels cross-linked with PRXs would provide excellent mechanical properties as biocompatible tissue substitutes exposed to a continuous external physical force.

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17

Alrobeigy, Nabawy. "EFFECT OF NATURALLY DERIVED COLLAGEN CROSS-LINKERS ON DENTIN BONDING AT CLINICALLY RELEVANT EXPOSURE TIMES." Egyptian Dental Journal 63, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 859–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/edj.2017.75036.

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18

Castellan, Carina S., Ana K. Bedran-Russo, Alberto Antunes, and Patricia N. R. Pereira. "Effect of Dentin Biomodification Using Naturally Derived Collagen Cross-Linkers: One-Year Bond Strength Study." International Journal of Dentistry 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/918010.

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Purpose.This study investigated the long-term resin-dentin bond strength of dentin biomodified by proanthocyanidin-rich (PA) agents.Materials and Methods.Forty molars had their coronal dentin exposed, etched, and treated for 10 minutes with 6.5% grape seed extract (GSE), 6.5% cocoa seed extract ethanol-water (CSE-ET), 6.5% cocoa seed extract acetone-water (CSE-AC), and distilled water (CO). Samples were restored either with One-Step Plus (OS) or Adper Single-Bond Plus (SB). Bond strength test was performed immediately or after 3, 6, and 12 months.Results.HigherμTBS were observed for GSE immediately (SB- 62.9 MPa; OS- 51.9 MPa) when compared to CSE-ET (SB- 56.95 MPa; OS- 60.28 MPa), CSE-AC (SB- 49.97 MPa; OS- 54.44 MPa), and CO (SB- 52.0 MPa; OS- 44.0 MPa) (P<0.05). CSE outcomes were adhesive system and solvent dependant. After 12 months storage SB results showed no difference among treatment types (GSE- 57.15 MPa; CSE/ET- 54.04 MPa; CSE/AC- 48.22 MPa; CO- 51.68 MPa;P=0.347),while OS results where treatment dependent (GSE- 42.62 MPa; CSE/ET- 44.06 MPa; CSE/AC- 41.30 MPa; CO- 36.85 MPa;P=0.036).Conclusions.GSE and CSE-ET agents provided enhanced immediate adhesion and stabilization to demineralized dentin after long-term storage, depending on adhesive system.

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19

Sun, Leilei, Bafang Li, Dandan Jiang, and Hu Hou. "Nile tilapia skin collagen sponge modified with chemical cross-linkers as a biomedical hemostatic material." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 159 (November 2017): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.07.061.

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20

AbuElmagd, Dalia, Ahmed ElHoshy, and Eman Abouauf. "Effect of collagen cross-linkers on micro tensile bond strength of total-etch adhesive to dentin." Egyptian Dental Journal 64, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 2551–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/edj.2018.77239.

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21

Elango, Jeevithan, Yongshi Bu, Bao Bin, Jeyasekaran Geevaretnam, Jeya Shakila Robinson, and Wenhui Wu. "Effect of chemical and biological cross-linkers on mechanical and functional properties of shark catfish skin collagen films." Food Bioscience 17 (March 2017): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2016.12.002.

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22

Wang, Rong, Yong Li, Viviane Hass, Zhonghua Peng, and Yong Wang. "Methacrylate-functionalized proanthocyanidins as novel polymerizable collagen cross-linkers — Part 2: Effects on polymerization, microhardness and leaching of adhesives." Dental Materials 37, no. 7 (July 2021): 1193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2021.04.010.

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23

Vidhya, Sampath, Manimaran Sujatha, Sekar Mahalaxmi, and Sakhamuri Srinivasulu. "Effect of collagen cross-linkers on the shear bond strength of a self-etch adhesive system to deep dentin." Journal of Conservative Dentistry 16, no. 2 (2013): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-0707.108194.

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24

Walter, R., P. A. Miguez, R. R. Arnold, P. N. R. Pereira, W. R. Duarte, and M. Yamauchi. "Effects of Natural Cross-Linkers on the Stability of Dentin Collagen and the Inhibition of Root Caries in vitro." Caries Research 42, no. 4 (2008): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000135671.

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25

Dimida, Simona, Amilcare Barca, Nadia Cancelli, Vincenzo De Benedictis, Maria Grazia Raucci, and Christian Demitri. "Effects of Genipin Concentration on Cross-Linked Chitosan Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: Structural Characterization and Evidence of Biocompatibility Features." International Journal of Polymer Science 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8410750.

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Genipin (GN) is a natural molecule extracted from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis according to modern microbiological processes. Genipin is considered as a favorable cross-linking agent due to its low cytotoxicity compared to widely used cross-linkers; it cross-links compounds with primary amine groups such as proteins, collagen, and chitosan. Chitosan is a biocompatible polymer that is currently studied in bone tissue engineering for its capacity to promote growth and mineral-rich matrix deposition by osteoblasts in culture. In this work, two genipin cross-linked chitosan scaffolds for bone repair and regeneration were prepared with different GN concentrations, and their chemical, physical, and biological properties were explored. Scanning electron microscopy and mechanical tests revealed that nonremarkable changes in morphology, porosity, and mechanical strength of scaffolds are induced by increasing the cross-linking degree. Also, the degradation rate was shown to decrease while increasing the cross-linking degree, with the high cross-linking density of the scaffold disabling the hydrolysis activity. Finally, basic biocompatibility was investigated in vitro, by evaluating proliferation of two human-derived cell lines, namely, the MG63 (human immortalized osteosarcoma) and the hMSCs (human mesenchymal stem cells), as suitable cell models for bone tissue engineering applications of biomaterials.

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26

De-Paula, D. M., D. Lomonaco, A. M. P. Ponte, K. E. Cordeiro, M. M. Moreira, S. E. Mazzetto, and V. P. Feitosa. "Influence of collagen cross-linkers addition in phosphoric acid on dentin biomodification and bonding of an etch-and-rinse adhesive." Dental Materials 36, no. 1 (January 2020): e1-e8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2019.11.019.

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27

Liu, Xinhua, Zhuan Yan, Xuechuan Wang, Xiaoming Luo, Taotao Qiang, and Weihua Dan. "Development of a Novel Collagenous Matrix Based on Tissue-Mimicking Advanced Collagen Aggregate Synthetically Cross-Linked with Biological Cross-Linkers, OCS, and β-ODAP for Wound Healing." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 6, no. 12 (November 2018): 17142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b04529.

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28

Srinivasulu, S., S. Vidhya, M. Sujatha, and S. Mahalaxmi. "Shear Bond Strength of Composite to Deep Dentin After Treatment With Two Different Collagen Cross-linking Agents at Varying Time Intervals." Operative Dentistry 37, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/11-232-l.

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SUMMARY Objective This in vitro study evaluated the shear bond strength of composite resin to deep dentin using a total etch adhesive after treatment with two collagen cross-linking agents at varying time intervals. Materials and Methods Thirty freshly extracted human maxillary central incisors were sectioned longitudinally into equal mesial and distal halves (n=60). The proximal deep dentin was exposed, maintaining a remaining dentin thickness (RDT) of approximately 1 mm. The specimens were randomly divided into three groups based on the surface treatment of dentin prior to bonding as follows: group I (n=12, control): no prior dentin surface treatment; group II (n=24): dentin surface pretreated with 10% sodium ascorbate; and group III (n=24): dentin surface pretreated with 6.5% proanthocyanidin. Groups II and III were further subdivided into two subgroups of 12 specimens each, based on the pretreatment time of five minutes (subgroup A) and 10 minutes (subgroup B). Shear bond strength of the specimens was tested with a universal testing machine, and the data were statistically analyzed. Results Significantly higher shear bond strength to deep dentin was observed in teeth treated with 10% sodium ascorbate (group II) and 6.5% proanthocyanidin (group III) compared to the control group (group I). Among the collagen cross-linkers used, specimens treated with proanthocyanidin showed significantly higher shear bond strength values than those treated with sodium ascorbate. No significant difference was observed between the five-minute and 10-minute pretreatment times in groups II and III. Conclusion It can be concluded that dentin surface pretreatment with both 10% sodium ascorbate and 6.5% proanthocyanidin resulted in significant improvement in bond strength of resin composite to deep dentin.

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29

Hass, Viviane, Issis Virginia Luque-Martinez, Mario Felipe Gutierrez, Camila Guimarães Moreira, Valéria Bisinoto Gotti, Victor Pinheiro Feitosa, Garrit Koller, Michel Fleith Otuki, Alessandro D. Loguercio, and Alessandra Reis. "Collagen cross-linkers on dentin bonding: Stability of the adhesive interfaces, degree of conversion of the adhesive, cytotoxicity and in situ MMP inhibition." Dental Materials 32, no. 6 (June 2016): 732–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2016.03.008.

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30

Yuan, Quan, Xiao Dong Guo, Qi Xin Zheng, Ming Zhao, Zheng Qi Pan, Shun Guang Chen, and Da Ping Quan. "Bioinspired Growth of Hydroxyapatite Nanocrystals on PLGA- (PEG- ASP)n Scaffolds Modified with Oligopeptide Derived from BMP-2." Key Engineering Materials 334-335 (March 2007): 1261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.334-335.1261.

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Natural bone is a typical example of an “organic matrix-mediated” biomineralization process which constituted of hydroxyapatite(HA) nanocrystals orderly grown in intimate contact with collagen fibers. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) is the most powerful osteogenic factor. But it is extremely difficult to be manufactured in large scale. In previous study, we have designed a novel oligopeptide (P24) derived from BMP2 knuckle epitope and it contained abundant Asp(aspartic acid) and phosphorylated Ser(serine) which may be helpful for self-assambly biomineralization and osteogenesis. Previous In vivo experiments have shown that this novel oligopeptide had excellent osteoinductive and ectopic bone formation property which was similar to that of BMP2. In this study, PLGA-(PEG-ASP)n scaffolds were modified with P24 and a new biomimetic bone tissue engineering scaffold material with enhanced bioactivity was synthesized by a biologically inspired mineralization approach. Peptide P24 was introduced into PLGA-(PEG-ASP)n scaffolds using cross-linkers. Then the P24 modified scaffolds and the simple PLGA-(PEG-ASP)n scaffolds were incubated in modified simulated body fluid (mSBF) for 10 days. Growth of HA nanocrystals on the materials was confirmed by observation SEM and measurements EDS and XRD. SEM analysis demonstrated the well growth of bonelike HA nanocrystals on P24 modified PLGA-(PEG-ASP)n scaffolds than that of the control scaffolds. The main component of mineral of the P24 modified scaffolds was hydroxyapatite containing low crystalline nanocrystals, and the Ca/P ratio was nearly 1.60, similar to that of natural bone, while that of the control scaffolds was 1.52. The introduction of peptide P24 into PLGA- (PEG- ASP)n copolymer provides abundant active sites to mediate the nucleation and self- ssembling of HA nanocrystals in mSBF. the resulted peptide P24 modified- HA/PLGA- (PEG- ASP)n composite shows some features of natural bone both in main composition and and hierarchical microstructure. This biomimetic treatment provides a simple method for surface functionalization and subsequent biomineralization on biodegradable polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering.

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31

Chen, Huan, Guangdi Sun, Huimin Wang, Shiyang Yu, Zilu Tian, and Song Zhu. "Effect of collagen cross-linkers on dentin bond strength: A systematic review and network meta-analysis." Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 10 (January 24, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.1100894.

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Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the role of collagen cross-linkers in the bonding performance of the resin-dentin interface through a systematic review and a network meta-analysis.Sources: The literature search was conducted in several databases like PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, Scopus and Web of Science from their inception till 30 April 2022.Study selection: The inclusion criteria consisted of in vitro studies evaluating the micro-tensile and micro-shear bond strengths of different cross-linkers acting on dentin. Bayesian network meta-analysis was conducted using RStudio.Data: Out of the 294 studies evaluated in the full-text analysis, 40 were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Most studies have used cross-linkers as primer (65.1%), followed by incorporating them into in adhesives and acid etching agents. The application methods of the adhesive system were classified as “etch-and-rinse (ER) adhesives” (77%) and “self-etching (SE) adhesives”. Moreover, there were six types of cross-linkers in this presented review, of which the most numerous were polyphenols.Conclusion: Different application methods of cross-linkers, the long-term results showed that were only effective when used for longer durations, the immediate results were not statistically different. According to immediate and long-term results, etch-and-rinse (ER) adhesives showed a greater bonding performance than the control groups (p ≤ 0.05), whereas self-etching (SE) adhesives showed similar bond strength values (p ≥ 0.05). The result of network meta-analysis (NMA) showed that Dope like compound showed higher long-term bonding performance than other cross-linkers.Clinical significance: Long-term clinical studies may be needed to determine the effect of the cross-linkers on the bonding properties.

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32

Swamy, Radhakrishnan Narayana, A. Gnanamani, Sangeetha Shanmugasamy, Ramesh Kumar Gopal, and Asit Baran Mandal. "Bioinformatics in crosslinking chemistry of collagen with selective cross linkers." BMC Research Notes 4, no. 1 (October 12, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-4-399.

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33

WANG, Rong, Tyler STANLEY, Xiaomei YAO, Hang LIU, and Yong WANG. "Collagen stabilization by natural cross-linkers: A qualitative and quantitative FTIR study on ultra-thin dentin collagen model." Dental Materials Journal, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2021-247.

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34

Shamly, M., and Iffat M. D. S. Nasim. "Effect of flavonoids on bond strength of dentin adhesives." International journal of health sciences, April 13, 2022, 2140–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6ns3.5976.

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The effectiveness of adhesive restorations depends on a durable long-term dentin bond. Due to collagen fibril denaturation, the consistency and durability of bonding to caries-affected dentin can be questioned as compared to sound dentin. Exogenous cross-linking agents have been suggested as a viable method of inhibiting MMP activity and retaining collagen within the dentin-bonded interface. Due to their strong antioxidant capacity, flavonoids are natural cross linkers that play an important role in protecting unprotected collagen fibrils inside the hybrid layer. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of flavonoids incorporated dentin adhesives in improving the bond strength of composite resin. A search was performed in the electronic databases (PUBMED CENTRAL, Medline, Scopus, Lilacs, Science Direct, Google scholar and Hand Search) using search terms alone and in combination by means of PUBMED search builder upto March 2021. Also cross check of reference was done on all potentially eligible articles. Initially 47 articles were identified.2 articles were removed because of duplicates. After title and abstract screening 27 articles were removed.After reading full texts,4 articles were removed and finally 14 articles were included in this review for detailed analysis.

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35

Hassani, Ayla, Çığır Biray Avci, Sajed Nazif Kerdar, Hassan Amini, Meisam Amini, Mahdi Ahmadi, Shinji Sakai, et al. "Interaction of alginate with nano-hydroxyapatite-collagen using strontium provides suitable osteogenic platform." Journal of Nanobiotechnology 20, no. 1 (June 28, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12951-022-01511-9.

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Abstract Background Hydrogels based on organic/inorganic composites have been at the center of attention for the fabrication of engineered bone constructs. The establishment of a straightforward 3D microenvironment is critical to maintaining cell-to-cell interaction and cellular function, leading to appropriate regeneration. Ionic cross-linkers, Ca2+, Ba2+, and Sr2+, were used for the fabrication of Alginate-Nanohydroxyapatite-Collagen (Alg-nHA-Col) microspheres, and osteogenic properties of human osteoblasts were examined in in vitro and in vivo conditions after 21 days. Results Physicochemical properties of hydrogels illustrated that microspheres cross-linked with Sr2+ had reduced swelling, enhanced stability, and mechanical strength, as compared to the other groups. Human MG-63 osteoblasts inside Sr2+ cross-linked microspheres exhibited enhanced viability and osteogenic capacity indicated by mineralization and the increase of relevant proteins related to bone formation. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) array analysis of the Wnt (Wingless-related integration site) signaling pathway revealed that Sr2+ cross-linked microspheres appropriately induced various signaling transduction pathways in human osteoblasts leading to osteogenic activity and dynamic growth. Transplantation of Sr2+ cross-linked microspheres with rat osteoblasts into cranium with critical size defect in the rat model accelerated bone formation analyzed with micro-CT and histological examination. Conclusion Sr2+ cross-linked Alg-nHA-Col hydrogel can promote functionality and dynamic growth of osteoblasts. Graphical Abstract

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Liu, Bowen, Xiaoxuan Ma, Chenhui Zhu, Yu Mi, Daidi Fan, Xian Li, and Lan Chen. "Study of a novel injectable hydrogel of human-like collagen and carboxymethylcellulose for soft tissue augmentation." e-Polymers 13, no. 1 (December 1, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2013-0135.

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Abstract A novel injectable hydrogel was fabricated by human-like collagen (HLC) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) as cross-linkers. The morphology and structure of the hydrogels were characterized by scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the HLC and CMC were successfully cross-linked through amide bonds and HLC could enhance the pore size of the composite, whereas CMC could be a strong backbone in the hydrogel to keep its appearance. The results of thermogravimetric analysis showed that the thermostability of HLC/CMC was strengthened significantly as compared with that of CMC. The tests of the equilibrium swelling ratio and in vitro degradability indicated that the HLC/CMC hydrogel possesses good water absorbing ability and slow degradability in vitro. Finally, biocompatibility test provided the possibility that HLC/CMC hydrogels are suitable for biomedical applications such as soft tissue augmentation for their good biocompatibility.

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El gindy, Ahmad Hassan, Dalia I. Sherief, and Dalia I. El-Korashy. "Effect of Dentin Biomodification Using Natural Collagen Cross-Linkers on the Durability of the Resin-Dentin Bond and Demineralized Dentin Stiffness." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4226759.

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El Gindy, Ahmad H., Dalia I. Sherief, and Dalia I. El-Korashy. "Effect of dentin biomodification using natural collagen cross-linkers on the durability of the resin-dentin bond and demineralized dentin stiffness." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, November 2022, 105551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105551.

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Lan, Guanhua, Suping Zhu, Dong Chen, Hua Zhang, Lijin Zou, and Yuanlin Zeng. "Highly Adhesive Antibacterial Bioactive Composite Hydrogels With Controllable Flexibility and Swelling as Wound Dressing for Full-Thickness Skin Healing." Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 9 (December 23, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.785302.

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Polyzwitterionic hydrogels as skin wound dressings have been extensively studied owing to their superior antibacterial properties and skin adhesiveness, but their practical applications still suffer from a low adhesion strength and a high swelling ratio, which hinder the application of hydrogel for cutaneous healing. Here, we developed a novel biocompatible poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide (PolySBMA) composite hydrogel with high stretchability, low swelling, strong skin adhesiveness, and antibacterial effect for enhancing wound healing. Naturally rigid polymers including quaternized chitosan methacrylate (QCSMA) and gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) are used as bioactive cross-linkers to endow PolySBMA/QCSMA/GelMA (SQG) hydrogel with a low swelling ratio and high bioactivity. The optimized hydrogel has excellent mechanical flexibility, with the ultimate tensile strength, tensile strain, modulus, and toughness of up to 344.5 kPa, 364%, 14.7 kPa, and 33.4 kJ m−3, respectively. The adhesiveness of the hydrogel to the skin tissue is as high as 38.2 kPa, which is critical for stopping the bleeding from the wound. The synergistic contributions from the PolySBMA and QCSMA endow hydrogel with good antibacterial properties against both Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli. Moreover, the natural polymer cross-linked polyzwitterionic hydrogel shows good cell activity, hemocompatibility, and histocompatibility. The in vivo full-thickness skin defect model demonstrates that the SQG hydrogel efficiently improves the granulation tissue formation and collagen deposition. In summary, such superiorly skin-adhesive antibacterial biocompatible hydrogel with controllable flexibility and swelling holds great promise as wound dressings for acute wounds.

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