Journal articles: 'Cold'

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Quealy-Gainer, Kate. "Cold Summer by Gwen Cole." Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 70, no. 9 (2017): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.2017.0343.

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Tomei, Leonardo, Francesca Saretta, Stefania Arasi, Lucrezia Sarti, Amelia Licari, Mattia Giovannini, Simona Barni, et al. "Cold Anaphylaxis in Children: Italian Case Series and Review of the Literature." Diseases 11, no. 4 (October 18, 2023): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diseases11040143.

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Chronic urticaria (CU) is one of the most common skin disorders worldwide. Among the inducible subgroup of CU, cold urticaria (ColdU) can affect both children and adults and is the only type associated with the risk of anaphylaxis without cofactors. In the scientific literature, data about cold anaphylaxis (ColdA) are poor, especially at pediatric age, and little is known about risk factors associated with the onset of systemic reactions and about the criteria for prescribing adrenaline auto-injectors (AAIs) in these patients. We describe the clinical characteristics and management of a case series of 21 patients with a history of ColdA, and we compare them with the pediatric case reports and case series published so far. On the basis of the scientific literature and of our case series of patients, we suggest that AAI should be prescribed to all high-risk patients: those with urticaria caused by cold-water immersion, oropharyngeal reactions, and with a previous history of systemic symptoms or anaphylaxis.

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Karabag Citlak, Hilal, Dilek Azkur, Yuksel Kavas Yildiz, Ali Can Demirel, Hakan Kot, Emine Vezir, Mehmet Kilic, et al. "Cold-induced urticaria in children: A multicenter, retrospective cohort study." Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 44, no. 6 (November 1, 2023): e36-e43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2023.44.230050.

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Background: Studies of cold-induced urticaria (ColdU) in pediatric patients are limited and not well characterized. Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the characteristics of ColdU in children. Methods: A multicenter, retrospective chart review was performed in children ages ≤18 years diagnosed with ColdU at 11 pediatric allergy and immunology centers in Turkey between September 1, 2010, and August 31, 2022. Results: A total of 83 children with ColdU were included, 54.2% were girls, and the mean age of symptom onset was 8.8 years. The median duration of ColdU at the time of diagnosis was significantly higher in the girls than in the boys (1.0 years [0.0‐13.8 years] versus 0.3 years [0.0‐15.0 years]; p = 0.007). All the patients underwent an ice cube test, and 71.1% were found positive (typical ColdU). The mean ± standard deviation age of onset was significantly higher in the patients with typical ColdU versus atypical patients (9.4 ± 4.5 years versus 7.3 ± 4.5 years; p = 0.041). Swimming alone and in combination with the wind were significantly the most reported triggers in patients with cold-induced anaphylaxis (ColdA) when compared with patients with ColdU and with nonanaphylactic symptoms (70.0% versus 28.9% [p = 0.022], and 50.0% versus 4.1% [p < 0.001], respectively). Only patients with other chronic urticaria were found to be associated with the development of typical ColdU (p = 0.036). The median total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) was significantly higher in typical ColdU than in atypical patients (72.5 IU/mL [3.86 ‐ 2500 IU/mL] versus 30.0 IU/mL [0.83 ‐ 1215 IU/mL]; p = 0.007); however, total serum IgE differences were not found to affect ColdU resolution between the two groups (p = 0.204). The resolution was documented in 30.4%. Conclusion: Those who were boys and had a positive ice cube test result could have an association with earlier onset of ColdU. Those swimming alone on a windy day were at highest risk for ColdA. It is still unclear what characteristics are associated with the resolution of ColdU, and this warrants further investigation.

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Yongbin, Qi, Patcharaporn Summat, Natjaree Panyawut, Kannika Sikaewtung, Khanittha Ditthab, Keasinee Tongmark, Sriprapai Chakhonkaen, et al. "Identification of Rice Accessions Having Cold Tolerance at the Seedling Stage and Development of Novel Genotypic Assays for Predicting Cold Tolerance." Plants 12, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12010215.

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Rice is susceptible to cold stress at the seedling stage, which can delay growth and decrease yield. We evaluated 187 rice accessions for cold tolerance at the seedling stage and developed genotypic assays for three markers. All japonica (20/20) and 20/140 indica accessions were highly cold tolerant. Two SNP markers specific for COLD1 and LOC_Os10g34840 were practical to use by normal agarose gel. The SNP marker specific for COLD1 was highly specific for predicting cold tolerance. However, the sensitivity of this marker was low as several cold-tolerant indica accessions lacked the cold-tolerant allele. The LOC_Os10g34840 marker was slightly more sensitive than the COLD1 marker for predicting highly cold-tolerant accessions. An insertion/deletion variant in the NAC6 gene was identified as a novel cold tolerance marker. The NAC6 marker predicted more highly cold-tolerant accessions compared with the other two markers. The SNP marker specific for LOC_Os10g34840 and the NAC6 marker were present in several tested subgroups, suggesting their wide effects and distribution. The three markers combined predicted the most highly cold-tolerant accessions, indicating that the marker combination is superior for applications such as marker-assisted breeding. The cold-tolerant accessions and the genotypic marker assays will be useful for future rice breeding.

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EBY, GEORGE. "Cold-Eeze?? Lozenge for Common Colds." American Journal of Therapeutics 10, no. 3 (May 2003): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00045391-200305000-00012.

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MCELROY, BETTY HOWELL. "Cold-Eeze?? Lozenge for Common Colds." American Journal of Therapeutics 10, no. 3 (May 2003): 233–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00045391-200305000-00013.

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Shi, YiTing, and ShuHua Yang. "COLD1: a cold sensor in rice." Science China Life Sciences 58, no. 4 (March 5, 2015): 409–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11427-015-4831-6.

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Giuliodori, Anna, Attilio Fabbretti, and Claudio Gualerzi. "Cold-Responsive Regions of Paradigm Cold-Shock and Non-Cold-Shock mRNAs Responsible for Cold Shock Translational Bias." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 3 (January 22, 2019): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20030457.

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In Escherichia coli, the mRNA transcribed from the main cold-shock gene cspA is a thermosensor, which at low temperature adopts a conformation particularly suitable for translation in the cold. Unlike cspA, its paralogue cspD is expressed only at 37 °C, is toxic so cannot be hyper-expressed in E. coli and is poorly translated in vitro, especially at low temperature. In this work, chimeric mRNAs consisting of different segments of cspA and cspD were constructed to determine if parts of cspA could confer cold-responsive properties to cspD to improve its expression. The activities of these chimeric mRNAs in translation and in partial steps of translation initiation such as formation of 30S initiation complexes and 50S subunits docking to 30S complexes to yield 70S initiation complexes were analyzed. We show that the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR) of cspA mRNA is sufficient to improve the translation of cspD mRNA at 37 °C whereas both the 5′UTR and the region immediately downstream the cspA mRNA initiation triplet are essential for translation at low temperature. Furthermore, the translational apparatus of cold-stressed cells contains trans-active elements targeting both 5′UTR and downstream regions of cspA mRNA, thereby improving translation of specific chimeric constructs at both 15 and 37 °C.

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Wypij, Jackie M., and Holly C. Pondenis. "E. coli-Derived L-Asparaginase Retains Enzymatic and Cytotoxic ActivityIn Vitrofor Canine and Feline Lymphoma after Cold Storage." Veterinary Medicine International 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/786162.

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Background. L-asparaginase is effective in treating canine and feline lymphoma, however chemotherapy poses a significant financial cost to veterinary clients, limiting therapy for many pets. Single dose vials result in significant drug wastage, and drug shortages limit consistent availability for pets.Hypothesis.E. coli-derived asparaginase retains enzymatic and antineoplastic activity in canine and feline lymphoma cells after cold storage.Methods.E. coli-derived asparaginase was cold-stored: refrigeration (7–14 days) and freezing (14 days–six months, one to three freeze/thaw cycles). Enzymatic activity of asparaginase was measured via a modified asparagine assay. Effects of cold-stored asparaginase on cell proliferation and cytotoxicity were measured in feline (MYA-1, F1B) and canine (17–71, OSW) lymphoma cells.Results. Cold-storedE. coli-derived asparaginase retains antineoplastic activity in all four cell lines tested. Cold-storedE. coli-derived L-asparaginase depletes asparagine and retains enzymatic activity. Duration of refrigeration, duration of freezing, and number of freeze-thaw cycles have minimal effect on asparaginase enzyme activity.Conclusions and Clinical Importance. This study establishes a scientific basis for long-term cold storage of reconstitutedE. coli-derived asparaginase that may result in better utilization of limited drug resources and improve financial feasibility ofE. coli-derived asparaginase as a therapeutic option for pets with lymphoma.

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10

Salvage, Ann. "Cold homes: cold comfort." Primary Health Care 7, no. 10 (December 1997): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/phc.7.10.10.s10.

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11

ELHANAFI, D., B. LEENANON, W. BANG, and M. A. DRAKE. "Impact of Cold and Cold-Acid Stress on Poststress Tolerance and Virulence Factor Expression ofEscherichia coli O157:H7†‡." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.1.19.

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The effect of extended cold or cold-acid storage ofEscherichia coli O157:H7 on subsequent acid tolerance, freeze-thaw survival, heat tolerance, and virulence factor (Shiga toxin, intimin, and hemolysin) expression was determined. ThreeE. coli O157:H7 strains were stressed at 4°C in TSB or pH 5.5 TSB for 4 weeks. The acid (TSB [pH 2.0] or simulated gastric fluid [pH 1.5]) tolerance, freeze-thaw (−20°C to 21°C) survival, and heat (56°C) tolerance of stressed cells were compared with those of control cells. The β-galactosidase activities of stressed and control cells containing a lacZ gene fusion in the stx2, eaeA, or hlyA gene were determined following stress in TSB or pH 5.5 TSB at 37°C and in the exponential and stationary phases. Cold and cold-acid stresses decreased acid tolerance (P < 0.05), with a larger decrease in acid tolerance being observed after cold stress than after cold-acid stress (P < 0.05). Cold stress increased freeze-thaw survival for all three strains (P < 0.05). Prior cold or cold-acid stress had no effect on virulence factor production (P > 0.05), although growth in acidic media (pH 5.5) enhanced eaeA and hlyA expression (P < 0.05). These results indicate that the prolonged storage ofE. coli O157: H7 at 4°C has substantial effects on freeze-thaw tolerance but does not affect subsequent virulence gene expression.

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Tian, Ran, Sidi Xie, Junjie Zhang, Hanmei Liu, Yangping Li, Yufeng Hu, Yubi Huang, and Yinghong Liu. "Identification of Morphogenesis-Related NDR Kinase Signaling Network and Its Regulation on Cold Tolerance in Maize." Plants 12, no. 20 (October 21, 2023): 3639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12203639.

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The MOR (Morphogenesis-related NDR kinase) signaling network, initially identified in yeast, exhibits evolutionary conservation across eukaryotes and plays indispensable roles in the normal growth and development of these organisms. However, the functional role of this network and its associated genes in maize (Zea mays) has remained elusive until now. In this study, we identified a total of 19 maize MOR signaling network genes, and subsequent co-expression analysis revealed that 12 of these genes exhibited stronger associations with each other, suggesting their potential collective regulation of maize growth and development. Further analysis revealed significant co-expression between genes involved in the MOR signaling network and several genes related to cold tolerance. All MOR signaling network genes exhibited significant co-expression with COLD1 (Chilling tolerance divergence1), a pivotal gene involved in the perception of cold stimuli, suggesting that COLD1 may directly transmit cold stress signals to MOR signaling network genes subsequent to the detection of a cold stimulus. The findings indicated that the MOR signaling network may play a crucial role in modulating cold tolerance in maize by establishing an intricate relationship with key cold tolerance genes, such as COLD1. Under low-temperature stress, the expression levels of certain MOR signaling network genes were influenced, with a significant up-regulation observed in Zm00001d010720 and a notable down-regulation observed in Zm00001d049496, indicating that cold stress regulated the MOR signaling network. We identified and analyzed a mutant of Zm00001d010720, which showed a higher sensitivity to cold stress, thereby implicating its involvement in the regulation of cold stress in maize. These findings suggested that the relevant components of the MOR signaling network are also conserved in maize and this signaling network plays a vital role in modulating the cold tolerance of maize. This study offered valuable genetic resources for enhancing the cold tolerance of maize.

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OMOGBAI, B. A., and A. IDEHEN. "BIOACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE MUSHROOM Rigidoporus lignosus (Klot) IMAZEKI." Nigerian Journal of Life Sciences (ISSN: 2276-7029) 5, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.52417/njls.v5i1.206.

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The antagonistic effect of hot and cold water extracts of Rigidoporus lignosus was investigated in-vitro against some pathogenic microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans. The extracts showed a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the hot and cold water extracts against Staphylococcus aureus were 16g/150ml and 20g/150ml respectively. For Candida albicans, the MIC of the hot and cold water extracts were 16g/150ml and 14g/150ml respectively.The MIC of E. coli was 20g/150ml for both cold and hot water extracts.The extracts did not inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of cold water extract against Staphylococcus aureus was 20g/150ml. The hot water extract showed an MBC greater than 20g/150ml for this organism. The MBC of E coli for both hot and cold water extract was >20g/150ml.With cold water extract, the MBC for C. albicans was 16g/150ml but >20g/150ml using hot water extract.The lowest zone of inhibition against C. albicans was 6.00± 00mm at 6hours using 20g/150ml of either hot or cold water. This organism had the widest zone of inhibition of 12.67± 0.33mm at 24 hours using hot water. The next was E coli with a zone diameter of 12.36±0.09mm at 72hours using hot water extract. This was not significantly different (P=0.05) from that of S.aureus (12.33±0.33mm) at 24 hours using 16g/150ml. Phytochemical analysis of the extract showed it to contain flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids which are probably responsible for its biological activity. Both hot and cold water extracts of the mushroom Rigidoporus lignosus will be helpful in managing bacterial and fungal infections or employed as food preservative.

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Awano, Naoki, Masayori Inouye, and Sangita Phadtare. "RNase Activity of Polynucleotide Phosphorylase Is Critical at Low Temperature in Escherichia coli and Is Complemented by RNase II." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 17 (July 7, 2008): 5924–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00500-08.

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ABSTRACT In Escherichia coli, the cold shock response is exerted upon a temperature change from 37°C to 15°C and is characterized by induction of several cold shock proteins, including polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase), during acclimation phase. In E. coli, PNPase is essential for growth at low temperatures; however, its exact role in this essential function has not been fully elucidated. PNPase is a 3′-to-5′ exoribonuclease and promotes the processive degradation of RNA. Our screening of an E. coli genomic library for an in vivo counterpart of PNPase that can compensate for its absence at low temperature revealed only one protein, another 3′-to-5′ exonuclease, RNase II. Here we show that the RNase PH domains 1 and 2 of PNPase are important for its cold shock function, suggesting that the RNase activity of PNPase is critical for its essential function at low temperature. We also show that its polymerization activity is dispensable in its cold shock function. Interestingly, the third 3′-to-5′ processing exoribonuclease, RNase R of E. coli, which is cold inducible, cannot complement the cold shock function of PNPase. We further show that this difference is due to the different targets of these enzymes and stabilization of some of the PNPase-sensitive mRNAs, like fis, in the Δpnp cells has consequences, such as accumulation of ribosomal subunits in the Δpnp cells, which may play a role in the cold sensitivity of this strain.

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Li, Xuting, Qi Liu, Rongqi Wu, Jie Bing, Lamei Zheng, Batu Sumbur, Yijun Zhou, and Fei Gao. "Proteomic Analysis of the Cold Stress Response of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus Reveals the Role of AmCHIA in Its Cold Tolerance." Horticulturae 9, no. 10 (October 9, 2023): 1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9101114.

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Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, a traditional ethnic medicinal herb, is a rare broad-leaved evergreen shrub in the arid region of central Asia that can survive under extremely low temperatures during winter. In this study, we investigated the cold stress response of A. mongolicus leaves using physiological and proteomic approaches. Cold stress treatment increased the relative electrolyte leakage, proline, and soluble sugar levels and decreased the chlorophyll content in A. mongolicus leaves. Moreover, 93 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were identified using two-dimensional electrophoresis, of which 79 were further confirmed via tandem mass spectrometric analysis. The predicted functions of DAPs were mainly associated with photosynthesis in chloroplasts, reactive oxygen species scavenging, defense, and protein synthesis, folding, and degradation. A. mongolicus chitinase A (AmCHIA) is a cold-induced apoplast protein whose transcription is upregulated under cold, osmotic, high-salinity, and mechanical stresses. Recombinant AmCHIA expressed in Escherichia coli exhibits chitinase activity. Here, AmCHIA expression enhanced the cold tolerance of E. coli cells, suggesting that it may contribute to the cold adaptation of A. mongolicus after cold treatment. The present study not only provides important data for understanding the cold stress responses in plants but also serves as a basis for further exploration of the biological functions of cold-induced proteins in A. mongolicus using genetic approaches.

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Russell, N. J. "Cold shock and cold acclimation in cold-adapted bacteria." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 126 (July 2000): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1095-6433(00)80258-5.

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Awano, Naoki, Vaishnavi Rajagopal, Mark Arbing, Smita Patel, John Hunt, Masayori Inouye, and Sangita Phadtare. "Escherichia coli RNase R Has Dual Activities, Helicase and RNase." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 5 (December 18, 2009): 1344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01368-09.

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ABSTRACT In Escherichia coli, the cold shock response occurs when there is a temperature downshift from 37°C to 15°C, and this response is characterized by induction of several cold shock proteins, including the DEAD-box helicase CsdA, during the acclimation phase. CsdA is involved in a variety of cellular processes. Our previous studies showed that the helicase activity of CsdA is critical for its function in cold shock acclimation of cells and that the only proteins that were able to complement its function were another helicase, RhlE, an RNA chaperone, CspA, and a cold-inducible exoribonuclease, RNase R. Interestingly, other major 3′-to-5′ processing exoribonucleases of E. coli, such as polynucleotide phosphorylase and RNase II, cannot complement the cold shock function of CsdA. Here we carried out a domain analysis of RNase R and showed that this protein has two distinct activities, RNase and helicase, which are independent of each other and are due to different domains. Mutant RNase R proteins that lack the RNase activity but exhibit the helicase activity were able to complement the cold shock function of CsdA, suggesting that only the helicase activity of RNase R is essential for complementation of the cold shock function of CsdA. We also observed that in vivo deletion of the two cold shock domains resulted in a loss of the ability of RNase R to complement the cold shock function of CsdA. We further demonstrated that RNase R exhibits helicase activity in vitro independent of its RNase activity. Our results shed light on the unique properties of RNase R and how it is distinct from other exoribonucleases in E. coli.

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Cooling, Laura L. "Kids, colds, and complement: paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria." Transfusion 57, no. 6 (June 2017): 1332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/trf.14128.

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Clemens, Walter C. "Cold Light on Cold War." Worldview 28, no. 3 (March 1985): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0084255900046775.

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Americans can be thankful for their many wise and articulate analysts in such places as the Brookings Institution and Time's Washington bureau, as well as in the State Department and other branches of the U.S. Government. Leon V. Sigal, for example, was a visiting scholar at' Brookings when he wrote Nuclear Forces in Europe. His already wide reading knowledge had been enriched by experience as assistant director of the Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs in 1970-80 and by discussions with others at Brookings (for instance, Raymond L. Garthoff, former executive secretary of the SALT I delegation). Strobe Talbott has written two previous books on arms control and foreign policy while working in Washington as Time's diplomatic correspondent. Trained at Yale and Oxford, he has served also in the London and Moscow offices of Time. Talbott has read widely and seems to have easy access to many U.S. policymakers on arms control. Sigal and Talbott display not only a powerful mastery of the relevant facts, but also an ability to present complexities with elegant clarity. They have additional gifts of empathy, wisdom, and cautious realism concerning what can and should be done about arms limitation.

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Budd, G. M. "Cold stress and cold adaptation." Journal of Thermal Biology 18, no. 5-6 (December 1993): 629–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4565(93)90103-z.

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O'Connell, Kevin P., and Michael F. Thomashow. "Transcriptional Organization and Regulation of a Polycistronic Cold Shock Operon in Sinorhizobium meliloti RM1021 Encoding Homologs of the Escherichia coli Major Cold Shock Gene cspA and Ribosomal Protein GenerpsU." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 392–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.1.392-400.2000.

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ABSTRACT A homolog of the major eubacterial cold shock gene cspAwas identified in Sinorhizobium meliloti RM1021 byluxAB reporter transposon mutagenesis. Here we further characterize the organization and regulation of this locus. DNA sequence analysis indicated that the locus includes three open reading frames (ORFs) encoding homologs corresponding to CspA, a novel 10.6-kDa polypeptide designated ORF2, and a homolog of the Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S21. Transcription analysis indicated that this locus produced two different-sized cspA-hybridizing transcripts upon cold shock, a 400-nucleotide (nt) RNA encodingcspA alone and a 1,000-nt transcript encodingcspA-ORF2-rpsU. The sizes of the transcripts agreed with the location of the transcription start site determined by primer extension and the locations of two putative transcriptional terminators. The promoter of the cspA-ORF2-rpsU locus had −10 and −35 elements similar to the E. coliς70 consensus promoter and, like the cspAlocus of E. coli, included an AT-rich region upstream of the −35 hexamer. The promoter of the S. meliloti cspAlocus was found to impart cold shock-induced mRNA accumulation. In addition, the 5′-untranslated region (5′ UTR) was found to increase the fold induction of cspA transcripts after cold shock and depressed the level of luxAB mRNA prior to cold shock, another feature similar to cspA regulation in E. coli. No “cold box” was identified upstream of the S. meliloti cspA gene, however, and there was no other obvious sequence identity between the S. meliloti 5′ UTR and that of E. coli. DNA hybridization analysis indicated that outside the cspA-ORF2-rpsU cold shock locus there are several additional cspA-like genes and a secondrpsU homolog.

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Witek, Theodore J., David L. Ramsey, Andrew N. Carr, and Donald K. Riker. "The natural history of community-acquired common colds symptoms assessed over 4-years." Rhinology journal 53, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino14.149.

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Background: The common cold is the most frequently experienced infection among humans, but limited data exist to characterize the onset, duration, severity and intersection of symptoms in community-acquired colds. A more complete understanding of the symptom frequency and burden in naturally occurring colds is needed. Methodology: We characterized common cold symptoms from 226 cold episodes experienced by 104 male or female subjects. Subjects were enrolled in the work environment in an attempt to start symptom evaluation (frequency and severity) at the earliest sign of their cold. We also assessed the symptom that had the greatest impact on the subject by asking them to identify their single most bothersome symptom. Results: Symptom reporting started within 24 hours of cold onset for most subjects. Sore throat was a harbinger of the illness but was accompanied by multiple symptoms, including nasal congestion, runny nose and headache. Cough was not usually the most frequent symptom, but was present throughout the cold, becoming most bothersome later in the cold. Nasal congestion, pain (eg, sore throat, headache, muscle pains) or feverishness and secretory symptoms (eg, runny nose, sneezing), and even cough, were simultaneously experienced with high incidence over the first 4 days of illness. The single most bothersome symptom was sore throat on day 1, followed by nasal congestion on days 2-5 and cough on days 6 and 7. Conclusion: There is substantial overlap in the appearance of common cold symptoms over the first several days of the common cold. Nasal congestion, secretory and pain symptoms frequently occur together, with cough being somewhat less prominent, but quite bothersome when present. These data establish the typical symptomatology of a common cold and provide a foundation for the rational treatment of cold symptoms typically experienced by cold sufferers.

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LEENANON, B., and M. A. DRAKE. "Acid Stress, Starvation, and Cold Stress Affect Poststress Behavior of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Nonpathogenic Escherichia coli†." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 970–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.7.970.

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The effects of acid shock, acid adaptation, starvation, and cold stress of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ATCC 43895), an rpo S mutant (FRIK 816-3), and nonpathogenic E. coli (ATCC 25922) on poststress heat resistance and freeze–thaw resistance were investigated. Following stress, heat tolerance at 56°C and freeze–thaw resistance at −20 to 21°C were determined. Heat and freeze–thaw resistance of E. coli O157:H7 and nonpathogenic E. coli was enhanced after acid adaptation and starvation. Following cold stress, heat resistance of E. coli O157:H7 and nonpathogenic E. coli was decreased, while freeze–thaw resistance was increased. Heat and freeze–thaw resistance of the rpoS mutant was enhanced only after acid adaptation. Increased or decreased tolerance of acid-adapted, starved, or cold-stressed E. coli O157:H7 cells to heat or freeze–thaw processes should be considered when processing minimally processed or extended shelf-life foods.

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Song, Na-Hyun, and Yeh-Jin Ahn. "DcHsp17.7, a Small Heat Shock Protein from Carrot, Is Upregulated under Cold Stress and Enhances Cold Tolerance by Functioning as a Molecular Chaperone." HortScience 45, no. 3 (March 2010): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.3.469.

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The expression profile and functional properties of DcHsp17.7, a small heat shock protein from carrot (Daucus carota L.), were examined under cold stress. Immunoblot analysis showed that low temperature (2 °C) induced DcHsp17.7 in vegetative tissues. Differential accumulation of the transcript and protein under the cold suggests that expression of DcHsp17.7 might be controlled at the transcriptional and/or translational levels. To examine the functional properties of DcHsp17.7, the gene was expressed in Escherichia coli. When exposed to 2 °C for 10 days, transformed cells expressing DcHsp17.7 showed 115% cell viability, whereas control cells recorded 24%, suggesting that DcHsp17.7 can confer cold tolerance. The amount of soluble protein under the cold was 83% in transformed cells expressing DcHsp17.7, whereas the control cells showed only 52%, suggesting that DcHsp17.7 functions as a molecular chaperone preventing cold-induced protein degradation. Native-polyacrylamide analysis revealed that DcHsp17.7 was found in two oligomeric complexes (≈160 and 240 kDa) and possibly multiple complexes (from 300 to 450 kDa) in cold-stressed carrot and transformed E. coli, respectively. During prolonged cold stress, these complexes disappeared and then reappeared, suggesting that the dissociation and reassociation of DcHsp17.7 complexes might be important for the function of the protein.

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Xikeranmu, Zilajiguli, Ji Ma, and Xiaoning Liu. "Characterization of a Mn-SOD from the desert beetle Microdera punctipennis and its increased resistance to cold stress in E. coli cells." PeerJ 8 (February 14, 2020): e8507. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8507.

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Insects have developed a complex network of enzymatic antioxidant systems for handling reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during stress. Superoxide dismutases (SODs) play a determinant role in balancing ROS in insect. However, studies devoted to SODs functions in insects under cold stress are limited. In the present study, we attempted to identify and characterize a mitochondrial manganese SOD (mMn-SOD) from the desert beetle Micordera punctipennis (denoted as MpmMn-SOD) and explore its protective effects on bacteria cells under cold stress. MpmMn-SOD is composed of 202 amino acids with conserved domains required for metal ions binding and enzyme activity. RT-qPCR experiments revealed that the expression of MpmMn-SOD was ubiquitous but tissue-specific and was induced by cold stress. An E. coli (BL21) system was applied to study the function of MpmMn-SOD. The MpmMn-SOD gene was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-32a to generate a recombinant plasmid pET-32a(MpmMn-SOD). After transformation of the plasmid into E. coli BL21, the fusion protein Trx-His-MpmMn-SOD was overexpressed and identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Antioxidant activity assay showed that the death zones of the transformed bacteria BL21 (pET32a-mMn-SOD) were smaller in diameter than the control bacteria BL21 (pET32a). Survival curves under −4 °C showed that BL21 (pET32a-mMn-SOD) had significant enhanced cold resistance compared to BL21 (pET32a). Its SOD activity under −4 °C had a significant negative correlation (r = − 0.995) with superoxide anion O2•− content. Accordingly, under cold stress BL21 (pET32a-mMn-SOD) had lower electric conductivity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content than BL21 (pET32a). Taken together, our results showed that cold stress stimulated the expression of MpmMn-SOD in M. punctipennis. The E. coli cells that overexpress MpmMn-SOD increase their resistance to cold stress by scavenging ROS, and mitigate potential cell damage caused by ROS under cold conditions.

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BUCHANAN, R. L., S. G. EDELSON, R. L. MILLER, and G. M. SAPERS. "Contamination of Intact Apples after Immersion in an Aqueous Environment Containing Escherichia coli O157:H7†." Journal of Food Protection 62, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 444–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-62.5.444.

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The extent and location of Escherichia coli O157:H7 contamination after intact apples were immersed in cold (2°C) 1% peptone water containing approximately 3 × 107 CFU/ml was assessed using four apple varieties, Golden Delicious, McIntosh, Red Delicious, and Braeburn. Room temperature and refrigerated apples were used to determine the effect of temperature differential on E. coli infiltration. The highest levels of E. coli were associated with the outer core region of the apple, followed by the skin. Apples were subsequently treated by immersing them for 1 min in 2,000 mg/liter sodium hypochlorite, followed by a 1-min tapwater rinse. This treatment reduced pathogen levels by 1- to 3-log cycles but did not eliminate the microorganism, particularly from the outer core region. While E. coli was not detected in the inner core of most apples, warm fruit immersed in cold peptone water occasionally internalized the pathogen. The frequency and extent of internalization of the pathogen was less when cold apples were immersed in cold peptone water. Subsequent dye uptake studies with Golden Delicious apples indicated that approximately 6% of warm apples immersed into a cold dye solution accumulated dye via open channels leading from the blossom end into the core region. However, dye uptake did not occur when the dye solution was warmer than the apple.

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Weber, Michael H. W., Carsten L. Beckering, and Mohamed A. Marahiel. "Complementation of Cold Shock Proteins by Translation Initiation Factor IF1 In Vivo." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 24 (December 15, 2001): 7381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.24.7381-7386.2001.

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ABSTRACT The cold shock response in both Escherichia coli andBacillus subtilis is induced by an abrupt downshift in growth temperature and leads to a dramatic increase in the production of a homologous class of small, often highly acidic cold shock proteins. This protein family is the prototype of the cold shock domain (CSD) that is conserved from bacteria to humans. For B. subtilis it has been shown that at least one of the three resident cold shock proteins (CspB to D) is essential under optimal growth conditions as well as during cold shock. Analysis of theB. subtilis cspB cspC double deletion mutant revealed that removal of these csp genes results in pleiotropic alteration of protein synthesis, cell lysis during the entry of stationary growth phase, and the inability to differentiate into endospores. We show here that heterologous expression of the translation initiation factor IF1 from E. coli in aB. subtilis cspB cspC double deletion strain is able to cure both the growth and the sporulation defects observed for this mutant, suggesting that IF1 and cold shock proteins have at least in part overlapping cellular function(s). Two of the possible explanation models are discussed.

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Hemilä, Harri. "Zinc lozenges and the common cold: a meta-analysis comparing zinc acetate and zinc gluconate, and the role of zinc dosage." JRSM Open 8, no. 5 (May 2017): 205427041769429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2054270417694291.

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Objective To compare the efficacy of zinc acetate lozenges with zinc gluconate lozenges in common cold treatment and to examine the dose-dependency of the effect. Design Meta-analysis. Setting Placebo-controlled zinc lozenge trials, in which the zinc dose was > 75 mg/day. The pooled effect of zinc lozenges on common cold duration was calculated by using inverse-variance random-effects method. Participants Seven randomised trials with 575 participants with naturally acquired common colds. Main outcome measure Duration of the common cold. Results The mean common cold duration was 33% (95% CI 21% to 45%) shorter for the zinc groups of the seven included trials. Three trials that used lozenges composed of zinc acetate found that colds were shortened by 40% and four trials that used zinc gluconate by 28%. The difference between the two salts was not significant: 12 percentage points (95% CI: −12 to + 36). Five trials used zinc doses of 80–92 mg/day, common cold duration was reduced by 33%, and two trials used zinc doses of 192–207 mg/day and found an effect of 35%. The difference between the high-dose and low-dose zinc trials was not significant: 2 percentage points (95% CI: −29 to + 32). Conclusions Properly composed zinc gluconate lozenges may be as effective as zinc acetate lozenges. There is no evidence that zinc doses over 100 mg/day might lead to greater efficacy in the treatment of the common cold. Common cold patients may be encouraged to try zinc lozenges for treating their colds. The optimal lozenge composition and dosage scheme need to be investigated further.

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Baliga, Chetana, Sandipan Majhi, Kajari Mondal, Antara Bhattacharjee, K. VijayRaghavan, and Raghavan Varadarajan. "Rational elicitation of cold-sensitive phenotypes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 18 (April 18, 2016): E2506—E2515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1604190113.

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Cold-sensitive phenotypes have helped us understand macromolecular assembly and biological phenomena, yet few attempts have been made to understand the basis of cold sensitivity or to elicit it by design. We report a method for rational design of cold-sensitive phenotypes. The method involves generation of partial loss-of-function mutants, at either buried or functional sites, coupled with selective overexpression strategies. The only essential input is amino acid sequence, although available structural information can be used as well. The method has been used to elicit cold-sensitive mutants of a variety of proteins, both monomeric and dimeric, and in multiple organisms, namelyEscherichia coli,Saccharomyces cerevisiae, andDrosophila melanogaster. This simple, yet effective technique of inducing cold sensitivity eliminates the need for complex mutations and provides a plausible molecular mechanism for eliciting cold-sensitive phenotypes.

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PHILLIPS, SIOBHAN. "COLD." Yale Review 98, no. 4 (2010): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tyr.2010.0002.

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PHILLIPS, SIOBHAN. "COLD." Yale Review 98, no. 4 (September 27, 2010): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9736.2010.00675.x.

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Weddle, Laura. "Cold." Appalachian Heritage 29, no. 1 (2001): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aph.2001.0069.

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Josh Hall. "Cold." Red Cedar Review 39, no. 1 (2004): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rcr.2013.0021.

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Katers, Laura A. "When a cold is a cold." Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants 33, no. 1 (January 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jaa.0000615512.30796.10.

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Yavuz, Yunus, Jan Gunnar Skog??s, Mine G??ng??r G??ll??o??lu, Thomas Lang??, and Ronald M??rvik. "Are Cold Light Sources Really Cold?" Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques 16, no. 5 (October 2006): 370–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.sle.0000213711.32805.15.

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Harris, Jack. "From Cold War to Cold Peace?" Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 22, no. 3 (September 1997): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/isr.1997.22.3.177.

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Armendariz-Picon, Cristian, and Jayanth T. Neelakanta. "How cold is cold dark matter?" Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2014, no. 03 (March 25, 2014): 049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2014/03/049.

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Viana, F., and C. Belmonte. "91 Topical Seminar Summary: COLD RECEPTORS, COLD TRANSDUCTION AND COLD PAIN." European Journal of Pain 10, S1 (September 2006): S27a—S27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-3801(06)60094-3.

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Moheno, Phillip B. B., and Dietmar Fuchs. "Immunopterin: A prospective therapy and preventative to fight COVID-19?" Pteridines 33, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pteridines-2022-0038.

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Abstract Background The authors explore the therapeutic and prophylactic efficacies of Immunopterin (calcium pterin-6-carboxylate chelate) against coronavirus colds and as a therapy against COVID-19. Methods To determine Immunopterin’s therapeutic efficacy against colds and flus, a 5-year observational study was conducted with 34 subjects who took Immunopterin when feeling symptoms of a cold or flu. The mean sample cold recovery time was compared to the US population mean. A review of the Moheno (2014) 2-year observational study was conducted to evaluate the prophylactic efficacy of Immunopterin against colds. Early COVID-19 case studies, treated with Immunopterin, were collected to explore Immunopterin’s efficacy as a therapeutic and prophylactic against COVID19 disease. Results The mean cold recovery time for the therapeutic sample in the cold/flu observational study was 30 h compared to the US population mean of 168 h (N = 34; p < 0.001). Subjects taking prophylactic Immunopterin reported 0% incidences of colds and flus (N = 31). Immunopterin successfully treated four confirmed COVID-19 subjects. A fifth clinical nurse case study demonstrates COVID-19 prevention. Conclusions The therapeutic and prophylactic efficacies of Immunopterin against coronavirus colds, along with reported cross-reactivity between coronavirus colds and SARS-CoV-2 strongly suggest Immunopterin can act as a therapy and preventative against COVID- 19 infection associated disease.

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Giaquinto, Laura, Paul M. G. Curmi, Khawar S. Siddiqui, Anne Poljak, Ed DeLong, Shiladitya DasSarma, and Ricardo Cavicchioli. "Structure and Function of Cold Shock Proteins in Archaea." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 15 (June 1, 2007): 5738–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00395-07.

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ABSTRACT Archaea are abundant and drive critical microbial processes in the Earth's cold biosphere. Despite this, not enough is known about the molecular mechanisms of cold adaptation and no biochemical studies have been performed on stenopsychrophilic archaea (e.g., Methanogenium frigidum). This study examined the structural and functional properties of cold shock proteins (Csps) from archaea, including biochemical analysis of the Csp from M. frigidum. csp genes are present in most bacteria and some eucarya but absent from most archaeal genome sequences, most notably, those of all archaeal thermophiles and hyperthermophiles. In bacteria, Csps are small, nucleic acid binding proteins involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as transcription. In this study, archaeal Csp function was assessed by examining the ability of csp genes from psychrophilic and mesophilic Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota to complement a cold-sensitive growth defect in Escherichia coli. In addition, an archaeal gene with a cold shock domain (CSD) fold but little sequence identity to Csps was also examined. Genes encoding Csps or a CSD structural analog from three psychrophilic archaea rescued the E. coli growth defect. The three proteins were predicted to have a higher content of solvent-exposed basic residues than the noncomplementing proteins, and the basic residues were located on the nucleic acid binding surface, similar to their arrangement in E. coli CspA. The M. frigidum Csp was purified and found to be a single-domain protein that folds by a reversible two-state mechanism and to exhibit a low conformational stability typical of cold-adapted proteins. Moreover, M. frigidum Csp was characterized as binding E. coli single-stranded RNA, consistent with its ability to complement function in E. coli. The studies show that some Csp and CSD fold proteins have retained sufficient similarity throughout evolution in the Archaea to be able to function effectively in the Bacteria and that the function of the archaeal proteins relates to cold adaptation. The initial biochemical analysis of M. frigidum Csp has developed a platform for further characterization and demonstrates the potential for expanding molecular studies of proteins from this important archaeal stenopsychrophile.

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Yamanaka, Kunitoshi, and Masayori Inouye. "Selective mRNA Degradation by Polynucleotide Phosphorylase in Cold Shock Adaptation in Escherichia coli." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 9 (May 1, 2001): 2808–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.9.2808-2816.2001.

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ABSTRACT Upon cold shock, Escherichia coli cell growth transiently stops. During this acclimation phase, specific cold shock proteins (CSPs) are highly induced. At the end of the acclimation phase, their synthesis is reduced to new basal levels, while the non-cold shock protein synthesis is resumed, resulting in cell growth reinitiation. Here, we report that polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) is required to repress CSP production at the end of the acclimation phase. A pnp mutant, upon cold shock, maintained a high level of CSPs even after 24 h. PNPase was found to be essential for selective degradation of CSP mRNAs at 15°C. In a poly(A) polymerase mutant and a CsdA RNA helicase mutant, CSP expression upon cold shock was significantly prolonged, indicating that PNPase in concert with poly(A) polymerase and CsdA RNA helicase plays a critical role in cold shock adaptation.

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Abd El-Rady A. Mousa. "Effect of Sodium Lactate on the Safety of Cold-smoked Salmon during Cold Storage." British Journal of Biology Studies 3, no. 2 (August 20, 2023): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/bjbs.2023.3.2.1.

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Effect of sodium lactate (SL) on inhibition growth of Listeria monocytogenes, L. innocua, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as compared to ampicillin and chloramphenicol antibiotics in cold-smoked salmon stored at 1.0 ± 4.0 0C were evaluated in this study. The sliced smoked salmon were coated with different concentrations of sodium lactate (0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 % SL). Sterilized deionized water was used as a negative control. Total bacterial counts (TBC), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), E. coli (EC), Pseudomonas count (PC) and Listeria count (LC) were examined. In vitro, the antibacterial agent (SL) exhibited antibacterial activities against all the tested bacteria. The antimicrobial action of 1.0 % of SL was more effective than the control. Therefore, thus coating with 1.0 %, SL prevented Listeria spp. and other pathogenic bacteria growth and prolonged the shelf life of cold-smoked salmon.

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Datta, Partha Pratim, and Rupak K. Bhadra. "Cold Shock Response and Major Cold Shock Proteins of Vibrio cholerae." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 11 (November 2003): 6361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.11.6361-6369.2003.

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ABSTRACT When exponentially growing Vibrio cholerae cells were shifted from 37°C to various lower temperatures, it was found that the organism could adapt and grow at temperatures down to 15°C, below which the growth was completely arrested. There was no difference between the patterns of the cold shock responses in toxinogenic and nontoxinogenic strains of V. cholerae. Gel electrophoretic analyses of proteins of cold-exposed cells revealed significant induction of two major cold shock proteins (Csps), whose molecular masses were 7.7 kDa (CspAVC) and 7.5 kDa (CspV), and six other Csps, most of which were much larger. We cloned, sequenced, and analyzed the cspV gene encoding the CspV protein of V. cholerae O139 strain SG24. Although CspAVC and CspV have similar kinetics of synthesis and down-regulation, the corresponding genes, cspA and cspV, which are located in the small chromosome, are not located in the same operon. A comparative analysis of the kinetics of synthesis revealed that the CspV protein was synthesized de novo only during cold shock. Although both CspAVC and CspV were stable for several hours in the cold, the CspV protein was degraded rapidly when the culture was shifted back to 37°C, suggesting that this protein is probably necessary for adaptation at lower temperatures. Northern blot analysis confirmed that the cspV gene is cold shock inducible and is regulated tightly at the level of transcription. Interestingly, the cspV gene has a cold shock-inducible promoter which is only 12 nucleotides from the translational start site, and therefore, it appears that no unusually long 5′ untranslated region is present in its mRNA transcript. Thus, this promoter is an exception compared to other promoters of cold shock-inducible genes of different organisms, including Escherichia coli. Our results suggest that V. cholerae may use an alternative pathway for regulation of gene expression during cold shock.

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Koivuluoto, Heli, Andrea Milanti, Giovanni Bolelli, Jyrki Latokartano, Francesco Marra, Giovanni Pulci, Jorma Vihinen, Luca Lusvarghi, and Petri Vuoristo. "Structures and Properties of Laser-Assisted Cold-Sprayed Aluminum Coatings." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 984–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.984.

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In the cold spray process, solid particles impact on a surface with high kinetic energy, deform plastically and form a coating. This enables the formation of pure and dense coating structures. Even more, coating performance and deposition efficiency can be improved by assisting the process with a laser. Laser-assisted cold spraying (LACS) has shown its potential to improve coating properties compared with traditional cold spraying. In this study, coating quality improvement was obtained by using a co-axial laser spray (COLA) process which offers a new, cost-effective laser-assisted cold spray technique, for high-quality deposition and repair. In the COLA process, the sprayed surface is laser heated while particles hit the surface. This assists the better bonding between particles and substrate and leads to the formation of tight coating structures. This study focuses on the evaluation of the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties (e.g., hardness and bond strength) of LACS metallic coatings.

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Lee, Jaemyoun, and Kyungtae Kang. "OCP Cold Storage Test-bed." KIISE Transactions on Computing Practices 22, no. 3 (March 15, 2016): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5626/ktcp.2016.22.3.151.

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Castellani, J. W. "PERCEPTUAL COLD INDEX VS. PHYSIOLOGICAL COLD STRAIN INDEX DURING EXERCISE-COLD STRESS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 35, Supplement 1 (May 2003): S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200305001-00122.

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Hughes, Rebecca-Ayme, Kathy Hallett, Tristan Cogan, Mike Enser, and Tom Humphrey. "The Response of Campylobacter jejuni to Low Temperature Differs from That of Escherichia coli." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 19 (July 31, 2009): 6292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00993-09.

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ABSTRACT Human infection with Campylobacter jejuni is often associated with the consumption of foods that have been exposed to both chilling and high temperatures. Despite the public health importance of this pathogen, little is known about the effects of cold exposure on its ability to survive a subsequent heat challenge. This work examined the effect of rapid exposure to chilling, as would occur in poultry processing, on the heat resistance at 56°C of two C. jejuni strains, 11168 and 2097e48, and of Escherichia coli K-12. Unlike E. coli K-12, whose cold-exposed cells showed increased sensitivity to 56°C, such exposure had only a marginal effect on subsequent heat resistance in C. jejuni. This may be explained by the finding that during rapid chilling, unlike E. coli cells, C. jejuni cells are unable to alter their fatty acid composition and do not adapt to cold exposure. However, their unaltered fatty acid composition is more suited to survival when cells are exposed to high temperatures. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that in C. jejuni, the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids was not significantly different after cold exposure, but it was in E. coli. The low-temperature response of C. jejuni is very different from that of other food-borne pathogens, and this may contribute to its tolerance to further heat stresses.

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Miura, Kenji, and Tsuyoshi Furumoto. "Cold Signaling and Cold Response in Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 14, no. 3 (March 6, 2013): 5312–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms14035312.

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Abele, Hartmut, Tobias Jenke, and Gertrud Konrad. "Spectroscopy with cold and ultra-cold neutrons." EPJ Web of Conferences 93 (2015): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20159305002.

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Pohl, T., C. S. Adams, and H. R. Sadephpour. "Cold Rydberg gases and ultra-cold plasmas." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 44, no. 18 (September 14, 2011): 180201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/44/18/180201.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cold'

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