Journal articles: 'Cold-water immersion'

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BAGIAN, JAMES. "Scenario 10: cold water immersion." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 9, no. 2 (June 1998): 112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1080-6032(14)70015-8.

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Deuster, P. A., D. J. Smith, B. L. Smoak, L. C. Montgomery, A. Singh, and T. J. Doubt. "Prolonged whole-body cold water immersion: fluid and ion shifts." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.1.34.

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To characterize fluid and ion shifts during prolonged whole-body immersion, 16 divers wearing dry suits completed four whole-body immersions in 5 degrees C water during each of two 5-day air saturation dives at 6.1 msw. One immersion was conducted at 1000 (AM) and one at 2200 (PM) so that diurnal variations could be evaluated. Fifty-four hours separated the immersions, which lasted up to 6 h; 9 days separated each air saturation dive. Blood was collected before and after immersion; urine was collected for 12 h before, during, and after immersion for a total of 24 h. Plasma volume decreased significantly and to the same extent (approximately 17%) during both AM and PM immersions. Urine flow increased by 236.1 +/- 38.7 and 296.3 +/- 52.0%, urinary excretion of Na increased by 290.4 +/- 89.0 and 329.5 +/- 77.0%, K by 245.0 +/- 73.4 and 215.5 +/- 44.6%, Ca by 211.0 +/- 31.4 and 241.1 +/- 50.4%, Mg by 201.4 +/- 45.9 and 165.3 +/- 287%, and Zn by 427.8 +/- 93.7 and 301.9 +/- 75.4% during AM and PM immersions, respectively, compared with preimmersion. Urine flow and K excretion were significantly higher during the AM than PM. In summary, when subjects are immersed in cold water for prolonged periods, combined with a slow rate of body cooling afforded by thermal protection and enforced intermittent exercise, there is diuresis, decreased plasma volume, and increased excretions of Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Zn.

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Knight, D. R., T. Santoro, and K. R. Bondi. "Distortion of calculated whole-body hematocrit during lower-body immersion in water." Journal of Applied Physiology 61, no. 5 (November 1, 1986): 1885–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.61.5.1885.

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We found a difference between the venous hematocrits of immersed and nonimmersed arms during immersion of the lower body in cold water but not during a comparable exposure to warm water. Fourteen healthy men were exposed to three different experimental conditions: arm immersion, body immersion, and control. The men always sat upright while both upper extremities hung vertically at their sides. During arm immersion, one forearm was completely immersed for 30 min in either cold water (28 degrees C, n = 7) or warm water (38 degrees C, n = 7). This cold-warm water protocol was repeated on separate days for exposure to the remaining conditions of body immersion (immersion of 1 forearm and all tissues below the xiphoid process) and control (no immersion). Blood samples were simultaneously drawn from cannulated veins in both antecubital fossae. Hematocrit difference (Hct diff) was measured by subtracting the nonimmersed forearm's hematocrit (Hct dry) from the immersed forearm's hematocrit (Hct wet). Hct diff was approximately zero when the men were exposed to the control condition and body immersion in warm water. In the remaining conditions, Hct wet dropped below Hct dry (P less than 0.01, 3-way analysis of variance). The decrements of Hct diff showed there were differences between venous hematocrits in immersed and nonimmersed regions of the body, indicating that changes of the whole-body hematocrit cannot be calculated from a large-vessel hematocrit soon after immersing the lower body in cold water.

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McCarthy, Avina, James Mulligan, and Mikel Egaña. "Postexercise cold-water immersion improves intermittent high-intensity exercise performance in normothermia." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 41, no. 11 (November 2016): 1163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2016-0275.

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A brief cold water immersion between 2 continuous high-intensity exercise bouts improves the performance of the latter compared with passive recovery in the heat. We investigated if this effect is apparent in normothermic conditions (∼19 °C), employing an intermittent high-intensity exercise designed to reflect the work performed at the high-intensity domain in team sports. Fifteen young active men completed 2 exhaustive cycling protocols (Ex1 and Ex2: 12 min at 85% ventilatory threshold (VT) and then an intermittent exercise alternating 30-s at 40% peak power (Ppeak) and 30 s at 90% Ppeak to exhaustion) separated by 15 min of (i) passive rest, (ii) 5-min cold-water immersion at 8 °C, and (iii) 10-min cold-water immersion at 8 °C. Core temperature, heart rate, rates of perceived exertion, and oxygen uptake kinetics were not different during Ex1 among conditions. Time to failure during the intermittent exercise was significantly (P < 0.05) longer during Ex2 following the 5- and 10-min cold-water immersions (7.2 ± 3.5 min and 7.3 ± 3.3 min, respectively) compared with passive rest (5.8 ± 3.1 min). Core temperature, heart rate, and rates of perceived exertion were significantly (P < 0.05) lower during most periods of Ex2 after both cold-water immersions compared with passive rest. The time constant of phase II oxygen uptake response during the 85% VT bout of Ex2 was not different among the 3 conditions. A postexercise, 5- to 10-min cold-water immersion increases subsequent intermittent high-intensity exercise compared with passive rest in normothermia due, at least in part, to reductions in core temperature, circulatory strain, and effort perception.

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Tipton, M. J., N. Collier, H. Massey, J. Corbett, and M. Harper. "Cold water immersion: kill or cure?" Experimental Physiology 102, no. 11 (September 21, 2017): 1335–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/ep086283.

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Uddin, Zakir, Joy MacDermid, and Tara Packham. "Ice-water (cold stress) immersion testing." Journal of Physiotherapy 59, no. 4 (December 2013): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1836-9553(13)70211-x.

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Burke, W. E., and I. B. Mekjavic. "Estimation of regional cutaneous cold sensitivity by analysis of the gasping response." Journal of Applied Physiology 71, no. 5 (November 1, 1991): 1933–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.5.1933.

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Regional cutaneous sensitivity to cooling was assessed in males by separately immersing four discrete skin regions in cold water (15 degrees C) during head-out immersion. The response measured was gasping at the onset of immersion; the gasping response appears to be the result of a nonthermoregulatory neurogenic drive from cutaneous cold receptors. Subjects of similar body proportions wore a neoprene “dry” suit modified to allow exposure to the water of either the arms, upper torso, lower torso, or legs, while keeping the unexposed skin regions thermoneutral. Each subject was immersed to the sternal notch in all four conditions of partial exposure plus one condition of whole body exposure. The five cold water conditions were matched by control immersions in lukewarm (34 degrees C) water, and trials were randomized. The magnitude of the gasping response was determined by mouth occlusion pressure (P0.1). For each subject, P0.1 values for the 1st min of immersion were integrated, and control trial values, although minimal, were subtracted from their cold water counterpart to account for any gasping due to the experimental design. Results were averaged and showed that the highest P0.1 values were elicited from whole body exposure, followed in descending order by exposures of the upper torso, legs, lower torso, and arms. Correction of the P0.1 response for differences in exposed surface area (A) and cooling stimulus (delta T) between regions gave a cold sensitivity index [CSI, P0.1/(A.delta T)] for each region and showed that the index for the upper torso was significantly higher than that for the arms or legs; no significant difference was observed between the indexes for the upper and lower torso.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Geurts, Carla L. M. "Effect of cold acclimation on neuromuscular function of the hand." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 31, no. 4 (August 2006): 480–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h06-013.

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The research in this thesis investigated the effects of cold stress on neuromuscular function with the main focus on cold acclimation. In total, 6 studies, 1 field study and 5 experiments, were conducted. The field study showed that during manual work in cold weather, finger and hand temperature can drop to levels that may impair manual function. The first 2 experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of acute local cold stress on force control and to investigate the effect of cold-induced vasodilatation (CIVD) on neuromuscular function. In experiment 1, it was found that cooling of the hand in 10 °C cold water for 10 min did not improve force control, although neuromuscular function was significantly impaired after cooling. In experiment 2, cold-induced vasodilatation, occurring after 20 min of 8 °C cold-water immersion of the hand, was confined to the finger tip and had no effect on the temperature of the first dorsal interosseus (FDI) muscle or its neuromuscular function. A series of cold acclimation studies was conducted to investigate the effect of repeated cold-water hand immersions on neuromuscular function. In these experiments, neuromuscular function was tested before and after 2–3 weeks of daily hand immersion in 8 °C cold water for 30 min. In experiment 3, it was found that 3 weeks of cold-water immersion resulted in a decrease in minimum and mean index finger temperature and CIVD was attenuated. Neuromuscular function was not affected by this change in temperature response. In experiment 4, one hand was exposed daily to cold water and compared with the opposite control hand. Blood plasma catecholamine concentrations were increased after 2 weeks in the cold-exposed hand, but no changes in temperature response or neuromuscular function were found after repeated cold exposure. Thermal comfort after 30 min of cold-water immersion significantly improved after repeated cold exposure causing a discrepancy between actual and perceived temperature and it was suggested that this may impose a greater risk of cold injury owing to a change in behavioural thermoregulation. In the last experiment, core temperature was elevated by bicycling at a submaximal level during the cold hand immersion. Exercise had a direct effect on the temperature response during cold-water immersion, decreasing the minimum FDI temperature and slowing down the deteriorating effect of cold on neuromuscular function; however, exercise showed was no effect on local cold acclimation. It is concluded that local repeated cold exposures may improve finger and hand temperature and subjective thermal ratings, but that these changes are too small to improve neuromuscular function. The best remedy to maintain manual function is to limit or avoid cold stress as much as possible. If sufficient protection of the hands is impossible, core heating through exercise or passive heating may be a solution.

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Tipton, M. J., D. A. Stubbs, and D. H. Elliott. "Human initial responses to immersion in cold water at three temperatures and after hyperventilation." Journal of Applied Physiology 70, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.1.317.

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The present investigation was designed to examine the influence of water temperature and prior hyperventilation on some of the potentially hazardous responses evoked by immersion in cold water. Eight naked subjects performed headout immersions of 2-min duration into stirred water at 5, 10, and 15 degrees C and at 10 degrees C after 1 min of voluntary hyperventilation. Analysis of the respiratory and cardiac data collected during consecutive 10-s periods showed that, at the 0.18-m/s rate of immersion employed, differences between the variables recorded on immersion in water at 5 and 10 degrees C were due to the duration of the responses evoked rather than their magnitude during the first 20 s. The exception to this was the tidal volume of subjects, which was higher on immersion in water at 15 degrees C than at 5 or 10 degrees C. The results suggested that the respiratory drive evoked during the first seconds of immersion was more closely reflected in the rate rather than the depth of breathing at this time. Hyperventilation before immersion in water at 10 degrees C did not attenuate the respiratory responses seen on immersion. It is concluded that, during the first critical seconds of immersion, the initial responses evoked by immersion in water at 10 degrees C can represent as great a threat as those in water at 5 degrees C; also, in water at 10 degrees C, the respiratory component of this threat is not influenced by the biochemical alterations associated with prior hyperventilation.

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Hingley, E., D. Morrissey, M. Tipton, J. House, and H. Lunt. "Physiology of cold water immersion: a comparison of cold water acclimatised and non-cold water acclimatised participants during static and dynamic immersions." British Journal of Sports Medicine 45, no. 2 (January 20, 2011): e1-e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2010.081554.10.

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Lee, Elaine C., Greig Watson, Douglas Casa, Lawrence E. Armstrong, William Kraemer, Jakob L. Vingren, Barry A. Spiering, and Carl M. Maresh. "Interleukin-6 Responses to Water Immersion Therapy After Acute Exercise Heat Stress: A Pilot Investigation." Journal of Athletic Training 47, no. 6 (November 1, 2012): 655–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-47.5.09.

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Context Cold-water immersion is the criterion standard for treatment of exertional heat illness. Cryotherapy and water immersion also have been explored as ergogenic or recovery aids. The kinetics of inflammatory markers, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), during cold-water immersion have not been characterized. Objective To characterize serum IL-6 responses to water immersion at 2 temperatures and, therefore, to initiate further research into the multidimensional benefits of immersion and the evidence-based selection of specific, optimal immersion conditions by athletic trainers. Design Controlled laboratory study. Setting Human performance laboratory Patients or Other Participants Eight college-aged men (age = 22 ± 3 years, height = 1.76 ± 0.08 m, mass = 77.14 ± 9.77 kg, body fat = 10% ± 3%, and maximal oxygen consumption = 50.48 ± 4.75 mL·kg−1·min−1). Main Outcome Measures Participants were assigned randomly to receive either cold (11.70°C ± 2.02°C, n = 4) or warm (23.50°C ± 1.00°C, n = 4) water-bath conditions after exercise in the heat (temperature = 37°C, relative humidity = 52%) for 90 minutes or until volitional cessation. Results Whole-body cooling rates were greater in the cold water-bath condition for the first 6 minutes of water immersion, but during the 90-minute, postexercise recovery, participants in the warm and cold water-bath conditions experienced similar overall whole-body cooling. Heart rate responses were similar for both groups. Participants in the cold water-bath condition experienced an overall slight increase (30.54% ± 77.37%) in IL-6 concentration, and participants in the warm water-bath condition experienced an overall decrease (−69.76% ± 15.23%). Conclusions We have provided seed evidence that cold-water immersion is related to subtle IL-6 increases from postexercise values and that warmer water-bath temperatures might dampen this increase. Further research will elucidate any anti-inflammatory benefit associated with water-immersion treatment and possible multidimensional uses of cooling therapies.

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Mekjavic, Igor B., Uroš Dobnikar, and Stylianos N. Kounalakis. "Cold-induced vasodilatation response in the fingers at 4 different water temperatures." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 38, no. 1 (January 2013): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2012-0118.

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We evaluated the cold-induced vasodilatation (CIVD) response at 4 different water temperatures. Nine healthy young male subjects immersed their right hands in 35 °C water for 5 min, and immediately thereafter for 30 min in a bath maintained at either 5, 8, 10, or 15 °C. The responses of finger skin temperatures, subjective ratings of thermal comfort and temperature sensation scores were compared between the 4 immersion trials. The number of subjects who exhibited a CIVD response was higher during immersion of the hand in 5 and 8 °C (100%) compared with 10 and 15 °C water (87.5% and 37.5%, respectively). The CIVD temperature amplitude was 4.2 ± 2.6, 3.4 ± 2.0, 2.1 ± 1.6, and 2.8 ± 2.0 °C at 5, 8, 10, and 15 °C trials, respectively; higher in 5 and 8 °C compared with 10 and 15 °C water (p = 0.003). No differences in CIVD were found between the 5 and 8 °C immersions. However, during immersion in 5 °C, subjects felt “uncomfortable” while in the other trials felt “slightly uncomfortable” (p = 0.005). The temperature sensation score was “cold” for 5 °C and “cool” for the other trials, but no statistical differences were observed. Immersion of the hand in 8 °C elicits a CIVD response of similar magnitude as immersion in 5 °C, but with less thermal discomfort.

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Tipton, M. J., D. A. Stubbs, and D. H. Elliott. "The Effect of Clothing on the initial Responses to Cold Water Immersion in man." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 76, no. 2 (June 1990): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-76-89.

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AbstractThe protection provided by three clothing assemblies against the cold shock response was investigated. Nine healthy male volunteers each undertook three two minute head-out immersions into stirred water at 10°C. The subjects wore a different clothing assembly for each immersion, these were: (a)Swimming trunks only;(b)Conventional clothing (equivalent to RN No 8s);(c)Conventional clothing plus windproof/showerproof clothing (RN foul-weather clothing Mk III).The cardiac, ventilatory and thermal responses of the subjects were examined before and during the immersions.No significant differences were found between the magnitude of the responses recorded on immersion when conventional clothing or foul-weather clothing were worn. Mean skin temperature was lower (P<0.05) and respiratory frequency and minute ventilation were higher (P<0.05) on immersion in swimming trunks compared to the other two conditions.It is concluded that when policies for the use of immersion protective clothing are being formulated, consideration should be given to all of the potentially hazardous responses associated with cold water immersion.

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Knight, D. R., and S. M. Horvath. "Urinary responses to cold temperature during water immersion." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 248, no. 5 (May 1, 1985): R560—R566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1985.248.5.r560.

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If cold temperature combines with ambient water pressure to stimulate the Henry-Gauer reflex in humans, then free water clearance (CH2O) should be greater during immersion in cold water (29.8 degrees C) than during exposure to cold air (14.8 degrees C) or immersion in thermoneutral water (35 degrees C). Urinary responses to these environments were compared with control measurements made during 6 h of sitting in thermoneutral air (27.6 degrees C). CH2O was not significantly greater in cold water than in the other environments. Rather, the diuretic response was characterized by an increased osmolar clearance (P less than 0.05). Cold temperature and water pressure additively raised urinary output during cold water immersion, with ambient water pressure accounting for two-thirds of the urinary water loss. An elevated rate of sodium excretion (P less than 0.05) began significantly earlier in cold water than in thermoneutral water. This effect of low temperature might have resulted from cold-induced vasoconstriction, since cold temperatures was observed to reduce the foot volume. Sodium excretion was inversely proportional to vital capacity, indicating a responsiveness of the kidney to expansion of the central blood volume. In addition to the effects of water pressure and cold temperature, urinary function was also sensitive to time. The rate of potassium excretion was significantly elevated at min 199 of exposure to all environments. Failure of CH2O to increase above control values indicated that the human diuretic response to cold water immersion is atypical for the Henry-Gauer reflex.

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Gerhart, Hayden D., Yongsuk Seo, Jung-Hyun Kim, Brittany Followay, Jeremiah Vaughan, Tyler Quinn, John Gunstad, and Ellen L. Glickman. "Investigating Effects of Cold Water Hand Immersion on Selective Attention in Normobaric Hypoxia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16 (August 10, 2019): 2859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162859.

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This study investigated the effect of cold-water hand immersion on selective attention as measured by the Stroop Color Word Test in nomorbaric normoxia and hypoxia. Ten healthy men rested for 60 min, after which they immersed their non-dominant hand into 5 °C water for 15 min. The interference score of the Stroop Color Word Test and thermal sensation were measured at baseline in the final 5 min of resting and in the final 5 min of cold water hand immersion. The interference score was not influenced by hypoxia but was found to be significantly improved compared to resting in both conditions during cold water hand immersion. Selective attention improved during 15 min of cold-water hand immersion, with increased thermal sensations rated as “very cool” of the immersed arm. Cold-water hand immersion may be helpful in improving cognitive function in normoxia and normobaric hypoxia.

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Romet, T. T. "Mechanism of afterdrop after cold water immersion." Journal of Applied Physiology 65, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 1535–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.65.4.1535.

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It was hypothesized that if afterdrop is a purely conductive phenomenon, the afterdrop during rewarming should proceed initially at a rate equal to the rate of cooling. Eight male subjects were cooled on three occasions in 22 degrees C water and rewarmed once by each of three procedures: spontaneous shivering, inhalation of heated (45 degrees C) and humidified air, and immersion up to the neck in 40 degrees C water. Deep body temperature was recorded at three sites: esophagus, auditory canal, and rectum. During spontaneous and inhalation rewarming, there were no significant differences between the cooling (final 30 min) and afterdrop (initial 10 min) rates as calculated for each deep body temperature site, thus supporting the hypothesis. During rapid rewarming, the afterdrop rate was significantly greater than during the preceding cooling, suggesting a convective component contributing to the increased rate of fall. The rapid reversal of the afterdrop also indicates that a convective component contributes to the rewarming process as well.

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Fröhlich, Michael, Oliver Faude, Markus Klein, Andrea Pieter, Eike Emrich, and Tim Meyer. "Strength Training Adaptations After Cold-Water Immersion." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 28, no. 9 (September 2014): 2628–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000000434.

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Mekjavić, Igor B., André La Prairie, Wendy Burke, and Bertil Lindborg. "Respiratory drive during sudden cold water immersion." Respiration Physiology 70, no. 1 (January 1987): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-5687(87)80037-3.

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Strange, Barnaby. "Management of patients following cold water immersion." Journal of Paramedic Practice 5, no. 6 (June 10, 2013): 318–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jpar.2013.5.6.318.

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Merrick, Mark A. "Cold Water Immersion to Improve Postexercise Recovery." Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 23, no. 3 (May 2013): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jsm.0b013e3182926c12.

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House, C. "Cold water survival – an evidence-based update." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 103, no. 3 (2017): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-103-189.

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AbstractRoyal Navy (RN) cold water survival advice was historically based on data collated from immersion incident reports during World War II. This evidence-based review highlights the advances in the knowledge and understanding of the risks associated with cold water immersion and how this has been applied to provide up-to-date advice to maximise the chances of survival for passengers on board RN helicopters ditching into water.

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Young, A. J., M. N. Sawka, P. D. Neufer, S. R. Muza, E. W. Askew, and K. B. Pandolf. "Thermoregulation during cold water immersion is unimpaired by low muscle glycogen levels." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 1809–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.4.1809.

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This investigation studied the importance of muscle glycogen levels for body temperature regulation during cold stress. Physiological responses of eight euglycemic males were measured while they rested in cold (18 degrees C, stirred) water on two separate occasions. The trials followed a 3-day program of diet and exercise manipulation designed to produce either high (HMG) or low (LMG) preimmersion glycogen levels in the muscles of the legs, arms, and upper torso. Preimmersion vastus lateralis muscle glycogen concentrations were lower during the LMG trial (144 +/- 14 mmol glucose/kg dry tissue) than the HMG trial (543 +/- 53 mmol glucose/kg dry tissue). There were no significant differences between the two trials in shivering as reflected by aerobic metabolic rate or in the amount of body cooling as reflected by changes in rectal temperature during the immersions. Postimmersion muscle glycogen levels remained unchanged from preimmersion levels in both trials. Small but significant increases in plasma glucose and lactate concentration occurred during both immersions. Plasma glycerol increased during immersion in the LMG trial but not in the HMG trial. Plasma free fatty acid concentration increased during both immersion trials, but the change was apparent sooner in the LMG immersion. It was concluded that thermoregulatory responses of moderately lean and fatter individuals exposed to cold stress were not impaired by a substantial reduction in the muscle glycogen levels of several major skeletal muscle groups. Furthermore, the data suggest that, depending on the intensity of shivering, other metabolic substrates are available to enable muscle glycogen to be spared.

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Nye, Emma A., Jessica R. Edler, Lindsey E. Eberman, and Kenneth E. Games. "Optimizing Cold-Water Immersion for Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia: An Evidence-Based Paper." Journal of Athletic Training 51, no. 6 (June 1, 2016): 500–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.9.04.

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Reference: Zhang Y, Davis JK, Casa DJ, Bishop PA. Optimizing cold water immersion for exercise-induced hyperthermia: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(11):2464−2472. Clinical Questions: Do optimal procedures exist for implementing cold-water immersion (CWI) that yields high cooling rates for hyperthermic individuals? Data Sources: One reviewer performed a literature search using PubMed and Web of Science. Search phrases were cold water immersion, forearm immersion, ice bath, ice water immersion, immersion, AND cooling. Study Selection: Studies were included based on the following criteria: (1) English language, (2) full-length articles published in peer-reviewed journals, (3) healthy adults subjected to exercise-induced hyperthermia, and (4) reporting of core temperature as 1 outcome measure. A total of 19 studies were analyzed. Data Extraction: Pre-immersion core temperature, immersion water temperature, ambient temperature, immersion duration, and immersion level were coded a priori for extraction. Data originally reported in graphical form were digitally converted to numeric values. Mean differences comparing the cooling rates of CWI with passive recovery, standard deviation of change from baseline core temperature, and within-subjects r were extracted. Two independent reviewers used the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale to assess the risk of bias. Main Results: Cold-water immersion increased the cooling rate by 0.03°C/min (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.03, 0.04°C/min) compared with passive recovery. Cooling rates were more effective when the pre-immersion core temperature was ≥38.6°C (P = .023), immersion water temperature was ≤10°C (P = .036), ambient temperature was ≥20°C (P = .013), or immersion duration was ≤10 minutes (P < .001). Cooling rates for torso and limb immersion (mean difference = 0.04°C/min, 95% CI = 0.03, 0.06°C/min) were higher (P = .028) than those for forearm and hand immersion (mean difference = 0.01°C/min, 95% CI = −0.01, 0.04°C/min). Conclusions: Hyperthermic individuals were cooled twice as fast by CWI as by passive recovery. Therefore, the former method is the preferred choice when treating patients with exertional heat stroke. Water temperature should be <10°C, with the torso and limbs immersed. Insufficient published evidence supports CWI of the forearms and hands.

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Chaiyakul, Salinee, and Supattra Chaibal. "Effects of Delayed Cold Water Immersion after High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise on Subsequent Exercise Performance in Basketball Players." Sport Mont 19, no. 3 (October 1, 2021): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26773/smj.211003.

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The purpose of this research is to compare the effects of passive recovery and delayed cold water immersion one and three hours after high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) on exercise performance and muscle soreness on the subse- quent day. Eleven male basketball players participated in the study. They followed the recovery methods after high-in- tensity intermittent exercise, including 15 minutes cold water (15 o C) immersion one hour (CWI1) and three hours (CWI3) after HIIE and passive recovery (CON) in a randomized order on a weekly basis. The protocol for HIIE included progres- sive speed 20-metre shuttle sprint interrupted with repetitive jumping in order to induce fatigue. Twenty-four hours after HIIE, a 20-metre shuttle sprint and maximal vertical jump test were conducted to evaluate the effect of each recovery method. Maximal vertical jump height after one and three hours did not differ significantly compared to pre- test values. However, the maximal vertical jump height in the control group was significantly lower than their pre-test value. Also, 24 hours after HIIE, perceived muscle soreness in CWI1 and CWI3 groups was significantly lower than that of the control group. The total distance of the shuttle run did not differ depending on the recovery method used. Cold water immersions one and three hours after HIIE affected maximal vertical jump height and athletes’ perception of pain. However, there were no significant differences in exercise performance between the cold water immersion at one and three hours after HIIE, which might be due to similar physiological responses during both immersion trials.

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Kurniasari, Maria Dyah, Karen A. Monsen, Shuen Fu Weng, Chyn Yng Yang, and Hsiu Ting Tsai. "Cold Water Immersion Directly and Mediated by Alleviated Pain to Promote Quality of Life in Indonesian with Gout Arthritis: A Community-based Randomized Controlled Trial." Biological Research For Nursing 24, no. 2 (January 12, 2022): 245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10998004211063547.

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Background: Gout arthritis is an autoinflammatory arthritis that generates chronic long-term pain. Pain impacts physical activities, joint mobility, stress, anxiety, depression, and quality of life. Cold-water immersion therapy reduces inflammation and pain associated with gout arthritis. However, cold-water immersion therapy has not been conducted among people worldwide with gout arthritis. Objective: To investigate the cold-water immersion intervention on pain, joint mobility, physical activity, stress, anxiety, depression, and quality of life among acute gout patients. Methods: A community-based randomized control trial design with two parallel-intervention groups: a cold-water immersion group (20–30°C 20 minutes/day for 4 weeks) and a control group. In total, 76 eligible participants in Tomohon City, Indonesia, were recruited using a multi-stage sampling method and were randomly assigned using block randomization. A generalized estimating equation model was used to analyze the results (coef. β) and produce 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A path analysis was used to analyze mediating effects. Results: Significant pain alleviation ( β = −2.06; −2.42), improved joint mobility ( β = 1.20, 1.44), physical activity ( β = 2.05, .59), stress ( β = −1.25; −1.35), anxiety ( β = −.62; −1.37), and quality of life ( β = 5.34; 9.93) were detected after cold-water immersion at the second-week, and were maintained to the fourth-week time point, compared to pre-intervention and the control group. Depression ( β = −1.80) had decreased by the fourth week compared to the pre-test and control group. Cold-water immersion directly mediated alleviation of pain ( β = −.46, p ≤ .001) and to promote the quality of life ( β = .16, p = .01). Conclusions: Cold-water immersion decreased pain, stress, anxiety, and depression, and increased joint mobility, physical activity, and quality of life. It mediated alleviation of pain to increase the quality of life.

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Greenwood, Austin, and Cordial Gillette. "Effect of Cold Water Immersion on Metabolic Rate in Humans." International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science 5, no. 2 (April 30, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.5n.2p.1.

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Background: Cold water immersion is a widely used form of cryotherapy in the active population despite the limited knowledge on its physiological effects. From an injury standpoint, reducing metabolic rate is advantageous to prevent secondary injury. In contrast, increased metabolism can be beneficial in ridding the body of unwanted metabolites. This study looked to determine the effect of cold water immersion on metabolic rate. Understanding this phenomenon will help determine appropriate clinical applications of cold water immersion and lead to a better understanding of cryotherapy in general. This study looked to determine the effect of cryotherapy in the form of waist deep cold water immersion at 9° C on metabolic rate. Methods: 10 participants from a university student population volunteered and completed a 15-minute treatment of waist deep cold water (9° C) immersion. Metabolic rate measurements were taken using a Jaeger Oxycon Mobile Unit for 5 minutes prior to treatment, 15 minutes of treatment, and 5 minutes post treatment for a total of 25 minutes. Statistical analysis was completed using a one way repeated measures ANOVA test to compare treatment intervals to baseline intervals. Results: Cold water immersion resulted in elevated metabolic rates for 8 of 10 participants during the first 5 minutes of treatment and for 6 of 10 in the 5 minute post treatment (p < 0.05). A second statistical analysis excluding the first 30 second data point in the 5-10 and 20-25 minute treatments was used to account for movement in and out of the whirlpool. The second analysis showed the same results as the first with the exception of one participant who no longer displayed a statistically significant change in the 20-25 minute interval. Conclusion: These results indicate that cold water immersion should not be used as a measure of reducing secondary injury because of its potential to increase metabolic rate, but instead may have potential benefits in exercise recovery.

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Kumar, Naresh, A. K. Handa, Inder Dev, Asha Ram, A. R. Uthappa, A. Shukla, and Lal Chand. "Effect of pre-sowing treatments and growing media on seed germination and seedling growth of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 860–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i3.1750.

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The seeds of Albizia lebbeck have been observed to exhibit physical dormancy due to presence of hard seed-coat. To overcome this problem, the seeds were subjected to seven pre-sowing treatments viz., T1-immersion of seeds in cold water for 12 h; T2-immersion of seeds in cold water for 24 h; T3-immersion of seeds in hot water (100 Â°C) and subsequent cooling at room temperature for 12 h; T4-immersion of seeds in hot water (100 Â°C) and subsequent cooling at room temperature for 24 h; T5-immersion of seeds in cold water for 12 h followed by immersion in hot water (100 Â°C) and allowed to cool for 1 h; T6-immersion of seeds in cold water for 24 h followed by immersion in hot water (100 Â°C) and allowed to cool for 1 h. Untreated seeds served as control (T0). Treatment T3 gave highest germination (96%) which was comparable with T5 (95 %), T4 (94 %) and T6 (93%). Nine growing media viz., T1: soil, T2: soil+sand (2:1), T3: soil+perlite (2:1), T4: soil+Farm Yard Manure (FYM) (2:1), T5: soil+vermicompost (2:1), T6: soil+sand+FYM (1:1:1), T7: soil+sand+vermicompost (1:1:1), T8: soil+perlite+FYM (1:1:1) and T9: soil+perlite+ vermicompost (1:1:1) were, also, studied for their effect on seedling growth of A. lebbeck. Among these media, maximum values of shoot length (23.82 cm), root length (21.14 cm), collar diameter (3.59 mm) and seedling quality index (0.350) were observed in T7.

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Castellani, John W., Andrew J. Young, Michael N. Sawka, Verne L. Backus, and Jonathan J. Canete. "Amnesia during cold water immersion: a case report." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 9, no. 3 (September 1998): 153–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1580/1080-6032(1998)009[0153:adcwia]2.3.co;2.

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Davis, Jon K., Yang Zhang, Doug Casa, and Phil Bishop. "Optimizing Cold Water Immersion For Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 47 (May 2015): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000477692.40016.8e.

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Demes, Rob, Greg Farnell, Katherine Pierce, Edward J. Ryan, Matthew V. Bliss, Tiffany Collinsworth, Jacob E. Barkley, and Ellen L. Glickman. "Immunological Responses to Cold-Water Immersion in Males." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 40, Supplement (May 2008): S227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000322476.70876.82.

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Sarnaik, Ashok P., and Meena P. Vohra. "Near-Drowning: Fresh, Salt, and Cold Water Immersion." Clinics in Sports Medicine 5, no. 1 (January 1986): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-5919(20)31157-1.

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Tipton, Mike. "Cold water immersion: sudden death and prolonged survival." Lancet 362 (December 2003): s12—s13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)15057-x.

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Farstad, David J., and Julie A. Dunn. "Cold Water Immersion Syndrome and Whitewater Recreation Fatalities." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 30, no. 3 (September 2019): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2019.03.005.

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Wang, He, Michael M. Toner, Thomas J. Lemonda, and Mor Zohar. "Changes in Landing Mechanics After Cold-Water Immersion." Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 81, no. 2 (June 2010): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2010.10599659.

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ZHANG, YANG, JON-KYLE DAVIS, DOUGLAS J. CASA, and PHILLIP A. BISHOP. "Optimizing Cold Water Immersion for Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 47, no. 11 (November 2015): 2464–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000693.

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Šrámek, P., J. Šavliková, L. Janský, and B. Uličny. "Different Hormonal Reaction Due to Cold Water Immersion." Clinical Science 87, s1 (January 1, 1994): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs087s042a.

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Sánchez-Ureña, Braulio, Daniel Rojas-Valverde, Randall Gutiérrez-Vargas, Juan Carlos Gutiérrez-Vargas, and Christopher T. Minson. "Effect Of Cold Water Immersion On Skin Temperature." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 50, no. 5S (May 2018): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000538643.92699.da.

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Costa e Silva, Gabriel, Rodrigo Rodrigues da Conceição, Carlos Vinicius Herdy, Anderson Silveira, and Fabrízio Di Masi. "ACUTE EFFECTS OF COLD WATER IMMERSION ON CARDIOVASCULAR AND AUTONOMIC RESPONSES." Revista de Investigación en Actividades Acuáticas 3, no. 5 (January 31, 2019): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21134/riaa.v3i5.418.

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Background: Immersion has been used for many years for therapeutic purposes, but more recently the cardiovascular and authonomic effects appear as an important change in the organism during immersion in the aquatic environment.Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of water immersion (22.6 °C) on heart rate, heart rate variability, body temperature, oxygen saturation, diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure in young apparently healthy men.Method: Nine apparently healthy males were randomly allocated to an experimental situation (SE) and one control (SC). The SE subjects had the variables measured after the 10 minutes immersion. The subject of the SC remained 10 minutes at rest in the terrestrial environment. After 48h, the procedures were performed the reverse manner to perform balanced input.Results: After 10 minutes of immersion in water was observed reduction in the values of heart rate, significant increases on the RR intervals. The values of RMSSD (ms) increased after immersion, as shown pNN50 (%) and HF index increased (p = 0.009). The ratio (LF / HF) decreased after immersion. Significant differences when comparing the SBP were observed.Conclusions: Thus, is concluded that the immersion in water (22.6º C) increases vagal activity and reduces modulation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system.

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Costa e Silva, Gabriel, Rodrigo Rodrigues da Conceição, Carlos Vinicius Herdy, Anderson Silveira, and Fabrízio Di Masi. "ACUTE EFFECTS OF COLD WATER IMMERSION ON CARDIOVASCULAR AND AUTONOMIC RESPONSES." Revista de Investigación en Actividades Acuáticas 3, no. 5 (January 31, 2019): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21134/riaa.v3i5.1543.

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Background: Immersion has been used for many years for therapeutic purposes, but more recently the cardiovascular and authonomic effects appear as an important change in the organism during immersion in the aquatic environment.Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of water immersion (22.6 °C) on heart rate, heart rate variability, body temperature, oxygen saturation, diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure in young apparently healthy men.Method: Nine apparently healthy males were randomly allocated to an experimental situation (SE) and one control (SC). The SE subjects had the variables measured after the 10 minutes immersion. The subject of the SC remained 10 minutes at rest in the terrestrial environment. After 48h, the procedures were performed the reverse manner to perform balanced input.Results: After 10 minutes of immersion in water was observed reduction in the values of heart rate, significant increases on the RR intervals. The values of RMSSD (ms) increased after immersion, as shown pNN50 (%) and HF index increased (p = 0.009). The ratio (LF / HF) decreased after immersion. Significant differences when comparing the SBP were observed.Conclusions: Thus, is concluded that the immersion in water (22.6º C) increases vagal activity and reduces modulation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system.

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Sartika, Dewi. "COMBINATION OF STRETCHING WITH IMMERSION SYSTEM (COLD AND CONTRAST) ON DOMS PAIN TOLERANCE." Sport and Fitness Journal 9, no. 2 (May 28, 2021): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/spj.2021.v09.i02.p04.

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Introduction: DOMS is a complaint of muscle pain experienced by athletes by exercising overloadedly. DOMS pain tolerance improvement was carried out with several interventions, in the form of a combination of stretching with cold water immersion, and stretching with contrast water immersion. The purpose of this research is to proving which comparison of physiotherapy interventions is better for DOMS pain tolerance improvement. Method: The research was carried out in the Ngurah Rai athletics field in Denpasar in January 2020, experimental in nature with a pretest and post test two group design. Samples were male athletes divided into two groups, each group consisting of 9 respondens. Group I was given a combination of stretching and cold water immersion, Group II was given a combination of stretching and water immersion in contrast. Cold water temperature is 10 ?C and warm water temperature 36-40 ?C. Pain tolerance value measured by sphygmomanometer placed on the calf. The higher the value mmHg, the higher the tolerance would be. Result: Results in Group I, the mean pain tolerance before intervention was 153 ± 7.76 (mmHg) and the mean after intervention (48 hours) 206 ± 8.32 (mmHg) with p = 0,000 (p <0.05). In Group II, the mean pain tolerance before intervention was 154 ± 8.35 (mmHg) and after intervention (48 hours) 188.4 ± 6.95 (mmHg) with a value of p = 0,000 (p <0.05). This showed a significant increase in pain tolerance in each group. Statistical tests conducted between the two groups also showed significant differences, with a result of p = 0,000 (p <0.05) where the value of pain tolerance in Group I was better than Group II. Conclusions: combination of stretching and cold water immersion is better than the combination of stretching and water immersion in contrast in reducing DOMS. Keywords: Delayed onset muscle soreness; stretching; cold water; contrast water immersion.

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Bierens, Joost J. L. M., Philippe Lunetta, Mike Tipton, and David S. Warner. "Physiology Of Drowning: A Review." Physiology 31, no. 2 (March 2016): 147–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00002.2015.

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Drowning physiology relates to two different events: immersion (upper airway above water) and submersion (upper airway under water). Immersion involves integrated cardiorespiratory responses to skin and deep body temperature, including cold shock, physical incapacitation, and hypovolemia, as precursors of collapse and submersion. The physiology of submersion includes fear of drowning, diving response, autonomic conflict, upper airway reflexes, water aspiration and swallowing, emesis, and electrolyte disorders. Submersion outcome is determined by cardiac, pulmonary, and neurological injury. Knowledge of drowning physiology is scarce. Better understanding may identify methods to improve survival, particularly related to hot-water immersion, cold shock, cold-induced physical incapacitation, and fear of drowning.

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Martineau, L., and I. Jacobs. "Free fatty acid availability and temperature regulation in cold water." Journal of Applied Physiology 67, no. 6 (December 1, 1989): 2466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.67.6.2466.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a reduced availability of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) would impair human temperature regulation during cold exposure. Seven seminude male subjects were immersed on two occasions in 18 degrees C water for 90 min or until their rectal temperature (Tre) decreased to 35.5 degrees C. The immersion occurred after 2 h of intermittent oral ingestion of either nicotinic acid (NIC) or a placebo (PLAC). Plasma FFA levels immediately before the immersion were significantly lower in NIC (87 +/- 15 mumol/l) than in PLAC (655 +/- 116 mumol/l, P less than 0.05). Although FFA levels increased by 73% in NIC during the immersion (P less than 0.05), they remained significantly lower than in PLAC (151 +/- 19 vs. 716 +/- 74 mumol/l, P less than 0.05) throughout the immersion. Muscle glycogen concentrations in the vastus lateralis decreased after cold water immersion in both trials (P less than 0.05), but the rate of glycogen utilization was similar, averaging 1.00 +/- 0.27 mmol glucose unit.kg dry muscle-1.min-1). Plasma glucose levels were significantly reduced after immersion in both trials (P less than 0.05), this decrease being greater in NIC (1.3 +/- 0.2 mmol/l) than in PLAC (0.7 +/- 0.1 mmol/l, P less than 0.05). O2 uptake increased to 3.8 +/- 0.3 times preimmersion values in both trials (P less than 0.05). Mean respiratory exchange ratio (RER) immediately before the immersion was greater in NIC (0.87 +/- 0.02) than in PLAC (0.77 +/- 0.01, P less than 0.05). Cold exposure increased RER in PLAC but not in NIC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Ducharme, Michel B., and David S. Lounsbury. "Self-rescue swimming in cold water: the latest advice." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 32, no. 4 (August 2007): 799–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h07-042.

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According to the 2006 Canadian Red Cross Drowning Report, 2007 persons died of cold-water immersion in Canada between 1991 and 2000. These statistics indicate that prevention of cold-water immersion fatalities is a significant public health issue for Canadians. What should a person do after accidental immersion in cold water? For a long time, aquatic safety organizations and government agencies stated that swimming should not be attempted, even when a personal flotation device (PFD) is worn. The objective of the present paper is to present the recent scientific evidence making swimming a viable option for self-rescue during accidental cold-water immersion. Early studies in the 1960s and 1970s led to a general conclusion that “people are better off if they float still in lifejackets or hang on to wreckage and do not swim about to try to keep warm”. Recent evidence from the literature shows that the initial factors identified as being responsible for swimming failure can be either easily overcome or are not likely the primary contributors to swimming failure. Studies over the last decade reported that swimming failure might primarily be related not to general hypothermia, but rather to muscle fatigue of the arms as a consequence of arm cooling. This is based on the general observation that swimming failure developed earlier than did systemic hypothermia, and can be related to low temperature of the arm muscles following swimming in cold water. All of the above studies conducted in water between 10 and 14 °C indicate that people can swim in cold water for a distance ranging between about 800 and 1500 m before being incapacitated by the cold. The average swimming duration for the studies was about 47 min before incapacitation, regardless of the swimming ability of the subjects. Recent evidence shows that people have a very accurate idea about how long it will take them to achieve a given swimming goal despite a 3-fold overestimation of the absolute distance to swim. The subjects were quite astute at deciding their swimming strategy early in the immersion with 86% success, but after about 30 min of swimming or passive cooling, their decision-making ability became impaired. It would therefore seem wise to make one’s accidental immersion survival plan early during the immersion, directly after cessation of the cold shock responses. Additional recommendations for self-rescue are provided based on recent scientific evidence.

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Wester, T. E., A. D. Cherry, N. W. Pollock, J. J. Freiberger, M. J. Natoli, E. A. Schinazi, P. O. Doar, et al. "Effects of head and body cooling on hemodynamics during immersed prone exercise at 1 ATA." Journal of Applied Physiology 106, no. 2 (February 2009): 691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.91237.2008.

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Immersion pulmonary edema (IPE) is a condition with sudden onset in divers and swimmers suspected to be due to pulmonary arterial or venous hypertension induced by exercise in cold water, although it does occur even with adequate thermal protection. We tested the hypothesis that cold head immersion could facilitate IPE via a reflex rise in pulmonary vascular pressure due solely to cooling of the head. Ten volunteers were instrumented with ECG and radial and pulmonary artery catheters and studied at 1 atm absolute (ATA) during dry and immersed rest and exercise in thermoneutral (29–31°C) and cold (18–20°C) water. A head tent varied the temperature of the water surrounding the head independently of the trunk and limbs. Heart rate, Fick cardiac output (CO), mean arterial pressure (MAP), mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP), pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP), and central venous pressure (CVP) were measured. MPAP, PAWP, and CO were significantly higher in cold pool water ( P ≤ 0.004). Resting MPAP and PAWP values (means ± SD) were 20 ± 2.9/13 ± 3.9 (cold body/cold head), 21 ± 3.1/14 ± 5.2 (cold/warm), 14 ± 1.5/10 ± 2.2 (warm/warm), and 15 ± 1.6/10 ± 2.6 mmHg (warm/cold). Exercise values were higher; cold body immersion augmented the rise in MPAP during exercise. MAP increased during immersion, especially in cold water ( P < 0.0001). Except for a transient additive effect on MAP and MPAP during rapid head cooling, cold water on the head had no effect on vascular pressures. The results support a hemodynamic cause for IPE mediated in part by cooling of the trunk and extremities. This does not support the use of increased head insulation to prevent IPE.

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Mur Gimeno, Esther, Francesco Campa, Georgian Badicu, Jorge Castizo-Olier, Elisabet Palomera-Fanegas, and Raquel Sebio-Garcia. "Changes in Muscle Contractile Properties after Cold- or Warm-Water Immersion Using Tensiomyography: A Cross-Over Randomised Trial." Sensors 20, no. 11 (June 4, 2020): 3193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20113193.

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Muscle contractile properties in clinical practice are often measured using either subjective scales or high-cost, inaccessible equipment. In this randomised cross-over study, we aimed to explore the use of tensiomyography (TMG) to assess changes in muscle contractile properties after cold- and warm-water immersion. The muscle contractile properties of the biceps femoris (BF) were assessed using TMG in 12 healthy active men (mean age 23 ± 3 years, Body Mass Index 22.9 ± 1.3 kg/m2) before and after a 20-min warm- or cold-water immersion over a period of 40 min. Muscle displacement (Dm) and contraction time (Tc) were registered as the main variables of the study. There was a significant condition by time interaction for Dm (p < 0.01). Post hoc analysis showed that, compared to the baseline, there was an increase in Dm 40 min after warm-water immersion (p < 0.01) and a decrease at 10 min after cold-water immersion (p < 0.01). No significant effect was found for Tc. Our results indicate that muscle contractile properties are affected by water temperature and time after the immersion; therefore, these factors should be taken into account when water-immersion is used as a recovery strategy.

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Castellani, John W., Catherine O'Brien, Peter Tikuisis, Ingrid V. Sils, and Xiaojiang Xu. "Evaluation of two cold thermoregulatory models for prediction of core temperature during exercise in cold water." Journal of Applied Physiology 103, no. 6 (December 2007): 2034–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00499.2007.

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Cold thermoregulatory models (CTM) have primarily been developed to predict core temperature (Tcore) responses during sedentary immersion. Few studies have examined their efficacy to predict Tcore during exercise cold exposure. The purpose of this study was to compare observed Tcore responses during exercise in cold water with the predicted Tcore from a three-cylinder (3-CTM) and a six-cylinder (6-CTM) model, adjusted to include heat production from exercise. A matrix of two metabolic rates (0.44 and 0.88 m/s walking), two water temperatures (10 and 15°C), and two immersion depths (chest and waist) were used to elicit different rates of Tcore changes. Root mean square deviation (RMSD) and nonparametric Bland-Altman tests were used to test for acceptable model predictions. Using the RMSD criterion, the 3-CTM did not fit the observed data in any trial, whereas the 6-CTM fit the data (RMSD less than standard deviation) in four of eight trials. In general, the 3-CTM predicted a rapid decline in core temperature followed by a plateau. For the 6-CTM, the predicted Tcore appeared relatively tight during the early part of immersion, but was much lower during the latter portions of immersion, accounting for the nonagreement between RMSD and SD values. The 6-CTM was rerun with no adjustment for exercise metabolism, and core temperature and heat loss predictions were tighter. In summary, this study demonstrated that both thermoregulatory models designed for sedentary cold exposure, currently, cannot be extended for use during partial immersion exercise in cold water. Algorithms need to be developed to better predict heat loss during exercise in cold water.

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Ihsan, Mohammed, Greig Watson, Hui Cheng Choo, Andrew Govus, Scott Cocking, Jamie Stanley, and Chris Richard Abbiss. "Skeletal Muscle Microvascular Adaptations Following Regular Cold Water Immersion." International Journal of Sports Medicine 41, no. 02 (December 16, 2019): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1044-2397.

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AbstractThis study investigated the effect of endurance training and regular post-exercise cold water immersion on changes in microvascular function. Nine males performed 3 sessions∙wk-1 of endurance training for 4 weeks. Following each session, participants immersed one leg in a cold water bath (10°C; COLD) for 15 min while the contra-lateral leg served as control (CON). Before and after training, microvascular function of the gastrocnemius was assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy, where 5 min of popliteal artery occlusion was applied and monitored for 3 min upon cuff release. Changes in Hbdiff (oxyhemoglobin – deoxyhemoglobin) amplitude (O-AMP), area under curve (O-AUC) and estimated muscle oxygen consumption (mVO2) were determined during occlusion, while the reperfusion rate (R-RATE), reperfusion amplitude (R-AMP) and hyperemic response (HYP) were determined following cuff release. Training increased O-AMP (p=0.010), O-AUC (p=0.011), mVO2 (p=0.013), R-AMP (p=0.004) and HYP (p=0.057). Significant time (p=0.024) and condition (p=0.026) effects were observed for R-RATE, where the increase in COLD was greater compared with CON (p=0.026). In conclusion, R-RATE following training was significantly higher in COLD compared with CON, providing some evidence for enhanced microvascular adaptations following regular cold water immersion.

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Aisyah, Siti, Rifqi Festiawan, Neva Widanita, Kusnandar Kusnandar, and Ayu Rizky Febriani. "Perbandingan Pengaruh Metode Sport Massage dan Cold Water Immersion Terhadap Denyut Nadi Pemulihan Pasca Latihan Pada Tim Bola Voli SMA." Jorpres (Jurnal Olahraga Prestasi) 17, no. 2 (October 13, 2021): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jorpres.v17i2.31971.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) pengaruh metode sport massage terhadap denyut nadi pemulihanp asca latihan, (2) pengaruh cold water immersion terhadap denyut nadi pemulihan pasca latihan. (3) perbedaan pengaruh antara metode sport massage dan cold water immersion terhadap denyut nadi pemulihan pasca latihan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan pretest-posttest-control group design. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah tim bola voli di SMA Negeri 5 Purwokerto yang berjumlah 30 siswa. Teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah Total Sampling dan pembagian kelompok dengan model Ordinal Pairing, besar sampel yang digunakan adalah sebanyak 30 siswa yang dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok perlakuan . Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan tes dan pengukuan dalam olahraga menggunakan circuit training test dan pengukuran denyut nadi. Teknik analisis data dilakukan dengan analisis statistik menggunakan uji paired t-test dan uji independent t test, untuk memenuhi asumsi hasil penelitian dilakukan uji persyaratan analisis yaitu dengan uji normalitas dan uji homogenitas. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, maka penelitian ini menghasilkan kesimpulan sebagai berikut: (1) ada pengaruh metode sport masage terhadap denyut nadi pemulihan pasca latihan (2) ada pengaruh metode cold water immersion terhadap denyut nadi pemulihan pasca latihan. (3) tidak ada perbedaan pengaruh yang signifikan antara metode sport massage dan cold water immersionterhadap denyut nadi pemulihan pasca latihan. EFFECT OF SPORT MASSAGE AND COLD WATER IMMERSION ON POST-EXERCISE PULSE IN VOLLEYBALL TEAMSAbstractThis study aims to determine: (1) The Effect of the Sports Massage Method on Post-Exercise Fatigue Recovery, (2) The Effect of Cold Water Immersion on Post-Exercise Fatigue Recovery. (3) Difference Between Influence Between Sports Massage Method and Cold Water Immersion on Post-Exercise Fatigue Recovery. This study uses an experimental method with a pretest-posttest-control group design. The population in this study was the volleyball team at SMA Negeri 5 Purwokerto, with a total of 30 students. The sampling technique used was total sampling and group division with Ordinal Pairing models, the sample size used was 30 students divided into 3 treatment groups. Data collection techniques were carried out with tests and bookkeeping in sports using a circuit training test and pulse measurement. The data analysis technique was carried out by statistical analysis using the paired t-test and independent t-test, to meet the assumptions of the results of the study the analysis of the test requirements was carried out with the normality and homogeneity tests. Based on the results of data analysis, this study produces the following conclusions: (1) There is an effect of the Sports Massage Method on Post-Exercise Fatigue Recovery. (2) There is an effect of the Cold Water Immersion Method on Post-Exercise Fatigue Recovery. (3) There is no significant difference in effect between the methods of Sports Massage and Cold Water Immersion on Post-Exercise Fatigue Recovery.

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Vinceslio, Eric M., Zane Fayos, Aaron Bernadette, and Jan-Michael Van Gent. "Expeditionary Immersion Circulating Heating Device: A Promising Technique for Treating Frostbite Injuries and Warming Intravenous Fluids in a Forward Deployed Cold Weather Environment." Military Medicine 185, no. 11-12 (November 1, 2020): e2039-e2043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usaa213.

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Abstract Introduction Cold weather injuries require prompt warm water immersion therapy, which proves to be a difficult task in the cold austere environment. Current guidelines recommend 104 °F water immersion, but producing and maintaining large volumes of warm water is challenging in sub-freezing temperatures. We describe a novel process of utilizing a sous vide immersion circulator to maintain warm fluids for immersion therapy and efficient fluid rewarming in a cold forward-deployed setting for the treatment of cold weather injuries in an effort to bridge the gap between current medical guidelines and practices. Materials and Methods Large water cans were warmed to 104 °F with the immersion circulator. A thermometer was inserted into a 1-inch steak, frozen to 30 °F, and placed in a basin with only the warmed water while the internal temperature was monitored until physiologic temperature was achieved. The time to this endpoint was recorded. A 1-L bag of normal saline and a 450-mL bag of whole blood were also separately warmed by the same technique. The temperature of the normal saline was monitored at 0-, 5-, 7-, 8-, 9-, and 10 -minute intervals. The process was similarly repeated, measuring the whole blood temperature at 0-, 5-, 7-, and 10-minute intervals. Results Ambient internal tent temperatures averaged 54 °F; outdoor temperatures were consistently sub-freezing. The 5-gallon cans of water at ambient temperature heated to 104 °F in 15 minutes. The water temperature remained constant for 3 weeks with the circulator running. The frozen steak started at 30 °F and reached 98 °F in 52 minutes and 45 seconds. The bag of normal saline and whole blood, refrigerated to 39 °F, achieved temperatures of 102 °F and 94 °F respectively after 10 minutes. Conclusion A heating immersion circulator device is a lightweight, flameless, and inexpensive way to consistently heat large volumes of water for treatment of cold weather injuries, hypothermia, and whole blood rewarming in a cold austere environment.

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Geurts, C. L. M., G. G. Sleivert, and M. Tingley. "ATTENUATED COLD-INDUCED VASODILATATION AFTER REPEATED COLD-WATER IMMERSION OF THE HAND." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 35, Supplement 1 (May 2003): S254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200305001-01411.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cold-water immersion'

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