Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cold Water Immersion (CWI)

Academic literature on the topic 'Cold Water Immersion (CWI)'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Cold Water Immersion (CWI)"

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Stephens, Jessica M., Ken Sharpe, Christopher Gore, Joanna Miller, Gary J. Slater, Nathan Versey, Jeremiah Peiffer, et al. "Core Temperature Responses to Cold-Water Immersion Recovery: A Pooled-Data Analysis." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 7 (August 1, 2018): 917–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0661.

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Purpose: To examine the effect of postexercise cold-water immersion (CWI) protocols, compared with control (CON), on the magnitude and time course of core temperature (Tc) responses. Methods: Pooled-data analyses were used to examine the Tc responses of 157 subjects from previous postexercise CWI trials in the authors’ laboratories. CWI protocols varied with different combinations of temperature, duration, immersion depth, and mode (continuous vs intermittent). Tc was examined as a double difference (ΔΔTc), calculated as the change in Tc in CWI condition minus the corresponding change in CON. The effect of CWI on ΔΔTc was assessed using separate linear mixed models across 2 time components (component 1, immersion; component 2, postintervention). Results: Intermittent CWI resulted in a mean decrease in ΔΔTc that was 0.25°C (0.10°C) (estimate [SE]) greater than continuous CWI during the immersion component (P = .02). There was a significant effect of CWI temperature during the immersion component (P = .05), where reductions in water temperature of 1°C resulted in decreases in ΔΔTc of 0.03°C (0.01°C). Similarly, the effect of CWI duration was significant during the immersion component (P = .01), where every 1 min of immersion resulted in a decrease in ΔΔTc of 0.02°C (0.01°C). The peak difference in Tc between the CWI and CON interventions during the postimmersion component occurred at 60 min postintervention. Conclusions: Variations in CWI mode, duration, and temperature may have a significant effect on the extent of change in Tc. Careful consideration should be given to determine the optimal amount of core cooling before deciding which combination of protocol factors to prescribe.
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Buchheit, M., J. J. Peiffer, C. R. Abbiss, and P. B. Laursen. "Effect of cold water immersion on postexercise parasympathetic reactivation." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 296, no. 2 (February 2009): H421—H427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01017.2008.

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The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of cold water immersion (CWI) on postexercise parasympathetic reactivation. Ten male cyclists (age, 29 ± 6 yr) performed two repeated supramaximal cycling exercises (SE1 and SE2) interspersed with a 20-min passive recovery period, during which they were randomly assigned to either 5 min of CWI in 14°C or a control (N) condition where they sat in an environmental chamber (35.0 ± 0.3°C and 40.0 ± 3.0% relative humidity). Rectal temperature (Tre) and beat-to-beat heart rate (HR) were recorded continuously. The time constant of HR recovery (HRRτ) and a time (30-s) varying vagal-related HR variability (HRV) index (rMSSD30s) were assessed during the 6-min period immediately following exercise. Resting vagal-related HRV indexes were calculated during 3-min periods 2 min before and 3 min after SE1 and SE2. Results showed no effect of CWI on Tre ( P = 0.29), SE performance ( P = 0.76), and HRRτ ( P = 0.61). In contrast, all vagal-related HRV indexes were decreased after SE1 ( P < 0.001) and tended to decrease even further after SE2 under N condition but not with CWI. When compared with the N condition, CWI increased HRV indexes before ( P < 0.05) and rMSSD30s after ( P < 0.05) SE2. Our study shows that CWI can significantly restore the impaired vagal-related HRV indexes observed after supramaximal exercise. CWI may serve as a simple and effective means to accelerate parasympathetic reactivation during the immediate period following supramaximal exercise.
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Missau, Edson, André de Oliveira Teixeira, Ozeias Simões Franco, Cassio Noronha Martins, Felipe da Silva Paulitsch, William Peres, Antonio Marcos Vargas da Silva, and Luis Ulisses Signori. "COLD WATER IMMERSION AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE AFTER RESISTANCE EXERCISES." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 24, no. 5 (September 2018): 372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220182405182913.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: High-intensity resistance exercises (RE) cause an inflammatory response that reduces functionality. Objective: To evaluate the effects of Cold Water Immersion (CWI) on leukocytosis, oxidative stress parameters, inflammatory markers and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) resulting from a RE session in untrained volunteers. Methods: Thirteen volunteers (aged 26 ± 5 years) who do not engage in RE were randomized and underwent Control RE and RE with CWI sessions. Exercise sessions (leg extension machine, squats and leg presses) consisted of four sets of 10 maximum repetitions (one-week interval between the assessment and the sessions). CWI consisted of immersion in water (15°C) to the umbilicus for 10 minutes immediately after the exercise session. Complete blood count, CRP, creatine kinase (CK) and lipoperoxidation (LPO) were assessed previously (baseline) and immediately, 30 minutes and 2 hours after RE. DOMS was assessed 24 hours after the sessions. Results: RE induced progressive leukocytosis (P<0.001). CRP was elevated 2 hours after exercise (P=0.008) only in the Control RE session. CK increased 30 minutes and 2 hours after exercise (P<0.001) in the Control session, whereas in the CWI session the increase was observed after 2 hours (P<0.001). LPO increased only in the Control session after 2 hours (P=0.025). CWI reduced DOMS by 57% (P<0.001). Conclusion: CWI slows the inflammatory response and reduces DOMS in untrained individuals undergoing RE. Level of Evidence I; Randomized Clinical Trial.
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Halson, Shona L., Marc J. Quod, David T. Martin, Andrew S. Gardner, Tammie R. Ebert, and Paul B. Laursen. "Physiological Responses to Cold Water Immersion Following Cycling in the Heat." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 3, no. 3 (September 2008): 331–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.3.3.331.

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Cold water immersion (CWI) has become a popular means of enhancing recovery from various forms of exercise. However, there is minimal scientific information on the physiological effects of CWI following cycling in the heat.Purpose:To examine the safety and acute thermoregulatory, cardiovascular, metabolic, endocrine, and inflammatory responses to CWI following cycling in the heat.Methods:Eleven male endurance trained cyclists completed two simulated ~40-min time trials at 34.3 ± 1.1°C. All subjects completed both a CWI trial (11.5°C for 60 s repeated three times) and a control condition (CONT; passive recovery in 24.2 ± 1.8°C) in a randomized cross-over design. Capillary blood samples were assayed for lactate, glucose, pH, and blood gases. Venous blood samples were assayed for catecholamines, cortisol, testosterone, creatine kinase, C-reactive protein, IL-6, and IGF-1 on 7 of the 11 subjects. Heart rate (HR), rectal (Tre), and skin temperatures (Tsk) were measured throughout recovery.Results:CWI elicited a significantly lower HR (CWI: Δ116 ± 9 bpm vs. CONT: Δ106 ± 4 bpm; P = .02), Tre (CWI: Δ1.99 ± 0.50°C vs. CONT: Δ1.49 ± 0.50°C; P = .01) and Tsk. However, all other measures were not significantly different between conditions. All participants subjectively reported enhanced sensations of recovery following CWI.Conclusion:CWI did not result in hypothermia and can be considered safe following high intensity cycling in the heat, using the above protocol. CWI significantly reduced heart rate and core temperature; however, all other metabolic and endocrine markers were not affected by CWI.
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Nye, Emma A., Jessica R. Edler, Lindsey E. Eberman, and Kenneth E. Games. "Optimizing Cold-Water Immersion for Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia: An Evidence-Based Paper." Journal of Athletic Training 51, no. 6 (June 1, 2016): 500–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.9.04.

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Reference: Zhang Y, Davis JK, Casa DJ, Bishop PA. Optimizing cold water immersion for exercise-induced hyperthermia: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(11):2464−2472. Clinical Questions: Do optimal procedures exist for implementing cold-water immersion (CWI) that yields high cooling rates for hyperthermic individuals? Data Sources: One reviewer performed a literature search using PubMed and Web of Science. Search phrases were cold water immersion, forearm immersion, ice bath, ice water immersion, immersion, AND cooling. Study Selection: Studies were included based on the following criteria: (1) English language, (2) full-length articles published in peer-reviewed journals, (3) healthy adults subjected to exercise-induced hyperthermia, and (4) reporting of core temperature as 1 outcome measure. A total of 19 studies were analyzed. Data Extraction: Pre-immersion core temperature, immersion water temperature, ambient temperature, immersion duration, and immersion level were coded a priori for extraction. Data originally reported in graphical form were digitally converted to numeric values. Mean differences comparing the cooling rates of CWI with passive recovery, standard deviation of change from baseline core temperature, and within-subjects r were extracted. Two independent reviewers used the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale to assess the risk of bias. Main Results: Cold-water immersion increased the cooling rate by 0.03°C/min (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.03, 0.04°C/min) compared with passive recovery. Cooling rates were more effective when the pre-immersion core temperature was ≥38.6°C (P = .023), immersion water temperature was ≤10°C (P = .036), ambient temperature was ≥20°C (P = .013), or immersion duration was ≤10 minutes (P &lt; .001). Cooling rates for torso and limb immersion (mean difference = 0.04°C/min, 95% CI = 0.03, 0.06°C/min) were higher (P = .028) than those for forearm and hand immersion (mean difference = 0.01°C/min, 95% CI = −0.01, 0.04°C/min). Conclusions: Hyperthermic individuals were cooled twice as fast by CWI as by passive recovery. Therefore, the former method is the preferred choice when treating patients with exertional heat stroke. Water temperature should be &lt;10°C, with the torso and limbs immersed. Insufficient published evidence supports CWI of the forearms and hands.
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Kodejška, Jan, Jiří Baláš, and Nick Draper. "Effect of Cold-Water Immersion on Handgrip Performance in Rock Climbers." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 8 (September 1, 2018): 1097–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0012.

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Purpose: To determine the effect of 2 cold-water-immersion (CWI) temperatures (15°C and 8°C) on repeat handgrip performance to failure. Methods: A total of 32 participants completed 3 intermittent trials to failure on a climbing-specific handgrip dynamometer on 3 laboratory visits. For each visit, a different recovery strategy was employed: passive (PAS) recovery, CWI at 8°C (CW8), or CWI at 15°C (CW15). The force time integral (FTI: time of contraction multiplied by the force of contraction) was determined to assess handgrip performance. Results: There was no significant difference between recovery strategies at the end of trial 1. In response to the PAS recovery strategy, there were 10% and 22% decreases in FTI in the second and third trials, respectively. The PAS recovery-strategy FTI values were lower than both CWI strategies for trials 2 and 3 (P < .05). FTI increased in the second trial (↑32% and ↑38%; P < .05) for both immersion strategies (CW8 and CW15, respectively) compared with trial 1. During the third trial, FTI was significantly higher for CW15 than CW8 (↑27% and ↓4% with respect to baseline trial; P < .05). Conclusions: The results suggest that CWI has potential performance advantages over PAS recovery for rock climbing. The data show that in events where multiple recoveries are required, 15°C CWI may be more beneficial for climbers than 8°C CWI. Future research should focus on the optimization of protocols for sport performance.
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Roberts, Llion A., Kazunori Nosaka, Jeff S. Coombes, and Jonathan M. Peake. "Cold water immersion enhances recovery of submaximal muscle function after resistance exercise." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 307, no. 8 (October 15, 2014): R998—R1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00180.2014.

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We investigated the effect of cold water immersion (CWI) on the recovery of muscle function and physiological responses after high-intensity resistance exercise. Using a randomized, cross-over design, 10 physically active men performed high-intensity resistance exercise followed by one of two recovery interventions: 1) 10 min of CWI at 10°C or 2) 10 min of active recovery (low-intensity cycling). After the recovery interventions, maximal muscle function was assessed after 2 and 4 h by measuring jump height and isometric squat strength. Submaximal muscle function was assessed after 6 h by measuring the average load lifted during 6 sets of 10 squats at 80% of 1 repetition maximum. Intramuscular temperature (1 cm) was also recorded, and venous blood samples were analyzed for markers of metabolism, vasoconstriction, and muscle damage. CWI did not enhance recovery of maximal muscle function. However, during the final three sets of the submaximal muscle function test, participants lifted a greater load ( P < 0.05, Cohen's effect size: 1.3, 38%) after CWI compared with active recovery. During CWI, muscle temperature decreased ∼7°C below postexercise values and remained below preexercise values for another 35 min. Venous blood O2 saturation decreased below preexercise values for 1.5 h after CWI. Serum endothelin-1 concentration did not change after CWI, whereas it decreased after active recovery. Plasma myoglobin concentration was lower, whereas plasma IL-6 concentration was higher after CWI compared with active recovery. These results suggest that CWI after resistance exercise allows athletes to complete more work during subsequent training sessions, which could enhance long-term training adaptations.
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Stephens, Jessica M., Shona Halson, Joanna Miller, Gary J. Slater, and Christopher D. Askew. "Cold-Water Immersion for Athletic Recovery: One Size Does Not Fit All." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, no. 1 (January 2017): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0095.

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The use of cold-water immersion (CWI) for postexercise recovery has become increasingly prevalent in recent years, but there is a dearth of strong scientific evidence to support the optimization of protocols for performance benefits. While the increase in practice and popularity of CWI has led to multiple studies and reviews in the area of water immersion, the research has predominantly focused on performance outcomes associated with postexercise CWI. Studies to date have generally shown positive results with enhanced recovery of performance. However, there are a small number of studies that have shown CWI to have either no effect or a detrimental effect on the recovery of performance. The rationale for such contradictory responses has received little attention but may be related to nuances associated with individuals that may need to be accounted for in optimizing prescription of protocols. To recommend optimal protocols to enhance athletic recovery, research must provide a greater understanding of the physiology underpinning performance change and the factors that may contribute to the varied responses currently observed. This review focuses specifically on why some of the current literature may show variability and disparity in the effectiveness of CWI for recovery of athletic performance by examining the body temperature and cardiovascular responses underpinning CWI and how they are related to performance benefits. This review also examines how individual characteristics (such as physique traits), differences in water-immersion protocol (depth, duration, temperature), and exercise type (endurance vs maximal) interact with these mechanisms.
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Strzelczyk, Małgorzata, Aneta Teległów, Jakub Marchewka, Bartłomiej Ptaszek, and Anna Marchewka. "The Impact of Moderate Physical Exercise on the Rheological and Biochemical Properties of Blood in Osteoarthritis Patients Who Are Regular Winter Swimmers." Folia Biologica 69, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3409/fb_69-1.04.

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The aim of this study was to assess the influence of moderate physical exercise on selected blood parameters in regular winter swimmers who suffer from osteoarthritis. The study covered a period of 6 months, from November to April, and was carried out on 17 women and 22 men. The participants were divided into 4 groups: Female CWI – women who only immersed themselves in cold water, Female CWI + PE – women who exercised in addition to water immersion, Male CWI – men who only immersed themselves in cold water, and Male CWI + PE – men, who exercised in addition to water immersion. Venous blood was collected twice, before and after the exercise program. A statistically significant decrease in fibrinogen, plasma viscosity, T ½ , and AMP was observed in the blood of people who did not take part in the physical exercise program while a significant decrease in cortisol levels was observed in the people who participated in the exercise program in addition to cold water immersion. In terms of rheological parameters, a significant increase in the elongation index (EI) of erythrocytes from shear stress 2.19 Pa in all groups was observed. There were no statistically significant changes in AI in all groups. Physical activity has an influence on the blood parameters of elderly winter swimmers suffering from osteoarthritis.
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Mawhinney, Chris, Ilkka Heinonen, David A. Low, Chunlei Han, Helen Jones, Kari K. Kalliokoski, Anna Kirjavainen, et al. "Changes in quadriceps femoris muscle perfusion following different degrees of cold-water immersion." Journal of Applied Physiology 128, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 1392–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00833.2019.

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Using positron emission tomography, we report for the first time muscle perfusion heterogeneity in the quadriceps femoris in response to different degrees of cold-water immersion (CWI). Noxious CWI temperatures (8°C) increase perfusion in the deep quadriceps muscle, whereas superficial quadriceps muscle perfusion is reduced in cooler (15°C) water. Therefore, these data have important implications for the selection of CWI approaches used in the treatment of soft tissue injury, while also increasing our understanding of the potential mechanisms underpinning CWI.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cold Water Immersion (CWI)"

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Limire, Bruno. "Cold water immersion after exercise-induced hyperthermia." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27703.

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Cold water immersion (CWI) is the most effective known cooling treatment against exercise-induced hyperthermia. However, sex differences related to body composition (i.e. body fat, muscle mass, surface area, etc.) may affect core cooling rates in hyperthermic males and females. Purpose. To determine sex related differences in core cooling rates during CWI after exercise-induced hyperthermia. Methods. Ten male (M) and nine female (F) participants matched for body surface area to mass ratio took part in this study. Participants exercised at 65% V˙O2max at an ambient temperature of 40°C until rectal temperature (Tre) increased to 39.5°C. Following exercise, subjects were immersed in a 2°C circulated water bath until Tre decreased to 37.5°C. Results. Females had a significantly greater core cooling rate compared to males. This was paralleled by a lower skin temperature and a shorter time to reach the exit criterion. Conclusion. We conclude that previously hyperthermic females have a 1.7 times greater Tre cooling rate compared to males. We attribute this difference to a smaller lean body mass (expressed by the body-surface-area-to-lean-body-mass ratio) in females compared to males.
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Romney, Patricia J. "The effect of cold water immersion on fractioned response time /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2009. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2909.pdf.

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Romney, Patricia Jean. "The Effects of Cold Water Immersion on Fractioned Response Time." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2009. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1848.

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Objectives: Quantify the effects of cold water immersion of the ankle on fractioned response time of the dominant lower limb. Design and Setting: A 2x2x5x5 crossover design with repeated measures on time and treatment directed data collection. The independent variables were gender, treatment, time (pretreatment, and post 15 seconds, 3 minutes 6 minutes and 9 minutes) and trial (5 trials for each time group). Response time (Tresp), reaction time (Treac), trial and surface temperature were measurement variables. Subjects: Thirty-six subjects, 18 females and 18 males were recruited from a physically active volunteer college student population. Measurements: Fractioned response time was tested following a 20 minute treatment. Response time and Treac were recorded by the reaction timer, and Tmov was calculated by taking the difference between Tresp and Treac. For each time/subject the high and low Tresp were discarded and the middle three trials were averaged and used for statistical analysis. A 2x2x5 ANOVA was used to determine overall differences between gender, treatment and time followed by Newman-Keuls multiple comparison tests. Results: Males were faster than females for Tresp, Treac and Tmov. Movement time and Tresp were slower with cold water immersion, but Treac was unaffected. Movement time and Tresp were fastest pretreatment, and slowest during the post 15-second time group. Though both Tmov and Tresp progressively sped up from the post 15-second through the post 9-minute time group, they did not return to pretreatment values when data collection discontinued. Conclusions: Immersing the dominant ankle in cold water for 20 minutes increases Tmov of the dominant lower limb; thereby increasing fractioned response time (Tresp).
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Liu, Yuning. "Pressor response to isometric handgrip combined with foot immersion in cold water." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6701.

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The purposes of this study were to (1) compare the pressor response between isometric exercise and a cold pressor test (CPT) and (2) examine the pressor response to isometric exercise at 33% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) combined with a CPT applied either at the onset or during the last minute of a 2-min CPT. Ten normotensive male volunteers performed isometric handgrip (HG) at 33% MVC, cold foot immersion, HG combined with a simultaneous CPT, and HG performed during the last minute of a 2-min CPT in a random order over three days. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded at rest and continuously throughout the tests. The results of this study indicate that (1) the pattern of HR response between the 2-min HG and the CPT was different; (2) DBP values during CPT for the initial 30s and the last 15s were significantly lower than DBP corresponding values during HG, while there were no significant differences between the CPT and HG with respect to SBP response; (3) when HG and CPT were performed simultaneously, the effects on SBP and HR were additive, whereas the effects on DBP and MAP were not; (4) CPT performed for 1 minute prior to HG attenuated the SBP and HR responses to HG at 33% MVC, and (5) although both HR and BP increased in response to HG at 33% MVC, only BP increased progressively in a linear fashion when combined with CPT. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Peiffer, Jeremiah J. "Short term recovery with cold water immersion following cycling in the heat." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2008. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/209.

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Increases in core temperature are associated with perceptions of fatigue and reductions in physical work capacity. Following completion of a bout of exercise in the heat, cold water immersion (CWI) is sometimes used by athletes to rapidly decrease their core temperature, and may facilitate recovery. Few studies however, have examined the effects of CWI after exercise in the heat on short term recovery. In addition, whether or not performance benefits can arise from this recovery modality is equivocal. This thesis incorporates four individual studies surrounding the area of CWI recovery and one study that ,examined the reliability of a measure used to estimate blood flow. All of these studies have been published or submitted to refereed sport science journals.
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Choo, Hui C. "Peripheral blood flow changes in response to post-exercise cold water immersion." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2014. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1012.

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A reduction in body temperature is considered to be the primary mechanism by which cold water immersion (CWI) enhances short-term (h) recovery and improves exercise capacity in the heat. However, improvement in exercise performance may be optimised at a given cooling magnitude. Water temperature and immersion duration influence the magnitude of cooling in the core body, muscle and skin. Given the role of blood flow in convective heat flux, substrate delivery and metabolic waste clearance, it is important to understand the influence of different water temperatures on compartmental distribution of limb blood flow during CWI. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare blood flow changes in the common femoral artery, vastus lateralis muscle, and thigh skin induced by 5 min of post-exercise water immersion at 8°C, 14°C, 35°C or passive rest. In a randomised manner, nine recreationally active men performed exhaustive cycling in a climate control chamber (32.8 ± 0.4°C and 32 ± 5%rh), followed by 5 min of water immersion at 8.6 ± 0.2°C (WI8), 14.6 ± 0.3°C (WI14), 35.0 ± 0.4°C (WI35) or passive rest (CON). The exercise task involved 25 min of cycling at a power output equivalent to first ventilatory threshold, followed by high-intensity intermittent cycling (30 s at 90% of peak power output to 30 s at 70 W). Measurement of blood flow in thigh skin (laser Doppler flowmetry), vastus lateralis muscle (near infrared spectroscopy), and common femoral artery (Doppler ultrasound), heart rate, mean arterial pressure, skin, muscle, rectal, and mean body temperatures were obtained prior to exercise and up to 60 min post-immersion. Both WI14 and WI8 reduced mean body, calf and thigh skin, and muscle temperatures, compared with WI35 and CON (p0.05). Relative to pre-immersion, differences were observed in the magnitude of reduction between skin, muscle, and common femoral blood flow. Decreases in muscle and skin blood flow were similar (p>0.05), but to a lesser extent when compared with femoral blood flow (p Therefore, 5 min of CWI at 8°C and 14°C effectively reduced temperatures, when compared with CON and WI35. Although WI8 was more effective than WI14 in reducing mean body temperature, there was no influence on the decreases in skin, muscle and femoral blood flow. Furthermore, WI8 did not result in significant reduction in muscle blood flow compared to WI35, despite significant muscle cooling. Given that mean arterial blood pressure was elevated, it is possible hydrostatic effects during WI35, coupled with shivering thermogenesis during WI8 confounded extent of muscle blood flow reduction in the present study. As such, influence of hydrostatic pressure per se on peripheral blood flow cannot be ruled out although blood flow changes were similar between WI35 and CON. Additionally, current findings indicate unknown vascular beds, other than measured sites in the vastus lateralis muscle and thigh skin, contribute to overall changes in the limb blood flow. It appears that vasoconstriction in skin and muscle vasculatures are associated with the interaction between suppressed vasodilatory substances (e.g. nitric oxide) and altered baroreflex mediated sympathetic nerve activity. However, underlying mechanisms warrant further investigation.
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Richardson, Graham. "Computer simulation of the response of the human body to immersion in cold water." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1988. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/847942/.

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Many military and civilian personnel are required to work in situations where there is a risk of accidental immersion in the sea. Since immediate rescue may not be possible, it is important to predict the time for which survivors may remain alive. A computer-based mathematical model may provide a means of simulating the change in body temperature with time. The need for such a model and the physiological basis for its development have been investigated. A mathematical model has been developed in which the human body is visualised as 15 cylindrical or spherical segments, each divided into 10 radial shells of tissue. Passive heat flows are simulated at the surface and internally. Transport of heat by blood flow is represented in 120 arterial and venous compartments. The physiological mechanisms of thermoregulation are simulated, using existing physiological data. The model is implemented in structured FORTRAN 77 code. Although it is primarily configured for cold water immersion, infrastructure is included to permit adaption to simulate heat or cold stress in air. Code has been included for heat transfer through clothing and for exercising as well as resting conditions. Comparisons of the model predictions have been made against experimental data obtained from semi-nude immersions in water at 12, 18 and 24°C. For subjects with a relatively high body mass and fat content, the predicted body core temperature is generally within plus or minus one standard error of the experimental mean. For small, thin subjects at 12 and 18°C, the prediction is within two standard errors. The model does not cope well with sudden large changes in exercise but predictions for clothed subjects appear adequate.
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Mawhinney, C. "The influence of cold-water immersion on limb blood flow and thermoregulatory responses to exercise." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2016. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4709/.

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The accumulated stresses of training and competition may temporarily cause impairments in an athlete’s physiological and muscular function, leading to suboptimal performance levels. Cold-water immersion (CWI) has become a widely used post-exercise recovery method to accelerate the recovery process by purportedly reducing the symptoms associated with exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). However, the underlying physiological mechanisms, which mediate the effects of CWI, are not well understood. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to investigate the influence of cold-water immersion (CWI) on limb blood flow and thermoregulatory responses following different modes of exercise. In study 1 (Chapter 4), the reliability of Doppler ultrasound in the assessment of superficial femoral artery blood flow (FABF) was examined under resting conditions. A Doppler ultrasound scan of the superficial femoral artery was measured on eight recreationally active male participants; twice on the same day separated by 5-min (within-day), and on a separate day (between-days). The coefficient of variation (CV) for mean blood flow (MBF) was ~16 % and ~20 % for within and between-days, respectively. A relatively small standard error of measurement (SEM) was found both within day, 13.30 mL·min-1 (95% CI, -14.79 to 38.40 mL·min-1) and between-day, 17.75 mL·min-1 (95% CI, -40.12 to 30.88 mL·min-1) for MBF differences. These findings suggest duplex Doppler ultrasound is a reliable method to collect measurements of FABF under resting conditions. The purpose of study 2 and 3 was to determine the influence of different degrees of water immersion cooling on FABF and cutaneous blood flow (CBF) and thermoregulatory responses after endurance (Chapter 5) and resistance (Chapter 6) exercise, respectively. Participants completed a prescribed endurance of resistance exercise protocol prior to immersion into 8 ºC (cold) or 22 ºC (cool) water to the iliac crest or rested non-immersion (CON) in a randomized order. Limb blood flow and thermoregulatory responses were measured before and up to 30-min after immersion. In both studies, thigh skin temperature (Tskthigh) (P < 0.001) and muscle temperature (Tmuscle) (P < 0.01) were lowest in the 8 ºC trial compared with 22 ºC and control trials. However, femoral artery conductance (FVC) was similar after immersion in both cooling conditions and was reduced (~50-55 %) compared with the CON condition 30-min after immersion (P < 0.01). Similarly, there was a greater thigh (P < 0.01) and calf (P < 0.05) cutaneous vasoconstriction during and after immersion in both cooling conditions relative to CON with no differences noted between 8 and 22 ºC immersion. Together, these findings suggest that colder water temperatures may be more effective in the treatment of EIMD and injury after both endurance and resistance exercise, respectively, due to greater reductions in Tmuscle and not limb blood flow per se. The aim of study 4 (Chapter 7) was to compare the influence of CWI and whole body cryotherapy (WBC) on FABF and CBF and thermoregulatory responses after endurance exercise. On separate days, participants completed a continuous cycle ergometer protocol before being immersed semi-reclined into 8 ºC water to the iliac crest for 10 min (CWI), or exposed to 2.5 min (30 s -60 ºC, 2 min -110 ºC) WBC in a specialized cryotherapy chamber, in a randomized order. Limb blood flow and thermoregulatory responses were measured before and up to 40-min after immersion Reductions in Tskthigh (P < 0.001) and Tmuscle (P < 0.001) were larger in CWI during recovery. Similarly, decreases in FVC were greater (~45-50 %) in the CWI condition throughout the recovery period (P < 0.05). There was also a greater skin vasoconstriction observed in CWI at the thigh (P < 0.001) and calf (P < 0.001) throughout the post-cooling recovery period. These results demonstrate that CWI may be a better recovery strategy compared with WBC due greater reductions in both Tmuscle and limb blood flow. This thesis provides a novel insight into the influence of different degrees of water immersion cooling, as well as WBC, on limb blood flow and thermoregulatory responses after different modes of exercise. These findings provide practical application for athletes and an important insight into the possible mechanisms responsible for CWI in alleviating inflammation in sport and athletic contexts.
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Joo, Chang Hwa. "Effect of post-exercise cold water immersion on molecular responses to high-intensity intermittent exercise." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2015. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4457/.

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The balance between the stress of training and competition and sufficient recovery is critical within the development of athletic performance. This stems from the need to recover between successive intense periods of exercise and provide sufficient time through which to adapt to the prescribed training stimulus. Cold water immersion (CWI) is now widely used by athletes to enhance the rate of recovery following training and competition. However, little information currently exists with respect to its influence on skeletal muscle adaptation. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to investigate the impact of CWI on acute markers of adaptation in human skeletal muscle following low-damaging high-intensity intermittent exercise. The aim of study 1 (Chapter 4) was to devise a low-damaging high-intensity intermittent running protocol which would be used as the criterion mode of exercise in future studies within the thesis. The exercise was comprised of 60-min of high-intensity intermittent exercise (8 × 3-min bouts at 90% V ̇O2max interspersed with 3-min recovery) on a motorised treadmill. No significant reduction in maximal voluntary contraction of the quadriceps was observed immediately following completion of the exercise protocol or during the subsequent 7 d period compared to pre-exercise values (P = 0.59). Creatine Kinase (CK) concentrations remained similar to baseline following exercise (P = 0.96). Myoglobin (Mb) content increased following exercise (P = 0.01). However, values returned to baseline after 24 h (P = 0.32). These results suggest the high-intensity intermittent running protocol induced changes in physiological and subjective indices consistent with the effects of low muscle damaging as opposed to those changes normally associated with exercise-induced severe muscle damage. The purpose of the second study (Chapter 5) was to examine the effects of CWI (2 × 5-min (8oC)) on acute markers of skeletal muscle adaptation at rest. Rectal temperature remained similar throughout the CWI protocol (P = 0.36). However, significant reductions in skin (thigh and calf) and muscle temperature were observed immediately post-immersion and the post-immersion period (P < 0.05). Noradrenaline was significantly increased 3 h (355.7 ± 181pmol/l) and 6 h (390.9 ± 131pmol/l) post-immersion compared to baseline (P < 0.01). Muscle PGC-1α (3 h, 1.3 ± 0.2-fold; 6 h, 1.4 ± 0.3-fold) and VEGF165 (3 h, 1.9 ± 1.4-fold; 6 h, 2.2 ± 1.0-fold) mRNA expression were significantly increased at 3 h (PGC-1α, P < 0.001; VEGF165, P = 0.03) and 6 h (PGC-1α, P < 0.001; VEGF165, P = 0.009) post-immersion, respectively. These results indicate that CWI enhances the upstream signalling pathways associated with mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis in human skeletal muscle at rest. The aim of the third study (Chapter 6) was to establish whether post-exercise CWI further enhances the upstream signalling pathways associated with mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis in human skeletal muscle. On each occasion, participants rested passively (Cont) or undertook 2 × 5-min of CWI (8oC) at twenty minutes after completing the intermittent exercise protocol. Rectal temperature remained similar between CWI and Cont conditions during the 3 h post-exercise recovery period (P > 0.05), however, skin (thigh and calf) and muscle temperature were reduced in the CWI condition compared to Cont (P < 0.05). PGC-1α mRNA expression was significantly increased 3 h post-exercise under both conditions (CWI, P < 0.001; Cont, P = 0.003) with greater expression observed in CWI (CWI, 5.9 ± 3.1-fold; Cont, 3.4 ± 2.1-fold; P < 0.001). VEGF165 and VEGFtotal mRNA were greater in CWI (2.4 ± 0.6-fold, 2.3 ± 0.4-fold) compared with Cont (1.3 ± 0.5-fold, 1.0 ± 0.3-fold) at 3 h post-exercise (P = 0.01, P < 0.001). These findings demonstrate that post-exercise CWI increases the expression of upstream signalling pathways associated with mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis in human skeletal muscle compared with exercise alone. Study 4 (Chapter 7) examined the influence of the repeated post-exercise CWI on upstream signalling pathways associated with mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis in human skeletal muscle. On each occasion, participants rested passively or undertook 3 × 10-min of CWI (8oC) at twenty minutes after completing the intermittent exercise protocol, 1 h and 2 h post-exercise. Rectal temperature was reduced during the 3rd bout of CWI and subsequent 30-min period compared to Cont (P < 0.05). Skin temperature (thigh and calf) remained consistently lower during the immersion periods in CWI compared with Cont (P < 0.05). Muscle temperature was reduced before the 2nd bout of CWI (-5.8 ± 0.3oC) compared with Cont (-1.9 ± 0.4oC) and remained until 50-min after the 3rd immersion (P < 0.05). Noradrenaline were significantly greater at 3 h and 6 h following exercise in CWI (662 ± 139pmol/l, 518 ± 158pmol/l) compared with Cont (307 ± 162pmol/l, 245 ± 156pmol/l) (P < 0.05). PGC-1α mRNA expression was higher after 3 h post-exercise in the Cont (2.4 ± 1.7-fold) than CWI (1.8 ± 1.0-fold) conditions respectively (P = 0.06). At 6 h post-exercise, PGC-1α mRNA expression was greater in CWI (2.6 ± 1.4-fold) compared to Cont (1.7 ± 1.7-fold) (P = 0.03). VEGF165 and VEGFtotal mRNA increased more than ~1.6-fold at 3 h and 6 h following exercise and were similar between conditions (P > 0.05). These results indicate that increasing the repeated post-exercise CWI does not further increases the expression of upstream signalling pathways associated with mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis in human skeletal muscle. This thesis provides novel findings concerning the influence of high-intensity intermittent exercise and post-exercise CWI on cellular and molecular adaptations in human skeletal muscle. These findings may offer important insights for athletes wishing to maximize training adaptations.
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Higgins, Trevor R. "Evaluation of cold water immersion and contrast water therapy for recovery with well-trained team sport athletes: Rugby Union." Thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2015. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/736a230d90be226d8b11c33bbf18ab853012ee93b3bcfc312f90d669ff55025f/3479688/Higgins_2015_Evaluation_of_cold_water_immersion.pdf.

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In most team sports, a cycle of training, competition, and recovery repeatedly occurs over each week of a competitive season. For athletic performance to be maintained through a season, an optimal balance between training and recovery is required. To facilitate the recovery process after competition games and training, hydrotherapy has been adopted by a number of sporting teams. Methods: In the present thesis a review of literature was undertaken to identify the most commonly investigated methods of recovery in professional sport. Pilot studies were then conducted across periods of four weeks. The review of literature highlighted the need for research into recovery to examine beyond the acute phase. To address the need to examine recovery beyond the acute phase the major study evaluated three related questions: Firstly, the effectiveness of hydrotherapy for recovery in the first 48h after a simulated game: Secondly, the effectiveness of hydrotherapy for recovery across a cyclic week, including a simulated game and three training sessions: Thirdly; the effectiveness of hydrotherapy for recovery as measured across performance in two simulated Rugby Union games. A simulated game of Rugby Union previously used in evaluating factors affecting performance in Rugby Union was adopted as the key physiological stressor: Finally, to accommodate and compare the studies within this thesis with the increasing volume of published literature evaluating hydrotherapy for recovery in team sport, a systematic review with meta-analysis was carried out. Male Rugby Union players (n=24) were recruited to participate in this research. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups. A cold water immersion (CWI) group underwent two cycles of 5 minutes at 10oC, a contrast water therapy (CWT) group underwent 5 cycles (1 minute alternating immersions at 10oC/40oC) and a control group underwent passive recovery, which involved being seated for 15 minutes. Within group and between group analyses were conducted using an ANOVA model with baseline scores as covariates for each of the three research questions. Post hoc analysis was conducted manually, with each time point as the covariate and analysed individually against each time point. Effect sizes were calculated as partial eta2 (ηp2) (omnibus) and Cohen‟s d (univariate).
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Books on the topic "Cold Water Immersion (CWI)"

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Institution, British Standards. British Standard Method for determination of dimensional changes of fabrics induced by cold-water immersion ... . London: BSI, 1985.

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Barnes, Sara. Cold Fix: Drawing Strength from Cold Water Swimming and Immersion. Vertebrate Graphics Limited, 2022.

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Physiological responses to cold-water immersion after exercise. 1989.

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Physiological responses to cold-water immersion after exercise. 1987.

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Fleckenstein, Alexa. The Benefits of Water Therapy for Sexual and Pelvic Problems (DRAFT). Edited by Madeleine M. Castellanos. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190225889.003.0022.

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Hydrotherapy holds promise for certain sexual and pelvic problems: Water that hits the skin acts on the entire body, triggering the neuro-endocrine-immune system, the brain, the gut-brain, and the autonomic nervous system—the neuro-endocrine axis. Hormesis (regular application of small toxic events or stressors leading to adaption and invigoration) is the mechanism that balances physiological and biochemical processes, including sexuality. Water applications result in homeostasis (balancing of internal systems—such as temperature, electrolytes, and hormones) and invigoration (strengthening of biological functions) and influence diverse bodily functions and dysfunctions loosely related to sexuality and reproduction. Dysmenorrhea, functional infertility, pregnancy, sexuality after menopause, decreased libido, breast tenderness, pelvic pain syndromes, erectile dysfunction and urinary tract infections/irritated bladder are discussed. Cold shower, cold wash, barefoot walking, warm footbath, sitzbath, full bath, warm water bottle, sauna with cold-water immersion afterwards, and some variations of these are the discussed water applications here.
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Book chapters on the topic "Cold Water Immersion (CWI)"

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Tipton, Michael, and Michel Ducharme. "Rescue Collapse Following Cold Water Immersion." In Drowning, 855–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04253-9_131.

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Deuster, P. A., D. J. Smith, A. Singh, L. L. Bernier, U. H. Trostmann, B. L. Smoak, and T. J. Doubt. "Zinc Losses during Prolonged Cold Water Immersion." In Trace Elements in Man and Animals 6, 691–93. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0723-5_255.

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DuCharme, Michel. "Self-Rescue During Accidental Cold Water Immersion." In Drowning, 409–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04253-9_64.

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Azmi, Nur Izyana Faradila Binti, Hideyuki Okano, Hiromi Ishiwatari, and Keiichi Watanuki. "Evaluation of the Effects of an AC Magnetic Field on Cutaneous Blood Flow Volume by Cold Water Immersion Test." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 889–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11051-2_136.

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Amir, N. H., H. A. Hashim, and S. Saha. "The Effect of Single Bout of 15 Minutes of 15-degree Celsius Cold Water Immersion on Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness Indicators." In IFMBE Proceedings, 45–51. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3737-5_10.

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Tipton, Mike. "Cold water immersion." In The Science of Beach Lifeguarding, 87–98. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315371641-6.

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Giesbrecht, Gordon G., and Alan M. Steinman. "Immersion in Cold Water." In Wilderness Medicine, 160–88. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-03228-5.50011-2.

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Sweeney, D. H., and M. J. Taber. "Cold-water immersion suits." In Protective Clothing, 39–69. Elsevier, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781782420408.1.39.

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Auerbach, Paul S., Howard J. Donner, and Eric A. Weiss. "Cold Water Immersion and Near Drowning." In Field Guide to Wilderness Medicine, 625–27. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4160-4698-1.50055-2.

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Reinertsen, Randi Eidsmo, Trade Tangen Volla, Mariann Sandsund, Trude Eid, and Martha Kold Bakkevig. "Comparison of Thermal Responses between Rest and Exercise During Cold Water Immersion." In Life in the Cold, 15–23. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429040931-2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cold Water Immersion (CWI)"

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Struhár, Ivan, Michal Kumstát, Kateřina Kapounková, Klára Mertová, and Iva Hrnčiříková. "Effects of immediate mechanotherapy and intermittent contrast water immersion on subsequent cycling performance." In 12th International Conference on Kinanthropology. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-20.

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Purpose: Finding the balance between the training, the competition, and recovery is a crucial component for maximal sports performance. A huge range of sport recovery methods is pre-sented as an important part of training programs. In recent years, there has been an increas-ing interest in using the contrast water immersion and massage and its effect on subsequent muscle function. Recent studies have shown that the contrast water immersion affects the maximal force, which can be useful for subsequent repeated performance. This study aims to investigate the differences between using immediate mechanotherapy and contrast water immersion on cycling performance. Methods: Eight physically active male participants (age 27.1 ± 2.32 years; body mass 77.38 ± 5.43 kg; body height 1.78 ± 0.05 m; body fat 10.12 ± 2.23 %; maximum heart rate 182 ± 4 beats·min-1; VO2max 47.92 ± 7.16 mL.kg-1.min-1) volunteered and gave written in-formed consent to participate in this study. Participants completed three trials, each sepa-rated by one week. Each trial consisted of two “all-out” exercise bouts (30-20-10 s) against the load resistance of 0.07 kg/body weight. Three minutes recovery phase was between the “all-out” exercise bouts (1 W/kg; a pedal rate of 70–75 rpm). Following this, the selected recovery strategy was applied for 24 minutes (PAS-passive recovery, MT-massage therapy, CWI-contrast water immersion). The effect of recovery was assessed through changes in performance parameters, blood lactate concentration, and blood gases analyses. Results: The results obtained from the analysis showed positive statistical significance differ-ence between using PAS vs. MT (p = 0.0313) and PAS vs. CWI (p = 0.0441) for peak power. Interestingly, there were similar differences in fatigue index when we had compared PAS vs. MT and PAS vs. CWI. A decrease in lactate levels overtime was the highest for CWI. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that CWI and MT could be considered as a useful method in sports recovery. The results of this research support the idea that passive recovery is not the right way of recovery, especially when the athletes expect subsequent performance. Future trials should assess the impact of water temperature and different mas-sage techniques on performance and also for subjective feelings of athletes.
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Glickman, Ellen L., Natalie Caine-Bish, Edward Potkanowicz, Christopher C. Cheatham, and Mark Blegen. "The Influence of Ethnicity on Thermosensitivity During Cold Water Immersion." In International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-2410.

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Mayer, Nathan. "Thermal protection from Cold Water Immersion in a Spacecraft Launch Entry and Abort Suit." In 41st International Conference on Environmental Systems. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2011-5055.

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Wissler, Eugene H. "Whole-Body Human Thermal Modeling, an Alternative to Immersion in Cold Water and Other Unpleasant Endeavors." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-23340.

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The human thermal regulatory system is remarkable. It allows humans to live under environmental temperatures that range from −45 °C in Arctic regions to + 50 °C in the Saharan desert, while maintaining the temperature of critical organs within ± 1 °C of 37 °C, without employing heating and cooling systems that we now take for granted. Of course, that requires building suitable shelters and wearing appropriate clothing, but it is still quite remarkable.
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Paul, Anup K., Swarup A. Zachariah, Liang Zhu, and Rupak K. Banerjee. "Theoretical Predictions of Body Tissue and Blood Temperature During Cold Water Immersion Using a Whole Body Model." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14398.

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Understanding the thermal response of the human body under various environmental and thermal stress conditions is of growing importance. Calculation of the core body temperature and the survivability of the body during immersion in cold water require detailed modeling of both the body tissue and the time-dependent blood temperature. Predicting body temperature changes under cold stress conditions is considered challenging since factors like thickness of the skin and blood perfusion within the skin layer become influential. Hence, the aim of this research was to demonstrate the capability of a recently developed whole body heat transfer model that simulates the tissue-blood interaction to predict the cooling of the body during immersion in cold water. It was shown that computed drop in core temperature agrees within 0.57 °C of the results calculated using a detailed network model. The predicted survival time in 0 °C water was less than an hour whereas in 18.5 °C water, the body attained a relatively stable core temperature of 34 °C in 2.5 hours.
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Joeng, Hyeon Cheol, and Yoo Jin Choi. "The Effect of Cold-Water Immersion on Fatigue, Stress, and Autonomic Nervous System Activity of Body Fatigue Recipient." In Healthcare and Nursing 2015. Science & Engineering Research Support soCiety, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2015.116.02.

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Petrů, Dominika, Jana Pysna, Ladislav Pysny, and Simca Hajkova. "THE POTENTIAL OF APPLYING COLD WATER IMMERSION AS A BENEFIT OF SPORT PERFORMANCE TRAINING AND TEACHING PHYSICAL EDUCATION." In 12th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation. IATED, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2019.0231.

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Koh, P. K., P. Cheang, K. Loke, S. C. M. Yu, and S. M. Ang. "Deposition of Amorphous Aluminium Powder Using Cold Spray." In ITSC 2012, edited by R. S. Lima, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, A. McDonald, and F. L. Toma. ASM International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2012p0249.

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Abstract Deposition of amorphous aluminium powder using cold spray technology as a corrosion prevention measure was studied. Amorphous aluminium (Al-Ni-Ce) powder was successfully deposited on 7000-series aluminium substrates using cold spray parameters of 1.7 MPa under compressed air and temperature of 450°C. The coatings were subjected to tensile bond strength measurement and comparative studies with cold sprayed pure Al6061 coatings were conducted. The results obtained showed that the amorphous aluminium coatings exhibited better adhesive strength. In addition, salt-water immersion test was conducted. The Al-Ni-Ce coating not only demonstrated better corrosion resistance but also exhibited evidence of passivation of surface imperfections such as scratches in the coatings.
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Irissou, E., J. G. Legoux, B. Arsenault, and C. Moreau. "Investigation of Al-Al2O3 Cold Spray Coating Formation and Properties." In ITSC2007, edited by B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and G. Montavon. ASM International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2007p0108.

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Abstract Coating build-up mechanisms and properties of cold sprayed aluminum-alumina cermets were investigated. Two spherical aluminum powders having average diameters of 36 and 81 microns were compared. Those powders were blended with alumina at several concentrations. Coatings were produced using a commercial low pressure cold spray system. Powders and coatings were characterized by electronic microscopy and microhardness measurements. In-flight particle velocities were monitored for all powders. The deposition efficiency was measured for all experimental conditions. Coating performance and properties were investigated by performing bond strength test, abrasion test and corrosion tests, namely, salt spray and alternated immersion in salt water tests. These coating properties were correlated to the alumina fraction either in the starting powder or in the coating.
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Charles, Joshua, Carlos Romero, Sudhakar Neti, Chunjian Pan, Xingchao Wang, Richard Bonner, Ying Zheng, Chien-Hua Chen, and Sean Hoenig. "Maximizing Plant Efficiency While Minimizing Water Usage Through Use of a Phase Change Material-Based Cold Energy Storage System." In ASME 2018 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2018-7318.

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A supplemental main steam condenser cooling system is under development, which utilizes a phase change material (PCM). This PCM rejects heat to the cool atmosphere at night until it is fully frozen. The frozen PCM is available for condenser cooling during peak daytime electric demand. Three calcium chloride hexahydrate (CaCl2·6H2O)-based PCMs were selected for development after being characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Additives to minimize supercooling and phase separation have demonstrated good performance after long and short-term thermal cycling. Corrosion testing under both isothermal and cycling conditions was conducted to determine long-term compatibility between several common metals and the selected PCMs. Several metals were demonstrated to have acceptably low corrosion rates for long-term operation, despite continual immersion in the selected hydrated salts. A system optimization model was developed, which utilizes a 3D modeling approach called the Layered Thermal Resistance (LTR) model. This model efficiently models the nonlinear, transient solidification process by applying analytic equations to layers of PCM. Good agreement was found between this model and more traditional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. Next phases of the work includes prototype testing and a techno-economic analysis of the technology.
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Reports on the topic "Cold Water Immersion (CWI)"

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Goforth, H. W., Arnall Jr., and D. A. Effectiveness of Glycerol Ingestion for Enhanced Body Water Retention during Cold Water Immersion. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada234942.

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O'Brien, Catherine, Dee T. Lee, Avraham Shitzer, Andrew J. Young, Michael N. Sawka, and Kent B. Pandolf. Human Responses to Cold After Repeated Immersion in 20 Deg. C Water. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada342165.

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Doubt, T. J., and D. J. Smith. COLDEX-86: Physical Work Capacity during Prolonged Cold Water Immersion at 6.1 msw. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada233767.

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