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1

Maddox, John. "Towards traps for cold molecules." Nature 375, no. 6532 (June 1995): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/375531a0.

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2

Hagman, Anders, and Sven Jacobsson. "Trapping efficiency of capillary cold traps." Journal of Chromatography A 448 (January 1988): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(01)84570-2.

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3

DeMille, D., D. R. Glenn, and J. Petricka. "Microwave traps for cold polar molecules." European Physical Journal D 31, no. 2 (November 2004): 375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjd/e2004-00163-6.

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4

Sinclair, C. D. J., J. A. Retter, E. A. Curtis, B. V. Hall, I. Llorente Garcia, S. Eriksson, B. E. Sauer, and E. A. Hinds. "Cold atoms in videotape micro-traps." European Physical Journal D 35, no. 1 (June 14, 2005): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjd/e2005-00088-6.

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5

Peterson, I. "Cold Traps for Ion Crystals, Solid Plasmas." Science News 135, no. 18 (May 6, 1989): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3973621.

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6

Kuzmin, Leonid. "Superconducting cold-electron bolometer with proximity traps." Microelectronic Engineering 69, no. 2-4 (September 2003): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9317(03)00314-9.

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7

Bauerecker, S., and B. Neidhart. "Cold Gas Traps for Ice Particle Formation." Science 282, no. 5397 (December 18, 1998): 2211–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5397.2211.

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8

Diry, Fabienne, Michael Mestre, Bruno Viaris de Lesegno, and Laurence Pruvost. "Cold atoms in holographically shaped optical traps." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 194, no. 12 (November 1, 2009): 122010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/194/12/122010.

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9

Carruba, V. "Lunar Cold Traps: Effects of Double Shielding." Icarus 142, no. 2 (December 1999): 402–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.1999.6192.

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10

Härter, A., and J. Hecker Denschlag. "Cold atom–ion experiments in hybrid traps." Contemporary Physics 55, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00107514.2013.854618.

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11

LYUKSYUTOV, I. F. "NANOSCALE MAGNETIC TRAPS." Modern Physics Letters B 16, no. 15n16 (July 10, 2002): 569–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984902004081.

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We show that nanofabricated magnetic textures allow the trapping and manipulation of nanosize diamagnetic systems, such as carbon nanotubes, proteins and membranes as well as cold atoms. The latter can have temperatures as high as 1 K. Magnetic textures which can be used as traps, include films, dots and nanowires, both single and in arrays. Manipulation with trapped nanoparticles/atoms is possible by using external magnetic fields. We also briefly discuss prospects for magnetic traps at the micron scale.
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12

Oh, Eun, and Shengwang Du. "Manipulating cold atoms with off-axis rotating traps." Journal of the Korean Physical Society 63, no. 4 (August 2013): 938–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/jkps.63.938.

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13

Friedman, Nir, Lev Khaykovich, Roee Ozeri, and Nir Davidson. "Single-Beam Dark Optical Traps for Cold Atoms." Optics and Photonics News 10, no. 12 (December 1, 1999): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.10.12.000036.

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14

Crider, D. H., and R. R. Vondrak. "Space weathering of ice layers in lunar cold traps." Advances in Space Research 31, no. 11 (June 2003): 2293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1177(03)00530-1.

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15

Zaretskii, D. F., and S. B. Sazonov. "Thermalization of neutrons on cold atoms in magnetic traps." Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters 70, no. 9 (November 1999): 575–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.568217.

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16

Nesvizhevsky, V. V., A. V. Strelkov, P. Geltenbort, and P. S. Iaydjiev. "Investigation of storage of ultra-cold neutrons in traps." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 6, no. 2 (May 1999): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap:1999165.

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17

Lev, B. "Fabrication of micro-magnetic traps for cold neutral atoms." Quantum Information and Computation 3, no. 5 (2003): 450–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic3.5-5.

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Many proposals for quantum information processing require precise control over the motion of neutral atoms, as in the manipulation of coherent matter waves or the confinement and localization of individual atoms. Patterns of micron-sized wires, fabricated lithographically on a flat substrate, can conveniently produce large magnetic-field gradients and curvatures to trap cold atoms and to facilitate the production of Bose-Einstein condensates. The intent of this paper is to provide the researcher who has access to a standard clean-room enough information to design and fabricate such devices.
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18

Ji Xian-Ming, Lu Jun-Fa, Mu Ren-Wang, and Yin Jian-Ping. "Array of micro-optical traps for cold atoms or cold molecules using a Damman grating." Acta Physica Sinica 55, no. 7 (2006): 3396. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.55.3396.

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19

Buchachenko, A. A., Yu V. Suleimanov, M. M. Szczęśniak, and G. Chałasiński. "Interactions and collisions of cold metal atoms in magnetic traps." Physica Scripta 80, no. 4 (October 2009): 048109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/80/04/048109.

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20

Bachmann, P. "Aluminum plasma etching process using vacuum systems without cold traps." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 3, no. 3 (May 1985): 509–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.572981.

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21

Dimova, E., O. Morizot, G. Stern, C. L. Garrido Alzar, A. Fioretti, V. Lorent, D. Comparat, H. Perrin, and P. Pillet. "Continuous transfer and laser guiding between two cold atom traps." European Physical Journal D 42, no. 2 (February 2, 2007): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjd/e2007-00022-0.

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22

Boiron, D., A. Michaud, J. M. Fournier, L. Simard, M. Sprenger, G. Grynberg, and C. Salomon. "Cold and dense cesium clouds in far-detuned dipole traps." Physical Review A 57, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): R4106—R4109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.57.r4106.

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23

Gianturco, Francesco A., Olga Y. Lakhmanskaya, Mario Hernández Vera, Ersin Yurtsever, and Roland Wester. "Collisional relaxation kinetics fororthoandparaNH2−under photodetachment in cold ion traps." Faraday Discussions 212 (2018): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8fd00078f.

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24

Mant, Barry P., Franco A. Gianturco, Roland Wester, Lola González-Sánchez, and Ersin Yurtsever. "Thermalisation of C2− with noble gases in cold ion traps." International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 457 (November 2020): 116426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2020.116426.

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25

Cao, Xu-Liang, and C. Nicholas Hewitt. "Trapping efficiencies of capillary cold traps for C2-C10 hydrocarbons." Journal of Chromatography A 627, no. 1-2 (December 1992): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(92)87201-i.

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26

Alekseev, Viktor V., Yuliya A. Kuzina, and Aleksandr P. Sorokin. "Conceptual issues of the cold filter trap development for the sodium coolant purification in fast-neutron reactors." Nuclear Energy and Technology 6, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nucet.6.55220.

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The paper presents the results of studying the peculiarities of heat and mass exchange in cold traps for the sodium purification of impurities in fast reactor circuits both in dedicated test areas simulating various trap components (isothermal sump, nonisothermal sump, filters, final cooling area) and in trap prototype models. As a result, a scientific rationale has been formed for developing traps of a unique design for various reactors. The impurity capacity of the traps is three to four times as high as that of the best foreign counterparts. Tests have shown these to be highly efficient in purifying sodium of oxygen and hydrogen and much less efficient in sodium purification of corrosion products and carbon. Taking into account the leakage of radioactive sodium during operation of the BN-600 reactor primary circuit traps, a decision was made to install the purification system in the reactor tank to improve the safety of the large fast reactor. It was resolved to exclude the accumulation of hydrogen in the primary circuit traps in nominal conditions. Two trap designs, with argon and sodium cooling, are discussed. It has been shown that operation of the reactor purification system with argon cooling will require 20 trap replacements during the reactor operating life and seven replacements if the deposition of hydrogen into the primary circuit cold traps is excluded. The sodium-cooled version of the trap built in the reactor tank has the same overall dimensions as the argon-cooled trap. The cooling sodium circulates in two trains: outside the jacketed working space body (up to 30% of the flow rate) and in the coil inside of the working space (up to 70% of the flow rate). Updates have been proposed to the trap design based on the calculations using the codes simulating the in-trap processes of heat and mass exchange.
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27

Han, Jing-Shan, Xin-Ping Xu, Hai-Chao Zhang, and Yu-Zhu Wang. "Optimal transport of cold atoms by modulating the velocity of traps." Chinese Physics B 22, no. 2 (February 2013): 023702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/22/2/023702.

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28

Grabowski, A., and T. Pfau. "A lattice of magneto-optical and magnetic traps for cold atoms." European Physical Journal D 22, no. 3 (March 2003): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjd/e2003-00047-3.

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29

Timmermans, Eddy. "Progress and Prospects of Fermi Gas Physics in Cold Atom Traps." Physica Scripta 110 (2004): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1238/physica.topical.110a00302.

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30

Reimann, J., R. Kirchner, and D. Rackel. "Tritium recovery from NaK-cold traps: investigation of hydrogen release kinetics." Fusion Engineering and Design 18 (December 1991): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-3796(91)90109-4.

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31

Alekseev, V. V., F. A. Kozlov, A. P. Sorokin, E. V. Varseev, V. Ya Kumaev, and A. S. Kondrat’ev. "Calculation of Impurity Mass Transfer in Cold Traps with Sodium Cooling." Atomic Energy 118, no. 5 (September 2015): 318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10512-015-9999-0.

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32

Garcia-Romera, Carlos, and Jose Barrientos. "Seasonal and circadian activity patterns of scuttle fly assemblages (Diptera: Phoridae) in two habitats on a Mediterranean mountain." Entomologica Fennica 29, no. 3 (December 17, 2018): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.77281.

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Seasonal and circadian activity of scuttle fly assemblages in beech forests and highland scrublands was analysed. The scuttle flies were collected in the Montseny Natural Park (Catalonia, Spain). Seasonal fluctuations and the relation of some meteorological variables were assessed using window traps, emergence traps and pitfall traps, while circadian activity was assessed using water traps and light traps. Scuttle fly density and species richness in both habitats showed an activity peak in July. Diversity peaks were found in spring and autumn in beech forest and in summer in scrublands. Temperature was the main meteorological variable related to the seasonal dynamics of scuttle fly assemblages. We found univoltine and bivoltine species in the beech forest, while only univoltine species were found in the scrublands. Cold-adapted species were captured in winter, mainly Triphleba Rondani species. The scuttle fly circadian activity peak was at 12–15 h. Megaselia diversa (Wood, 1909) showed nocturnal or crepuscular habits.
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33

van Herk, Willem G., and Robert S. Vernon. "Local Depletion of Click Beetle Populations by Pheromone Traps Is Weather and Species Dependent." Environmental Entomology 49, no. 2 (January 31, 2020): 449–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa006.

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Abstract Several Agriotes click beetle species are important pests of vegetables and field crops. Monitoring for beetles is generally done with pheromone-baited traps maintained in permanent locations. Since dispersal is mostly by walking, such traps may deplete populations around them, leading to underestimations of populations relative to nontrapped areas, and of concomitant risk of wireworm damage to nearby crops. We placed sets of five pitfall traps in field headland areas in 2015–2017, of which two were baited with Agriotes obscurus (L) or Agriotes lineatus (L) (Coleoptera: Elateridae) pheromone. Of these, one was maintained in a permanent location, while the other moved among the remaining positions. Traps were checked weekly over the emergence period. For A. obscurus, fixed and moving traps initially collected similar numbers, but the latter collected significantly more later in the season, indicating depletion around fixed traps. Depletion was most pronounced after a period of cold weather, and around the peak swarming period. Depletion observed for A. lineatus was not statistically significant. This indicates pheromone-baited traps used for walking insects can underestimate populations, but depletion rates vary with species and temperature and should be accounted for when traps are used to develop action thresholds or time control strategies.
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34

Várkonyi, Gergely, and Tomas Roslin. "Freezing cold yet diverse: dissecting a high-Arctic parasitoid community associated with Lepidoptera hosts." Canadian Entomologist 145, no. 2 (February 22, 2013): 193–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2013.9.

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AbstractDespite increasing worldwide interest in host–parasitoid food webs, the parasitoid communities of the high Arctic remain poorly explored. To allow analyses of global patterns, and to detect the effects of ongoing climate change, such data are urgently needed. In this paper, we describe a systematic effort to characterise the high-Arctic Hymenoptera and Diptera parasitoid community associated with Lepidoptera hosts of the Zackenberg Valley (74°30′N, 21°00′W), northeast Greenland. Here, we first sampled adult parasitoids by a combination of Malaise traps, pitfall traps, and, less extensively, yellow pan traps and sweep netting. We then identified the host use of individual parasitoid taxa by rearing a large number of host individuals and species across multiple years. We now describe our preliminary findings on the species diversity of the target community, on trophic links between hosts and parasitoids, and on the sampling effort and techniques needed to characterise the community. We report on 30 local parasitoid taxa representing four families, three of which are species new to Greenland. In describing the community, we make a specific effort to summarise what is known about the taxonomy, phenology, and host use of the component species, to the benefit of future research in the area.
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35

Font, D., T. Sato, K. Kosugi, A. Sato, and J. M. Vilaplana. "Mass-flux measurements in a cold wind tunnel: comparison of the mechanical traps with a snow-particle counter." Annals of Glaciology 32 (2001): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756401781819102.

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AbstractDuring September and October 1997, in the framework of a stay at the Shinjo Branch of Snow and Ice Studies, we used a Cryospheric Environment Simulator (Higashiura and others, 1997) and simulated drifting snow to test four mechanical traps. First we present the intercomparison of the four mechanical gauges, then we compare the gauges with the snow-particle counter (SPG). Comparing the four different traps tested, we have observed that the box type (snow collector) is generally more efficient than the net-type collectors. These results confirm the tendency observed in field experiments (Font and others, 1998b). Using the SPG to calibrate the mechanical gauges, we observed that the net-type traps underestimate transport in low-transport conditions, but as transport increases the underestimation tends to zero. Comparing the snow collector with the SPG, we observed good agreement between the two gauges.
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36

Castro-Salgado, Juan C., Mauricio Ramírez-Rodríguez, Gustavo-De la Cruz-Agüero, and Verónica Castañeda-Fernández-de-Lara. "Distribution patterns of the warrior swimming crab, Callinectes bellicosus, fishery in Bahía Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico." Crustaceana 92, no. 11-12 (December 5, 2019): 1279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003945.

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Abstract Spatial and temporal distribution patterns of the warrior swimming crab Callinectes bellicosus fishery in the Mexican Pacific were investigated. Geo-referenced commercial trap capture data derived from 44 trips in the Bahia Magdalena were analysed. Three fishing zones (Z1, inner; Z2, middle; Z3, mouth of the bay) and two climate seasons (warm, July-December; and cold, January-June) were defined previously. There were 1099 traps in Z1, 715 in Z2 and 2111 in Z3; in the warm season, 2091 traps were checked, whereas 1834 were checked in the cold season. The average number of individuals per trap (CPUE) varied by sex, zone and season, however, male crabs always predominated. During the warm season, large males (CW > 115 mm) exhibited the greatest value of CPUE. On average, the males represented 77% during the warm season and 84% during the cold season. The average size of the males (125 ± 0.843 mm CW) was significantly higher than the average size of females (121 ± 1.140 mm CW). The catch was composed of large mature males but females were absent in Z1; in comparison, both large mature males and females, in addition to ovigerous females, composed the catch at the mouth of the bay (Z3). Crab abundance was notably reduced in the cold season, especially for female crabs. The temporal behaviour of the warrior swimming crab in Bahia Magdalena is similar to that reported from the coastal lagoons of the Gulf of California; however, the low presence of females throughout the year could be related to their preferred environmental conditions, which include deeper areas with more current circulation, like those that occur at the mouth of the bay. These data corroborate the necessity to interpret with caution the crab population dynamics solely based on results derived from fishing with traps in coastal lagoons.
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37

Jachymski, Krzysztof. "Impact of overlapping resonances on magnetoassociation of cold molecules in tight traps." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 49, no. 19 (September 15, 2016): 195204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/49/19/195204.

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38

Wester, Roland. "Radiofrequency multipole traps: tools for spectroscopy and dynamics of cold molecular ions." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 42, no. 15 (July 15, 2009): 154001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/42/15/154001.

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39

Krzyzanowska, K., M. Copley-May, R. Romain, C. MacCormick, and S. Bergamini. "Quantum-enhanced protocols with mixed states using cold atoms in dipole traps." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 793 (January 2017): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/793/1/012015.

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40

Reimann, J., R. Kirchner, M. Pfeff, and D. Rackel. "Tritium Removal from Nak-Cold Traps: First Results on Hydride Precipitation Kinetics." Fusion Technology 21, no. 2P2 (March 1992): 872–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/fst92-a29859.

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41

Bagnato, V. S., N. P. Bigelow, L. G. Marcassa, and S. C. Zilio. "Observation of Double Stable Clouds of Cold Atoms in Magneto-Optical Traps." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 35, Part 1, No. 9A (September 15, 1996): 4664–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.35.4664.

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42

Rubanenko, L., E. Mazarico, G. A. Neumann, and D. A. Paige. "Ice in Micro Cold Traps on Mercury: Implications for Age and Origin." Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 123, no. 8 (August 2018): 2178–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018je005644.

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43

Stotland, A., D. Cohen, and N. Davidson. "Semilinear response for the heating rate of cold atoms in vibrating traps." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 86, no. 1 (April 2009): 10004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/86/10004.

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44

Al-Amri, M., and M. Babiker. "Atomic reflection off conductor walls as a tool in cold atom traps." European Physical Journal D 48, no. 3 (June 13, 2008): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjd/e2008-00116-1.

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45

Yurovsky, V. A., and A. Ben-Reuven. "Incomplete optical shielding in cold atom traps: three-dimensional Landau-Zener theory." Physical Review A 55, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): 3772–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.55.3772.

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46

Mladenović, Strahinja, Jan Materna, Tereza Brestovanská, and Jakub Horák. "What Are the Most Important Factors Influencing Springtail Tetrodontophora bielanensis?" Insects 12, no. 10 (September 23, 2021): 858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12100858.

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The springtail, Tetrodontophora bielanensis, dwells in the litter and upper soil layers. This arthropod mainly inhabits humid litter and soil and prefers a cold climate. We determined the main factors influencing this springtail in forests at the landscape level in Krkonoše and site level in Orlické hory in the Czech Republic. We used passive trunk-tree traps. These traps are highly effective for sampling flightless fauna. We used 128 traps in Krkonoše and 17 traps in Orlické hory. The springtail was significantly positively influenced by the presence of Norway spruce (Picea abies) at the landscape level. Springtails’ abundance was, furthermore, influenced by the spatial distribution of the sampling sites. The negative influence of bark coverage and the presence of fungi, and positive influence of an increasing dimension of trees were significant at the site level. We argue for a more diversified management of mountainous forests with respect to forest history. This appears to be also important for mountainous forests in protected areas.
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47

Bober, M., J. Zachorowski, W. Gawlik, P. Morzyński, M. Zawada, D. Lisak, A. Cygan, et al. "Precision spectroscopy of cold strontium atoms, towards optical atomic clock." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 707–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10175-012-0082-x.

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Abstract This report concerns the experiment of precision spectroscopy of cold strontium atoms in the Polish National Laboratory of Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics in Toruń. The system is composed of a Zeeman slower and magneto-optical traps (at 461 nm and 689 nm), a frequency comb, and a narrow-band laser locked to an ultra-stable optical cavity. All parts of the experiment are prepared and the first measurements of the absolute frequency of the 1S0-3P1, 689 nm optical transition in 88Sr atoms are performed.
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48

Zahradnik, Tracy, Stephen Takács, Ward Strong, Robb Bennett, Anastasia Kuzmin, and Gerhard Gries. "Douglas-fir cone gall midges respond to shape and infrared wavelength attributes of host tree branches." Canadian Entomologist 144, no. 5 (August 21, 2012): 658–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2012.71.

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AbstractWe tested the hypothesis that the conophagous Douglas-fir cone gall midge, Contarinia oregonensis Foote (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), responds to infrared (IR) radiation and other electromagnetic wavelengths associated with cones of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco (Pinaceae). Early-season (March–April) thermographic images showed that cone orientation (upright, horizontal, pendant) and cone colour (green, purple, green/purple) did not affect apparent cone temperature (inferred from thermographic images). Tree components significantly differed in apparent temperature with foliage being coolest and branches warmest. There was no significant difference in the number of larvae in cones of different colours, and adult midges were equally attracted to traps painted green or purple, suggesting that cone colour does not affect oviposition decisions by gravid females. Adult midges were more strongly attracted to warm traps with IR frequency emissions higher than the background than to cold traps with IR frequency emissions lower than the background. They were also more strongly attracted to warm branch-shaped traps than to warm can-shaped traps. Collectively, these data indicate that the shape and IR attributes of Douglas-fir branches may serve as foraging cues for C. oregonensis.
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49

CAZALILLA, M. A., A. F. HO, and T. GIAMARCHI. "DECONFINEMENT AND COLD ATOMS IN OPTICAL LATTICES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 30n31 (December 20, 2006): 5169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206036235.

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Despite the fact that by now one dimensional and three dimensional systems of interacting particles are reasonably well understood, very little is known on how to go from the one dimensional physics to the three dimensional one. This is in particular true in a quasi-one dimensional geometry where the hopping of particles between one dimensional chains or tubes can lead to a dimensional crossover between a Luttinger liquid and more conventional high dimensional states. Such a situation is relevant to many physical systems. Recently cold atoms in optical traps have provided a unique and controllable system in which to investigate this physics. We thus analyze a system made of coupled one dimensional tubes of interacting fermions. We explore the observable consequences, such as the phase diagram for isolated tubes, and the possibility to realize unusual superfluid phases in coupled tubes systems.
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Niranjan, M., Anand Prakash, and S. A. Rangwala. "Analysis of Multipolar Linear Paul Traps for Ion–Atom Ultracold Collision Experiments." Atoms 9, no. 3 (June 29, 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atoms9030038.

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Abstract:
We evaluate the performance of multipole, linear Paul traps for the purpose of studying cold ion–atom collisions. A combination of numerical simulations and analysis based on the virial theorem is used to draw conclusions on the differences that result, by considering the trapping details of several multipole trap types. Starting with an analysis of how a low energy collision takes place between a fully compensated, ultracold trapped ion and an stationary atom, we show that a higher order multipole trap is, in principle, advantageous in terms of collisional heating. The virial analysis of multipole traps then follows, along with the computation of trapped ion trajectories in the quadrupole, hexapole, octopole and do-decapole radio frequency traps. A detailed analysis of the motion of trapped ions as a function of the amplitude, phase and stability of the ion’s motion is used to evaluate the experimental prospects for such traps. The present analysis has the virtue of providing definitive answers for the merits of the various configurations, using first principles.
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