Journal articles: 'Cold sintering process'

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Abbas, H. O., H. A. Smeig, and Z. J. A. Ameer. "Utilizing Cold Sintering Process for Sintering Hydroxyapatite-Polyetheretherketone Nanocomposite." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 124, no. 1 (November 1, 2023): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.3229.

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Yu, Tong, Jiang Cheng, Lu Li, Benshuang Sun, Xujin Bao, and Hongtao Zhang. "Current understanding and applications of the cold sintering process." Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 13, no. 4 (October 18, 2019): 654–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11705-019-1832-1.

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Abstract In traditional ceramic processing techniques, high sintering temperature is necessary to achieve fully dense microstructures. But it can cause various problems including warpage, overfiring, element evaporation, and polymorphic transformation. To overcome these drawbacks, a novel processing technique called “cold sintering process (CSP)” has been explored by Randall et al. CSP enables densification of ceramics at ultra-low temperature (⩽300°C) with the assistance of transient aqueous solution and applied pressure. In CSP, the processing conditions including aqueous solution, pressure, temperature, and sintering duration play critical roles in the densification and properties of ceramics, which will be reviewed. The review will also include the applications of CSP in solid-state rechargeable batteries. Finally, the perspectives about CSP is proposed.

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Bang, Sun Hwi, Arnaud Ndayishimiye, and Clive A. Randall. "Anisothermal densification kinetics of the cold sintering process below 150 °C." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 17 (2020): 5668–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tc00395f.

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Cold sintering is an emerging non-equilibrium process methodology that densifies ceramic powder at significantly reduced temperature and time, and its sintering kinetics can be identified by controlling four densification process variables.

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Ndayishimiye, Arnaud, Mert Y. Sengul, Sun Hwi Bang, Kosuke Tsuji, Kenji Takashima, Thomas Hérisson de Beauvoir, Dominique Denux, et al. "Comparing hydrothermal sintering and cold sintering process: Mechanisms, microstructure, kinetics and chemistry." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 40, no. 4 (April 2020): 1312–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.11.049.

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Al-Hydary, I. A. D., A. M. Abdullah, and M. A. A. Al-dujaili. "Utilizing the cold sintering process for sintering the thermally decomposable lead dioxide." Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society 56, no. 1 (November 30, 2019): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41779-019-00432-5.

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Zakaria, Marwan, Siti Rodiah Karim, and Nur Azam Badarulzaman. "XRD Analysis of Al-6vol%SnPb Composites Fabricated by Cold Forging Process with Various Sintering Temperatures." Advanced Materials Research 1087 (February 2015): 420–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1087.420.

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This paper focused on fabrication of Al-6vol%SnPb from recycled Aluminium and recycled solder and its characterization in different sintering temperature. Al-20SnPb was fabricated by using cold forging process of flakes chip raw materials. Constant pressure (56.4 MPa) was used to implement cold forging process. Various sintering temperature (200 0C, 250 0C, 300 0C and 3500C) was studied to obtain the optimum hardness properties. The diffraction pattern of X-Ray diffraction (XRD) reveals the influence of varying sintering temperature of Al-6vol%SnPb. Vickers hardness result also support that, optimum result obtained is at sintering temperature 300 °C.

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Vinnichenko, Mykola, Katja Waetzig, Alf Aurich, Christoph Baumgaertner, Mathias Herrmann, Chang Won Ho, Mihails Kusnezoff, and Chang Woo Lee. "Li-Ion Conductive Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP) Solid Electrolyte Prepared by Cold Sintering Process with Various Sintering Additives." Nanomaterials 12, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 3178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12183178.

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The density, microstructure, and ionic conductivity of solid electrolyte Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP) ceramics prepared by cold sintering using liquid and solid sintering additives are studied. The effects of both liquid (water and water solutions of acetic acid and lithium hydroxide) and solid (lithium acetate) additives on densification are investigated. The properties of cold-sintered LATP are compared to those of conventionally sintered LATP. The materials cold-sintered at temperatures 140–280 °C and pressures 510–600 MPa show relative density in the range of 90–98% of LATP’s theoretical value, comparable or higher than the density of conventionally sintered ceramics. With the relative density of 94%, a total ionic conductivity of 1.26 × 10−5 S/cm (room temperature) is achieved by cold sintering at the temperature of 200 °C and uniaxial pressure of 510 MPa using water as additive. The lower ionic conductivities of the cold-sintered ceramics compared to those prepared by conventional sintering are attributed to the formation of amorphous secondary phases in the intergranular regions depending on the type of additives used and on the processing conditions selected.

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Ai, Yun Long, Yan Yan Li, Chang Hong Liu, Wen He, and Jia Yuan Ding. "Effect of Different Compacting Processes on the Microwave Sintering Behavior of LaNbO₄/MoSi₂ Composites." Advanced Materials Research 148-149 (October 2010): 1588–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.148-149.1588.

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The green bodies of LaNbO4/MoSi2 composite materials were compacted by warm pressing and cold pressing processes, and then the composites were prepared by microwave sintering. Effects of the two different compaction processes on sintering process and sintered samples were analyzed. The results show that the density of the microwave sintered sample by cold pressing (5.599g/cm3) is similar to that of warm pressing (5.593 g/cm3). But cold pressing has some disadvantages, such as longer sintering time, incomplete sintered samples, peeling easily on the surface and delaminating, existing internal stress, having microcrack and impurities, and occurring distortion easily in sintered samples. The samples compacted by warm pressing have higher heating rate in the microwave sintering process, which have more homogeneous structures, no clear microcrack and big cavities, and higher fracture toughness after sintering. Compared with cold pressing, the comprehensive properties of warm pressing are better.

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Ying, Yao, Linghuo Hu, Zhaocheng Li, Jingwu Zheng, Jing Yu, Wangchang Li, Liang Qiao, et al. "Preparation of Densified Fine-Grain High-Frequency MnZn Ferrite Using the Cold Sintering Process." Materials 16, no. 9 (April 28, 2023): 3454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16093454.

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The densified MnZn ferrite ceramics were prepared using the cold sintering process under pressure, with an acetate ethanol solution used as the transient solvent. The effects of the transient solvent, the pressure and annealing temperature on the density, and the micromorphology and magnetic properties of the sintered MnZn ferrites were studied. The densified MnZn ferrite was obtained using the cold sintering process and its relative density reached up to 85.4%. The transient solvent and high pressure are essential to the cold sintering process for MnZn ferrite. The annealing treatment is indispensable in obtaining the sample with the higher density. The relative density was further increased to 97.2% for the sample annealed at 950 °C for 6 h. The increase in the annealing temperature reduces the power loss at high frequencies.

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Wang, Yan Hui, Qi Liu, Xin Wei Bo, Xiao Yu Wang, Chun Dong Jiang, and Rui Tang. "The Study on Sintering Capabilities of High Purity Metal Vanadium Powder." Key Engineering Materials 807 (June 2019): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.807.31.

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High purity metal vanadium powder was milled by high energy ball milling, and the grain size and morphology of vanadium powder was observed by electron probe, and the stress-strain curve was measured by CMT5305 universal testing machine for research of the mechanical property. In order to investigate the effect of sintering process on the property of product, the vanadium powder was sintered by the hot pressing sintering process and the cold isostatic pressing with vacuum sintering process respectively. The experimental results show that for the cold isostatic pressing with vacuum sintering process, the density of raw compact increases with the increase of pressing pressure. When the pressure increases to 280 MPa, the density and relative density of raw compact are 3.99 g·cm-3 and 66.94% respectively, the density and relative density of product after sintering are 5.28 g·cm-3 and 88.59% respectively. With the pressure increasing from 80 MPa to 200 MPa, the compressive strength increases significantly from 0.4 MPa to 6.0 MPa, the pressure increases to 280 MPa, the compressive strength slowly increases to 7.4 MPa. For the hot pressing sintering process, the relative density of product is higher than that of cold isostatic pressing with vacuum sintering process, and the density and relative density reach to 5.51 g·cm-3 and 92.91% respectively under 280 MPa pressure.

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Smirnov, A. V., Yu D. Ivakin, M. V. Kornyushin, A. A. Kholodkova, A. A. Vasin, S. Ayudinyan, and H. V. Kirakosyan. "Effect of activating additives on the cold sintering process of (MnFeCoNiCu)<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> high-entropy ceramics." Fine Chemical Technologies 17, no. 5 (November 20, 2022): 439–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2022-17-5-439-449.

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Objectives. To obtain experimental data on the effect of activating additive type on the cold sintering process of (MnFeCoNiCu)3O4 high-entropy ceramic. The following substances were used as activating additives: ammonium acetate (CH3COONH4), acetic acid (CH3COOH), ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), potassium fluoride dihydrate (КF·2H2O), lithium fluoride (LiF), sodium fluoride (NaF), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH).Methods. Synthesis of the initial powder by low-temperature self-propagating method; investigation of the powder particles size distribution by laser diffraction method; analysis of the particle shape and compacted sample microstructure by scanning electron microscopy; investigation of the phase composition by X-ray phase analysis; high-entropy ceramic sample consolidation by cold sintering process. The density of the initial powder and the relative density of cold sintered samples were determined by the Archimedes method.Results. Samples with a relative density of over 0.70 were obtained using distilled water, CH3COONH4 and NaOH during cold sintering at 300 °C, with a holding time of 30 min and pressure 315 MPa.Conclusions. For the first time, the effect of the type of activating additive on the relative density of high-entropy ceramics (MnFeCoNiCu)3O4 samples obtained by cold sintering process has been experimentally demonstrated. The samples microstructures have pronounced differences: 20 wt % distilled water does not lead to grain growth, with only their compaction to 0.71 relative density observed; however, the addition of 0.1 wt % CH3COONH4 and NaOH increases the average grain size when reaching similar relative densities (0.70 and 0.71, respectively). X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the cold sintering process does not lead to a change in the phase composition of the initial (MnFeCoNiCu)3O4 powder, confirming the preservation of the high-entropy structure.

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Guo, Hanzheng, Jing Guo, Amanda Baker, and Clive A. Randall. "Hydrothermal-Assisted Cold Sintering Process: A New Guidance for Low-Temperature Ceramic Sintering." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8, no. 32 (August 9, 2016): 20909–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b07481.

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Milman, Yu V., and Alexander N. Slipenyuk. "The Role of Plastic Deformation in the Process of Powder Sintering." Solid State Phenomena 114 (July 2006): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.114.199.

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It is generally supposed that diffusion is the main factor controlling the process of powder sintering. In this work it is shown that plastic deformation achieved by means of dislocation movement is also an important constituent of the sintering process. Since temperature essentially affects dislocation mobility, the temperature ranges of cold, warm and hot deformation are discussed. The stresses occurring on powder sintering leading to plastic deformation of the material are estimated. On the base of results recommendations are made for selecting the optimal condition for the sintering of powders.

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Medri, Valentina, Francesca Servadei, Riccardo Bendoni, Annalisa Natali Murri, Angelo Vaccari, and Elena Landi. "Nano-to-macroporous TiO2 (anatase) by cold sintering process." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 39, no. 7 (July 2019): 2453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.02.047.

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Jayasayee, Kaushik, Simon Clark, Cara King, Paul Inge Dahl, Julian Richard Tolchard, and Mari Juel. "Cold Sintering as a Cost-Effective Process to Manufacture Porous Zinc Electrodes for Rechargeable Zinc-Air Batteries." Processes 8, no. 5 (May 15, 2020): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8050592.

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Zinc-air batteries (ZABs) offer a sustainable and safe pathway to low-cost energy storage. Recent research shows that thermally-sintered porous Zn electrodes with a three-dimensional network structure can enhance the performance and lifetime of ZABs, but they are expensive and energy-intensive to manufacture. In this work, monolithic porous Zn electrodes fabricated through an efficient cold sintering process (CSP) were studied for rechargeable ZABs. Electrochemical studies and extended charge-discharge cycling show good Zn utilization with no observable performance degradation when compared to Zn foil. Post-mortem analysis after 152 h of cycling reveals that the cold-sintered electrodes retain their original structure. A techno-economic assessment of the cold sintering process confirms significant reductions in both the time and energy required to manufacture Zn electrodes compared to a comparable thermal sintering process.

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Smirnov, Andrey V., Maxim V. Kornyushin, Anastasia A. Kholodkova, Sergey A. Melnikov, Artem D. Stepanov, Elena V. Fesik, and Yurii D. Ivakin. "Cold Sintering Process of Zinc Oxide Ceramics: Powder Preparation and Sintering Conditions Effects on Final Microstructure." Inorganics 10, no. 11 (November 5, 2022): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10110197.

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Although the activating effect of an acetate medium in the cold sintering process of zinc oxide ceramics is well known, some problems need to be solved on the effect of process conditions and the initial powder’s preparation methods on the ceramic’s density and microstructure. This article describes an effect of the zinc acetate introduction method, its concentration in zinc oxide powder as well as that of the die sealing configuration on the density and microstructure of zinc oxide ceramics obtained by the cold sintering process at 244 °C. The activating additive of zinc acetate was applied in two ways: (1) impregnation in aqueous solution and (2) impregnation with subsequent treatment in water vapor. Zinc oxide powders and ceramics were analyzed using SEM, TGA/DSC/MS and XRD to reveal the effect of powder pre-treatment and sintering conditions on the material microstructure. Cold sintered ZnO ceramics samples with a relative density up to 0.99 and with average grain sizes from 0.28 to 1.71 μm were obtained. The die sealing by two Teflon sealing rings appeared to be the most effective.

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Mansoor, P., and S. M. Dasharath. "Microstructural and Mechanical Behaviourial Properties of Cold Compacted Ultra-Fined Grained (UFG) Magnesium AZ31B Alloy Prepared by Ball Milling Process." Key Engineering Materials 937 (December 22, 2022): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-281583.

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The Magnesium and its alloys are majorly utilized in automotive, aerospace, and biomedical applications because of their extensive properties. The approach for the preparation of the Magnesium materials is done by modern powder metallurgy. This method allows us to study the structural, mechanical, and controlled corrosion resistance. In the present paper, the effect of cold compaction on magnesium AZ31B alloy are studied, were Ultra-Fined Grained (UFG) Magnesium AZ31B alloys of particle size 60 nm were obtained by 8hrs of Ball milling followed by cold compaction at the pressure of 40Mpa at laboratory temperatures. Sintering process for 8hrs were done for cold compacted specimens at temperatures of 425°C,450°C and 475°C in a Horizontal tubular vacuum furnace. Influence of compacting pressure and sintering were investigated for properties of microstructural, mechanical and corrosion resistance. It was observed that, during cold compaction process for Magnesium AZ31B alloys the product grains are distributed uniformly with less pores and particle boundaries. Homogenization were attended by sintering process and Microstructural, Mechanical properties strength, were shown extensive results of hardness and compressive strength of 516Mpa and 123Mpa, as the sintering temperatures were increased from 425°C to 475°C. The lowest corrosion resistance of 0.35 mm.y-1 is obtained for compacted AZ31B alloy as the temperature of sintering temperature raised to 475°C.

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Ismail, Fauzi, Mohd Asri Selamat, Norhamidi Muhamad, Abu Bakar Sulong, and Nurzirah Abdul Majid. "Physical, Mechanical and Electrical Properties of W-20 wt.% Cu Composite Produced by Liquid Phase Sintering Process." Advanced Materials Research 879 (January 2014): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.879.21.

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In this study, the effect of sintering temperature on the properties of tungsten-copper (W-Cu) composite produced by liquid phase sintering (LPS) process has been investigated. W-20 wt.% Cu composite powders with particle size less than 1 μm was prepared by cold compaction and followed by cold isostatic pressing. The green specimens were then sintered under nitrogen based atmosphere in the temperature range of 1100°C to 1300°C. The sintering studies were conducted to determine the extent of densification and corresponding to microstructure changes. In addition, the properties of the sintered specimens such as physical appearance, microstructure evolution, mechanical and electrical properties were presented and discussed.

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Smirnov, Andrey V., Maxim V. Kornyushin, Anastasia A. Kholodkova, Sergey A. Melnikov, Artem D. Stepanov, Elena V. Fesik, Vilen V. Mnatsakanyan, Anton Smirnov, and Yurii D. Ivakin. "Evaluation of the Role of the Activating Application Method in the Cold Sintering Process of ZnO Ceramics Using Ammonium Chloride." Materials 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16010408.

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The influence of the method of applying the activating additive ammonium chloride and its concentration on the density and microstructure of zinc oxide ceramic obtained by cold sintering at 244 °C was investigated. The activating agent was applied by two methods: impregnation and subsequent autoclave treatment. When the powder was activated by the impregnation method, the crystal sizes remained at the initial level of 0.17–0.19 μm. After the autoclave treatment, the crystal sizes increased to 0.31–0.53 μm. Samples of cold sintering ZnO with relative density up to 0.96 and average grain sizes 0.29–0.86 μm were obtained. ZnO powders and ceramic samples were analyzed using SEM, TGA/DSC, and XRD to reveal the effect of the powder activation method and cold sintering conditions on the material microstructure. The effect of ammonium chloride concentration on grain growth and microstructure of ceramic samples is shown. It was found that the average grain size of ceramic samples with an increase in additive concentration passes through a minimum. In cold sintering of the autoclave activated powder, the effect of reducing the average grain size was observed. The results of this work are discussed on the basis of the idea of the solid-phase mobility of the crystal structure arising when interacting with an aqueous medium.

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Guo, Jing, Richard Floyd, Sarah Lowum, Jon-Paul Maria, Thomas Herisson de Beauvoir, Joo-Hwan Seo, and Clive A. Randall. "Cold Sintering: Progress, Challenges, and Future Opportunities." Annual Review of Materials Research 49, no. 1 (July 2019): 275–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-070218-010041.

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Cold sintering is an unusually low-temperature process that uses a transient transport phase, which is most often liquid, and an applied uniaxial force to assist in densification of a powder compact. By using this approach, many ceramic powders can be transformed to high-density monoliths at temperatures far below the melting point. In this article, we present a summary of cold sintering accomplishments and the current working models that describe the operative mechanisms in the context of other strategies for low-temperature ceramic densification. Current observations in several systems suggest a multiple-stage densification process that bears similarity to models that describe liquid phase sintering. We find that grain growth trends are consistent with classical behavior, but with activation energy values that are lower than observed for thermally driven processes. Densification behavior in these low-temperature systems is rich, and there is much to be investigated regarding mass transport within and across the liquid-solid interfaces that populate these ceramics during densification. Irrespective of mechanisms, these low temperatures create a new opportunity spectrum to design grain boundaries and create new types of nanocomposites among material combinations that previously had incompatible processing windows. Future directions are discussed in terms of both the fundamental science and engineering of cold sintering.

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Morokuma, Yuki, Shinichi Nishida, Yuichiro Kamakoshi, Koshi Kanbe, Tatsuya Kobayashi, and Ikuo Shohji. "Plastic Deformation Simulation of Sintered Ferrous Material in Cold-Forging Process." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.552.

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A cold forging process of Mo-alloyed sintered steel was simulated by finite element method (FEM) analysis considering density change in the process. Moreover, the effect of sintering time on the behavior of the densification and the plastic deformation of it in the cold-forging process was also investigated. Using the true stress-true strain diagram obtained by the compression test with a sintered specimen, the modified true stress-true strain diagram was derived for large plastic deformation analysis with the porous material model. The result of FEM analysis for the cold compression process of the sintered specimen revealed that the analysis can simulate the shape of the excessive metal part and density change of it. Also, it was found that local deformation becomes large and thus the excessive metal part extends with increasing sintering time although the difference in the true stress-true strain diagrams is negligible.

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Huang, Wenbin, and Hongbo Liu. "Antiferroelectric NaNbO3 ceramics prepared by hydrothermal-assisted cold sintering process." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 33, no. 2 (November 11, 2021): 683–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-07336-w.

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Guo, Hanzheng, Thorsten J. M. Bayer, Jing Guo, Amanda Baker, and Clive A. Randall. "Cold sintering process for 8 mol%Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 ceramics." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 37, no. 5 (May 2017): 2303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2017.01.011.

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Nakaya, Hiroto, Masato Iwasaki, Thomas Herisson de Beauvoir, and Clive A. Randall. "Applying cold sintering process to a proton electrolyte material: CsH2PO4." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 39, no. 2-3 (February 2019): 396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.09.001.

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Bang, Sun Hwi, Thomas Herisson De Beauvoir, and Clive A. Randall. "Densification of thermodynamically unstable tin monoxide using cold sintering process." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 39, no. 4 (April 2019): 1230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.11.026.

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Ji, Pu Guang, Dong Won Lee, and E. S. Vasilyeva. "Consolidation Behavior of the Cu-Al₂O₃ Nanocomposite Powder." Key Engineering Materials 822 (September 2019): 258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.822.258.

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The consolidation process of agglomerated Cu – γ-Al2O3 composite nanopowder was investigated experimentally. Process includes powder compacting by uniaxial cold pressing, sintering in hydrogen atmosphere, and hot extrusion. The interdependence of alumina content, powder agglomeration, green density of compacts, and isothermal sintering behavior of powders was evaluated.

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Boston, R., J. Guo, S. Funahashi, A. L. Baker, I. M. Reaney, and C. A. Randall. "Reactive intermediate phase cold sintering in strontium titanate." RSC Advances 8, no. 36 (2018): 20372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra03072c.

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Kang, Shenglin, Hongxia Guo, Jinbin Wang, Xiangli Zhong, and Bo Li. "Influence of surface coating on the microstructures and dielectric properties of BaTiO3 ceramic via a cold sintering process." RSC Advances 10, no. 51 (2020): 30870–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra03849k.

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Ivakin, Yurii, Andrey Smirnov, Anastasia Kholodkova, Alexander Vasin, Mikhail Kormilicin, Maxim Kornyushin, and Vladimir Stolyarov. "Comparative Study of Cold Sintering Process and Autoclave Thermo-Vapor Treatment on a ZnO Sample." Crystals 11, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11010071.

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Analysis of scanning electron microscopy images was used to study the changes in the crystal size distribution of ZnO, which occurred during its processing in an aqueous medium at 220–255 °C and an equilibrium vapor pressure in an autoclave. The results were compared with those of ZnO placed in a die for treatment under similar conditions supplemented with mechanical pressure application in the cold sintering process. In both cases, ZnO was treated in the presence of an activating additive: either zinc acetate or ammonium chloride. During autoclaving, a powder consisting of fine ZnO monocrystals was obtained, while the cold sintering process led to ceramics formation. Under vapor pressure and mechanical pressure, the aqueous medium affected ZnO transformation by the same mechanism of solid-phase mobility activation due to the additives’ influence. The higher the content of additives in the medium, and the higher the mechanical pressure, the more pronounced activating effect was observed. Mass transfer during the cold sintering process occurred mainly by the coalescence of crystals, while without mechanical pressure, the predominance of surface spreading was revealed. In the initial ZnO powder, the average crystal size was 0.193 μm. It grew up to 0.316–0.386 μm in a fine-crystalline powder formed in the autoclave and to an average grain size of 0.244–0.799 μm in the ceramics, which relative density reached 0.82–0.96. A scheme explaining the influence of an aqueous medium on the solid-phase mobility of ZnO structure was proposed. It was found that the addition of 7.6 mol% ammonium chloride to the reaction medium causes the processes of compaction and grain growth similar to those observed in ZnO Cold Sintering Process with the addition of 0.925 mol% zinc acetate.

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Guo, Hanzheng, Amanda Baker, Jing Guo, and Clive A. Randall. "Protocol for Ultralow-Temperature Ceramic Sintering: An Integration of Nanotechnology and the Cold Sintering Process." ACS Nano 10, no. 11 (July 29, 2016): 10606–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b03800.

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Guo, Hanzheng, Jing Guo, Amanda Baker, and Clive A. Randall. "Correction to Hydrothermal-Assisted Cold Sintering Process: A New Guidance for Low Temperature Ceramic Sintering." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8, no. 49 (December 2016): 34170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b12137.

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Kubicki, Grzegorz, Volf Leshchynsky, Ahmed Elseddawy, Maria Wiśniewska, Roman G. Maev, Jarosław Jakubowicz, and Joanna Sulej-Chojnacka. "Microstructure and Properties of Hydroxyapatite Coatings Made by Aerosol Cold Spraying–Sintering Technology." Coatings 12, no. 4 (April 15, 2022): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12040535.

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Hydroxyapatite is a widely used material used for the bioactivation of an implant’s surface. A promising hydroxyapatite coating approach is the kinetic deposition of powder particles. The possibility of solid-state deposition improvement through the merging of Aerosol Deposition and Low Pressure Cold Spraying techniques is a promising prospect for improving the deposition efficiency and the quality of coatings. The objective of the paper is to study the possibilities of hydroxyapatite coating structure modification through changes in the coating process and post-heat treatment. The novel Aerosol Cold Spraying system joining Low Pressure Cold Spraying and Aerosol Deposition was used for the deposition of coatings. The coating’s post-processing was conducted using two techniques: Spark Plasma Sintering and Pressureless Sintering. The coating’s structure was examined using scanning, transmission, and light microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Substrate–coating bond strength was assessed using a tensile test. Homogenous buildup using Aerosol Cold Spraying of hydroxyapatite was achieved. Various pores and microcracks were visible in the sprayed coatings. The deposition process and the thermal post-processing did not lead to significant degradation of the hydroxyapatite phase. As a result of the Spark Plasma Sintering and Pressureless Sintering at 800 °C, an increase in tensile adhesion bond strength and crystal size was obtained.

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He, Binlang, Shenglin Kang, Xuetong Zhao, Jiexin Zhang, Xilin Wang, Yang Yang, Lijun Yang, and Ruijin Liao. "Cold Sintering of Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12/PEO Composite Solid Electrolytes." Molecules 27, no. 19 (October 10, 2022): 6756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196756.

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Ceramic/polymer composite solid electrolytes integrate the high ionic conductivity of in ceramics and the flexibility of organic polymers. In practice, ceramic/polymer composite solid electrolytes are generally made into thin films rather than sintered into bulk due to processing temperature limitations. In this work, Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO)/polyethylene-oxide (PEO) electrolyte containing bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) as the lithium salt was successfully fabricated into bulk pellets via the cold sintering process (CSP). Using CSP, above 80% dense composite electrolyte pellets were obtained, and a high Li-ion conductivity of 2.4 × 10−4 S cm–1 was achieved at room temperature. This work focuses on the conductivity contributions and microstructural development within the CSP process of composite solid electrolytes. Cold sintering provides an approach for bridging the gap in processing temperatures of ceramics and polymers, thereby enabling high-performance composites for electrochemical systems.

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34

Wu, Jing Bo, Mao Quan Li, Shu Hai Zhang, Yun Long Mei, and Ze Tao Gao. "Research on Sintering Polytechnic of PTFE/Al Reactive Materials." Advanced Materials Research 820 (September 2013): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.820.25.

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PTFE/Al reactive material was prepared via a hot pressed sintering process and comparative experiments were conveyed considering heating rate, sintering temperature and heat preservation time. The internal microstructure of the material was investigated using metallurgical microscope and stereomicroscope. From the investigation the influence of process parameters of hot pressed sintering on the properties of the material were deduced, and the analysis was verified by testing the impact initiation property with drop hammer method. The density of the material was measured according to the Archimedean principle. and the results showed that the best operating conditions of these three factors are 80°C/h, 365°C, and 0.5h, This new method has a higher effectively (short process time) and need lower operation conditions (low sintering temperature and pressure) comparing with the traditional cold sintering process.

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35

Liu, Yuqi, Yong Du, Qiufeng Meng, Jiayue Xu, and Shirley Z. Shen. "Effects of Preparation Methods on the Thermoelectric Performance of SWCNT/Bi2Te3 Bulk Composites." Materials 13, no. 11 (June 9, 2020): 2636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13112636.

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Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)/Bi2Te3 composite powders were fabricated via a one-step in situ reductive method, and their corresponding bulk composites were prepared by a cold-pressing combing pressureless sintering process or a hot-pressing process. The influences of the preparation methods on the thermoelectric properties of the SWCNT/Bi2Te3 bulk composites were investigated. All the bulk composites showed negative Seebeck coefficients, indicating n-type conduction. A maximum power factor of 891.6 μWm−1K−2 at 340 K was achieved for the SWCNT/Bi2Te3 bulk composites with 0.5 wt % SWCNTs prepared by a hot-pressing process, which was ~5 times higher than that of the bulk composites (167.7 μWm−1K−2 at 300 K) prepared by a cold-pressing combing pressureless sintering process, and ~23 times higher than that of the bulk composites (38.6 μWm−1K−2 at 300 K) prepared by a cold-pressing process, mainly due to the enhanced density of the hot-pressed bulk composites.

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36

Gherasim, Gabriel, György Thalmaier, Niculina Sechel, Florentina Cziple, Valentin Petrescu, and Ioan Vida-Simiti. "Open Cell Al-Si Foams by a Sintering and Dissolution Process." Solid State Phenomena 216 (August 2014): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.216.249.

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Open cell foams from AlSi12 alloy were successfully fabricated by the Sintering and Dissolution Process, using NaCl as space holder (60 %). The size of the aluminum alloy powder is less than 45 μm, while the space holder powder size is 315-500 μm, 630-800 μm and 800-1250 μm respectively. The appropriate quantities of alloy powder and salt were mixed and cold pressed at 250 MPa. The sintering process was done at 500 °C and 545 °C, in vacuum (10-5 torr) for 10, 20 and 30 minutes respectively. The space holder was eliminated by holding the sintered samples in running hot water (70 °C). After the salt was dissolved, the samples were dried and the mass loss was analyzed. Keywords: Aluminum foam, Powder metallurgy, Sintering and dissolution process

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37

Filippone, Stephen, Samuel Song, and R. Jaramillo. "High densification of BaZrS3 powder inspired by the cold-sintering process." Journal of Materials Research 36, no. 21 (September 30, 2021): 4404–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s43578-021-00404-1.

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38

Sada, Takao, Kosuke Tsuji, Arnaud Ndayishimiye, Zhongming Fan, Yoshihiro Fujioka, and Clive A. Randall. "Enhanced high permittivity BaTiO3–polymer nanocomposites from the cold sintering process." Journal of Applied Physics 128, no. 8 (August 28, 2020): 084103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0021040.

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39

Jiang, Xupeng, Guisheng Zhu, Huarui Xu, Ling Dong, Jinjie Song, Xiuyun Zhang, Yunyun Zhao, Dongliang Yan, and Aibing Yu. "Preparation of high density ZnO ceramics by the Cold Sintering Process." Ceramics International 45, no. 14 (October 2019): 17382–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.05.298.

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40

Li, Lei, Wen Bin Hong, Shuang Yang, Han Yan, and Xiang Ming Chen. "Effects of water content during cold sintering process of NaCl ceramics." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 787 (May 2019): 352–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.02.112.

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41

Baker, Amanda, Hanzheng Guo, Jing Guo, and Clive Randall. "Utilizing the Cold Sintering Process for Flexible-Printable Electroceramic Device Fabrication." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 99, no. 10 (August 29, 2016): 3202–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jace.14467.

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42

Ichangi, Arun, Andrea Bergamini, and Frank Clemens. "Chemical modification of lead zirconate titanate piezoceramics through cold-sintering process." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 988 (June 2024): 174282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.174282.

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43

Yang, N., Zh Wang, L. Chen, Y. Wang, and Y. B. Zhu. "A new process for fabricating W–15wt.%Cu sheet by sintering, cold rolling and re-sintering." International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 28, no. 2 (March 2010): 198–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2009.09.004.

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44

Araujo Filho, Oscar O., Maurício David Martins das Neves, João Franklin Liberati, Luís Carlos Elias da Silva, Lucio Salgado, and Francisco Ambrozio Filho. "Sintering of AISI M3:2 High Speed Steel – Part II." Materials Science Forum 530-531 (November 2006): 358–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.530-531.358.

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Liquid phase sintering of high speed steels seems to be a cheaper processing route in the manufacturing of tool steels if compared to the well-known and expansive hot isostatic pressing high speed steels process. In a previous work a M3:2 high speed steel was vacuum sintered from irregular water atomized powders and had its sintering temperature determined. In this work the same powder was uniaxially cold compacted and vacuum sintered by adding some small quantity of graphite (0.3%C in weight) to prevent porosity and loss of carbon which result from the sintering cycle. The samples from all these experimental procedures were uniaxially cold compacted and vacuum sintered at five different temperatures and had its densities evaluated. The microstructure was evaluated using optical-electronic techniques in order to investigate the best range of sintering temperature. At least five parallel samples were tested to each condition of sintering.

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45

Wang, Lin, Fu-Jin Li, Rui-Peng Zhang, Ming Yang, Lin Bo, Min Zuo, Si-Da Liu, Hang Zhang, and De-Gang Zhao. "Optimization of Thermoelectric Properties in TiNiSn Half-Heusler Alloy by Controlling Microwave Sintering Time Using Microwave Synthesis-Cold Pressing-Microwave Sintering Method." Science of Advanced Materials 14, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 849–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2022.4278.

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Homogeneous pure TiNiSn Half-Heusler (HH) alloys were successfully prepared in a time-efficient manner using microwave synthesis-cold pressing-microwave sintering (MCM) process in this study. The effects of different microwave sintering time on the composition, microstructure and thermoelectric properties of TiNiSn materials were studied. When the time of microwave sintering was 6 min, the TiNiSn sample was almost pure phase except for a small amount of TiNi2Sn phase. More TiNi2Sn impurity can be found in the TiNiSn sample after microwave sintering of 10 min due to the decomposition of TiNiSn resulting from the over-sintering. The thermoelectric properties of TiNiSn samples prepared by MCM process could be effectively improved by adjusting appropriate sintering time. The TiNiSn alloys sintered for 6 min had the zTmax value of 0.15 at 800 K.

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46

Zhang, You Feng, Yu Zhou, De Chang Jia, and Qing Chang Meng. "Effect of Sintering Process on Microstructure of Al₂O₃/LiTaO₃ Composite Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 2363–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.2363.

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Effects of different sintering methods such as pressureless sintering and hot press sintering on relative density and microstructure of the Al2O3p/LiTaO3 (ALT) composite ceramics were investigated to obtain a preferable sintering process. Relative densities of all ALT composites are below 90% when sintered with the cold isostatical pressing followed by pressureless sintering at temperatures of 1250 to 1350°C. The relative densities and microstructure of ALT composite ceramics with the hot press sintering process in a N2 atmosphere at 1150 and 1300°C were investigated. The relative density of ALT composite hot pressed at 1150°C is only 77%, and almost theoretical density at 1300°C. This indicates that sintering pressure plays an important role in the densification of ALT composite ceramics in temperature range of 1150 to 1350°C. Investigation on morphologies of the composites shows that the Al2O3 particles distributed along grain boundaries of LiTaO3, which leads to a fine-grained microstructure in the ALT composite ceramics

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47

Wan, Qiong, Fuguo Li, Wenjing Wang, Junhua Hou, Wanyue Cui, and Yongsheng Li. "Study on In-Situ Synthesis Process of Ti–Al Intermetallic Compound-Reinforced Al Matrix Composites." Materials 12, no. 12 (June 19, 2019): 1967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12121967.

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In this study, ball-milled powder of Ti and Al was used to fabricate Ti–Al intermetallic compound-reinforced Al matrix composites by an in-situ reaction in cold-pressing sintering and hot-pressing sintering processes. The detailed microstructure of the Ti–Al intermetallic compound-reinforced Al composite was characterized by optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). The results indicate that a typical core–shell-like structure forms in the reinforced particles. The shell is composed of a series of Ti–Al intermetallic compounds and has good bonding strength and compatibility with the Al matrix and Ti core. With cold-pressing sintering, the shell around the Ti core is closed, and the shell thickness increases as the milling time and holding time increase. With hot-pressing sintering, some radiating cracks emerge in the shell structure and provide paths for further diffusion of Ti and Al atoms. The Kirkendall effect, which is caused by the difference between the diffusion coefficients of Ti and Al, results in the formation of cavities and a reduction in density degree. When the quantity of the intermetallic compounds increases, the hardness of the composites increases and the plasticity decreases. Therefore, factors that affect the quantity of the reinforcements, such as the milling time and holding time, should be determined carefully to improve the comprehensive properties of the composites.

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48

Tian, Bao Hong, Cheng Dong Xia, and Shu Guo Jia. "Fabrication of Cu-Al₂O₃ Composites by Simplified Internal Oxidation Process." Advanced Materials Research 148-149 (October 2010): 416–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.148-149.416.

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Cu-Al2O3 composites were prepared by a new simplified internal oxidation process integrating with powder metallurgical process, and then the hot extrusion and the cold rolling processes were carried out. The microstructure, electrical conductivity, hardness, tensile strength and thermal stability of the composites were investigated. The results show that Cu-Al2O3 composites were fabricated successfully by the simplified process in which internal oxidation completed during the sintering. There are a mass of fine Al2O3 particles in size varying from 5 nm to 20nm dispersed in copper matrix after sintering 950 for 4h. After sintered at 950 for 4h and extruded at 950 followed with the cold deforming of 80%, the electrical conductivity, hardness, tensile strength and softening temperature of composite reach 81％IACS, 137HV, 561MPa and 850 respectively. It is considered that the dispersion strengthening and strain hardening have greatly contribution to the Cu-Al2O3 composites fabricated with the simplified process.

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Andrews, Jessica, Daniel Button, and Ian M. Reaney. "Advances in Cold Sintering : Improving energy consumption and unlocking new potential in component manufacturing." Johnson Matthey Technology Review 64, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/205651320x15814150061554.

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Ceramics are traditionally sintered at high temperatures (~80% melting temperature (Tm)). There are numerous incentives to reduce processing temperature: the reduction in processing energy; integration of polymeric and non-noble metals; greater control of microstructure and final component geometries. ‘Cold sintering’ has been developed as a novel method of densification which uses a transient liquid phase, pressure and heat to achieve dense ceramics. This review explores the process of cold sintering and its potential to densify various ceramic materials and components at low temperatures (<300°C), primarily describing recent results at The University of Sheffield, UK.

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Ivakin, Yurii D., Andrey V. Smirnov, Alexandra Yu Kurmysheva, Andrey N. Kharlanov, Nestor Washington Solís Pinargote, Anton Smirnov, and Sergey N. Grigoriev. "The Role of the Activator Additives Introduction Method in the Cold Sintering Process of ZnO Ceramics: CSP/SPS Approach." Materials 14, no. 21 (November 5, 2021): 6680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216680.

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The great prospects for introducing the cold sintering process (CSP) into industry determine the importance of finding approaches to reduce the processing time and mechanical pressure required to obtain dense ceramics using CSP. The introducing zinc acetate into the initial ZnO powder of methods, such as impregnation, thermovapor autoclave treatment (TVT), and direct injection of an aqueous solution into a die followed by cold sintering process using a spark plasma sintering unit, was studied. The effect of the introduction methods on the density and grain size of sintered ceramics was analyzed using SEM, dynamic light scattering, IR spectroscopy, and XRD. The impregnation method provides sintered samples with high relative density (over 0.90) and significant grain growth when sintered at 250 °C with a high heating rate of 100 °C/min, under a uniaxial pressure of 80 MPa in a vacuum, and a short isothermic dwell time (5 min). The TVT and aqueous solution direct injection methods showed lower relative densities (0.87 and 0.76, respectively) of CSP ZnO samples. Finally, the development of ideas about the processes occurring in an aqueous medium with CSP and TVT, which are subject to mechanical pressure, is presented.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cold sintering process'

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