Academic literature on the topic 'COLD METAL TRANSFORMATION'
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Journal articles on the topic "COLD METAL TRANSFORMATION"
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Almotairy, Saud, Dong Bin Wei, and Zheng Yi Jiang. "Study on Surface Roughness Transformation during Metal Rolling." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 2517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.2517.
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Increasing the demand for cold rolled ultra thin strip as feedstock for miniaturized products has encouraged researchers to investigate the ways to increase the quality of such products, especially those related to strip surface roughness. Surface is known as quality factor in most of manufacturing processes. In this paper, the effect of the rolling parameters on the surface roughness transformation during metal rolling has been studied. The experimental results demonstrate that the surface roughness transformation during the metal rolling is highly affected by the designation of the processing parameters such as finishing temperature, reduction, rolling passes and lubrication. The results have been discussed to verify the validity of the new findings.
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Almotairy, Saud, Dong Bin Wei, and Zheng Yi Jiang. "Study on Surface Roughness Transformation during Metal Rolling." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 897–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.897.
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Increasing the demand for cold rolled ultra thin strip as feedstock for miniaturized products has encouraged researchers to investigate the ways to increase the quality of such products, especially those related to strip surface roughness. Surface is known as quality factor in most of manufacturing processes. In this paper, the effect of the rolling parameters on the surface roughness transformation during metal rolling has been studied. The experimental results demonstrate that the surface roughness transformation during metal rolling is highly affected by the designation of the processing parameters such as finishing temperature, reduction, rolling passes and lubrication. The results have been discussed to verify the validity of the new findings.
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Morris, J. W., D. C. Chrzan, and Shigeru Kuramoto. "Anomalous Transformation-Induced Deformation in Gum Metal." Key Engineering Materials 465 (January 2011): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.465.21.
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Tensile tests of single crystals of Gum Metal (Ti-36Nb-2Ta-3Zr-0.3O (wt %)) showed, anomalously, that (1) extensive, stress-induced (bcc)”(orthorhombic) transformation occurred in a crystal pulled in the <110> direction, but no transformation was observed in crystals pulled in the <100> or <111> directions and (2) little or no transformation occurred in tensile tests of severely worked rods, which are polycrystals with very strong <110> texture. Analysis of the energetics of the ” transformation offers straightforward explanations for these results. (1) An ” precipitate has very low elastic energy if it forms as a thin plate with a habit near {11√2}. A <110> tensile load significantly decreases the energy of this plate, promoting the transformation; loading along <100> or <111> is much less effective. (2) While cold-swaged rods of Gum Metal have a strong <110> axial texture, their perpendicular planes are severely distorted, increasing the elastic energy of ” and inhibiting the transformation.
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Abro, Shahid Hussain, Muhammad Sohail Hanif, and Fayaz Hussain. "On the Effect of γ-phase transformation kinetics upon microstructure response of Cold Heading Quality Steel." NUST Journal of Engineering Sciences 11, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24949/njes.v11i2.399.
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Cold heading quality CHQ steel is a versatile form over other steels as they are used non-heat treated; their strengthening mechanism is achieved through cold heading operations. Metal is therefore stretched without applying any source of heat, metal flow during the cold heading operation must depend on grains flow which increases the mechanical properties such as strength, resistance to indentation and toughness. It is therefore necessary to form the isotropic grains before applying cold heading operation may increase the properties. Gamma phase formation during the heat treatment is crucial factor for cold operation. An effort is made in this research work to study and find out the Austenite nucleation and growth morphology of commercial CHQ steel through continuous heating experiments by utilizing lead-bath up-quenching technique at differentaustenizing temperature ranges. High class Optical Microscope Olympus GX51, scanning electron microscopy techniques have been utilized to reveal and interpret the microstructure and it was found that At the 740°C, the microstructure shows the lack of homogeneity in the structure hence cold-head-ability of CHQ steel is anisotropic but at the high temperature in austenite domain at 60sec the resultant austenite is highly homogenous due to high volume fraction of austenite has been formed then the cold-head-ability properties of CHQ steel turned to be isotropic. Keywords: Up-quenching, cold heading steel, gamma transformation, heating rate etc.
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Shen, Yan Fang, Wan Song, Xin Yu Cui, and Tian Ying Xiong. "A Brief Review on TiO2 Coating Deposited by Cold Spraying." Materials Science Forum 804 (October 2014): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.804.111.
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TiO2is a promising photocatalyst with great potential for environment purification and energy conversion. TiO2coatings have more advantages over powders in practical use. Cold spraying is an ideal technique to fabricate TiO2coatings because of its low heat input compared with thermal sparing which may induce undesirable phase transformation from anatase to rutile. The paper will give a short introduction on recent development of TiO2coatings by cold spraying. Then, the factors affecting the quality of coating should be analyzed. And finally, the bonding mechanism of cold sprayed TiO2coating on metal substrates will also be proposed.
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Demenkova, L. G., S. A. Solodsky, and D. P. Ilyashchenko. "Studies of Kinetic Plasticity Effect in High-Speed Steels under Martensite Transformation." Solid State Phenomena 303 (May 2020): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.303.8.
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In the paper the authors study how the kinetic plasticity effects the temporary and residual stresses formed in instrumental steels when cooling. They also present the results of temporary stresses relaxation. This phenomenon was applied within the temperature range of the martensite transformation to reduce the cold cracking of the surfaced metal. The paper shows that the superplasticity effect emerging at the moment of martensite transformation plays the crucial role in temporary stresses relaxation.
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Chen, T. C., C. T. Hsieh, and L. W. Tsay. "Fatigue Crack Growth of Cold Worked 304L Stainless Steel in Gaseous Hydrogen." Applied Mechanics and Materials 378 (August 2013): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.378.140.
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The fatigue crack growth behaviors of cold worked 304L stainless steel (SS) in air and gaseous hydrogen were evaluated, and further compared with the base plate. Cold rolling caused a rise in surface hardness and induced austenite to martensite transformation of 304L SS. Despite of testing environment, the fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) of the cold worked specimen was higher than that of the base metal. Furthermore, both kinds of specimens were susceptible to hydrogen-accelerated crack growth. Mainly quasi-cleavage fracture related with the strain-induced martensite together with separation along twin boundaries accounted for the accelerated crack growth of the specimens in hydrogen.
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Chen, Junwei, Jie Liu, Haobin Wang, Bo Li, Quan Hu, Tianjing Shao, Ruijing Yang, et al. "Experimental Study on Neutral Salt Spray Accelerated Corrosion of Metal Protective Coatings for Power-Transmission and Transformation Equipment." Coatings 13, no. 3 (February 21, 2023): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13030480.
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At present, the common protection technology of power-transmission and transformation equipment is mainly coating protection and hot-dip zinc protection. However, due to the low adhesion of epoxy zinc-rich coating, and the poor compatibility with top paint, environmental pollution, complex processing, high energy consumption and other defects of the hot-dip zinc process, its development is limited. In view of the above deficiencies, new anti-corrosion coating materials and processes were investigated in this study. Zinc coatings and Al-Zn coatings were prepared on the C45 steel matrix by hot-spraying and cold-spraying processes. The macro appearance, micromorphology and phase composition analysis of the coatings were evaluated. The adhesion of the coating to the substrate after the salt-spray test was tested. The results showed that the hot dip zinc coating and hot spray zinc coating had obvious cracking after the salt-spray test. The surface structure of cold-sprayed Al-Zn coating was relatively dense after the salt-spray test. The critical load of the cold-sprayed Al-Zn coating after the salt-spray test was higher than that of the other two coatings. The corrosion resistance to salt spray of cold-sprayed Al-Zn coating was demonstrated to be better than the hot-dip zinc coating, and thus has great application prospects.
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Xikeranmu, Zilajiguli, Ji Ma, and Xiaoning Liu. "Characterization of a Mn-SOD from the desert beetle Microdera punctipennis and its increased resistance to cold stress in E. coli cells." PeerJ 8 (February 14, 2020): e8507. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8507.
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Insects have developed a complex network of enzymatic antioxidant systems for handling reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during stress. Superoxide dismutases (SODs) play a determinant role in balancing ROS in insect. However, studies devoted to SODs functions in insects under cold stress are limited. In the present study, we attempted to identify and characterize a mitochondrial manganese SOD (mMn-SOD) from the desert beetle Micordera punctipennis (denoted as MpmMn-SOD) and explore its protective effects on bacteria cells under cold stress. MpmMn-SOD is composed of 202 amino acids with conserved domains required for metal ions binding and enzyme activity. RT-qPCR experiments revealed that the expression of MpmMn-SOD was ubiquitous but tissue-specific and was induced by cold stress. An E. coli (BL21) system was applied to study the function of MpmMn-SOD. The MpmMn-SOD gene was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-32a to generate a recombinant plasmid pET-32a(MpmMn-SOD). After transformation of the plasmid into E. coli BL21, the fusion protein Trx-His-MpmMn-SOD was overexpressed and identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Antioxidant activity assay showed that the death zones of the transformed bacteria BL21 (pET32a-mMn-SOD) were smaller in diameter than the control bacteria BL21 (pET32a). Survival curves under −4 °C showed that BL21 (pET32a-mMn-SOD) had significant enhanced cold resistance compared to BL21 (pET32a). Its SOD activity under −4 °C had a significant negative correlation (r = − 0.995) with superoxide anion O2•− content. Accordingly, under cold stress BL21 (pET32a-mMn-SOD) had lower electric conductivity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content than BL21 (pET32a). Taken together, our results showed that cold stress stimulated the expression of MpmMn-SOD in M. punctipennis. The E. coli cells that overexpress MpmMn-SOD increase their resistance to cold stress by scavenging ROS, and mitigate potential cell damage caused by ROS under cold conditions.
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Muncut, Elena, Ion Aurel Perianu, Dan Glavan, and Gheorghe Sima. "Structural Analysis for Joining Dissimilar Thin Sheets with CMT (Cold Metal Transfer) Process." Advanced Materials Research 1111 (July 2015): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1111.49.
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The work includes work steps for joining thin sheets with a thickness ranging from1.0 mm (according to EN10327-2004). The study presents the following steps: problems arising from joining with CMT weld-brazing process of galvanized low-carbon steel sheets, used as filler material CuSi3. This is due to the fact that copper induces: grain refinement by lowering the transformation temperature and precipitation hardening after rapid cooling and tempering the theoretical and experimental study of these problems leads to the possibility of combining copper with iron. This is an experiment to investigate the formation of interlayer containing intermetallic compounds, inter layer located between the molten material and the base material. An important part of the study was the optimizing of weld-brazing parameters: welding current, welding speed and dynamic correction factor Ina.Keywords: galvanized sheets steel, joining, weld-brazing CMT, preserving the zinc layer, intermetallic layer.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "COLD METAL TRANSFORMATION"
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Mahlatsi, Tladi Abram. "Characterization of heavy metal tolerant bacterial plasmids isolated from a platinum mine tailings dam / by Tladi Abram Mahlatsi." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9780.
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The development of metal-tolerance and antibiotic resistance in bacteria may be caused by metals polluting a particular environment. During mining and mineral processing activities, large quantities of metals are deposited into the soil. These high concentrations of metals are evolutionary pressures selecting for microorganisms tolerant to these metals. Metaltolerance maybe conferred to these organisms by mobile genetic elements such as plasmids. This study describes the characteristics of plasmids isolated from various bacteria that displayed an ability to withstand high metal concentrations. The isolated plasmids were individually transformed into Escherichia coli JM109. Transformants were then evaluated for metal-tolerant capabilities using a microdilution approach. Plasmids were then isolated from the transformants and the concentration of the plasmid DNA ranged between 11.75 – 118.06 ng/μl. These plasmids were of the same size as the original ones. This demonstrated that successful transformations with plasmid DNA were conducted. In order to determine the compatibility group, plasmids were subjected to PCR amplification using IncQ, IncP-9 and IncW specific primers. Only the IncW provided positive results. To demonstrate that the plasmids were free of genomic DNA, a 16S rDNA PCR test was included. The plasmids that were positive for IncW PCRs were all negative for the rDNA PCRs. Plasmids were stably inherited and at least three, isolated from three different Gram positive species, belonged to the Inc W group of plasmids. These were originally isolated from Paenibacillus ginsingari, Paenibacillus lautus and Bacillus cereus. Minimum inhibition concentrations (MICs) were carried out to determine the ability of transformed E. coli JM109 to tolerate metals at varying concentrations. Results indicated that transformed E. coli JM109 developed ability to grow in the presence of several heavy metals. Some strains were resistant to high concentrations (+10 mM) of Ni2+/Al3+, Pb2+ and Ba2+. The order of metal resistance was Ni/Al=Pb>Ba>Mn>Cr>Cu>Co=Hg. All the x transformants were sensitive to 1 mM of Co2+ and Hg2+. Moreover, protein profiling was used to determine the impact of plasmids on E. coli JM109. Proteins were extracted from both transformed and un-transformed E. coli JM109 using acetone-SDS protocol and subjected to one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS- PAGE). Transformed E. coli JM109 were grown under the metal stress. One dimension SDS-PAGE illustrated general similarity of the profiles except for two banding positions in the 30 to 35 kDa region where bands were present in the transformants that were grown in the Ni/Al alloy containing media. Twodimensional electrophoresis PAGE analysis showed that some of the proteins were upregulated while others were down-regulated. The largest numbers of proteins were from 15 – 75 kDa. The majority of these proteins had isoelectric points (pI) between 5 and 6. It was concluded that plasmids isolated from various heavy metal-tolerant bacterial species were successfully transformed into E. coli JM109 rendering various new metal-tolerant E. coli JM109 strains. Furthermore, the study showed that metal resistance was due to the presence of the plasmids. Two-dimensional SDS-PAGE resolved more differences in the protein expression profiles. Since the plasmids rendered the E. coli JM109 tolerant to metals tested, it also can be concluded that the change in the protein profiles was due to the effects of the plasmids. Furthermore, plasmids were also re-isolated from the transformants and these plasmids were of the same size as the original ones.. All the plasmids in this study were also stably inherited, a feature associated with IncW plasmids. More detailed genetic characterization of these plasmids is required. Plasmids isolated and characterized in this study may hold biotechnology potential. Such features should be exploited in follow-up experiments.Thesis (Master of Environmental Sciences)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.
Books on the topic "COLD METAL TRANSFORMATION"
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Parrington, John. Mind Shift. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801634.001.0001.
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This book draws on the latest research on the human brain to show how it differs strikingly from those of other animals in its structure and function at molecular and cellular level. It argues that this ‘shift’, enlarging the brain, giving it greater flexibility and enabling higher functions such as imagination, was driven by tool use, but especially by the development of one remarkable tool—language. The complex social interaction brought by language opened up the possibility of shared conceptual worlds, enriched with rhythmic sounds and images that could be drawn on cave walls. This transformation enabled modern humans to generate an exceptional human consciousness, a sense of self that arises as a product of our brain biology and the social interactions we experience. Linking early work by the Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky to the findings of modern neuroscience, the book also explores how language, culture, and society mediate brain function, and what this view of the human mind may bring to our understanding and treatment of mental illness.
Book chapters on the topic "COLD METAL TRANSFORMATION"
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Endresen, Bente Elisabeth. "Red Snow—When the Climate Bleeds: A Nordic Art and Science Project Aimed at Overcoming Climate Apathy Through Collaboration Between Artists and Scientists." In Transformation Literacy, 263–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93254-1_18.
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AbstractThis chapter describes the transformative potential of arts and science collaboration. The aim of the Nordic art and science project “Red Snow—When the Climate Bleeds” which was undertaken in 2014–2016 was to increase people's awareness of the accelerating climate changes we are witnessing in the twenty-first century. This chapter shows how people can be encouraged to take action for the care of our planet and to live in a more sustainable way. The project was centred around an exhibition, consisting of artwork and scientific presentations, established collaboration with students at schools and universities and was implemented in four countries. In order to highlight the urgency of the need for change, the project showed some future scenarios presented by climate researchers. With the use of visual art, music and dance, it was possible to reach a larger audience than science alone could: this opened people's hearts and minds to new knowledge. The chapter concludes that the collaboration between the arts and science is increasingly important. Art can successfully go beyond the mental mindset, and speak directly to the emotions of the audience, and once works of art have made an impression, visitors are generally more open to new knowledge.
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Fuss, Maryegli, and Lei Xu. "Unintended Environmental Impacts at Local and Global Scale—Trade-Offs of a Low-Carbon Electricity System." In The Future European Energy System, 237–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60914-6_13.
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AbstractThe focus on expanding the sector coupling and binding the electricity system and end-user sectors like the transport and industry bring attention to environmental trade-offs. Otherwise, unintended environmental impacts could potentially impede the transformation process. Given that, this paper aims to identify and discuss environmental burdens that should require government attention. For that, the approach of coupling Life Cycle Assessment with the electricity market model (ELTRAMOD) is presented. Results show that the large impact on land use occupation as a regional issue requires attention due to diversified permitting mechanisms and eligibility criteria for solar fields among European member states. Metal and ozone depletion bring the challenge that transformation processes need attention on global limits related to finite resources and fugitive losses of anthropogenic substances.
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Freebody, Jane. "Money and Management." In Mental Health in Historical Perspective, 165–201. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13105-9_5.
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AbstractTensions between the therapeutic value and the financial benefits of patient work were exacerbated by the difficult financial climate following World War I and during the Great Depression. In France, prefects and asylum directors were keen to maximise the use of patient work to offset institutional running costs, which did not always sit comfortably alongside its therapeutic remit. The transformation of the Asile Clinique into a hospital for acute patients was delayed because it involved losing the asylum’s incurable and chronic patients, who were its best workers. In England, the economic contribution made by patient work was downplayed, in the light of accusations of exploitation, while the curative role of occupation was emphasised. Occupational therapy added to, rather than offset, institutional running costs, but this was justified by its role in active treatment. The budget for entertainment was another contested area; whether expenditure in this area could be justified on the grounds of therapy.
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Bryant, Peter T. "Evaluation of Performance." In Augmented Humanity, 199–223. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76445-6_7.
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AbstractAgents evaluate their performances to assess progress, learn, and improve. In doing so, they refer to criteria of various kinds. Some criteria are deeply encoded in mental models, organizational procedures, or cultural norms and logics, while other evaluative criteria are adaptive and may upregulate or downregulate, depending on the agent’s goals, expectations, and context. Here, too, digitalization is transformative. Artificial agents bring unprecedented power to the evaluation of performance, including the rapid intra-cyclical evaluation of ongoing processes. These mechanisms support feedforward guidance in real time. Therefore, when human and artificial agents combine in the evaluation of augmented performance, they face additional risks. Artificial evaluative processing could be fast and precise, while at the same time, human evaluation may be relatively sluggish and imprecise. Overall evaluations of performance could be distorted and dysfunctional.
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Tlotleng, Monnamme, Esther T. Akinlabi, Mukul Shukla, and Sisa Pityana. "Application of Laser Assisted Cold Spraying Process for Materials Deposition." In Surface Engineering Techniques and Applications, 177–221. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5141-8.ch006.
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The Laser-Assisted Cold Spraying (LACS) process is a hybrid technique that uses laser and cold spray mechanism to deposit solid powders on metal substrates. For bonding to occur, the particle velocities must be supersonic. The supersonic effects can be achieved by passing a highly compressed Nitrogen gas (˜30 bars) through de Laval supersonic nozzle. LACS is a surface coating technique that is desirable in rapid prototyping and manufacturing, particularly for biomedical applications. Current world research reveals that the capability of the LACS regarding the enhancement of surface properties of coating titanium alloys with hydroxyapatite will be essential for fabricating scaffolds for bone implants using Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS) technique. In this chapter, coatings of composite powders made of titanium and hydroxyapatite deposited on Ti-6Al-4V substrate by LACS technology are presented. These coatings were successfully characterised by means of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and optical microscopy for their phases, composition, and microstructure, respectively. The results of the produced LACS coatings compare well with those obtained with traditional thermal spray and cold spray techniques, respectively. In addition, the XRD results were found to be similar to the precursor powders, which indicated that no phase transformation occurred to HAP. Coatings comprising of other crystalline phases of HAP are less bio-integrable and fail quicker within the human body fluids environments.
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Cai, J., J. Lin, and J. Wilsius. "Modelling phase transformations in hot stamping and cold die quenching of steels." In Microstructure Evolution in Metal Forming Processes, 210–36. Elsevier, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9780857096340.2.210.
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"Effect of cold deformation on kinetics of solid solution decomposition and accompanying transformation in structure." In Magnesium Alloys Containing Rare Earth Metals, 150–52. CRC Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482265163-50.
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Lawrence, C. "Architecture-Driven Business Transformation." In Handbook of Enterprise Systems Architecture in Practice, 207–20. IGI Global, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-189-6.ch012.
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Enterprise architecture (EA) has primarily a business focus, but it involves the kind of systems thinking typically associated with information technology (IT). Any one of its component architectures could theoretically drive a business transformation. The example of process architecture is chosen because of its implications for other architectural domains; because of the link between customer-centricity and process-centricity; and because inherited attitudes to process desperately need overhaul. An imagined diagnostic in a financial services company provides context. The diagnostic recommends a holistic alternative to current approaches to process. It articulates an explicit logical meta-model from which it draws out a number of key concepts implementable as generic physical constructs. The resulting process architecture can drive radical business transformation given the right program management, governance, and, above all, sponsorship.
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Jahangir Alam Majumder, A. K. M., and Charles B. Veilleux. "Smart Health and Cybersecurity in the Era of Artificial Intelligence." In Computer-Mediated Communication [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97196.
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The need for a transformation in providing healthcare has been recognized by organizations and captured in reports. Research into Smart Health using Artificial Intelligence (AI) could help identify the mental health of individuals by analyzing physiological data. The complexity of emotions can make it challenging for an individual to recognize they are coping with mental illness. AI could be used as an objective method in recognizing mental health crisis. This is where smart emotion could help as a Human-in-the-loop system that can reduce the time it takes for an individual to get treatment by identifying mental illness. Early treatment of mental health crises can lead to an overall reduction in damage caused by it. Further, COVID-19 has overwhelmed many healthcare systems, leading malicious actors to target them, highlighting many Cybersecurity issues. AI could aid in addressing Cybersecurity concerns to create a robust and secure Human-in-the-Loop system for mental health problems.
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Stanimirovic, Aleksandra. "Digital Heath Interventions in Mental Health." In Advances in Psychology, Mental Health, and Behavioral Studies, 168–87. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7513-9.ch009.
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Technological renaissance of the last century stimulated the application of digital interventions in the healthcare domain. Digital healthcare interventions (DHIs) could be implemented through smartphone applications (apps), remote monitoring and tracking devices, and wearable computers. Technology is positioned to transform how mental healthcare is delivered and accessed. In fact, remote active and passive monitoring of parameters, such as mood, activity, and sleep, could be integrated with therapeutic interventions. However, the transformation entails combined conscription of science, regulation, and design. Implementation, adoption, and evaluation of DHI present special challenges. This chapter presents brief history of DHIs in mental health and frameworks an evaluation strategy in terms of the appropriate methods required for appraisal of DHIs.
Conference papers on the topic "COLD METAL TRANSFORMATION"
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Aune, Ragnhild, Hans Fostervoll, and Odd Magne Akselsen. "Hydrogen Assisted Cracking in Welding of 13% Cr Supermartensitic Stainless Steels." In ASME 2003 22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2003-37282.
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Supermartensitic stainless steels are known to be prone to hydrogen induced cold cracking. Therefore, the objective of this work was to assess the susceptibility to hydrogen cracking in Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) with use of matching base and filler materials (supermartensitic stainless steel), using the Instrumented Restraint Cracking (IRC) test. Root welding in the IRC test did not result in hydrogen induced cracking, neither for low nor high weld metal hydrogen content. Because of the martensitic transformation, the global residual stresses are very low after welding (below 100 MPa). Since the yield strength (Rp0.2%) of the material is about 600–720 MPa, it implies that the IRC test method is not very suitable for supermartensitic stainless steels. However, by performing IRC test multi-layer welding, micro-cracks were found in the last pass. An increase in the weld metal hydrogen content resulted in reduced fracture stress and ductility, as observed in tensile testing of IRC test specimens directly after welding. Investigation of the fracture surfaces of the specimens with high hydrogen contents showed fish eyes, which are strong indications of hydrogen embrittlement. By performing heat treatment (225°C for 24 hours) of specimens with high hydrogen contents and subsequent tensile testing, the fracture stress and ductility were restored to the initial base metal level. Slow Strain Rate Testing (SSRT) with and without Cathodic Protection (CP) was performed on test specimens sampled transverse to the welding direction. CP has detrimental effect on the fracture stress and ductility due to the high weld metal hydrogen pick up.
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Gutzmann, H., S. Freese, F. Gärtner, and T. Klassen. "Cold Gas Spraying of Ceramics Using the Example of Titanium Dioxide." In ITSC2011, edited by B. R. Marple, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and A. McDonald. DVS Media GmbH, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2011p0369.
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Abstract Functional titanium dioxide coatings have a high potential for photocatalytic applications. However, the high process temperatures of conventional thermal spray methods lead to undesirable phase transformations. Cold gas spraying seems to be beneficial, since for ceramic coatings no phase transformations have been observed so far. In this study, bonding of cold-sprayed ceramic particles on metal substrates is elucidated by investigating single impacts obtained from wipe tests. Different feedstock powders were used, consisting of agglomerated titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The single particle impacts were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. The results demonstrate that bonding of particles is influenced by the substrate material, substrate temperature, powder properties and spray conditions. In addition, powder characteristics seem to be of particular importance. The results allow for conclusions regarding favorable conditions for cold spraying of ceramics.
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Veräjänkorva, S., J. Lagerbom, and P. Vuoristo. "Influence of Powder Type and Properties on Ceramic Layer Deposition by Cold Spraying." In ITSC2006, edited by B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, R. S. Lima, and J. Voyer. ASM International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2006p0215.
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Abstract Ceramic deposition produced by cold spraying was studied for functional surface applications. Several oxide materials and metal matrix composite (MMC) powders were used to model the behavior of ceramic powder deposition on soft metallic substrate materials. The manufacturing method, density and size of ceramic powders and matrix material of MMC were found to affect the deposition on soft metal surfaces. The powder density influences the deposition greatly and it is also an important factor in finding an ideal powder particle size. Fusing and crushing the powder can be a good manufacturing method if the fusion does not cause phase transformations in the powder. In that case, spray drying with sintering can give better results. Spraying parameters, such as the process gas parameters and the effect of multiple sweeps of the torch were also studied to optimize the amount of deposition. Cold spraying was found to be a promising manufacturing method for functional surfaces.
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Koripelli, Rama S., and David N. French. "Issues Related to Creep-Strength-Enhanced Ferritic (CSEF) Steels." In ASME 2014 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2014-32027.
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T-91 and P-91 are the oldest of a new class of creep-strength-enhanced ferritic steels (CSEF) approved for use in boilers and pressure vessels. These newer alloys develop high strength through heat treatment, a rapid cooling or quenching to form martensite, followed by a temper to improve ductility. As a result, these alloys offer a much higher allowable stress which means thinner sections provide adequate strength for high-temperature service. Most of the applications thus far have been a substitute for P-22/T-22. The primary advantages of T91 materials over conventional low-alloy steels are: higher allowable stresses for a given temperature, improved oxidation, corrosion, creep and fatigue resistance. T23 is also considered as a member of the family of CSEF steels. The alloying elements such as tungsten, vanadium, boron, titanium and niobium and heat treatment separate this alloy from the well defined T22 steel. Although, T23 is designated for tubing application, its piping counterpart P23 has a strong potential in header applications due to superior strength compared to P22 headers. Now that T-91 and P-91 have been in service for nearly 30 years, some shortcomings have become apparent. A perusal of the allowable stress values for T-91 shows a drop off in tensile strength above about 1150°F. Thus, start-up conditions where superheaters, and especially reheaters, may experience metal temperatures above 1200°F, lead to over-tempering and loss of creep strength. During welding, the temperature varies from above the melting point of the steel to room temperature. The heat-affected zone (HAZ) is defined as the zone next to the fusion line at the edge of the weld metal that has been heated high enough to form austenite, i.e., above the lower critical transformation temperature. On cooling, the austenite transforms to martensite. Next to this region of microstructural transformation, there is an area heated to just below the austenite formation temperature, but above the tempering temperature of the tube/pipe when manufactured. This region has been, in effect, over-tempered by the welding and subsequent post-weld heat treatment (PWHT). Over-tempering softens the tempered martensite with the associated loss of both tensile and creep strength. This region of low strength is subject to failure during service. Creep strength of T91 steel is obtained via a quenching process followed by controlled tempering treatment. Elements such as niobium and vanadium in the steel precipitate at defect sites as carbides; this is known as the ‘pinning effect’. Any subsequent welding/cold working requires a precise PWHT. Inappropriate and/or lack of PWHT can destroy the ‘pinning effect’ resulting in loss of creep strength and premature failures. Several case studies will be presented with the problems associated with T91/T23 materials. Case studies will be presented, with the results of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, hardness measurements and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis. One case study will discuss how the over-tempering caused a reduced creep strength, resulting in premature creep failure in a finishing superheater tube. A second case presents the carburization of a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) superheater tube, resulting in reduced corrosion/oxidation resistance. A case study demonstrates how a short-term overheating excursion led to reheat cracking in T23 tubing. Another case will present creep degradation in T91 reheater steel tube due to high temperature exposures (over-tempering).
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Campbell, Matthew I., Sandeep Nair, and Jay Patel. "A Unified Approach to Solving Graph Based Design Problems." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34523.
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This paper proposes a new perspective of using graph transformation systems as a way of organizing and solving engineering design problems. Using this novel technique the synthesis of optimal solutions in the form of graph topologies for design problems is made possible. Though the concept of graph grammars has existed for several decades in computer science literature, researchers in the field of design have now begun to realize the merit of using them to harness both the knowledge and heuristics of a particular problem domain. This paper examines the fundamental challenges in applying graph transformations in a design context. The paper also presents the first topology optimization method that has been developed specifically for domains representable by a graph grammar schema. This novel approach could also be used in several problems such as network problems (especially in determining the placement of hubs), electric circuit design, neural networks, sheet metal, and product architecture. The abstraction afforded by graphs also enables us to tackle multi-disciplinary problems found throughout engineering design. A few engineering examples are shown in this paper in order to illustrate the power of the approach in automating the design process.
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Yu, Seung-Cheon, Yoon-Suk Chang, Young-Jin Kim, Sung-Woo Kim, Seong-Sik Hwang, and Hong-Pyo Kim. "Comparison of Experimental and Numerical Analysis Data for BMI Mock-Up With Dissimilar Metal Welds." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61557.
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During the last decade, several defects due to primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) have been reported at bottom-mounted instrumentation (BMI) and control rod drive mechanism nozzles. The exact locations were dissimilar metal weld parts which are greatly important because the cracking could lead to leakage of primary coolant. The PWSCC of BMI mock-up’s penetration with dissimilar metal welds was examined by using doped steam test method by Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. In this work, numerical analyses are performed for the same environment condition with the doped steam test. With respect to the numerical analyses, heat transfer analyses are carried out based on thermal conduction. The welding paths are simulated by using lumped path method for conservative evaluation and model change (remove/rebirth) method. Then residual stress analyses are conducted using the heat transfer analysis results, in which annealing effect of welding process simulation is considered for resetting the plastic deformation. However, the plastic behaviour of steels during phase transformations is not considered with experimental data. In addition, the consequence of weld residual stress that is known as the cause of PWSCC is being investigated.
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Pellereau, Benjamin M. E., Christopher M. Gill, Matthew Dawson, Paul R. Hurrell, John Francis, and Alison Mark. "Finite Element Modelling and Measurements of Residual Stress and Phase Composition in Ferritic Welds." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25649.
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This paper describes finite element (FE) modelling and neutron diffraction (ND) measurements to investigate the development of residual stresses in two different geometries of ferritic weld. All specimens were produced using SA508 Grade 3 steel plates, depositing a low carbon SD3 weld filler by mechanised TIG welding. The FE analyses were carried out using Abaqus/VFT and the behaviour of the SA508 steel was modelled using a simplified (Leblond) phase transformation model with isotropic hardening using VFT’s UMAT-WELD subroutine, which includes the change in volume due to phase transformation. Single bead-on-plate specimens were manufactured using a range of mechanised TIG welding parameters. One pass and three pass groove welds were also produced, in order to investigate the cyclic hardening behaviour of the materials, as well as phase transformation effects in a multi-pass weld. FE analyses were then performed to determine how accurately these effects could be modelled. During manufacture, a number of thermocouples were attached to each of the specimens in order to calibrate the heat input to the FE models. The residual stresses in each of the bead on plate welds, as well as the groove weld after the first and the third passes, were then measured using ND at the middle of the plate. The ND measurements for the three pass weld showed no significant cyclic hardening behaviour although some was predicted by the FE analysis. Another key finding of the FE modelling that was seen in all of the models was that the phase transformation acts to reduce the stress levels in the deposited weld metal leaving the largest tensile stresses in a ring at the outer edge of the full heat affected zone (HAZ). There are plans to refine the FE studies using improved material properties when material testing of SA508 and SD3 are completed in the near future.
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Kanazawa, T., A. Ohmori, and S. Matsusaka. "Surface Modification of Recycled PET Plate by Particle Implantation and Deposition with Plasma Spraying." In ITSC2001, edited by Christopher C. Berndt, Khiam A. Khor, and Erich F. Lugscheider. ASM International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2001p0331.
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Abstract The polyethylene terephtalate (PET) is widely utilized for high performance as a food and beverage container due to its excellent mechanical and chemical properties. The consumption of PET material is expected to increase more rapidly. Consequently, the recycling of waste PET is urgently needed to reduce environmental problems and economic costs. The purpose of this research is to endow waste PET materials with a new function by spraying of metal and ceramics such as Cu and TiO2. The recycled PET plate substrate for plasma spraying was prepared from waste PET bottles. It is found that Cu and TiO2 powder could be sprayed on the surface of the recycled PET plate without heat damage and transformation of the substrate. In specific spray conditions, the implantation of melted Cu and TiO2 particles, which retained their original shape, into the PET substrate was also observed and this is an unusual phenomenon in plasma spraying. In this research, the possibility of production of functional PET plates with electric conductivity and wear resistance was found by controlling the plasma spray conditions.
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Sharma, Ashish, Inna W. Lin, Adam S. Miner, Dave C. Atkins, and Tim Althoff. "Towards Facilitating Empathic Conversations in Online Mental Health Support: A Reinforcement Learning Approach (Extended Abstract)." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/747.
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Online peer-to-peer support platforms enable conversations between millions of people who seek and provide mental health support. If successful, web-based mental health conversations could improve access to treatment and reduce the global disease burden. Psychologists have repeatedly demonstrated that empathy, the ability to understand and feel the emotions and experiences of others, is a key component leading to positive outcomes in supportive conversations. However, recent studies have shown that highly empathic conversations are rare in online mental health platforms. In this paper, we work towards improving empathy in online mental health support conversations. We introduce a new task of empathic rewriting which aims to transform low-empathy conversational posts to higher empathy. Learning such transformations is challenging and requires a deep understanding of empathy while maintaining conversation quality through text fluency and specificity to the conversational context. Here we propose Partner, a deep reinforcement learning (RL) agent that learns to make sentence-level edits to posts in order to increase the expressed level of empathy while maintaining conversation quality. Our RL agent leverages a policy network, based on a transformer language model adapted from GPT-2, which performs the dual task of generating candidate empathic sentences and adding those sentences at appropriate positions. Through a combination of automatic and human evaluation, we demonstrate that Partner successfully generates more empathic, specific, and diverse responses and outperforms NLP methods from related tasks such as style transfer and empathic dialogue generation.
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Ahmed, Talha Rafi, Bastien Januel, and Morealvin Fuenmayor. "Digital Transformation Journey of Field Operations at Abu Dhabi Offshore Field in UAE." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207386-ms.
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Abstract Field operations generate large volumes of data from various equipment and associated Meta data such as inspection due dates, maintenance schedule, people on board, etc. The data is often stored in silos with a data guardian for each entity. The objective of this project was to volarize the data by developing engineered KPI's to drive decision making and make data accessible for everyone in the organization to foster cross collaboration. Data analytics and visualization solutions were developed to automate low value-added tasks either using robotic process automation scripts or business intelligence reporting tool. Data was residing either in spreadsheet or native applications. With support of IT, centralized database was established. Scrum agile project management techniques were used to develop digital solutions. A high-level digital road map was created consulting all teams including stake holders. Use cases were identified and captured in lean A3 problem solving format. Each use case clearly identified the benefits to organization, and this was used to prioritize the use cases. A sprint was set-up with agile team and products were developed as per end user's expectation. The constant feedback loop via daily stand-up meetings helped the team deliver value added products. Digital solutions were developed to automate low value-added tasks so employees can focus on improving systems instead of producing reports. By developing engineering KPI's and predictive analytics, technical authority could shift from reactive maintenance to pro-active maintenance. Using linear regression machine learning, early warning digital solution was developed to monitor and notify technical authority to clean strainers. The production team achieved 0.75 full time equivalent (FTE) in time savings by automating reports. By visualizing operations data such as flaring, production profiles; the team minimized flaring leading to 1% OPEX cost saving. Around 10% of chemical budget was saved by monitoring chemical injections at all platforms. Similar cost savings were achieved by visualizing data for other disciplines such as maintenance and HSE teams. By being better informed about wells annuli pressure build-up via email notifications, wells integrity team reduced the associated risk. By forming a multi-disciplinary agile team with business and delivery team, digital team deployed 20+ digital products over a short time frame of 2 years.