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Journal articles on the topic 'Cold kinetic deposition (cold spray)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Koivuluoto, Heli, Andrea Milanti, Giovanni Bolelli, Jyrki Latokartano, Francesco Marra, Giovanni Pulci, Jorma Vihinen, Luca Lusvarghi, and Petri Vuoristo. "Structures and Properties of Laser-Assisted Cold-Sprayed Aluminum Coatings." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 984–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.984.

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In the cold spray process, solid particles impact on a surface with high kinetic energy, deform plastically and form a coating. This enables the formation of pure and dense coating structures. Even more, coating performance and deposition efficiency can be improved by assisting the process with a laser. Laser-assisted cold spraying (LACS) has shown its potential to improve coating properties compared with traditional cold spraying. In this study, coating quality improvement was obtained by using a co-axial laser spray (COLA) process which offers a new, cost-effective laser-assisted cold spray technique, for high-quality deposition and repair. In the COLA process, the sprayed surface is laser heated while particles hit the surface. This assists the better bonding between particles and substrate and leads to the formation of tight coating structures. This study focuses on the evaluation of the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties (e.g., hardness and bond strength) of LACS metallic coatings.

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2

Yu, Hai Jiao, Yu Ya Wang, Jun Xue, and Zun Wang. "An Advanced Metal Deposition Technique-Kinetic Metallization." Materials Science Forum 817 (April 2015): 510–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.817.510.

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Kinetic metallization (KM) is a sonic cold spray metal deposition technique, which offers promise as a way to produce coatings with a wild range of thickness. It is a solid-state process, from which the obtained coating is oxide free, high compactness (the porosity ratio may less than 0.1%), and has a strong bonding with the matrix. KM now is extensively applied in many fields, such as part/structure dimensional repair, solar battery manufacture, corrosion resistance and protection, wear resistance, oxidation resistance, and polymer spray. The present work presented the elements and advantages of KM, related it with high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) and common cold spray (CS), and reviewed the progress of KM over the two decades. Finally, the further development of the KM was discussed.

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3

Lee, Jae Chul, Doo Man Chun, Sung Hoon Ahn, and Caroline S. Lee. "Material Properties of Thick Aluminum Coating Made by Cold Gas Dynamic Spray Deposition." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 1097–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.1097.

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Cold gas dynamic spray is a relatively new coating process by which coatings can be produced without significant heating during the process. Cold gas dynamic spray is conducted by powder sprayed using supersonic gas jet, and generally called the kinetic spray or cold spray. Its low process temperature can minimize the thermal stress and also reduce the deformation of the substrate. In this study, thick or macro scale deposition was studied while most researches on cold-spray have focused on micro scale coating. Measured material properties of macro scale deposition layer showed that elastic modulus and hardness were lower and electrical resistivity was higher than those of reference substrate material. The main causes of changed material properties were investigated by FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope) and EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer) data. In this result, porous micro structure generated by imperfect plastic deformation might cause decrease in elastic modulus and hardness of the deposition layer by cold spray, and oxidized Al particles increased the electrical resistivity.

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4

Bala, Niraj, Harpreet Singh, and S. Prakash. "An Overview of Cold Spray Technique." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 2419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.2419.

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The Cold spray or cold gas dynamic spraying is the new progressive step in the direction of development of high kinetic energy coating processes. The cold spray is a method for coating substrates under atmospheric conditions. In this process micron sized solid particles are accelerated and transported to substrates by means of supersonic free jets. Upon impacting the substrates, particles stick to the surface and form coatings which possess very low porosity. The paper outlines the principles involved in cold spray method and the equipment used for the technique. The cold spray method is related to classical thermal spray methods but it has some interesting additional features, which has been discussed in the paper. A fundamental feature of cold spray method i.e. concept of critical velocity along with the plausible mechanism theory responsible for the deposition of coating has been discussed briefly. Successful applications of cold spray process and its environment friendly aspect has been elaborated. It is reported that well founded cold spray technology will be able to compete for a good market share of VPS/PVD coatings in various fields like power, electronic/electrical, biotechnology, turbines and other industries. The cold spray process is still primarily in the research and development stage and only now becoming commercially available, and has been accepted as a new and novel thermal spray technique mainly in developed countries. The technology has great potential for future research especially with reference to its application to real industrial solution.

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5

Koivuluoto, Heli, Jussi Larjo, Danilo Marini, Giovanni Pulci, and Francesco Marra. "Cold-Sprayed Al6061 Coatings: Online Spray Monitoring and Influence of Process Parameters on Coating Properties." Coatings 10, no. 4 (April 3, 2020): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10040348.

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Process optimization and quality control are important issues in cold spraying and coating development. Because the cold spray processing is based on high kinetic energy by high particle velocities, online spray monitoring of particle inflight properties can be used as an assisting process tool. Particle velocities, their positions in the spray jet, and particle size measurements give valuable information about spraying conditions. This, in turn, improves reproducibility and reliability of coating production. This study focuses on cold spraying of Al6061 material and the connections between particle inflight properties and coating characteristics such as structures and mechanical properties. Furthermore, novel 2D velocity scan maps done with the HW CS2 online spray monitoring system are presented as an advantageous powder and spray condition controlling tool. Cold spray processing conditions were similar using different process parameters, confirmed with the online spray monitoring prior to coating production. Higher particle velocities led to higher particle deformation and thus, higher coating quality, denser structures, and improved adhesions. Also, deposition efficiency increased significantly by using higher particle velocities.

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6

Spencer, Kevin, Daniel Fabijanic, and Ming Xing Zhang. "Cold Spray of Al-MMC Coatings on Magnesium Alloys for Improved Corrosion and Wear Resistance." Materials Science Forum 618-619 (April 2009): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.618-619.377.

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Cold spray coatings are considered promising for surface protection of Mg alloys from wear and corrosion since the process temperature is low enough to avoid oxidation of the Mg or any adverse affects on artificial ageing heat treatments. A special version of cold spray known as Kinetic Metallization has been used to produce pure Al and Al alloy metal matrix composite (MMC) coatings on AZ91 Mg alloy substrates in the present work. This surface treatment produces dense coatings with high adhesive and cohesive strength, which have substantially higher hardness and wear resistance than the AZ91 substrate material. The influence of coating composition and subsequent heat treatment on wear and corrosion performance have been investigated, using pin-on-disc wear tests, salt spray testing and electrochemical polarisation techniques. The heat treatment of the cold spray coatings is compatible with the solutionising and T6 ageing heat treatment of AZ91Mg. The results show that cold spray deposition of MMC coatings is a simple and effective technique for improving the surface properties of Mg alloys, both in the as-cast and in the heat treated condition

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7

Oyinbo, Sunday Temitope, and Tien-Chien Jen. "Feasibility of numerical simulation methods on the Cold Gas Dynamic Spray (CGDS) Deposition process for ductile materials." Manufacturing Review 7 (2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mfreview/2020023.

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The techniques of cold gas dynamic spray (CGDS) coating involve the deposition of solid, high speed micron to nano particles onto a substrate. In contrast to a thermal spray, CGDS does not melt particles to retain their physico-chemical properties. There have been many advantages in developing microscopic analysis of deformation mechanisms with numerical simulation methods. Therefore, this study focuses on four cardinal numerical methods of analysis which are: Lagrangian, Smoothed Particles Hydrodynamics (SPH), Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE), and Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) to examine the Cold Gas Dynamic Spray (CGDS) deposition system by simulating and analyzing the contact/impact problem at deformation zone using ductile materials. The details of these four numerical approaches are explained with some aspects of analysis procedure, model description, material model, boundary conditions, contact algorithm and mesh refinement. It can be observed that the material of the particle greatly influences the deposition and the deformation than the material of the substrate. Concerning the particle, a higher-density material such as Cu has a higher initial kinetic energy, which leads to a larger contact area, a longer contact time and, therefore, better bonding between the particle and the substrate. All the numerical methods studied, however, can be used to analyze the contact/impact problem at deformation zone during cold gas dynamic spray process.

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8

W. J., W. J. "Effects of Metal Particles on Cold Spray Deposition onto Ti-6Al-4V Alloy via Abaqus/Explicit." Journal of Engineering Sciences 7, no. 2 (2020): E19—E25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/jes.2020.7(2).e4.

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Titanium alloy is the main structural material of the aerospace system component. About 75 % of titanium and titanium alloys in the world are used in the aerospace industry. Hence, it is of great significance to study the surface deposition characteristics by cold spraying technology, taking Ti-6Al-4V alloy as an example, smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method in Abaqus/Explicit was used to spray aluminum, Ti-6Al-4V, copper, tungsten alloy (W alloy) and titanium particles onto Ti-6Al-4V substrate. The simulation results show that the deposition effect is good over 600 m/s, and higher energy is obtained for Ti-6Al-4V particles with the same properties as the matrix. For aluminum, Ti-6Al-4V, copper, W alloy, and titanium particles with different properties, under the same initial speed condition, the greater the density of the material, the deeper the foundation pit. W Alloy has the largest initial kinetic energy, the deepest foundation pit, and better surface bonding performance. The aluminum particle has the smallest initial kinetic energy, the shallowest foundation pit. However, the deposition effect of multiple aluminum particles has not improved. The collision process’s kinetic energy is transformed into internal energy, frictional dissipation, and viscous dissipation. Besides, the internal energy is mainly plastic dissipation and strain energy. Therefore, it is recommended to use Ti-6Al-4V, copper, nickel, W alloy, and titanium particles for different occasions, such as Ti-6Al-4V substrate surface restorative and protective coatings. Pure aluminum particles are not recommended.

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9

Tului, Mario, Cecilia Bartuli, Alessia Bezzon, Angelo Luigi Marino, Francesco Marra, Susanna Matera, and Giovanni Pulci. "Amorphous Steel Coatings Deposited by Cold-Gas Spraying." Metals 9, no. 6 (June 12, 2019): 678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9060678.

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Cold-gas spray (CGS) deposition of amorphous steel coatings starting from a commercial feedstock powder containing boron, tungsten, and silicon was investigated. Microstructural characterization, carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy, and backscattered electron diffraction (EBSD) analysis, confirmed the amorphous nature of deposited coatings. The amorphization phenomenon is related to high-strain/strain-rate deformation with shear instability caused by very high particle kinetic energy, with a mechanism that resembles the severe plastic deformation process. The CGS coatings were heat-treated at temperatures ranging from 650 to 850 °C to induce partial recrystallization. The effect of nanocrystal nucleation and growth on the hardness of the coatings was investigated, and the hardness of heat-treated samples was found to increase with respect to as-sprayed coatings, outperforming conventional high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) deposits. Hardness was found to decrease after prolonged (<90 min) or higher temperature (>750 °C) exposures.

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10

Ogawa, Kazuhiro, and Takahiro Niki. "Repairing of Degraded Hot Section Parts of Gas Turbines by Cold Spraying." Key Engineering Materials 417-418 (October 2009): 545–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.417-418.545.

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Hot section parts of combined cycle gas turbines are susceptible to degradation due to high temperature creep, crack formation by thermal stress, and high temperature oxidation, etc. Thus, regularly repairing or replacing the hot section parts such as gas turbine blades is inevitable. For this purpose, revolutionary and advanced repair technologies for gas turbines have been developed to enhance reliability of the repaired parts and reduce the maintenance cost of the gas turbines. The cold spraying process, which has been studied as not only a new coating technology but also as a process for obtaining a thick deposition layer, is proposed as a potential repairing solution. The process results in little or no oxidation of the spray materials, so the surfaces stay clean, which in turn enables superior bonding. Since the operating temperature is relatively low, the particles do not melt and the shrinkage on cooling is very low. In this study, the cold spraying conditions were optimized by taking into account the particle kinetic energy and the rebound energy for application in repairing gas turbine blades. A high quality cold-sprayed layer is that which has lowest porosity; thus the spraying parameters were optimized to achieve low-porosity layer, which was verified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

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11

Rech, S., A. Surpi, S. Vezzù, A. Patelli, A. Trentin, J. Glor, J. Frodelius, L. Hultman, and P. Eklund. "Cold-spray deposition of Ti2AlC coatings." Vacuum 94 (August 2013): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2013.01.023.

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12

Baker, Alexander A., Richard Thuss, Nathan Woollett, Alyssa Maich, Elissaios Stavrou, Scott K. McCall, and Harry B. Radousky. "Cold Spray Deposition of Thermoelectric Materials." JOM 72, no. 8 (April 8, 2020): 2853–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-020-04151-2.

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13

Xu, Y., and I. M. Hutchings. "Cold spray deposition of thermoplastic powder." Surface and Coatings Technology 201, no. 6 (December 2006): 3044–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.06.016.

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14

Klinkov, S. V., and V. F. Kosarev. "Measurements of Cold Spray Deposition Efficiency." Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 15, no. 3 (September 1, 2006): 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1361/105996306x124365.

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15

Klinkov, S. V., V. F. Kosarev, A. A. Sova, and I. Smurov. "Deposition of multicomponent coatings by Cold Spray." Surface and Coatings Technology 202, no. 24 (August 2008): 5858–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.06.171.

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16

Champagne, V., and D. Helfritch. "The unique abilities of cold spray deposition." International Materials Reviews 61, no. 7 (July 5, 2016): 437–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09506608.2016.1194948.

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17

Ajdelsztajn, Leonardo, Julie M. Schoenung, Bertrand Jodoin, and George E. Kim. "Cold spray deposition of nanocrystalline aluminum alloys." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 36, no. 3 (March 2005): 657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-005-0182-4.

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18

Ajdelsztajn, Leonardo, Bertrand Jodoin, George E. Kim, and Julie M. Schoenung. "Cold spray deposition of nanocrystalline aluminum alloys." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 36, no. 11 (November 2005): 3263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-005-0099-y.

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19

Sakaki, Kazuhiko. "Deposition Process in Cold Spray and Properties of Cold-Sprayed Copper Coatings." Hosokawa Powder Technology Foundation ANNUAL REPORT 14 (2006): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14356/hptf.04114.

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20

Zhang, Zheng, Debbie Hwee Leng Seng, Ming Lin, Siew Lang Teo, Tzee Luai Meng, Coryl Jing Jun Lee, Zhi-Qian Zhang, et al. "Cold spray deposition of Inconel 718 in comparison with atmospheric plasma spray deposition." Applied Surface Science 535 (January 2021): 147704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.147704.

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21

OGAWA, Kazuhiro. "Mechanisms of Solid Particle Deposition in Cold Spray." Journal of The Surface Finishing Society of Japan 63, no. 9 (2012): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj.63.548.

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22

Singh, Harminder, T. S. Sidhu, and S. B. S. Kalsi. "Cold spray technology: future of coating deposition processes." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 6, no. 22 (September 30, 2012): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.22.08.

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23

Doubenskaia, M., Yu S. Latfulina, and M. N. Samodurova. "Cold Spray Deposition of Copper/Tungsten Composite Coatings." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 969 (November 13, 2020): 012106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/969/1/012106.

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24

Vezzù, S., S. Rech, E. Vedelago, G. P. Zanon, G. Alfeo, A. Scialpi, and R. Huang. "On deposition of Waspaloy coatings by cold spray." Surface Engineering 30, no. 5 (December 6, 2013): 342–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743294413y.0000000199.

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25

Sova, A., I. Smurov, M. Doubenskaia, and P. Petrovskiy. "Deposition of aluminum powder by cold spray micronozzle." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 95, no. 9-12 (December 19, 2017): 3745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-017-1443-2.

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26

Klinkov, Sergei Vladimirovich, Vladimir Fedorovich Kosarev, and Martin Rein. "Cold spray deposition: Significance of particle impact phenomena." Aerospace Science and Technology 9, no. 7 (October 2005): 582–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2005.03.005.

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27

Silvello, Alessio, Pasquale Daniele Cavaliere, Vicente Albaladejo, Ana Martos, Sergi Dosta, and Irene G. Cano. "Powder Properties and Processing Conditions Affecting Cold Spray Deposition." Coatings 10, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10020091.

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The cold spray coating properties and performances are largely affected by feedstock characteristics and the employed processing parameters. Starting from experimental results obtained from the bibliographic data, the relationships between starting particles, processing conditions, and coating properties obtained by cold gas spray were analyzed. The relationships among these properties and particle velocity were described for various material systems. The effect on particle flattening, hardness, and porosity were largely described. Finally, the influence of the different parameters on the process output and on the coating properties was analytically defined through the employment of the multi-objective simulation tool modeFRONTIER. The analysis of data from the bibliography is a new trend that can also be applied to cold spray in order to analyze the effect of powder properties and spraying parameters on the cold spray (CS) process.

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28

Gulizia, Stefan, A. Trentin, S. Vezzù, Silvano Rech, Peter King, Mahnaz Z. Jahedi, and Mario Guagliano. "Characterisation of Cold Spray Titanium Coatings." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 898–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.898.

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Cold spray is a solid state spray deposition process utilizing a supersonic De Laval nozzle to accelerate fine particles to high velocities. Particles plastically deform on impact to the substrate and to each other to create dense well adhered structures. In this study, the microstructure and mechanical properties of cold spray Titanium coatings deposited using nitrogen gas at different gas temperature and pressure were examined. In general, it was found that gas-atomised CP-titanium powder is capable of producing dense coating structures on aluminium alloy (Al6061) substrates. The micro-hardness, oxygen and nitrogen content of the coatings were found to be slightly higher than powder in the as-received condition. It was also found the coating residual stress was purely compressive when cold spray is conducted at high gas pressure and temperature.

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29

Garmeh, Saeed, Mehdi Jadidi, and Ali Dolatabadi. "Cold Spray for Additive Manufacturing: Possibilities and Challenges." Key Engineering Materials 813 (July 2019): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.813.423.

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Cold spray (CS) is a deposition technique to form a coating from the particles with temperature lower than their melting point. In this technique, particles are accelerated by a supersonic flow of a carrier gas such as air or nitrogen. Upon impact, particles undergo significant plastic deformation that bonds them to the substrate. Since the particles are not molten, this deposition method does not apply a lot of heat to the substrate and this makes CS the best candidate for temperature sensitive and oxygen sensitive materials. CS can be adapted to form 3D objects following layer-by-layer approach. This is called cold gas dynamic manufacturing (CGDM) or cold spray as additive manufacturing. Developing complex shapes by CGDM may result in formation of inclined surfaces, corners and sharp edges. Deposition in those regions is often accompanied with challenges that affect the accuracy and efficiency of the manufacturing. In this study, CGDM for two typical shapes such as cylinder and frustum on a flat substrate has been simulated to represent the additively manufactured parts. Particle trajectories and impact conditions i.e. velocity and size distributions have been compared. The results of numerical modelling provided useful information for understanding the limitations and challenges associated with CGDM that can help us to improve the quality and precision of particle deposition.

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30

Chu, Xin, Hanqing Che, and Stephen Yue. "Understanding the Cold Spray Deposition Characteristics of Mixed Metal Powders." MRS Advances 4, no. 55-56 (2019): 2989–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.418.

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ABSTRACTMixing metal powders in cold spray is of significant interest not only because it is a straightforward method to produce novel composites, but also it has been observed to generate beneficial effects, e.g. improved deposition efficiency (DE). However, the mechanisms behind DE improvements are still not clear fundamentally. In this paper, two examples of mixing metal powders effects in cold spray are introduced: 1) the first example focuses on the effects of different particle/substrate interactions which occurred during cold spray of SS/Fe mixed powders; 2) the second example presents the DE-improving effect of depositing mixed metal powders onto polymers. Various mechanisms associated with the cold spray deposition characteristics of mixed metal powders are discussed in this paper.

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31

Fukumoto, Masahiro, Hiroki Terada, Masahiro Mashiko, Kazunori Sato, Motohiro Yamada, and Eiji Yamaguchi. "Deposition of Copper Fine Particle by Cold Spray Process." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 50, no. 6 (2009): 1482–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.mra2008223.

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32

Kim, Hyung-Jun, Chang-Hee Lee, and Soon-Young Hwang. "Fabrication of WC–Co coatings by cold spray deposition." Surface and Coatings Technology 191, no. 2-3 (February 2005): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.04.058.

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33

Stenson, C., K. A. McDonnell, S. Yin, B. Aldwell, M. Meyer, D. P. Dowling, and R. Lupoi. "Cold spray deposition to prevent fouling of polymer surfaces." Surface Engineering 34, no. 3 (September 17, 2016): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02670844.2016.1229833.

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34

Brusentseva, Tatyana, Vladislav Shikalov, and Vasiliy Fomin. "Cold spray deposition of thermoplastic powder for road marking." EPJ Web of Conferences 221 (2019): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201922101006.

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The work is devoted to the deposition of polymer powder materials by cold spray method. Preliminary experimental results show that although an increase in the working air temperature leads to a noticeable increase in the deposition efficiency of thermoplastic (up to 0.05), it still remains low for cold spray. In the future, the proposed method for applying road marking will allow to obtain a coating with high wear resistance, increased service life, which can be used in various climatic zones in the temperature range from -40 °C to +40 °C, which will allow replacing water and solvent based paints with least service life.

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35

SUZUKI, Kazunori, Maki FIJIWARA, Takayuki KUWASHIMA, Tetsuya SONODA, and Takashi SAITO. "J0404-2-4 Cold spray deposition of PTFE powder." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2009.6 (2009): 359–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2009.6.0_359.

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36

Fukumoto, M., H. Terada, K. Sato, M. Mashiko, M. Yamada, and E. Yamaguchi. "1238 Deposition of fine metallic particle by cold spray." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2008.6 (2008): 321–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2008.6.0_321.

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37

Wu, XiangKun, JiShan Zhang, XiangLin Zhou, Hua Cui, and JingChun Liu. "Advanced cold spray technology: Deposition characteristics and potential applications." Science China Technological Sciences 55, no. 2 (December 17, 2011): 357–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11431-011-4673-9.

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38

Marzbanrad, Bahareh, Ehsan Toyserkani, and Hamid Jahed. "Multi-Layer Cold Spray Coating: Strain Distribution." Key Engineering Materials 813 (July 2019): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.813.411.

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In this paper, we report the effect of multi-layer cold spray deposition on the residual stress formation in the coating and substrate. A method is proposed to separately measure the thermal and mechanical residual stresses induced in cold spray coating. Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors were employed for in situ monitoring of the strain evolution during the cold spray of multi-layer coating Al7075-Zn on AZ31B Magnesium substrates. Utilizing the capability of the FBG sensors in recording both thermal and mechanical strain gradients, first the effect of temperature on the substrate was investigated when the sample was only treated under carrier gas temperature. Then, the sensors were employed to evaluate the mechanical strain behavior of substrate during the coating process and cooling. Therefore, the effect of thermal mismatch on inducing mechanical strains was observable during the process. Finally, the interaction between the peening process of cold spray and thermal mismatch after cooling was studied. It is shown that the thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) plays a critical role in residual stress development in the substrate and consequently affects the mechanical properties of the coated sample. Hence, careful selection of layers in multilayer deposition can provide desired residual stress in the coating and substrate.

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39

Yin, Shuo, Chaoyue Chen, Xinkun Suo, and Rocco Lupoi. "Cold-Sprayed Metal Coatings with Nanostructure." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2804576.

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Cold spray is a solid-state coating deposition technology developed in the 1980s. In comparison with conventional thermal spray processes, cold spray can retain the original properties of feedstock, prevent the adverse influence on the underlying substrate materials, and produce very thick coatings. Coatings with nanostructure offer the potential for significant improvements in physical and mechanical properties as compared with conventional non-nanostructured coatings. Cold spray has also demonstrated great capability to produce coatings with nanostructure. This paper is aimed at providing a comprehensive overview of cold-sprayed metal coatings with nanostructure. A brief introduction of the cold spray technology is provided first. The nanocrystallization phenomenon in the conventional cold-sprayed metal coatings is then addressed. Thereafter, focus is switched to the microstructure and properties of the cold-sprayed nanocrystalline metal coatings, and the cold-sprayed nanomaterial-reinforced metal matrix composite (MMC) coatings. At the end, summary and future perspectives of the cold spray technology in producing metal coatings with nanostructure are concluded.

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40

Spencer, Kevin, and Ming Xing Zhang. "The Emergence of Cold Spray as a Tool for Surface Modification." Key Engineering Materials 384 (June 2008): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.384.61.

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Cold spray is an emerging coating technology that allows hardness, corrosion and wear resistance, as well as thermal and electrical properties of surfaces to be optimised. The advantages of cold spray over thermal spray are discussed, with emphasis on a new cold spray variant called Kinetic Metallization. The influence of gas dynamics on surface adhesion are examined. Examples from the literature and from the present work of corrosion and wear resistance, bond strength and cohesive strength of cold spray coatings are reviewed.

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Spencer, Kevin, Vladimir Luzin, and Ming Xing Zhang. "Structure and Properties of Cold Spray Coatings." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 1880–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.1880.

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Cold spray coatings are considered promising for surface protection of light metal substrates but the mechanisms of bonding and coating build-up are still poorly understood and are the subject of continuing debate. A variety of coating/substrate combinations have been characterised in detail using electron microscopy to examine the nature of the interparticle and particle/substrate interfaces. Through-thickness residual stress profiles obtained via neutron diffraction show that the internal stress varies significantly depending on the coating materials. The work will present a picture of the cold spray deposition process using different material examples.

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Xie, Yingchun, Chaoyue Chen, Marie-Pierre Planche, Sihao Deng, and Hanlin Liao. "Effect of spray angle on Ni particle deposition behaviour in cold spray." Surface Engineering 34, no. 5 (April 12, 2017): 352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02670844.2017.1312221.

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Luzin, Vladimir, Kevin Spencer, Ming Xing Zhang, and Neil Matthews. "Residual Stress in Coatings Produced by Cold Spray." Materials Science Forum 772 (November 2013): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.772.155.

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Cold spray technology is used to produce metal coatings with a variety of functions, including surface corrosion protection, improvement of wear resistance, etc. Cold sprayed materials exhibit a wide range of behaviours resulting in large variation of spraying efficiency, coating properties, quality and performance in service. Residual stress, being a result and attribute of the deposition process, can be studied to test whether the coating is in tension/compression stress state and also to provide information about the thermo-mechanical history of the material during the deposition process. Residual stress distributions in a variety of coating materials have been studied by neutron diffraction. Through-thickness residual stress profiles show that the stress magnitude varies significantly and depends mainly on the mechanical properties of the coating material.

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Perna, Alessia Serena, Antonello Astarita, Pierpaolo Carlone, Xavier Guthmann, and Antonio Viscusi. "Characterization of Cold-Spray Coatings on Fiber-Reinforced Polymers through Nanoindentation Tests." Metals 11, no. 2 (February 14, 2021): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11020331.

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Polymer matrix composites are finding never-ending widespread uses in the last decades; one recent tendency is to metallize their surface to further widen their field of application. Cold-spray deposition is one of the most promising techniques that can be adopted to this aim. Cold-spray deposition on polymers is in its early stage and more experimental work is required to fully understand the phenomena ruling the deposition. In this paper, the results of nanoindentation measurements on cold-spray coatings on various substrates will be presented and discussed. Polypropylene was used as matrix while carbon and glass fibers have been used as reinforcement, both steel and aluminum have been used as feedstock material for the cold-spray deposition. Nanoindentations tests have been then carried out on all the different samples; the influence of the fibers and of the powders sprayed on the behavior of the coatings is discussed in light of the experimental outcomes.

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Van Steenkiste, T., and J. R. Smith. "Evaluation of Coatings Produced via Kinetic and Cold Spray Processes." Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 274–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1361/10599630419427.

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Wang, Yingying, Jérôme Adrien, and Bernard Normand. "Porosity Characterization of Cold Sprayed Stainless Steel Coating Using Three-Dimensional X-ray Microtomography." Coatings 8, no. 9 (September 17, 2018): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8090326.

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Cold gas-dynamic spray (cold spray) is an evolving coating deposition and restoration technology in which particles are deposited above the sonic speed. This paper presents the non-destructive three-dimensional characterization of cold sprayed stainless steel coating. The visualization of coating morphology and volumetric porosity and the analyses of porosity size and spatial distributions confirmed that dense stainless steel coating with non-connected, micron-sized gradient porosity can be successfully produced by cold spray. The suitability of X-ray tomography for characterizing cold sprayed coatings was also assessed.

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Che, Han Qing, André Liberati, Phuong Vo, and Stephen Yue. "Cold Spray of Mixed Sn-Zn and Sn-Al Powders on Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 1892–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.1892.

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Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) have been increasingly used in the latest generations of aircraft and helicopters for lightweight purposes, but this leaves vulnerability against lightning strike. Cold spray is one coating approach to metallize the polymers, thus making them lightning strike proof. It has been reported that direct cold spray of metals onto CFRP is difficult. However, research at McGill University has shown that tin coatings can be cold sprayed on CFRP, but the deposition efficiency is very low. In this work, aluminum and zinc powders were mixed with tin to investigate the effect of mixing on deposition efficiency of the coating. The mixed metal powders were cold sprayed on CFRP with a low-pressure cold spray system at various conditions. It was found that the addition of aluminum or zinc resulted led to increased deposition efficiencies compared to pure tin, but there are many differences in the details of the effect of Al and Zn additions on the deposition characteristics. The deposition mechanism of the mixed metal powders on CFRP is discussed, and the effect of mixing powders on the deposition efficiency is evaluated.

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Dlouhý, Ivo, Lukas Rehorek, Hanuš Seiner, Jan Čížek, and Filip Šiška. "Architectured Multi-Metallic Structures Prepared by Cold Dynamic Spray Deposition." Key Engineering Materials 810 (July 2019): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.810.107.

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The architectured metallic materials are a class of composite materials that combines two or more metals/alloys with a specific spatial ordering (architecture). The main goal behind the preparation of such materials is to obtain properties that are not achievable by a single material. The internal architecture thus creates an extra degree of freedom in materials design. Based on theoretical considerations three aluminum alloy structures containing square, triangle and sinusoidal iron beam patterns have been prepared by a cold spray deposition technique. Strength properties difference and good bonding of the reinforcing Fe structure to the Al matrix has been found to be important for effective improvement of final properties. Incorporating about 30 vol. % structured iron beams into the Al matrix resulted in a macroscopic performance of the architectured multimaterial similar to Ti alloys.

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Lupoi, R., and W. O'Neill. "Deposition of metallic coatings on polymer surfaces using cold spray." Surface and Coatings Technology 205, no. 7 (December 2010): 2167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.08.128.

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Kim, Hyung-Jun, Chang-Hee Lee, and Soon-Young Hwang. "Superhard nano WC–12%Co coating by cold spray deposition." Materials Science and Engineering: A 391, no. 1-2 (January 2005): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2004.08.082.

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