Academic literature on the topic 'Cold hardy genes'
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Journal articles on the topic "Cold hardy genes"
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Limin, A. E., and D. B. Fowler. "Cold hardiness expression in interspecific hybrids and amphiploids of the Triticeae." Genome 30, no. 3 (June 1, 1988): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g88-063.
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Gene expression for cold hardiness was investigated in a number of interspecific or intergeneric hybrids and amphiploids of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell. or T. turgidum L.) and other members of the tribe Triticeae to assess the potential of alien species as donors of cold-hardiness genes for the improvement of wheat. Thinopyrum ponticum (Agropyron elongatum) hybrids with nonhardy T. aestivum had cold-hardiness levels similar to that of the more hardy Thinopyrum parent. Hybrids of Triticum cylindricum and both hardy and nonhardy T. aestivum were intermediate in cold hardiness with a tendency toward greater hardiness than the parental mean. Cold hardiness of hybrids between T. aestivum and Thinopyrum intermedium (Agropyron intermedium) was also close to the parental midpoint. Cold hardiness of T. aestivum – Secale cereale hybrids was greater than the less hardy parent. In contrast, cold-hardiness genes were not expressed beyond the level of the wheat parent in amphiploids combining wheat and the very hardy diploid species Agropyron cristatum and Secale cereale. The cold-hardiness level was also poor in an amphiploid produced from two relatively hardy tetraploid species (T. turgidum and T. cylindricum). These observations indicate that changes in ploidy level, relative to the parents, may influence the cold-hardiness potential of an interspecific combination by affecting gene dosage and possibly cell size. Poor expression of cold-hardiness genes from very hardy diploid genomes also indicated some degree of suppression, or homoeoallelic dominance of wheat cold-hardiness genes in amphiploids. Therefore, the performance of an interspecific hybrid or amphiploid of wheat may not give an accurate indication of the potential of alien species as gene donors for the improvement of wheat cold hardiness.Key words: gene expression, Triticum sp., triticale, Thinopyrum sp., Agropyron sp., Secale cereale.
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Şahin-Çevik, Mehtap, and Gloria A. Moore. "Two AP2 domain containing genes isolated from the cold-hardy Citrus relative Poncirus trifoliata are induced in response to cold." Functional Plant Biology 33, no. 9 (2006): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp06005.
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Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. is a cold-hardy, interfertile Citrus relative able to tolerate temperatures as low as –26°C when cold acclimated. Therefore, it has been used for improving cold tolerance in cold-sensitive commercial citrus varieties. A cold-induced cDNA library was constructed by subtractive hybridisation of non-acclimated and 2-d cold-acclimated P. trifoliata seedlings and many genes induced in response to cold were identified. Two of these cDNAs, PI-B05 and PI-C10, were selected from this library for further characterisation. Full-length cDNA sequences of these genes were obtained by 5′ and 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Sequence analysis revealed that PI-B05 contained an apetala2 / ethylene response factor (AP2 / ERF) domain and showed homology with ERF proteins from other plants, some of which are involved in environmental stress-induced gene expression. PI-C10 contained both AP2 / ERF and B3 DNA binding domains and showed homology with other plant proteins in the RAV subfamily of the AP2 / ERF transcription factors, some of which are induced in response to cold and other environmental stresses. Expression patterns of these genes in cold-tolerant P. trifoliata and cold-sensitive pummelo [Citrus grandis (L.) Osb.] in response to cold and drought at different time points were analysed by northern blots. Expression analysis showed that both genes were induced in response to cold, but not under drought conditions in cold-hardy P. trifoliata. However, little or no expression of these genes was detected by northern analysis in cold-sensitive pummelo under cold or drought conditions. The sequence analysis and expression data indicated that these genes may play a role in cold-responsive gene expression in cold-hardy P. trifoliata and could possibly be used for improving cold tolerance in cold-sensitive citrus cultivars.
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LIMIN, A. E., J. DVORAK, and D. B. FOWLER. "COLD HARDINESS IN HEXAPLOID TRITICALE." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 65, no. 3 (July 1, 1985): 487–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps85-070.
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The excellent cold hardiness of rye (Secale cereale L.) makes it a potential source of genetic variability for the improvement of this character in related species. However, when rye is combined with common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to produce octaploid triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack, ABDR genomes), the superior rye cold hardiness is not expressed. To determine if the D genome of hexaploid wheat might be responsible for this lack of expression, hexaploid triticales (ABR genomes) were produced and evaluated for cold hardiness. All hexaploid triticales had cold hardiness levels similar to their tetraploid wheat parents. Small gains in cold hardiness of less than 2 °C were found when very non-hardy wheats were used as parents. This similarity in expression of cold hardiness in both octaploid and hexaploid triticales indicates that the D genome of wheat is not solely, if at all, responsible for the suppression of rye cold hardiness genes. There appears to be either a suppressor(s) of the rye cold hardiness genes on the AB genomes of wheat, or the expression of diploid rye genes is reduced to a uniform level by polyploidy in triticale. The suppression, or lack of expression, of rye cold hardiness genes in a wheat background make it imperative that cold-hardy wheats be selected as parents for the production of hardy triticales.Key words: Triticale, Secale, winter wheat, cold hardiness, gene expression
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Callahan, Ann, Ralph Scorza, Peter Morgens, Seth Mante, John Cordts, and Reuben Cohen. "Breeding for Cold Hardiness: Searching for Genes to Improve Fruit Quality in Cold-hardy Peach Germplasm." HortScience 26, no. 5 (May 1991): 522–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.5.522.
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Ṣahin-Çevik, Mehtap, and Gloria A. Moore. "Identification and expression analysis of cold-regulated genes from the cold-hardy Citrus relative Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf." Plant Molecular Biology 62, no. 1-2 (August 10, 2006): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11103-006-9005-2.
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Şahin-Çevik, Mehtap. "Identification and expression analysis of early cold-induced genes from cold-hardy Citrus relative Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf." Gene 512, no. 2 (January 2013): 536–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2012.09.084.
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Zhou, Suping, Roger Sauve, Tingting Chen, Sara Bhatti, and Debrah Long. "(434) Changes in Gene Expression Are Regulated by Temperature Stress in Pachysandra terminalis." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1076D—1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1076d.
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Identification of low temperature–regulated gene expression in Pachysandra terminalis: Pachysandra terminalis is a cold-hardy, evergreen plant species. In order to identify molecular mechanism of cold tolerance of this plant species, seedlings with four fully expanded leaves were subjected to 4, 0, and –1 °C low temperature treatments. Low temperature–induced genes were identified from treated plants using cDNA differential display. The cDNA fragments were cloned onto PCR-trap vectors. Low temperature regulation of these genes was confirmed by reverse-northern blot. Sequence analysis has identified that these genes can be classified into three groups, stress-related, photosystem-related. Most of the genes cannot find matching sequences in the database. To further study the regulation of these genes by temperature fluctuation, the plants were treated at 4, 0, and 40 °C. Northern blot analysis showed that several clones showed increased expression after cold and heat shock. Previous cold treatment at 4 °C can negate the effect of heat shock on expression of these genes. Complete sequence of these genes is cloned from the cDNA library and their temporal regulation by environmental stresses is analyzed using real-time PCR.
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Zhang, Can-Kui, Ping Lang, Robert C. Ebel, Fenny Dane, Narendra K. Singh, Robert D. Locy, and William A. Dozier. "Down-regulated gene expression of cold acclimated Poncirus trifoliata." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p04-130.
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Citrus sp. are important commercial fruit crops throughout the world that are occasionally devastated by subfreezing temperatures. Poncirus trifoliata (maximum freeze tolerance of -26°C) is a close relative of commercial Citrus sp. (maximum freeze tolerance of -10°C) that has been used in breeding programs to develop more cold-hardy genotypes and as a rootstock to enhance freeze tolerance of the scion. Species with greater freeze tolerance vary in gene expression during cold acclimating temperatures. mRNA differential display (DDRT-PCR) and quantitative relative RT-PCR were used to study down regulation of gene expression in intact P. trifoliata exposed to a gradual cold acclimation regime to enhance our understanding of the mechanism that makes this specie so freeze tolerant. Six down-regulated genes were isolated and sequenced. These down-regulated genes showed high homology to the following known genes: chlorophyll a/b binding protein, photosystem II OEC 23, carbonic anhydrase, tumor related protein, pyrrolidone-carboxylate peptid ase and β-galactosidase. Photoprotection and the global control of gene expression related to photosynthesis appear to be important mechanisms for cold acclimation of P. trifoliata. Key words: Differential display, down-regulated genes, Poncirus trifoliata, cold acclimation and quantitative relative RT-PCR
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Ouyang, Lin, Leen Leus, Ellen De Keyser, and Marie-Christine Van Labeke. "Dehydrins and Soluble Sugars Involved in Cold Acclimation of Rosa wichurana and Rose Cultivar ‘Yesterday’." Horticulturae 7, no. 10 (October 8, 2021): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7100379.
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Rose is the most economically important ornamental plant. However, cold stress seriously affects the survival and regrowth of garden roses in northern regions. Cold acclimation was studied using two genotypes (Rosa wichurana and R. hybrida ‘Yesterday’) selected from a rose breeding program. During the winter season (November to April), the cold hardiness of stems, soluble sugar content, and expression of dehydrins and the related key genes in the soluble sugar metabolism were analyzed. ‘Yesterday’ is more cold-hardy and acclimated faster, reaching its maximum cold hardiness in December. R. wichurana is relatively less cold-hardy, only reaching its maximum cold hardiness in January after prolonged exposure to freezing temperatures. Dehydrin transcripts accumulated significantly during November–January in both genotypes. Soluble sugars are highly involved in cold acclimation, with sucrose and oligosaccharides significantly correlated with cold hardiness. Sucrose occupied the highest proportion of total soluble sugars in both genotypes. During November–January, downregulation of RhSUS was found in both genotypes, while upregulation of RhSPS was observed in ‘Yesterday’ and upregulation of RhINV2 was found in R. wichurana. Oligosaccharides accumulated from November to February and decreased to a significantly low level in April. RhRS6 had a significant upregulation in December in R. wichurana. This study provides insight into the cold acclimation mechanism of roses by combining transcription patterns with metabolite quantification.
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Chen, Xin, Jin Zhang, Qingzhong Liu, Wei Guo, Tiantian Zhao, Qinghua Ma, and Guixi Wang. "Transcriptome Sequencing and Identification of Cold Tolerance Genes in Hardy Corylus Species (C. heterophylla Fisch) Floral Buds." PLoS ONE 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2014): e108604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108604.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Cold hardy genes"
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Bilgen, Tolga. "Differential gene expressionin two cold hardy insects in response to low temperatures." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ37042.pdf.
Full textBooks on the topic "Cold hardy genes"
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Barton, Anne. Basics of genetics. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0037.
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Genetic factors are important in predisposing to nearly all of the conditions managed by rheumatologists; indeed, musculoskeletal diseases, like other complex diseases, are thought to be caused by environmental triggers in genetically susceptible individuals. Studying genetic susceptibility factors is more straightforward than environmental factors because, first, genetic changes are stable and do not vary throughout life; second, genetic changes exist before disease onset and so could be causative rather than occurring as a result of disease; and, third, genetic variation is easy to measure reliably using modern technologies. By comparison, environmental exposures can occur many years before disease onset, may vary during life, and are hard to accurately capture and measure. Enormous progress has been made in recent years in identifying susceptibility genes. This knowledge may allow better targeting of available therapies, the development of novel therapies, and an improved understanding of what determines disease severity in individual patients. In this chapter, the basic concepts in genetics are explained.
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Whitehouse, Tessa, and N. H. Keeble, eds. Textual Transformations. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808817.001.0001.
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This collection of twelve original essays by an international team of eminent scholars in the field of book history explores the many ways in which early modern books were subject to reworking, re-presentation, revision and reinterpretation. Their history is often the history of multiple, sometimes competing, agencies as their texts were re-packaged, redirected and transformed in ways that their original authors might hardly recognize. The essays discuss the processes of editing, revision, redaction, selection, abridgement, glossing, disputation, translation and posthumous publication that resulted in a textual elasticity and mobility that could dissolve distinctions between text and paratexts, textuality and intertextuality, manuscript and print, author and reader or editor, such that title and author’s name are no longer sufficient pointers to a book’s identity or contents. The essays are alive to the impact of commercial and technological aspects of book production and distribution (discussing, for example, the career of the pre-eminent bookseller John Nourse, the market appeal of abridgements, and the financial incentives to posthumous publication), but their interest is also in the many additional forms of agency that shaped texts and their meanings as books were repurposed to articulate, and respond to, a variety of cultural and individual needs. They engage with early modern religious, political, philosophical and scholarly trends and debates as they discuss a wide range of genres and kinds of publication (including fictional and non-fictional prose, verse miscellanies, abridgements, sermons, religious controversy) and of authors and booksellers (including Lucy Hutchinson, Richard Baxter, Thomas Burnet, Elizabeth Rowe, John Dryden, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lucy Hutchinson, Henry Maundrell, John Nourse; Jonathan Swift, Samuel Richardson, John Tillotson, Isaac Watts and John Wesley).
Book chapters on the topic "Cold hardy genes"
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Marathe, Nachiket P., and Michael S. Bank. "The Microplastic-Antibiotic Resistance Connection." In Microplastic in the Environment: Pattern and Process, 311–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78627-4_9.
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AbstractMicroplastic pollution is a big and rapidly growing environmental problem. Although the direct effects of microplastic pollution are increasingly studied, the indirect effects are hardly investigated, especially in the context of spreading of disease and antibiotic resistance genes, posing an apparent hazard for human health. Microplastic particles provide a hydrophobic surface that provides substrate for attachment of microorganisms and readily supports formation of microbial biofilms. Pathogenic bacteria such as fish pathogens Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp., and opportunistic human pathogens like Escherichia coli are present in these biofilms. Moreover, some of these pathogens are shown to be multidrug resistant. The presence of microplastics is known to enhance horizontal gene transfer in bacteria and thus, may contribute to dissemination of antibiotic resistance. Microplastics can also adsorb toxic chemicals like antibiotics and heavy metals, which are known to select for antibiotic resistance. Microplastics may, thus, serve as vectors for transport of pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes in the aquatic environment. In this book chapter, we provide background information on microplastic biofouling (“plastisphere concept”), discuss the relationship between microplastic and antibiotic resistance, and identify knowledge gaps and directions for future research.
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Nakanishi, Tomoko M. "Real-Time Element Movement in a Plant." In Novel Plant Imaging and Analysis, 109–68. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4992-6_4.
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AbstractWe developed an imaging method utilizing the available RIs. We developed two types of real-time RI imaging systems (RRIS), one for macroscopic imaging and the other for microscopic imaging. The principle of visualization was the same, converting the radiation to light by a Cs(Tl)I scintillator deposited on a fiber optic plate (FOS). Many nuclides were employed, including 14C, 18F, 22Na, 28Mg, 32P 33P, 35S, 42K, 45Ca, 48V, 54Mn, 55Fe, 59Fe, 65Zn, 86Rb, 109Cd, and 137Cs.Since radiation can penetrate the soil as well as water, the difference between soil culture and water culture was visualized. 137Cs was hardly absorbed by rice roots growing in soil, whereas water culture showed high absorption, which could provide some reassurance after the Fukushima Nuclear Accident and could indicate an important role of soil in firmly adsorbing the radioactive cesium.28Mg and 42K, whose production methods were presented, were applied for RRIS to visualize the absorption image from the roots. In addition to 28Mg and 42K, many nuclides were applied to image absorption in the roots. Each element showed a specific absorption speed and accumulation pattern. The image analysis of the absorption of Mg is presented as an example. Through successive images of the element absorption, phloem flow in the aboveground part of the plant was analyzed. The element absorption was visualized not only in the roots but also in the leaves, a basic study of foliar fertilization.In the case of the microscopic imaging system, a fluorescence microscope was modified to acquire three images at the same time: a light image, fluorescent image, and radiation image. Although the resolution of the image was estimated to be approximately 50 μm, superposition showed the expression site of the transporter gene and the actual 32P-phosphate absorption site to be the same in Arabidopsis roots.
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Barton, Anne. "Basics of genetics." In Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology, 285–89. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0037_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
Genetic factors are important in predisposing to nearly all of the conditions managed by rheumatologists; indeed, musculoskeletal diseases, like other complex diseases, are thought to be caused by environmental triggers in genetically susceptible individuals. Studying genetic susceptibility factors is more straightforward than environmental factors because, first, genetic changes are stable and do not vary throughout life; second, genetic changes exist before disease onset and so could be causative rather than occurring as a result of disease; and, third, genetic variation is easy to measure reliably using modern technologies. By comparison, environmental exposures can occur many years before disease onset, may vary during life, and are hard to accurately capture and measure. Enormous progress has been made in recent years in identifying susceptibility genes. This knowledge may allow better targeting of available therapies, the development of novel therapies, and an improved understanding of what determines disease severity in individual patients. In this chapter, the basic concepts in genetics are explained.
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Grace Umesh, Santo, Lakshmi Ramachandran, Janani Karthikeyan, and Anitha Mani. "Genetics and Periodontal Disease: An Explicit Insight." In Dentistry. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99266.
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A branch of Biology which deals with the science of hereditary influences on living organisms is termed as Genetics. There has been a broad study related to hereditary influence on human tissue linking to health and disease conditions. A vital role is played by genetics in the proper functioning, adaptive repair, regeneration and remodelling of hard and soft tissue. A major segment of genes are related to periodontal disease. Periodontal disease, being multifactorial in origin is directly or indirectly known to be caused by genetic factors also. A study on human and animals validates the concept that genetics could have influenced periodontal disorders and also plays a key role in the predisposition and progressiveness of the condition. The role played by genetics to damage the inflammatory and immune response system of the host tissues during periodontal conditions has been proved and this section will give a clear insight on the influence of genetics in this condition.
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Schwall, Elizabeth B. "Dance Internationalism." In Dancing with the Revolution, 158–85. University of North Carolina Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469662978.003.0007.
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This chapter examines “dance internationalism,” a political practice of corporeal cooperation across borders. Through dance internationalism, Cuba exercised “soft power,” netting symbolic and material gains while propagating revolutionary politics. Dance internationalism not only aided the state by generating intangible and tangible dividends but also affirmed dancers’ power. Yet, this power was unequally accrued. Even though ballet, folkloric, and modern dancers contributed importantly to Cuban dance internationalism, ballet dancers travelled the most, accumulating the most symbolic and material gains, while folkloric dancers especially but also modern dancers had relatively fewer opportunities. Dancers of different genres enjoyed disparate levels of privilege at home, and these imbalances were reinscribed through activities (or lack thereof) abroad. Taken together, dance internationalists accommodated diverse Cuban foreign policy initiatives and racialized national identities in Africa, the so-called first and second worlds, and Latin America. Moreover, dance internationalists could do what so-called hard power could not: sidestep the US embargo to flood into countries around the world.
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Bhat, M. Amin, B. K. Nayak, Anima Nanda, and Imtiyaz H. Lone. "Nanotechnology, Metal Nanoparticles, and Biomedical Applications of Nanotechnology." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 116–55. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6304-6.ch005.
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Nanotechnology has emerged as an important field of modern scientific research due to its diverse range of applications in the area of electronics, material sciences, biomedical engineering, and medicines at nano levels such as healthcare, cosmetics, food and feed, environmental health, optics, biomedical sciences, chemical industries, drug-gene delivery, energy science, optoelectronics, catalysis, reprography, single electron transistors, light emitters, nonlinear optical devices, and photoelectrochemical applications and other applications. Due to these immense applications of nanotechnology in biomedical science, it has became possible to design the pharmaceuticals in such a way that they could directly treat diseased cells like cancer and make microscopic repairs in hard-to-operate-on areas of the body. The nanomachines have been designed to clean up toxins or oil spills, recycle all garbage, eliminate landfills, etc. The chapter summarizes the present and future applications of nanotechnology for human welfare but needs further study in catalysis, optical devices, sensor technology, cancer treatment, and drug delivery systems.
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Bhat, M. Amin, B. K. Nayak, Anima Nanda, and Imtiyaz H. Lone. "Nanotechnology, Metal Nanoparticles, and Biomedical Applications of Nanotechnology." In Oncology, 311–41. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0549-5.ch010.
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Nanotechnology has emerged as an important field of modern scientific research due to its diverse range of applications in the area of electronics, material sciences, biomedical engineering, and medicines at nano levels such as healthcare, cosmetics, food and feed, environmental health, optics, biomedical sciences, chemical industries, drug-gene delivery, energy science, optoelectronics, catalysis, reprography, single electron transistors, light emitters, nonlinear optical devices, and photoelectrochemical applications and other applications. Due to these immense applications of nanotechnology in biomedical science, it has became possible to design the pharmaceuticals in such a way that they could directly treat diseased cells like cancer and make microscopic repairs in hard-to-operate-on areas of the body. The nanomachines have been designed to clean up toxins or oil spills, recycle all garbage, eliminate landfills, etc. The chapter summarizes the present and future applications of nanotechnology for human welfare but needs further study in catalysis, optical devices, sensor technology, cancer treatment, and drug delivery systems.
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Bhat, M. Amin, B. K. Nayak, Anima Nanda, and Imtiyaz H. Lone. "Nanotechnology, Metal Nanoparticles, and Biomedical Applications of Nanotechnology." In Medical Imaging, 791–821. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0571-6.ch033.
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Nanotechnology has emerged as an important field of modern scientific research due to its diverse range of applications in the area of electronics, material sciences, biomedical engineering, and medicines at nano levels such as healthcare, cosmetics, food and feed, environmental health, optics, biomedical sciences, chemical industries, drug-gene delivery, energy science, optoelectronics, catalysis, reprography, single electron transistors, light emitters, nonlinear optical devices, and photoelectrochemical applications and other applications. Due to these immense applications of nanotechnology in biomedical science, it has become possible to design the pharmaceuticals in such a way that they could directly treat diseased cells like cancer and make microscopic repairs in hard-to-operate-on areas of the body. The nanomachines have been designed to clean up toxins or oil spills, recycle all garbage, eliminate landfills, etc. The chapter summarizes the present and future applications of nanotechnology for human welfare but needs further study in catalysis, optical devices, sensor technology, cancer treatment, and drug delivery systems.
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Maynard Smith, John, and Eors Szathmary. "The origin of translation and the genetic code." In The Major Transitions in Evolution. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198502944.003.0010.
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The origin of the code is perhaps the most perplexing problem in evolutionary biology. The existing translational machinery is at the same time so complex, so universal, and so essential that it is hard to see how it could have come into existence, or how life could have existed without it. The discovery of ribozymes has made it easier to imagine an answer to the second of these questions, but the transformation of an ‘RNA world’ into one in which catalysis is performed by proteins, and nucleic acids specialize in the transmission of information, remains a formidable problem. We start, in section 6.1, by discussing changes known to have occurred in the code since its origin. Although these changes are minor, they do shed some light on how the code may have evolved in its very early days. In section 6.2, we ask what can be deduced from the present assignment of codons to amino acids, and from the phytogeny of tRNAs. Finally, in section 6.3, we come to grips with the hardest question: how did a specific association between particular amino acids and particular codons first come into existence? It is this association that is the essence of the code. Today, it plays a role in translation, but we think it first arose to serve quite a different function. If so, this is an example of a common feature of evolution: structures that today serve a complex function arose first to serve a simpler one. For many years the common genetic code was thought to be universal. Recently, some interesting exceptions have been found. These are of two types: either a stop codon is used to code for an amino acid, or a codon has been reassigned to a different amino acid. At first sight it is hard to see how this could happen. To alter the meaning of a codon in one particular gene might be a selective advantage, just as any mutation might be, but to alter its meaning wherever it occurs throughout the genome must surely be disastrous.
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Waksman, Steve. "Staging Hip-Hop." In Live Music in America, 478–539. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197570531.003.0010.
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Hip-hop histories rarely give concert performances or tours more than passing attention. More so than other twentieth-century genres, hip-hop has been considered a medium in which the record is the thing above all. This chapter seeks to tell the history of hip-hop as a live medium, guided by the understanding that the genre has much to say about the larger state of American live music in the last decades of the twentieth century and the early years of the twenty-first. In strictly commercial terms, the success of hip-hop on the record charts has never fully been matched by its success as a concert medium. The very difficulties that hip-hop faced in becoming established as a broad-based concert medium reveal the degree to which the upper ranks of the live music industry remained uniquely exclusionary regarding black music artists. Despite the anxieties that surrounded live hip-hop in large venues, something like “arena rap” did become an established reality by the mid-1980s. Meanwhile, starting in the early 1990s with the Lollapalooza tours, hip-hop figured significantly in the rejuvenation of the American music festival that gained further momentum with the founding of the Coachella and Bonnaroo festivals in 1999 and 2002, respectively. If anything, the festival scene even more than the arena concert realm exemplified the paradoxes of live hip-hop into the twenty-first century: at once central and peripheral, the presence of hip-hop was considered integral to the staging of a successful event but dedicated hip-hop festivals could hardly be found.
Conference papers on the topic "Cold hardy genes"
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Zhou, H., K. Ma, G. Jia, J. Zoval, and M. Madou. "Micro Contact Printing of DNA Molecules." In ASME 2004 3rd Integrated Nanosystems Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nano2004-46060.
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The development of DNA sensors has attracted substantial research efforts. Such devices could be used for the rapid identification of pathogens in humans, animals, and plant; in the detection of specific genes in animal and plant breeding; and in the diagnosis of human genetic disorders. The first step to fabricate the DNA sensors is the probe immobilization on the suitable substrate. Traditionally, the DNA probes are spotted on the substrate while the technique hardly controlled the small pattern and surface density of DNA probes. The main challenge here is to achieve probe layer uniformity and the nature of the probe layer itself in few micron and sub-micron feature range.
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M, Saranya, Arockia Xavier Annie R, and Geetha T V. "Relation Extraction between Biomedical Entities from Literature using Semi- Supervised Learning Approach." In 10th International Conference on Natural Language Processing (NLP 2021). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2021.112306.
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Now-a-days, people around the world are infected by many new diseases. The cost of developing or discovering a new drug for the newly discovered disease is very high and prolonged process. These could be eliminated with the help of already existing resources. To identify the candidates from the existing drugs, we need to extract the relation between the drug, target and disease by textming a large-scale literature. Recently, computational approaches which is used for identifying the relationships between the entities in biomedical domain are appearing as an active area of research for drug discovery as it needs more man power. Due to the limited computational approaches, the relation extraction between drug-gene and genedisease association from the unstructured biomedical documents is very hard. In this work, we proposed a semi-supervised approach named pattern based bootstrapping method to extract the direct relations between drug, gene and disease from the biomedical literature. These direct relationships are used to infer indirect relationships between entities such as drug and disease. Now these indirect relationships are used to determine the new candidates for drug repositioning which in turn will reduce the time and the patient’s risk.
Reports on the topic "Cold hardy genes"
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Abbo, Shahal, Hongbin Zhang, Clarice Coyne, Amir Sherman, Dan Shtienberg, and George J. Vandemark. Winter chickpea; towards a new winter pulse for the semiarid Pacific Northwest and wider adaptation in the Mediterranean basin. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7597909.bard.
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Original objectives: [a] Screen an array of chickpea and wild annual Cicer germplasm for winter survival. [b] Genetic analysis of winter hardiness in domesticated x wild chickpea crosses. [c] Genetic analysis of vernalization response in domesticated x wild chickpea crosses. [d] Digital expression analysis of a core selection of breeding and germplasm lines of chickpea that differ in winter hardiness and vernalization. [e] Identification of the genes involved in the chickpea winter hardiness and vernalization and construction of gene network controlling these traits. [f] Assessing the phenotypic and genetic correlations between winter hardiness, vernalization response and Ascochyta blight response in chickpea. The complexity of the vernalization response and the inefficiency of our selection experiments (below) required quitting the work on ascochyta response in the framework of this project. Background to the subject: Since its introduction to the Palouse region of WA and Idaho, and the northern Great Plains, chickpea has been a spring rotation legume due to lack of winter hardiness. The short growing season of spring chickpea limits its grain yield and leaves relatively little stubble residue for combating soil erosion. In Israel, chilling temperatures limit pod setting in early springs and narrow the effective reproductive time window of the crop. Winter hardiness and vernalization response of chickpea alleles were lost due to a series of evolutionary bottlenecks; however, such alleles are prevalent in its wild progenitor’s genepool. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: It appears that both vernalization response and winter hardiness are polygenic traits in the wild-domesticated chickpea genepool. The main conclusion from the fieldwork in Israel is that selection of domesticated winter hardy and vernalization responsive types should be conducted in late flowering and late maturity backgrounds to minimize interference by daylength and temperature response alleles (see our Plant Breeding paper on the subject). The main conclusion from the US winter-hardiness studies is that excellent lines have been identified for germplasm release and continued genetic study. Several of the lines have good seed size and growth habit that will be useful for introgressing winter-hardiness into current chickpea cultivars to develop releases for autumn sowing. We sequenced the transcriptomes and profiled the expression of genes in 87 samples. Differential expression analysis identified a total of 2,452 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between vernalized plants and control plants, of which 287 were shared between two or more Cicer species studied. We cloned 498 genes controlling vernalization, named CVRN genes. Each of the CVRN genes contributes to flowering date advance (FDA) by 3.85% - 10.71%, but 413 (83%) other genes had negative effects on FDA, while only 83 (17%) had positive effects on FDA, when the plant is exposed to cold temperature. The cloned CVRN genes provide new toolkits and knowledge to develop chickpea cultivars that are suitable for autumn-sowing. Scientific & agricultural implications: Unlike the winter cereals (barley, wheat) or pea, in which a single allelic change may induce a switch from winter to spring habit, we were unable to find any evidence for such major gene action in chickpea. In agricultural terms this means that an alternative strategy must be employed in order to isolate late flowering – ascochyta resistant (winter types) domesticated forms to enable autumn sowing of chickpea in the US Great Plains. An environment was identified in U.S. (eastern Washington) where autumn-sown chickpea production is possible using the levels of winter-hardiness discovered once backcrossed into advanced cultivated material with acceptable agronomic traits. The cloned CVRN genes and identified gene networks significantly advance our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying plant vernalization in general, and chickpea in particular, and provide a new toolkit for switching chickpea from a spring-sowing to autumn-sowing crop.
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Philosoph-Hadas, Sonia, Peter Kaufman, Shimon Meir, and Abraham Halevy. Signal Transduction Pathway of Hormonal Action in Control and Regulation of the Gravitropic Response of Cut Flowering Stems during Storage and Transport. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7695838.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Original objectives: The basic goal of the present project was to increase our understanding of the cellular mechanisms operating during the gravitropic response of cut flowers, for solving their bending problem without affecting flower quality. Thus, several elements operating at the 3 levels o the gravity-induced signal transduction pathway, were proposed to be examined in snapdragon stems according to the following research goals: 1) Signaling: characterize the signal transduction pathway leading to the gravitropic response, regarding the involvement of [Ca2+]cyt as a mediator of IAA movement and sensitivity to auxin. 2) Transduction by plant hormones: a) Examine the involvement of auxin in the gravitropic response of flower stems with regard to: possible participation of auxin binding protein (ABP), auxin redistribution, auxin mechanism of action (activation of H+-ATPase) mediation by changes in [Ca2+]cyt and possible regulation of auxin-induced Ca2+ action b: calmodulin-activated or Ca2+-activated protein kinases (PK). b) Examine the involvement of ethylene in the gravitropic response of flower stems with regard to auxin-induced ethylene production and sensitivity of the tissue to ethylene. 3) Response: examine the effect of gravistimulation on invertase (associated with growth and elongation) activity and invertase gene expression. 4) Commercial practice: develop practical and simple treatments to prevent bending of cut flowers grown for export. Revisions: 1) Model systems: in addition to snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.), 3 other model shoe systems, consisting of oat (Avena sativa) pulvini, Ornithogalun 'Nova' cut flowers and Arabidopsis thaliana inflorescence, were targeted to confirm a more general mechanism for shoot gravitropism. 2 Research topics: the involvement of ABP, auxin action, PK and invertase in the gravitropic response of snapdragon stems could not be demonstrated. Alternatively, the involvement in the gravity signaling cascade of several other physiological mediators apart of [Ca2+]cyt such as: IP3, protein phosphorylation and actin cytoskeleton, was shown. Additional topics introduced: starch statolith reorientation, differential expression of early auxin responsive genes, and differential shoot growth. Background to the topic: The gravitropic bending response of flowering shoots occurring upon their horizontal placement during shipment exhibits a major horticultural problem. In spite of extensive studies in various aboveground organs, the gravitropic response was hardly investigated in flowering shoots. Being a complex multistep process that requires the participation of various cellular components acting in succession or in parallel, analysis of the negative gravitropic response of shoot includes investigation of signal transduction elements and various regulatory physiological mediators. Major achievements: 1) A correlative role for starch statoliths as gravireceptors in flowering shoot was initially established. 2) Differentially phosphorylated proteins and IP3 levels across the oat shoe pulvini, as well as a differential appearance of 2 early auxin-responsive genes in snapdragon stems were all detected within 5-30 minutes following gravistimulation. 3) Unlike in roots, involvement of actin cytoskeleton in early events of the gravitropic response of snapdragon shoots was established. 4) An asymmetric IAA distribution, followed by an asymmetric ethylene production across snapdragon stems was found following gravistimulation. 5) The gravity-induced differential growth in shoots of snapdragon was derived from initial shrinkage of the upper stem side and a subsequent elongation o the lower stem side. 6) Shoot bending could be successfully inhibited by Ca2+ antagonists (that serve as a basis for practical treatments), kinase and phosphatase inhibitors and actin-cytoskeleton modulators. All these agents did not affect vertical growth. The essential characterization of these key events and their sequence led us to the conclusion that blocking gravity perception may be the most powerful means to inhibit bending without hampering shoot and flower growth after harvest. Implications, scientific and agriculture: The innovative results of this project have provided some new insight in the basic understanding of gravitropism in flower stalks, that partially filled the gap in our knowledge, and established useful means for its control. Additionally, our analysis has advanced the understanding of important and fundamental physiological processes involved, thereby leading to new ideas for agriculture. Gravitropism has an important impact on agriculture, particularly for controlling the bending of various important agricultural products with economic value. So far, no safe control of the undesired bending problem of flower stalks has been established. Our results show for the first time that shoot bending of cut flowers can be inhibited without adverse effects by controlling the gravity perception step with Ca2+ antagonists and cytoskeleton modulators. Such a practical benefit resulting from this project is of great economic value for the floriculture industry.