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1

Abdel-Rahman, Nabil Mahmoud. "Cold-formed steel compression members with perforations." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ30065.pdf.

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2

Cheng, Shanshan. "Fire performance of cold-formed steel sections." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/3316.

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Thin-walled cold-formed steel (CFS) has exhibited inherent structural and architectural advantages over other constructional materials, for example, high strength-to-weight ratio, ease of fabrication, economy in transportation and the flexibility of sectional profiles, which make CFS ideal for modern residential and industrial buildings. They have been increasingly used as purlins as the intermediate members in a roof system, or load-bearing components in low- and mid-rise buildings. However, using CFS members in building structures has been facing challenges due to the lack of knowledge to th
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3

Tran, Tuan D. "Global optimisation of cold-formed steel sections." Thesis, Aston University, 2007. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/12239/.

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In this thesis, standard algorithms are used to carry out the optimisation of cold-formed steel purlins such as zed, channel and sigma sections, which are assumed to be simply supported and subjected to a gravity load. For zed, channel and sigma section, the local buckling, distortional buckling and lateral-torsional buckling are considered respectively herein. Currently, the local buckling is based on the BS 5950-5:1998 and EN 1993-1-3:2006. The distortional buckling is calculated by the direct strength method employing the elastic distortional buckling which is calculated by three available
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4

Chu, Xiao-ting. "Failure analysis of cold-formed steel sections." Thesis, Aston University, 2004. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/12234/.

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The purlin-sheeting system has been the subject of numerous theoretical and experimental investigations over the past 30 years, but the complexity of the problem has led to great difficulty in developing a sound and general model. The primary aim of the thesis is to investigate the failure behaviours of cold-formed zed and channel sections for use in purlin-sheeting systems. Both the energy method and finite strip method are used to develop an approach to investigate cold-formed zed and channel section beams with partial-lateral restraint from the metal sheeting when subjected to a uniformly d
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5

Mahdavian, Mahsa. "Innovative Cold-Formed Steel Shear Walls with Corrugated Steel Sheathing." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc849608/.

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This thesis presents two major sections with the objective of introducing a new cold-formed steel (CFS) shear wall system with corrugated steel sheathings. The work shown herein includes the development of an optimal shear wall system as well as an optimal slit configuration for the CFS corrugated sheathings which result in a CFS shear wall with high ductility, high strength, high stiffness and overall high performance. The conclusion is based on the results of 36 full-scale shear wall tests performed in the structural laboratory of the University of North Texas. A variety of shear walls were
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6

Yu, Guowang. "Cold-formed Steel Framed Shear Wall Sheathed with Corrugated Sheet Steel." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc271921/.

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Incombustibility is one important advantage of the sheet steel sheathed shear wall over wood panel sheathed shear wall. Compared to shear wall sheathed with plywood and OSB panel, shear wall sheathed with flat sheet steel behaved lower shear strength. Although shear wall sheathed with corrugated sheet steel exhibited high nominal strength and high stiffness, the shear wall usually behaved lower ductility resulting from brittle failure at the connection between the sheathing to frames. This research is aimed at developing modifications on the corrugated sheathing to improve the ductility of the
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7

Feng, Ran, and 馮然. "Design of cold-formed stainless steel tubular joints." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41290628.

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8

Lim, James B. P. "Joint effects in cold-formed steel portal frames." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368970.

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9

Kyvelou, Pinelopi. "Structural behaviour of composite cold-formed steel systems." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/50694.

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The topic of this thesis is the investigation of the structural behaviour of cold-formed steel flooring and purlin systems, taking into consideration the beneficial effect of interaction between structural components. Experiments have been conducted on flooring systems comprising cold-formed steel joists and wood-based particle boards, considering the typical screw fixings employed in current practice as well as alternative means of shear connection. The experimental findings showed that mobilisation of composite action within this type of system, through enhancement, beyond that currently use
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10

Hui, Chi. "Moment redistribution in cold-formed steel purlin systems." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/25533.

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The external envelope of steel framed industrial buildings normally involves the use of purlins and rails spanning between the main hot-rolled frames to support the roofing/cladding. These purlins are typically light-gauge cold-formed steel members of complex shape for which the thinness of the material means that local instabilities will significantly influence their structural behaviour. In this thesis, the finite element (FE) method (ABAQUS) has been used to develop numerical analyses to study the buckling behaviour and degree of moment redistribution in continuous and sleeved cold-formed s
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11

Ganesan, Karthik. "Resistance Factor for Cold-Formed Steel Compression Members." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33694.

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This research investigates if the LRFD strength reduction factor for cold-formed steel compression members can be increased above its current value of Ï c = 0.85, which was established by the LRFD Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual (1991) on the basis of 264 column tests. The resistance factor in the Canadian code for cold-formed steel compression members is also evaluated. A total of 675 concentrically loaded plain and lipped C-section columns, plain and lipped Z-section columns, hat and angle columns, including members with holes, are considered in the study. The predicted strengths are calcula
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12

Soroori, Rad Behrooz H. "Experiments on Cold-Formed Steel Beams with Holes." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42698.

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Experimental testing and elastic buckling studies were performed on 68 C-section cold-formed steel joists with unstiffened rectangular web holes. Four Steel Stud Manufacturers Association (SSMA) cross-section types; 800S200-33, 800S200-43, 1000S162-54, and 1200S162-97, were evaluated to explore the influence of holes on local, distortional, and global bucking failure modes. Hole depth was varied in the tests to identify trends in ultimate strength. Ultimate strength was observed to decrease with increasing hole depth for 800S200-33, 1200S162-97 cross-sections. Due to small number of specimen
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13

Feng, Ran. "Design of cold-formed stainless steel tubular joints." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41290628.

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14

Huynh, Minh Toan. "Structural Behaviour of Cold-Formed Steel Screwed Connections." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/22098.

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This thesis presents a study on the behaviour of connections using screws in cold-formed steel structures. The first part of the thesis studies the behaviour of the screw connectors using simple connection tests and Finite Element (FE) modelling. Specimens were assembled by using 2 or 3 screws connecting two cold-reduced sheet steels with various grades and thicknesses. Two types of limit states were investigated: (i) screw shear failure and (ii) bearing and tilting failure. A set of revised design equations for strength of screwed connections in bearing and tilting is proposed. A reliability
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15

Niu, Shuang. "Interaction Buckling of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Beams." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/11541.

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The research investigates the interaction between sectional and global buckling of cold-formed stainless steel beams. Two separate experimental programs were carried out. The first program was on I sections, reflecting the local-global interaction buckling behavior, while the second program studied distortional-global interaction buckling in lipped channel beams. Three alloys were included: austenitic S30401(304), ferritic S44330(443) and lean duplex S32101(2101), for which extensive material tests were carried out to determine the material properties. Efforts were made to create a test rig wh
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16

N'emedi, Zsolt V. "Development of performance sections for cold-formed steel residential construction." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08222009-040502/.

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17

Zhou, Feng. "Web crippling of cold-formed stainless steel tubular sections." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B37228316.

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18

Zhang, Jiahui, and 张佳慧. "Cold-formed steel built-up compression members with longitudinal stiffeners." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206457.

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In this study, the structural behaviour of cold-formed steel built-up compression members with longitudinal stiffeners was investigated by experiments and numerical simulation. The influence of different screw spacings on the ultimate strengths of built-up compression members was also investigated. In current design specifications, generally there are no direct and explicit design rules for cold-formed steel built-up sections. Therefore, design rules for built-up open sections and closed sections have been proposed. The test program was conducted for cold-formed steel built-up sections, whi
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19

Zhou, Feng, and 周鋒. "Web crippling of cold-formed stainless steel tubular sections." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37228316.

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20

Panyanouvong, Mark. "Bearing Strength of Cold Formed Steel Bolted Connections in Trusses." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc115135/.

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The existing design provision in North American Specification for Cold- Formed Steel Structural Member (AISI S100) for the bearing strength of bolted connections were developed from tests on bolted connected sheets which were restrained by bolt nut and head with or without washers. However, in the cold-formed assemblies, particularly in trusses, the single bolt goes through both sides of the connected sections, making the connected sheets on each side unrestrained. the warping of the unrestrained sheet may reduce the bearing strength of the bolted connection. This research investigates the beh
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21

Ye, Jun. "More efficient cold-formed steel elements and bolted connections." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15276/.

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Modern society is challenged by economic and environmental issues, requiring engineers to develop more efficient structures. Using cold-formed steel (CFS) frame in construction industry can lead to more sustainable design, since it requires less material to carry the same load compared with other materials. However, the application of CFS structural systems is limited to low story buildings due to the inherent weaknesses of premature buckling behaviour of members and the low ductility of connections. Consequently, current design guidelines of CFS systems are very conservative especially in the
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22

Zhao, Yanxia 1975. "Cyclic performance of cold-formed steel stud shear walls." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29553.

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This thesis contains a summary of previous cold-formed steel stud shear wall test programs in North America, as well as an overview of the seismic requirements for a number of different design standards, i.e. the NBCC, the UBC and the NEHRP guidelines for seismic design. A theoretical method for the prediction of shear capacity based on the first possible failure mode, which follows the adapted American wood design procedure, is presented and the results from this method are compared with peak loads obtained from existing tests. In addition, a preliminary force modification factor for use in s
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23

Zhang, Hanwen. "Connections in cold-formed steel modular building structure systems." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8181/.

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Modular construction has been used for many years. Cold-formed steel with its advantages is commonly utilized in the modules. However, the challenge comes to the connections. Connections generally take substantial part of the expenditures. An easy erection and effective connection method could considerably achieve great cost saving and structural improvement. Current norms and specifications cannot cover the requirements in the design. This research investigated the connections in the cold-formed steel modular panel structure through experimental, analytical and numerical methods. FEMs were de
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24

Li, Huan. "Damage and repair evolution of cold formed linepipe steel." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/671/.

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The main aim of this research is to model the internal micro damage accumulated during cold deformation and the degree of reduction of damage that can be achieved by heat treatment of linepipe steel. A set of unified viscoplastic constitutive equations was developed to simulate microstructural evolution and the effect on mechanical properties due to cold deformation followed by annealing. In addition, practical experiments have been performed to validate the constitutive equations. Firstly, the industrial motivation for the project was previewed and damage-modelling techniques were reviewed to
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25

Tian, Yisheng. "Optimal design of cold-formed steel sections and panels." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.615924.

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26

Afshan, Sheida. "Structural behaviour of cold-formed stainless steel tubular members." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/23660.

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This thesis examines the behaviour of cold-formed stainless steel tubular structural members, with an emphasis on ferritic stainless steels. Owing to the high comparative expense of stainless steel relative to traditional carbon steel, this study aims to identify and develop means of utilising the material more efficiently. A comprehensive material test programme was carried out as part of an extensive study into the prediction of strength enhancements in cold-formed structural sections that arise during production. Material tests on a total of 51 flat coupons and 28 corner coupons, extracted
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27

Blum, Hannah Beth. "Long-Span Cold-Formed Steel Double Channel Portal Frames." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/16290.

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A comprehensive study on long-span cold-formed steel portal frames composed of back-to-back channel sections is presented. The aim of the study is to determine appropriate design guidelines in order for engineers to safely and efficiently build larger frames. The system analyzed herein is a haunched portal frame with a knee brace connected between the column and rafter. The objectives of the research were achieved through an extensive experimental study as well as numerical investigations. A comprehensive experimental program was completed to determine the strength and behavior of the frames.
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28

Li, Xun. "Cold-Formed Steel Member Connections Using BAC Screw Fasteners." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1505166/.

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In this project, the main research objective is intend to seek criteria for evaluating the capacity of BAC screw fasteners with mixed configuration of waterproof seal washer, sealer tape and different pre-drill holes to determine shear and tension strength values for the screws used in cold-formed steel connections. The thesis presents the design methods and test program conducted to investigate the behavior and strength of the screw connections in shear and tension test. Test results were compared with AISI design provisions to determine if new design equations will be developed for those scr
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29

Padilla-Llano, David Alberto. "A Framework for Cyclic Simulation of Thin-Walled Cold-Formed Steel Members in Structural Systems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52904.

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The objective of this research is to create a computationally efficient seismic analysis framework for cold-formed steel (CFS) framed-buildings supported by hysteretic nonlinear models for CFS members and screw-fastened connections. Design of CFS structures subjected to lateral seismic forces traditionally relies on the strength of subassemblies subjected to lateral loading of systems, such as strapped/sheathed shear walls and diaphragms, to provide adequate protection against collapse. Enabling performance-based seismic design of CFS buildings requires computationally efficient and accurate m
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30

Corner, Sebastien Marc William. "Screw-Fastened Cold-Formed Steel-to-Steel Shear Connection Behavior and Models." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78073.

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This research introduces a proposed model for predicting tilting angle and limit states of single-fastened cold-formed steel-to-steel shear connections. Predictions are validated through an experimental study considering ply configuration and a single Hex #10 -washer head fastener, centered in a 102 mm by 102 mm three boundary window. The fastener tilting angle is captured using an automated, optical non-contact measurement procedure. The results are used to identify cold-formed steel shear connection deformation as load progresses, including tilting, bearing, and combined tilting bearing at t
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31

Qiu, Pei. "Stress-strain behaviour of cold-worded materials in cold-formed stainless steel sections." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2493011.

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32

Bell, David J. "Development of a new cold-formed steel roof truss system." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1997. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36009/1/36009_Bell_1997.pdf.

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This thesis reports on a research and development project which was aimed at developing a new cold-formed steel roof truss system for Textor Metal Industries Pty Ltd under a National Teaching Company Scheme. It presents details of analysis, design, and testing methods used in this project and their results. This Master of Engineering Degree research thesis was undertaken part-time during the project duration of two years, and includes in part some research details which are confidential. The new cold-formed steel roof truss system was designed for non-cyclonic permissible design winds
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33

Young, B. (Ben). "The behaviour and design of cold-formed channel columns." Thesis, Faculty of Engineering, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/13673.

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34

Soltani, Maryam. "Image-based analysis of steel sheathed cold-formed steel shear wall buckling behavior." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.

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The high lateral force resisting feature of the cold-formed steel structure, make it an attractive design choice in seismic zones. The shear strength of these systems controls by two critical factors, the characteristic of the sheathed and the sheathing-to-frame connections. There are many challenges associated with testing different configurations of these thin-wall structures (size, layout, sheathed material). Despite the huge growth of such constructions, the design procedure and the numerical calculation developed by the American Iron and Steel Institute provision AISI S240 (2015) and AISI
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35

Clayton, Scott. "Repetitive member factor study for cold-formed steel framing systems." Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/4199.

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36

Uygar, Celaletdin. "Seismic Design Of Cold Formed Steel Structures In Residential Applications." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607294/index.pdf.

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iv ABSTRACT SEISMIC DESIGN OF COLD FORMED STEEL STRUCTURES IN RESIDENTIAL APPLICATIONS Uygar, Celaletdin M.Sc., Department of Civil Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. &Ccedil<br>etin Yilmaz May 2005, 82 pages In this study, lateral load bearing capacities of cold formed steel framed wall panels are investigated. For this purpose lateral load bearing alternatives are analyzed numerically by computer models and results are compared with already done experimental studies and approved codes. In residential cold formed steel construction, walls are generally covered with cladding material like orien
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37

Comeau, Gilles. "Inelastic performance of welded cold-formed steel strap braced walls." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21917.

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As cold-formed steel construction grows in North America the void in our building codes must be filled. The NBCC and the CSA S136 Standard currently have no seismic provisions for cold-formed steel construction. Recently, the AISI has made available an updated version of AISI S-213 which includes adaptations for use with Canadian codes. This standard gives guidance on the design and construction of cold-formed steel systems to be used for lateral load resistance and prescribes the use of a capacity approach for seismic design. Seismic force modification factors to be used in conjunction with t
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38

Joseph, P. V. "The compressive behaviour of thin-walled cold-formed steel columns." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382225.

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39

Davies, Russell John. "The behaviour of press-joining in cold-formed steel structures." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.534541.

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40

Sabbagh, Alireza Bagheri. "Cold-formed steel elements for earthquake resistant moment frame buildings." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.548557.

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41

Liu, Qiang. "Structural analysis and design of cold formed steel sigma purlins." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3364/.

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Cold formed steel (CFS) sigma sections are commonly used as purlins in the construction of modern industrial and residential buildings due to their excellent strength-to-weight ratio. This thesis reports investigations on the structural behaviour of CFS sigma purlins in three different parts of modern roof systems. In the first investigation, the pre-buckling, buckling, post-buckling and post-failure behaviour of continuous CFS sigma purlins near internal supports was studied by experimental and numerical methods. In the second investigation, the moment-rotation response as well as the moment
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42

Monroy, Barbara L. "Deflection gap study for cold-formed steel curtain wall systems." Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/2350.

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43

Rinchen. "Long-span cold-formed steel single C-section portal frames." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18882.

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This thesis presents a comprehensive study of long-span cold-formed steel single C-section portal frames. The study includes the formulation of a nonlinear beam finite element for thin-walled sections, a series of full-scale frame tests and component tests, finite element modelling and advanced analysis followed by the formulation of design guidelines. The study was aimed at exploring the structural behaviour through experiment and numerical analysis towards developing provisions for the design of cold-formed steel portal frames using Advanced Analysis. A nonlinear thin-walled beam element for
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44

Setiyono, Ir Harkali. "Web crippling of cold-formed plain channel steel section beams." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1994. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27069.

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The web crippling strength of cold-formed plain channel steel section beams was investigated theoretically and experimentally in this research program. The web crippling strength in this thesis is termed the ultimate web crippling load and this was theoretically analysed using two different design specifications and a plastic mechanism approach. The two design specifications used in this research program were BS 5950 Part 5:1987 and European Recommendations For The Design of Light Gauge Steel Members, 1987. In the plastic mechanism approach, a plastic mechanism model of web crippling failure w
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45

Yong, Pei Ming. "Collapse Behaviour of Cold-Formed Steel Structure at Elevated Temperatures." Thesis, Curtin University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/75245.

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This thesis describes a full-scale fire test and finite-element (FE) modelling carried out on a cold-formed steel structure. The structure was collapsed with an inwards asymmetrical collapse mechanism. The FE model was validated against the full-scale fire test results where the comparison shows that the FE results were in good correlation with the full-scale fire test results. The results presented in this thesis can contribute to practical design guidance for fire safety engineering.
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46

Mahenthirarasa, Rokilan. "Cold-formed steel compression members exposed to extreme temperature environments." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/226125/1/Rokilan_Mahenthirarasa_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis investigated the behaviour of cold-formed steel compression members under extreme temperature environments using experimental and numerical studies. It proposed both new and improved design models for (1) the elevated and sub-zero temperature mechanical properties of cold-formed steels and (2) the compression capacities of cold-formed steel members exposed to uniform and non-uniform elevated temperatures and uniform sub-zero temperatures. The proposed design models are likely to be adopted by the Australian and American cold-formed steel structures standards, while the new knowledg
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47

Darcy, Greg. "Structural behaviour of an innovative cold-formed steel building system." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16589/1/Greg_Darcy_Thesis.pdf.

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Cold-formed steel structures have been in service for many years and are used as shelters for both domestic and industrial purposes. To produce an economical product, manufacturers have typically based their designs on the simple portal frame concept. As there is almost a direct relationship between overall cost and the weight of steel in a portal frame structure, it is of great importance to provide a structure with the minimum amount of steel whilst providing structural adequacy. Portal frame sheds have been refined continuously for many years, with only minimal amounts of savings in
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48

Darcy, Greg. "Structural behaviour of an innovative cold-formed steel building system." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16589/.

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Cold-formed steel structures have been in service for many years and are used as shelters for both domestic and industrial purposes. To produce an economical product, manufacturers have typically based their designs on the simple portal frame concept. As there is almost a direct relationship between overall cost and the weight of steel in a portal frame structure, it is of great importance to provide a structure with the minimum amount of steel whilst providing structural adequacy. Portal frame sheds have been refined continuously for many years, with only minimal amounts of savings in stee
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49

Balasubramaniam, Janarthanan. "Structural behaviour and design of cold-formed steel floor systems." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/112811/1/Janarthanan_Balasubramaniam_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis investigated the complex structural behaviour of unlipped channel section bearers used in cold-formed steel floor systems. Using both experimental and numerical studies, web critical failure modes of a range of unlipped channels fastened to their supports were first investigated, followed by the failures caused by combined actions of web crippling, bending and torsion with increasing spans and the effects of connection stiffness on the behaviour. New design methods were then developed to predict the ultimate capacities of unlipped channels under isolated and combined actions. This
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50

Jefferson, David. "The elasto-plastic localised buckling behaviour of cold-formed sections." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328301.

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