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Journal articles on the topic 'Coking inhibition'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Huang, Fang, Chun Jiang Yu, Qin Hui Wang, Meng Xiang Fang, and Zhong Yang Luo. "The Exploration and Practice of Using Additive to Inhibit the Heating Surface Deposition in Biomass-Fired Boiler." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.411.

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In response to the deposition problem in biomass-fired boiler, inert addictive was tested to inhibit the possibility of coking. The deposition samples collected from final and primary superheater of biomass-fired CFB (circulating fluidized bed) boiler were grinded into fine powder. The inhibitive ability of additive was tested by mixing the deposition sample with different proportions of inhibitor under high temperature. By means of scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and other analytical procedures, the properties of the samples with inhibitor such as microstructure, composition were studied. The inhibitor was also introduced to the industrial biomass CFB boiler to verify its inhibition effect on superheater deposition. Unfortunately, the effect of adding inhibitor in industrial boiler is not certain, though the inhibitor added to the samples is obviously effective in weakening coking in the laboratory scope.

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2

Dong, Chun Juan, and Qing Ye Pan. "Kinetic Analysis for COD Removal in Actual Coking Wastewater through an Micro-Aerobic EGSB Reactor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 700 (December 2014): 455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.700.455.

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Treatment of actual coking wastewater considered to be difficult by traditional systems. The present study is related to treatment of actual coking wastewater through microaerobic EGSB reactor. The study showed the EGSB reactor could attain about 75% high COD removal. IncreasingVupcould strength COD removal. Moreover, high sludge concentration and profound communal synergism existing within the dense granules were very important. As a result of the kinetic analysis of the EGSB reactor treating actual coking wastewater for COD removal using a modified Stover–Kincannon model, the maximum substrate utilization rate,vmax, half saturation constant,KS, inhibitor constant, KI, actual pollutant removal rate, , and the actual inhibition degree,KS/KIwere determined as 2.65×10-3h-1, 39.57mg.L-1, 415.82mg.L-1, 6.7×10-5h-1.mg-1.L and 0.1(before increasingVup), 7.34×10-3h-1, 19.53mg.L-1, 197.76mg.L-1, 3.7×10-4h-1.mg-1.L and 0.1(after increasingVup), and 9.35×10-3h-1, 6.38mg.L-1, 162.81mg.L-1, 1.47×10-3h-1.mg-1.L and 0.04 (after increasingVupand X), respectively. The inhibition of toxic contaminants in the actual coking wastewater would cause the decreasing of pollutant removal rate, however, enhancing and X (simultaneously optimizing sludge aggregate structure) could strengthen the performance effect.

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3

Bajus, Martin, and Jozef Baxa. "Coke formation during the pyrolysis of hydrocarbons in the presence of sulphur compounds." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 50, no. 12 (1985): 2903–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19852903.

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The effect of 1-butanethiol, 0,0'-di-1-butyl dithiophosphate zinc, 0,0'-diethyl dithiophosphoric acid and carbon disulphide, respectively, on the formation of coke during the pyrolysis of a reformer raffinate at 820 °C and 100 kPa was studied using a stainless steel tube flow-through reactor. The sulphur compounds were added in amounts of 0.05 to 5.0 wt.%. The coke formation was followed from the beginning of the experiment. The coking rate was lower as compared with the pyrolysis of the pure reformer raffinate; 0,0'-di-1-butyl dithiophosphate zinc, 0,0'-diethyl dithiophosphoric acid and carbon disulphide have a strong inhibiting effect on the coke formation. The coking inhibition mechanism is discussed.

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4

Dong, Chunjuan, and Bingnan Lv. "Granulation for Coking Wastewater Treatment in a Coupled Anaerobic-Aerobic Reactor." E3S Web of Conferences 38 (2018): 01052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183801052.

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A coupled anaerobic-aerobic granular bio-film reactor was employed with two operation stages: Stage I, granular sludge was formed from digestion sludge using brewery wastewater, and Stage II, granular sludge was acclimatized using coking wastewater. Two oxygenation methods (i.e. A and B) were employed to acclimatize the granules. For method A, dissolved O 2 was supplied through a continuous oxygenation way of 800-15000ml-min-1 . And for method B, dissolved O2 was supplied of 800-15000ml-min-1 18-12 times at 20-60min intervals, 1h each time. The experimental results showed that granules could quickly form in 10d in the EGSB reactor seeded with digestion sludge and little loose granules lack of nutrition, and it was the key factor for granules forming to add little loose granules. It took only about 6 months for granules acclimation using coking wastewater. Both oxygenation methods could run well when acclimatizing the granules. However, method A could have comparatively high and stable operation effect. The actual coking wastewater had distinct inhibition effect on the granules, but the supplement of some oxygen could promote the recovery of SMA, and NaHCO3 supplement could also weaken the inhibition effect of the CWW. Method A had more strongly activity recovery ability than method B.

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5

HIGASHINO, Kazuyuki, Masatoshi SUGIOKA, Takao KOBAYASHI, Ryojiro MINATO, Shunsuke OOYA, and Yousuke SASAYAMA. "Fundamental Study on Coking Inhibition for Regenerative Cooled LNG Rocket Engines." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES 58, no. 676 (2010): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2322/jjsass.58.138.

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6

Fedorak, Phillip M., and Steve E. Hrudey. "Inhibition of Anaerobic Degradation of Phenolics and Methanogenesis by Coal Coking Wastewater." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1987): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0203.

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Dilutions of a wastewater containing 410 mg/l phenolics (by 4-aminoantipyrine method) from a coal coking process were tested in anaerobic batch cultures to determine whether phenol degradation and subsequent methane production would occur. Phenol was degraded in cultures which contained < 30% (V/V) wastewater but no methane production could be attributed to the phenol degradation. Higher concentrations of the wastewater severely inhibited methane formation likely due to cyanide which was present in the wastewater at 8.3 mg/l. Exhaustive extraction at neutral pH with diethyl ether could not alleviate this inhibition, suggesting that it was not primarily due to non-polar organic compounds. Although the inclusion of 2500 mg/l activated carbon in the batch cultures improved the methanogenic fermentation, methane yields were still lower than expected for complete phenolic conversion.

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7

Hou, Huiqiao, Ruijie Li, Shilong He, Jun Huang, Wenkang Zhang, Zhiwei He, and Zhen Mao. "Inhibition characteristics of two-phase anaerobic system for real coking wastewater treatment." Journal of Water Process Engineering 50 (December 2022): 103247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103247.

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8

Wang, Zhiyuan, Hong Xu, Jianxin Zhou, and Xiaojian Luan. "Simulation of SiO2/S coating deposition in a pilot plant set-up for coking inhibition." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 91, no. 1 (January 2013): 120–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2012.07.006.

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9

Zhang, Kangkang, Deyi Xu, Shiran Li, Na Zhou, and Jinhui Xiong. "Has China’s Pilot Emissions Trading Scheme Influenced the Carbon Intensity of Output?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10 (May 25, 2019): 1854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101854.

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China launched the pilot construction of the carbon emission trading scheme (ETS) in 2011. The pilots have been running for many years. Does ETS significantly restrain the increase of carbon emission intensity? Based on China’s panel data for provinces and industries, this paper uses the policy assessment method to evaluate the inhibition by ETS of carbon emission intensity. The assessment scope includes six provincial pilots and pilot industries covered by ETS. The results show that ETS has significant suppression of carbon emission intensity only in Beijing and Guangdong. There is no significant impact on the carbon emission intensity of Tianjin, Shanghai, Chongqing, and Hubei. Through the carbon emission intensity inhibition analysis of the industries covered by ETS from Beijing and Chongqing, the results of the production and supply of electric power, steam and hot water, petroleum processing and coking in Beijing have a significant impact on the ETS. Only the smelting and pressing of ferrous metals in Chongqing has a significant impact on the ETS.

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10

Julian, Ignacio, Christoffer M. Pedersen, Kostiantyn Achkasov, Jose L. Hueso, Henrik L. Hellstern, Hugo Silva, Reyes Mallada, Zachary J. Davis, and Jesus Santamaria. "Overcoming Stability Problems in Microwave-Assisted Heterogeneous Catalytic Processes Affected by Catalyst Coking." Catalysts 9, no. 10 (October 19, 2019): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9100867.

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Microwave-assisted heterogeneous catalysis (MHC) is gaining attention due to its exciting prospects related to selective catalyst heating, enhanced energy-efficiency, and partial inhibition of detrimental side gas-phase reactions. The induced temperature difference between the catalyst and the comparatively colder surrounding reactive atmosphere is pointed as the main factor of the process selectivity enhancement towards the products of interest in a number of hydrocarbon conversion processes. However, MHC is traditionally restricted to catalytic reactions in the absence of catalyst coking. As excellent MW-susceptors, carbon deposits represent an enormous drawback of the MHC technology, being main responsible of long-term process malfunctions. This work addresses the potentials and limitations of MHC for such processes affected by coking (MHCC). It also intends to evaluate the use of different catalyst and reactor configurations to overcome heating stability problems derived from the undesired coke deposits. The concept of long-term MHCC operation has been experimentally tested/applied to for the methane non-oxidative coupling reaction at 700 °C on Mo/ZSM-5@SiC structured catalysts. Preliminary process scalability tests suggest that a 6-fold power input increases the processing of methane flow by 150 times under the same controlled temperature and spatial velocity conditions. This finding paves the way for the implementation of high-capacity MHCC processes at up-scaled facilities.

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11

Ren, Hui, Michael P. Humbert, Carl A. Menning, Jingguang G. Chen, Yuying Shu, Udayshankar G. Singh, and Wu-Cheng Cheng. "Inhibition of coking and CO poisoning of Pt catalysts by the formation of Au/Pt bimetallic surfaces." Applied Catalysis A: General 375, no. 2 (March 1, 2010): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2010.01.018.

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12

Wang, Zhiyuan, Xudong Ding, and Guanping Huo. "PREPARATION AND SIMULATION OF THE ON-LINE SiO2/S COATING FOR COKING INHIBITION IN THE INDUSTRIAL CRACKING FURNACE." Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering 36, no. 4 (December 2019): 1571–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-6632.20190364s20190270.

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13

Sun, Chao, Yisu Yang, Junming Du, Feng Qin, Zhipan Liu, Wei Shen, Hualong Xu, and Yi Tang. "Dehydrogenation inhibition on nano-Au/ZSM-5 catalyst: a novel route for anti-coking in methanol to propylene reaction." Chemical Communications 48, no. 46 (2012): 5787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2cc30607g.

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14

Gong, Xianlong, Bo Wang, Huaizhi Han, Tao Kang, Quan Zhu, Jianli Wang, and Xiangyuan Li. "Preparation of Al2O3 coating on TiN coating by polymer-assisted deposition to improve oxidation resistance in coking inhibition applications." Ceramics International 46, no. 6 (April 2020): 7774–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.11.281.

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15

Bao, Binbin, Jinglei Liu, Hong Xu, Zhiyuan Wang, and Kai Zhang. "FABRICATION OF SPINEL COATING ON HP40 ALLOY AND ITS INHIBITION EFFECT ON CATALYTIC COKING DURING THERMAL CRACKING OF LIGHT NAPHTHA." Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering 35, no. 2 (June 2018): 721–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-6632.20180352s20160670.

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16

Xue, Qiangqiang, Zhengwen Li, Binhang Yan, Yujun Wang, and Guangsheng Luo. "Inhibition of sintering and coking by post-coating group IIA metal oxides on trace-Rh-promoted Ni-based catalysts for high-temperature steam reforming." Journal of Catalysis 417 (January 2023): 164–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2022.12.005.

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17

Ma, X. Y., and X. C. Wang. "Ecotoxicity comparison of organic contaminants and heavy metals using Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.-Q67." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 10 (May 1, 2013): 2221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.113.

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By using the Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 test, the concentration-inhibition relationships were established for comparing the ecotoxicity of selected organic compounds and heavy metals. The toxicity indices for the four organic compounds were 11–628 mg/L in terms of EC50,TOC (EC: effective concentration, TOC: total organic carbon), with the toxicity in an order of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate > ciprofloxacin > phenol > acetaminophene, while that for the six heavy metals were 0.40–2.74 mg/L in terms of EC50,metal with the toxicity in an order of Cd > Hg > Zn > Pb > Cr > Cu. Through extracting organic matter from the raw sewage and secondary effluent of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), their EC50,TOC was measured as 94.5 and 125.2 mg/L, respectively, indicating that WWTP reduced not only the organic concentration but also the ecotoxicity of the wastewater. By analyzing the organic and heavy metal contents and the ecotoxicity of five typical industrial wastewaters, it was identified that the coking wastewater had the highest ecotoxicity (toxicity index as EC50,% = 0.18%), which might be mainly caused by organic contaminants, while the ecotoxicity of the electroplating wastewater (EC50,% = 6.08%) would be mainly caused by heavy metals. The ecotoxicity on Q67 could provide a comprehensive evaluation of the wastewater without knowing exactly the contaminants composition.

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18

Zuo, Pengju, Zhaoming Fu, and Zongxian Yang. "First-principles study on the mechanism of coking inhibition by the Ni(111) surface doped with IB-group metals at the anode of solid oxide fuel cells." Journal of Power Sources 242 (November 2013): 762–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.05.151.

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19

Ukpong, Aniekan Magnus. "Inhibiting the Laydown of Polymeric Carbon and Simultaneously Promoting Its Facile Burn-Off during the Industrial-Scale Production of Hydrogen with Nickel-Based Catalysts: Insights from Ab Initio Calculations." Nanomaterials 13, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13010040.

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This paper presents a computational study of the mechanistic models for the laydown of carbon species on nickel surface facets and the burn-off models for their gasification mechanism in methane steam reforming based on density functional theory. Insights into catalyst design strategies for achieving the simultaneous inhibition of the laydown of polymeric carbon and the promotion of its burn-off are obtained by investigating the influence of single atom dopants on nickel surfaces. The effects of single atom dopants on adsorption energies are determined at both low and high carbon coverages on nickel and used to introduce appropriate thermodynamic descriptors of the associated surface reactions. It is found that the critical size of the nucleating polymeric carbon adatom contains three atoms, i.e., C3. The results show that the burn-off reaction of a polymeric carbon species is thermodynamically limited and hard to promote when the deposited carbon cluster grows beyond a critical size, C4. The introduction of single atom dopants into nickel surfaces is found to modify the structural stability and adsorption energies of carbon adatom species, as well as the free energy profiles of surface reactions for the burn-off reactions when CH4, H2O, H2, and CO species react to form hydrogen. The results reveal that materials development strategies that modify the sub-surface of the catalyst with potassium, strontium, or barium will inhibit carbon nucleation and promote burn-off, while surface doping with niobium, tungsten, or molybdenum will promote the laydown of polymeric carbon. This study provides underpinning insights into the reaction mechanisms for the coking of a nickel catalyst and the gasification routes that are possible for the recovery of a nickel catalyst during the steam reforming of methane for large-scale production of hydrogen.

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20

Zhai, Pimu, Liqiu Wang, Changhou Liu, and Shouchen Zhang. "Coking of a Porous Catalyst and Its Inhibiting by Siliconiting Modification." Journal of Porous Media 9, no. 3 (2006): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/jpormedia.v9.i3.10.

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21

Ju, Dong Geon, Seong Bin Jo, Dong Su Ha, Tae Young Kim, Suk Yong Jung, Ho Jin Chae, Soo Chool Lee, and Jae Chang Kim. "Enhanced Ni-Al-Based Catalysts and Influence of Aromatic Hydrocarbon for Autothermal Reforming of Diesel Surrogate Fuel." Catalysts 9, no. 7 (June 28, 2019): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9070573.

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Aromatic hydrocarbons along with sulfur compounds in diesel fuel pose a significant threat to catalytic performances, due mainly to carbon deposition on the catalytic surface. In order to investigate the influence of an aromatic hydrocarbon on the autothermal reforming of diesel fuel, 1-methylnaphthalene (C11H10) was selected as an aromatic hydrocarbon. Two types of diesel surrogate fuel, i.e., DH (dodecane (C12H26) and hexadecane (C16H34) mixture) as well as DHM (DH fuel and C11H10 mixture) fuel, were prepared. A Rh-Al-based catalyst (R5A-I) was prepared using a conventional impregnation method. Various Ni-Al-based catalysts with Fe and Rh promoters were prepared via a polymer modified incipient method to improve the carbon coking resistance. These catalysts were tested under conditions of S/C = 1.17, O2/C = 0.24, 750 °C, and GHSV = 12,000 h-1 at DH or DHM fuel. R5A-I exhibited excellent catalytic performance in both DH and DHM fuels. However, carbon coking and sulfur poisoning resistance were observed in our previous study for the Ni-Al-based catalyst with the Fe promoter, which became deactivated with increasing reaction time at the DHM fuel. In the case of the Rh promoter addition to the Ni-Al-based catalysts, the catalytic performances decreased relatively slowly with increasing (from 1 wt.% (R1N50A) to 2 wt.% (R2N50A)) content of Rh2O3 at DHM fuel. The catalysts were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detected various types of hydrocarbons, e.g., ethylene (C2H4), with catalyst deactivation. The results revealed that, among the produced hydrocarbons, C2H4 played a major role in accelerating carbon deposition that blocks the reforming reaction. Therefore, Rh metal deserves consideration as a carbon coking inhibitor that prevents the negative effects of the C2H4 for autothermal reforming of diesel fuel in the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons.

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22

Wang, Lin, Jing Qi, Hongqiao Jiao, Liangcheng An, Chong Guan, Xiaojing Yong, Zhengwei Jin, Angui Zhang, and Dianhua Liu. "The guiding role of pre-coking on the coke deposition over ZSM-5 in methanol to propylene." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 9 (September 4, 2019): 190218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190218.

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Deposition of carbonaceous compounds was used to improve the propylene selectivity of ZSM-5 by deactivating some acid sites meanwhile maintaining the high activity for methanol conversion. The carbonaceous species of pre-coked samples before and after MTP reactions were investigated by elementary analysis and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that pre-coke formed at low temperature (250°C) was unstable and easy to transform into polyaromatics species at the high reacting temperature, while combining 5% pre-coking process with 95% steam treatment at high temperature (480°C) was effective in inhibiting the formation of coke deposits and presented a significant improvement in the propylene selectivity.

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23

Li, H. B., H. B. Cao, Y. P. Li, Y. Zhang, and H. R. Liu. "Effect of organic compounds on nitrite accumulation during the nitrification process for coking wastewater." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 9 (November 1, 2010): 2096–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.371.

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Coking wastewater is one of the most toxic industrial effluents since it contains high concentrations of ammonia and toxic organic compounds. Nitrification might be upset by the inhibitory effect of organic compounds during the biological treatment of the wastewater. In this study, shortcut nitrification was obtained in a sequencing batch bioreactor (SBR) and the inhibitory effect of organic compounds on the nitrification was examined when temperature was 30±1°C, pH was 7.0–8.5, and dissolved oxygen concentration was 2.0–3.0 mg L−1. The inhibitory effect of organic compounds was presumed to be one of the main factors to obtain satisfactory nitrite accumulation. The effect of organic compounds on nitrification was examined in the SBR with initial inhibitor concentrations ranging from 0 to 80 mg L−1, including phenol, pyrocatechol, resorcin, benzene, quinoline, pyridine and indole. The inhibitory effect became stronger with the increase in the concentration, and it was presumed to take place through a direct mechanism resulting from biological toxicity of the inhibitor itself. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect on ammonia oxidation was slighter than that on nitrite oxidation, and the nitrite accumulation ratio during the nitrification was determined by the difference between the reaction rates of above two processes.

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24

Hu, Jing, Yangyang Li, Shujie Wu, Xiaohui Wang, Cai Xia, Xinyu Zhao, and Jinglin Liu. "MoO3 Nanobelt-Modified HMCM-49 Zeolite with Enhanced Dispersion of Mo Species and Catalytic Performance for Methane Dehydro-Aromatization." Molecules 27, no. 14 (July 9, 2022): 4404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144404.

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The methane dehydro-aromatization reaction (MDA) is a promising methane valorization process due to the conversion of methane to value-added aromatics (benzene, toluene and naphthalene). However, one of the major disadvantages of utilizing zeolite in MDA is that the catalyst is rapidly inactivated due to coke formation, which eventually causes the activity and aromatic selectivity to decrease. Consequently, the process is not conducive to large-scale industrial applications. The reasonable control of Mo site distribution on the zeolite surface is the key factor for partially inhibiting the coking of the catalyst and improving stability. Here, MoO3 nanobelts can be used for alternative Mo precursors to prepare MDA catalysts. Catalysts modified with MoO3 nanobelts present higher activity (13.4%) and benzene yield (9.2%) than those catalysts loaded with commercial MoO3.

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25

Li, Yanjun, Shixuan Ren, Guozhu Liu, Zhenxia Liu, and Ruifeng Ma. "Inhibiting Coking of Lubricating Oil and Thermal Insulation of Bearing Chamber Wall by TCA-2 Nitride Ceramic Coating." ACS Omega 7, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c04839.

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26

Wang, Xian’en, Tingyu Hu, Junnian Song, and Haiyan Duan. "Tracking Key Industrial Sectors for CO2 Mitigation through the Driving Effects: An Attribution Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21 (November 7, 2022): 14561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114561.

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The heavy pressure to improve CO2 emission control in industry requires the identification of key sub-sectors and the clarification of how they mitigate CO2 emissions through various actions. Focusing on 30 Chinese provincial regions, this study quantifies the contribution of each industrial sector to regional CO2 mitigation by combining the logarithmic mean Divisia index with attribution analysis and extract the key sectors of CO2 mitigation for each region. Results indicate that during 2010–2019, significant emission reduction was achieved through energy intensity (74%) in Beijing, while emission reductions were attained through industrial structure changes for Anhui (50%), Henan (45%), and Chongqing (45%). The contribution to emission reduction through energy structures is not significant. The production and supply of power and heat (PSPH) is a central factor in CO2 mitigation through all three inhibitive factors. Petroleum processing and coking (PPC) generally contributes to emission reduction through energy structures, while the smelting and pressing of ferrous metals (SPMF) through changes in industrial structures and energy intensity. PSPH and SPMF, in most regions, have not achieved the emission peak. Except in the case of coal mining and dressing (CMD), CO2 emissions in other key sectors have almost been decoupled from industrial development. CMD effectively promotes CO2 mitigation in Anhui, Henan, and Hunan, with larger contribution of PPC in Tianjin, Xinjiang, Heilongjiang, and that of smelting and pressing of nonferrous metals in Yunnan and Guangxi. The findings help to better identify key sectors across regions that can mitigate CO2 emissions, while analyzing the critical emission characteristics of these sectors, which can provide references to formulating region- and sector-specific CO2 mitigation measures for regions at different levels of development.

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27

Kamilov, F. Kh, E. R. Farshatova, D. A. Enikeev, and G. V. Ivanova. "Biochemical markers of bone and osteoclastic differons in plasma at subacute dichloroethane intoxication." Kazan medical journal 96, no. 5 (October 15, 2015): 828–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17750/kmj2015-828.

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Aim. To explore the plasma level of soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin and sclerostin in a model of subacute dichloroethane intoxication in rats. Methods. Experiments were carried out on 20 adult male rats weighing 180-200 g. The rats of the experimental group were administered dichloroethane at the dose of 0.84 mg/kg, mixed with olive oil by a gastric tube daily for two months, which amounted to 0,1 LD50. Control animals received an adequate amount of olive oil. Levels of soluble RANKL, osteoprotegerin and sclerostin were determined in blood serum by ELISA using commercially available reagent kits (reagents «Free RANKL», «Osteoprotegerin» and «Sclerostin» by «Biomedica Medizinprodukte Gmb and CoKG» company. Statistical data processing was performed using the Statistica 6.0 (Stat Soft) software package. Results. Exposure to dichloroethane resulted in increased levels of soluble RANKL, reduced levels of osteoprotegerin, reflecting the intense new bone formation and the functional state of osteoclasts. The level of sclerostin, which is the negative regulator for new bone formation, was elevated, indicating osteoblast precursors’ differentiation inhibition and decreased function of osteoblasts. Conclusion. In subacute dichloroethane intoxication, the serum level of soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) increases, osteoprotegerin level reduces, sclerostin level increases.

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28

"99/03018 Catalytic reforming method of hydrocarbons and coking inhibition." Fuel and Energy Abstracts 40, no. 5 (September 1999): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6701(99)90973-6.

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29

Sheintuch, Moshe, and Ernst D. German. "Permeance inhibition due to reaction, coking and leakage of pd membranes during methane steam reforming estimated from a micro-kinetic model." Chemical Engineering Journal, December 2020, 128272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.128272.

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30

Li, Jingpeng, Xiaochun Yu, Runqiu Wang, Zhiyuan Wang, Laizhi Wang, and Jianxin Zhou. "Ti–Mn coating prepared by tungsten inert gas cladding and its inhibiting coking property." Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, December 7, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apj.2608.

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31

Xia, Zetao, Liang Hong, Wei Wang, and Zhaolin Liu. "Supported Ni catalyst made by electroless Ni-B plating for diesel autothermal reforming." MRS Proceedings 1446 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.989.

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ABSTRACTCexGd1-xO2-δ (CGO)-supported Ni nano grains were prepared initially by electrolessly depositing Ni-B alloy nano particles onto an activated carbon (AC). The as-deposited Ni-B particles were then transferred from AC to CGO through the metallo-organic precursor approach. The resultant Ni/CGO catalysts displayed excellent catalytic activity and chemical stability against coking and sulfur poisoning in catalyzing autothermal reforming (ATR) of a surrogate diesel fuel, comprising dodecane, tetralin and a substituted thiophene. For comparison purpose, a Ni/CGO catalyst prepared by the conventional impregnation method was employed in the same ATR system. These two catalytic systems exhibited rather discrepant outcomes. It was found that the Ni(B)/CGO catalyst was capable of repressing selectivity of ethylene during the reforming process. In addition to this, CGO played a critical role in thermal cracking hydrocarbon chains and inhibiting sulfur poisoning.

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Luo, Gangfei, Tomas Baležentis, Shouzhen Zeng, and JiaShun Pan. "Creating a decarbonized economy: Decoupling effects and driving factors of CO₂ emission of 28 industries in China." Energy & Environment, June 23, 2022, 0958305X2211096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x221109603.

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Identifying the carbon emission characteristics, driving factors, and decoupling status of the industrial subsectors is important for developing effective policy measures. This allows for implementing industrial emission reduction that, eventually, decouple carbon emission and economic growth. Such an analysis is especially important for the case of China on its way towards sustainable development and increasing global interrelationships. However, the literature still lacks comprehensive analysis, especially, at the industry level. This study uses the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index and decoupling indicator to analyze how different factors contribute to CO2 emissions in 28 industries in China during 2002–2017. The results reveal that the growth of industrial CO2 emissions has been positive but decreasing. The highest CO2 emission change is observed for production and supply of electric and heat power, processing of petroleum, coking, and nuclear fuel, and smelting and pressing of metals. These sectors also show high carbon intensity levels. The economic output (scale) effect and population effect comprise the two major factors promoting the CO2 emission. The energy intensity effect is the key inhibiting factor of the industrial energy-related CO2 emission in China. The suppressive effects of energy and industrial structure have been continuously increasing. The economic growth and CO2 emission has been gradually decoupling in the case of the 28 sectors analyzed. Manufacture of cloths, leather, fur, feather, and related products as well as production and supply of gas exhibit a relatively stable strong decoupling. Based on the decoupling analysis, this study shows that energy intensity has induced the decoupling, whereas the opposite effect has occurred due to economic growth, and the other factors showed little effect on CO2 emission decoupling.

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