Journal articles on the topic 'Coke – Testing'
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1
Anthony, E. J., K. Anderson, R. Carson, and I. T. Lau. "Petroleum Coke and Coal Start-Up Testing in Bubbling Fluidized Bed Combustors." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 119, no. 2 (June 1, 1997): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2794982.
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Bench-scale and 160 MWe demonstration tests were conducted for petroleum coke and high volatile bituminous coal blends. The bench-scale apparatus was a 100-mm-dia reactor located at the Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET), Energy Research Laboratories. The demonstration tests were conducted on the Tennessee Valley Authority’s (TVA) 160 MWe Shawnee Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion (AFBC) Unit located at Paducah, Kentucky. Five and ten percent nominal volatile petroleum cokes were tested in the bench-scale unit. In addition, for the five-percent petroleum coke blends of 25, 50, and 75-percent petroleum coke, with the balance coal, were also examined at the bench scale. Eight start-up tests have been conducted with 50 percent blend of green delayed petroleum coke at the Shawnee AFBC unit. The bench-scale tests revealed that the volatile content in the petroleum coke was the primary factor affecting start-up. The tests showed that the volatile content from the coke and coal ignited at similar times; the char required longer to ignite. Bench-scale tests showed adequate start-up performance with blends up to 75 percent petroleum coke. Cold start-ups were conducted at the Shawnee AFBC Unit with 7 to 10 percent volatile green delayed petroleum coke. In all the start-ups, the operating temperature of 816°C was reached within 15 min of introducing the petroleum coke blend; this is similar to when high volatile bituminous coal was used. One start-up required a longer time because limestone had to be used to generate the bed. Local hot spots (982°C) were noticed in several start-ups for short periods, but subsided when additional air was supplied. Although more difficult to control, TVA routinely starts the Shawnee AFBC Unit with 50 percent shot petroleum coke and 50 percent high volatile bituminous coal.
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Konstanciak, Anna. "High-Temperature Testing of the Properties of Blast Furnace Coke." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 2616–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.2616.
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The article describes the behaviour of coke in the blast furnace. Factors, which cause weakening and degradation of coke lumps at temperatures above 1300°C have been analyzed. On the basis of preliminary testing of samples taken from a blast furnace at different distances from the tuyère outlet and tests for thermo-abrasion ξ, the advisability of using the pre-tuyère chamber for the assessment of coke quality at high temperatures has been indicated. Thermodynamic calculations for the determination of the chemical composition of the products of reaction of coke ash mineral substances with elementary carbon and air, as well as the behaviour of coke at high temperatures under inert gas conditions are presented. The number of compounds forming from coke ash components during heating in a stream of gases of highly differential reductiveness reflects the complexity of the physicochemical phenomena.
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Kostromin, R. N., P. K. U. Torrehon, and R. R. Fazulzyanov. "TESTING REAGENTS DECREASING COKE EFFECTS IN VISBREKING PROCESSES." Scientific and Technical Volga region Bulletin 8, no. 6 (June 2018): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24153/2079-5920-2018-8-6-14-20.
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Shiau, J.-S., Y.-C. Ko, C.-K. Ho, and M.-T. Hung. "Results of tuyere coke sampling with regard to application of appropriate coke strength after reaction (CSR) for a blast furnace." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 53, no. 2 (2017): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb160316003s.
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Raising pulverized coal injection (PCI) will decrease coke rate, but increase the residence time of coke and abrasion in the blast furnace (BF). Thus, insufficient coke strength will generate more coke fines in the lower BF and result in lower permeability and production of hot metal (HM). For understanding the behavior of coke at various HM productivities, a tuyere coke sampler was used to collect the coke samples for measuring the coke strength. Firstly, the difference of sampled coke under the conditions of various HM productivities was explored. Secondly, the BF operating conditions and causes of generating more coke fines was correlated by testing the coke reaction rate after reaction. Finally, according to the above analysis results, the relative regression equations had been obtained for sampling coke properties, BF operation conditions and BF permeability. Furthermore, the coke strength after reaction (CSR) quantitative target and its online system at various blast conditions were set to provide some reference for coke and HM production.
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Wang, Xing Juan, Ran Liu, Hong Li, Li Guang Zhu, and Jue Fang. "Influce Mechanism on Compressive Strength of Coke in Blast Furnace." Advanced Materials Research 402 (November 2011): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.402.191.
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Coke is the unique role of supporting material column in blast furnace high temperature region. Therefore the most important property is the high temperature compressive strength after reaction. This paper used decarburization electric furnace, electric mirrors, adjustable atmosphere high temperature compression testing machine and other equipments, study on the relationships between coke carbon loss rate and reactivity and size, the distribution rule between high temperature compressive strength and coke carbon loss rate. The study found that the carbon loss rate was affected by reactivity and size, in the same piece of coke, external rate of carbon loss higher than the internal loss, the surface carbon losses affect on coke strength is less, it make coke size decrease; carbon losses occur inside will not affect the size of coke, but it may affect the coke compressive strength seriously. The compressive strength can be divided into two parts: a constant and an amount proportional to carbon loss rate.
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Wang, Xing Juan, Ran Liu, Shuang Ying Wang, Li Guang Zhu, and Jue Fang. "Study on the Index of Metallurgical Coke Strength after Reaction." Advanced Materials Research 487 (March 2012): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.487.20.
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The blast furnace coke plays four roles as exothermic agent, reducer, carburizer and framework. The former three roles can be played by other fuels, but the role as framework still can’t be played by other fuels by now. In order to ensure its skeleton role, it must be sure that the coke has enough high-temperature strength. This research uses KSJ decarbonizing electric furnace, drum-I and high temperature compressive testing machine to furthest simulate the coke’s actual actions in the blast furnace. The research indicates that comparing with the reactivity and strength index after reaction of coke GB4000-1996, the blast furnace coke’s high temperature compressive strength under a certain temperature and a certain carbon loss rate can give a more comprehensive evaluation of the quality of coke.
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Lomas, Hannah, Richard Roest, Tizshauna Thorley, Adam Wells, Hui Wu, Zhengyi Jiang, Richard Sakurovs, Sharna Wotherspoon, Richard A. Pearson, and Merrick R. Mahoney. "Tribological Testing of Metallurgical Coke: Coefficient of Friction and Relation to Coal Properties." Energy & Fuels 32, no. 12 (October 30, 2018): 12021–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b01339.
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Yeh, Hsuan-Hsien, and Hsien-Cheng Kao. "Testing a Coke Biofilter for the Pretreatment of Polluted Surface Water in Taiwan." Journal - American Water Works Association 85, no. 5 (May 1993): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1993.tb05991.x.
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Pomelov, Vladislav, Olga Poddaeva, and Pavel Churin. "Experimental studies of wind impact on coke chambers." MATEC Web of Conferences 251 (2018): 02034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825102034.
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The article deals with the experimental investigation of the wind effect on coke chambers, which are part of delayed coking units. These structures are one of the most susceptible structures of an increased level of responsibility in the structure of industrial enterprises, which is primarily due to their height (height exceeds 100 meters). Experimental researches were carried out on the basis of the Educational Scientific and Production Laboratory for Aerodynamic Tests of Building Structures of NIU MGSU, using the Unique Scientific Installation of the Large Gradient Wind Tunnel. The text of the article shows the main features of the models made for carrying out experimental studies, briefly describes the process of testing and their results.
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Jin, Jin, Qi Wang, and Song Zhang. "Kinetics and mechanisms of coke and sinter on the coupling reaction to evaluate the integrated effects of coke solution loss reaction on blast furnace processes." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 5 (2021): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021065.
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The gas–solid coupling reaction kinetics at a constant temperature at each temperature point in the high-temperature cohesive zone in a blast furnace environment were simulated using industrial blast furnace raw material sinter, the low-reactivity conventional coke, and the high-reactivity unconventional coke. In this method, the coupling test of the sinter and coke at constant temperature was performed after a supporting thermogravimetric device was used to carry out pre-reduction, and the coupling reaction of industrial-grade sinter and coke were used to obtain the kinetic data and a mathematical description of the reaction mechanism. The results showed that in the high-temperature cohesive zone, the gasification reaction rate of the low-reactivity coke is the rate-controlling step of the gas–solid coupling reaction rate between the sinter and the conventional low-reactivity coke. By contrast, the rate-controlling step of the gas–solid coupling reaction rate between the sinter and highly-reactive coke is the reduction of sinter. The maximum difference between the initial reaction temperatures of the two kinds of coke samples is 30 °C. Using the same testing standard as coke strength after the reaction (CSR) to test the thermal strength of coke after the coupling reaction, it was found that there is little difference between the thermal strengths (CSRp) of the two kinds of coke after the reaction. The thermal strength of the high-reactivity coke is the worst at 1100 °C, and that of coke with low reactivity is the worst at 1200 °C. The highly reactive coke can operate smoothly in the blast furnace of the cohesive zone and this is explained from the perspective of kinetics. This knowledge provides guidance for the evaluation of the capability of coke to resist solution loss.
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Logvinkov, S. M., G. N. Shabanova, A. N. Korogodskaya, V. N. Shumeyko, and O. N. Borisenko. "Structural-phase changes of dinas in calcining furnaces of coke production." NOVYE OGNEUPORY (NEW REFRACTORIES), no. 1 (January 23, 2020): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1683-4518-2020-1-51-56.
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The article presents the results of research in the field of changes determining of the phase composition and structure of dinas refractories in operating conditions during coal coking. The reasons for the observed changes are differences in temperatures and rates of cooling / heating of dinas at cyclic loading / unloading the coked material, as well as the conditions of refractory contact with the operating environment, the degree and nature of mechanical loads in different masonry zones of coke ovens. As a result of the studies, regularities and features of the macro- and microstructure organization in combination with the forming phase composition of dinas refractory in various zones of the coke oven masonry are noted. It has been determined that critical changes for the integrity of the dinas products material relative to microstructure and phase composition have been not revealed given fact confirms the further operational suitability of such products under the testing conditions of experimental production. Ill. 1. Ref. 10. Tab. 1.
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Pobegalova, E. O., and V. A. Ivanova. "Impact of transportation on foundry coke quality." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 10 (December 10, 2020): 823–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-10-823-828.
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The quality metrics of foundry coke are determined by testing at coke plants. Foundry coke consumers are foundry enterprises which are usually located far from the coke plants. Foundry coke is transported in bulk in open railway wagons. Therefore, this paper is aimed to determine the impact of transportation on the quality of foundry coke. The test conditions were as close as possible to real life conditions of foundry coke transportation. To estimate the impact of transportation distance we introduced the destruction index Pт (%). The results of experimental studies have shown that the destruction of foundry coke is not the same at different intervals of transportation. When transporting up to 300 km, the coke with the minimum durability index M40 is destroyed. When the distance is increased from 900 km up to 2500 km, the foundry coke destruction index (Pт , %) increases by 2.08 – 3.02 % depending on the batch. For all batches, a size fraction of less than 40 mm was noted depending on the durability index M40 from 0.25 to 1.41 %. The size fraction of more than 80 mm stays the same for foundry coke with higher durability indices. When the air humidity rises by 40 % during transportation, the amount of moisture in the coke samples of a 40 – 60 mm size fraction is more than 24 times higher than usual, a 60 – 80 mm size fraction – more than 17 times, an 80 mm and larger – more than 10 times. When the air humidity decreases by 34 %, the amount of moisture in a gram of coke of a 40 – 60 mm size fraction becomes 2 times lower than usual, a 60 – 80 mm size fraction – 1.26 times, an 80 mm and larger – 1.45 times. Compared to coke of size fractions 60 – 80 mm and 80 mm and larger, the moisture of the 40 – 60 mm size fraction coke grows faster when the air humidity increases as well.
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Kravchenko, S. A., A. I. Zemlyanoy, and A. G. Kolesnikov. "THE COMPLEX OF A SEMI-INDUSTRIAL COKE OVEN FOR TESTING BULK AND TAMPED COAL CHARGES." Journal of Coal Chemistry 3 (March 2019): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31081/1681-309x-2019-0-3-23-29.
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Matusiak, P., and J. Kozioł. "Testing the reduction properties of coke produced from a mixture of hard coal and rubber wastes." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 427 (September 26, 2018): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/427/1/012024.
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Lomas, Hannah, Richard Roest, Adam Wells, Hui Wu, Zhengyi Jiang, Richard Sakurovs, Russell Stuart, Lauren North, Tizshauna Thorley, and Merrick R. Mahoney. "Estimating coke fracture toughness using acoustic emissions and changes in coefficient of friction during scratch testing." Fuel 226 (August 2018): 564–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.04.050.
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Steer, Julian, Mark Greenslade, and Richard Marsh. "A Comparison of Laboratory Coal Testing with the Blast Furnace Process and Coal Injection." Metals 11, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 1476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11091476.
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The injection of coal through tuyeres into a blast furnace is widely adopted throughout the industry to reduce the amount of coke used and to improve the efficiency of the iron making process. Coals are selected depending on their availability, cost, and the physical and chemical properties determined by tests, such as the volatile matter content, fixed carbon, and ash content. This paper describes research comparing the laboratory measured properties of injection coals that were used over a two-month production period compared to the process variables and measurements of the blast furnace during that study period. In addition to the standard tests, a drop tube furnace (DTF) was used to compare the burnout of coals and the char properties against the production data using a range of statistical techniques. Linear regression modelling indicated that the coal type was the most important predictor of the coal rate but that the properties measured using laboratory tests of those coals were a minor feature in the model. However, comparisons of the Spearman’s correlations between different variables indicated that the reverse Boudouard reactivity of the chars, prepared in the DTF from the coals, did appear to be related to some extent to the coal and coke rates on production. It appears that the constant process adjustments made by the process control systems on the furnace make it difficult to identify strong correlations with the laboratory data and that the frequency of coal sampling and the coal blend variability are likely to contribute to this difficulty.
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Widayat, Widayat, Arianti Nuur Annisa, Hantoro Satriadi, and Syaiful Syaiful. "Synthesis and Characterization of Co/Ni/CoNi-ZSM-5 Catalyst for Hydrogen Production." MATEC Web of Conferences 156 (2018): 06013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815606013.
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Nickel is commonly used as a catalyst in hydrogen production. However, the use of nickel catalysts in the steam reforming process has the disadvantage of coke formation and high cost. Therefore, in this research, Ni/ZSM-5 catalyst synthesis was used to reduce production cost and an addition of cobalt (Co) metal to avoid coke formation. The method consists of a synthesis of ZSM-5 catalyst using hydrothermal process. Furthermore, the crystalline product was impregnated with the metal cobalt, nickel and combination of cobalt-nickel as much as 2% by weight metal/weight of the catalyst. Then the XRD and EDX characterization of Co/ZSM-5, Ni/ZSM-5, and CoNi/ZSM-5 was done followed by catalytic testing in the production of hydrogen from glycerol using steam reforming process. From XRD characterization results showed that Co/ZSM-5 catalyst has a crystallinity of 78.69%, Ni/ZSM-5 catalyst has 70.04% crystallinity and CoNi/ZSM-5 catalyst has 76.99% crystallinity. Catalytic testing on hydrogen production showed that CoNi/ZSM-5 catalyst produced the highest hydrogen concentration of 1,756.33 ppm while Ni/ZSM-5 catalyst produces 1,240 ppm and Co/ZSM-5 catalyst produces 491 ppm.
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Spadaccini, L. J., D. R. Sobel, and H. Huang. "Deposit Formation and Mitigation in Aircraft Fuels." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 123, no. 4 (March 1, 1999): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1383772.
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The development of a viable strategy for limiting coke deposition involves combining synergistic approaches for suppressing deposit buildup and reducing its impact on performance. Candidate approaches, including selection of favorable operating conditions (viz., pressure, temperature, heat flux, residence time, and passage size) and coke-tolerant heat exchanger designs, were investigated to evaluate their effectiveness and provide a basis for combining them into a single design philosophy. These approaches were evaluated through testing of current jet fuels in single-tubes and segments of heat exchanger configurations at temperatures up to 1000°F, pressures up to 1200 psi and liquid hourly space velocities up to 40,000/h. A key result of this work is the ranking of the importance of heat exchanger operating conditions on carbon deposition, with fuel temperature and those parameters that control species diffusion having the most pronounced impact. Residence time and pressure are of lesser importance. Alternative coke-tolerant heat exchanger designs featuring interchannel communication were evaluated and ranked, with several of these concepts demonstrating improvement over continuous passages.
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Yi, Zheng Ming, Hui Xiao, and Jia Lin Song. "Model Used for On-Line Testing Resolution Ratio of Baked Limestone in Lime Furnace." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 734–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.734.
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Based on the principle of thermal balance and materials balance in lime furnace, a calculation model used for on-line testing the resolution ratio of baked limestone in lime furnace is conducted by using of parameters that can be measured in spot. For a lime furnace in operating, the resolution ratio of baked limestone can be predicted on time by this model when mass input of limestone, coke ratio, air flux, concentration of carbon dioxide in outlet, temperature of flue in outlet and temperature of output lime are measured in-line. The calculation model has been testified with actual parameters and proved to be operable.
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Berguerand, Nicolas, and Anders Lyngfelt. "Operation in a 10 kWth chemical-looping combustor for solid fuel—Testing with a Mexican petroleum coke." Energy Procedia 1, no. 1 (February 2009): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2009.01.055.
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Pandová, Iveta, Taťána Gondová, and Katarína Dubayová. "Natural and Modified Clinoptilolite Testing for Reduction of Harmful Substance in Manufacturing Exploitation." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 1757–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.1757.
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are the component of the exhaust gases, from which some are characterized by carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. The most considerable sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are combustion engines, thermal plants, production and distribution of products as pesticides, detergents, conservation matters, refuse inciferating plants, pyrolysis processes, coke production, cigarette gas, coal gasification. In consequence those matters from the atmosphere are accordied to earth, where they are cumulated, thereat bold increasing of aromatic hydrocarbons concentration is chronicled. The most dangerous from them is benzo(a)phyrene. If the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are get into live organisms, reagents with their structure at formation epoxides and thiolepoxides. These matters liaise to DNA, corrupted their structure and this fact induces cancer formation. The sorption possibility of natural zeolite – clinoptilolite, also its modified forms was observed in regard to some species of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Martynov, A. V., V. V. Grekov, and O. V. Popova. "Some Reasons for the Violation of the Intumescent Coatings Quality." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 11 (November 2020): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2020-11-69-75.
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The coke foam formed from the intumescent paint at the beginning of the fire effect is a good heat insulator and allows to protect the building structure elements from critical heating (from 500 °C) for some time. However, violations of technology on the real object can cause coking defects. And an insufficiently accurate assessment of the quality of the intumescent coating and foam in the laboratory can endanger the fire hazard of an object at risk. There are oversimplifications, limitations, and uncertainties in the existing laboratory procedures for testing fire-retardant properties of the intumescent paints. In this regard, many problems arise. The main property of the intumescent paint is tested under the influence of fire, that is, after the formation of the coke foam. Therefore, the fire test should be carried out only after the coating is completely ready at the facility. Аlso the area of the test coating should be significantly larger (20–80 cm2) than that of laboratory samples, since the functioning of paint and foam in real conditions is somewhat different. Additional study is required of the number of properties and behavior of intumescent paints that are capable to cause hidden defects in the original coating and foam. The authors highlight two main factors that cause hidden defects: incorrect choice of the thickness of the intumescent paint layer and excessive dilution of it before applying. Currently, the regulatory documentation does not regulate such important properties of the coke foam as the density and thickness of the layer, which determine the structure fire safety. An important task of future research is to find the ways to quickly identify violations of paint manufacturing and application technology, which lead to a critical deterioration in the properties of the future coke foam. The ultimate goal of the study of the methodology of fire protection, the authors see in the development of a comprehensive technique for detecting hidden defects when testing fire-retardant properties directly at the object, at large areas of fire-retardant coating (20–80 cm2), with the subsequent restoration of this area if the intumescent paint passed the test.
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ZGRAGGEN, A., P. HAUETER, D. TROMMER, M. ROMERO, J. DEJESUS, and A. STEINFELD. "Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of petroleum coke using concentrated solar power—II Reactor design, testing, and modeling." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 31, no. 6 (May 2006): 797–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2005.06.011.
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Skrifvars, B. J., M. Hupa, and E. J. Anthony. "Mechanisms of Bed Material Agglomeration in a Petroleum Coke-Fired Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 120, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2795038.
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Petroleum coke firing in a circulating fluidized bed boiler has sometimes been reported to be associated with cyclone deposit problems and return leg plugging. In this paper, we present data which indicate that some of these problems may be due to the calcium-rich bed material used during the firing. We have earlier shown that calcium oxide may react with the flue gas components SO2 or CO2, causing neck growth between the solid particles. This neck growth between particles may lead to both deposits in the cyclone and plugging of the cyclone return leg. In this study we made use of a sintering testing method, based on compressive strength tests of heat-treated cylindrical pellets. Laboratory-prepared petroleum coke ash was mixed with two potential bed materials, limestone and dolomite, and sintering tests were performed in three different gas atmospheres. Significant differences were found between the mixtures as a function of both the gas atmosphere and temperature. We also performed thermogravimetric analyses on one of the bed materials, the limestone. Based on these results a mechanism for the formation of cyclone deposits and bed material agglomeration in the return leg was suggested.
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Półka, Marzena. "An Analysis of Flammability and Explosion Parameters of Coke Dust and Use of Preliminary Hazard Analysis for Qualitative Risk Assessment." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 18, 2020): 4130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104130.
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Appropriate investments are required to achieve sustainable industrial development and safety conditions at the same time. A sufficient safety level is achieved when research outcomes are deployed in practice. This paper comprises a review of ignitability and explosive parameters and thermogravimetric tests of coke dust selected for the needs of the testing The KSt value of the tested dust was 64.2 bar·m/s, which means that it belongs to explosion hazard class 1 and that it has relatively low explosive abilities. The maximum explosion pressure for the tested dust was found to be 6.84 bar, and the minimum ignition temperature of a coke dust layer with a thickness of 50 mm was 400 °C. The use of the Preliminary Hazard Analysis in plants in which coke dust is present allows for limiting the scope of the risk analysis by eliminating elements that are either insignificant or of low significance from the viewpoint of explosion hazard. The adopted method allows qualitative assessment of the risk associated with threats, dangerous situations, and hazardous events that may take place during the use of devices, machines and their systems, and subsystems, including a qualitative evaluation of potential consequences of an accident or possible health loss. Risk assessment for life safety under building fires and explosions plays an important role in performance-based fire and explosion protection design and fire insurance ratemaking. The motivation for this work was the integrated protection of people, process equipment, building resilient infrastructure, promotion of inclusive and sustainable industrialization, business operation, and the natural environment.
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Džupková, Martina, Mária Fröhlichová, Jaroslav Legemza, Róbert Findorák, and Jozef Hudák. "Influence of Biomass Absorptivity on the Process of Sinter Charge Pelletisation." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (September 27, 2020): 6780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196780.
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Capillary water absorption of materials is a very important factor in the process of pre-treatment of fine-grained materials. Materials that are in a moisturized state capable of forming a firm, compact pellet are, thanks to this particular physical property, suitable for utilisation in sinter charge preparation within the process of sintering iron-ore raw materials. The pelletising ability of coke dust is generally known and coke dust exhibits good pelletisability. From the ecological point of view, an alternative to coke dust is currently biomass, which has a great potential for industrial applications, including use in the agglomeration process. Understanding of how biomass behaves during pre-pelletisation is very important and for the sintering process, it is essential. The purpose of pre-pelletisation of the sinter charge is to achieve its optimal permeability in the sintering process. The experiment described in the article was carried out using wood biomass—oak and pine sawdust, as well as plant biomass—Miscanthus sinensis and Lavandula angustifolia. The evaluation was carried out by applying the capillary water absorption test and the free-fall drop test. As different types of biomass have different chemical compositions, heating capacities, grain morphologies, and chemical and physical properties, the testing was carried out with several types of biomass. The capillary water absorption was examined in terms of different granulometries, and the impact of the type of liquid medium was analysed. It was observed that different types of biomass differ in their ability to absorb liquids. Another finding was that the type of a liquid medium had a significant effect on the pelletising ability of biomass, which was determined by the surface tension and the ability to form liquid bridges between the grains. Research results indicate an excellent pelletising ability of the Miscanthus sinensis grass. The wettability of oak and pine sawdust determines its application in the pelletising process. It may be concluded, based on the research, that Lavandula angustifolia is not a suitable alternative to coke dust due to its low ability to form pellets.
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Zan, Rian, Wei Wang, Runsheng Xu, Johannes Schenk, Heng Zheng, and Haoxiang Wang. "Gasification Characteristics and Kinetics of Unburned Pulverized Coal in Blast Furnaces." Energies 12, no. 22 (November 13, 2019): 4324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12224324.
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Pulverized coal injected into a blast furnace (BF) burns incompletely in a very limited amount of time. A considerable amount of unburned pulverized coal (UPC) escapes from the raceway to the coke layer. The unburned pulverized coal reacts with CO2 in the coke layer, and this has a very significant impact on the operation of the BF. The gasification reaction characteristics of the UPC with CO2 were assessed by thermogravimetric analysis. The microstructure and specific surface area of the pulverized coal and UPC were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and a specific surface area testing apparatus together with the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, respectively. The results showed that Qingding UPC requires a higher temperature to complete the gasification reaction. At the same heating rate, the Tm (maximum reaction rate temperature) of the Shenhua UPC is much lower and the reaction rate is larger than those of the Qingding UPC. An increased heating rate is beneficial for the gasification reaction of the two UPCs. The kinetics analysis results showed that the optimal mechanism function models for the Shenhua and Qingding UPCs are chemical reaction models. The apparent activation energies of gasification of the Shenhua UPC and Qingding UPC under different conditions were 269.89–223.41 KJ/mol and 266.70–251.54 KJ/mol, respectively.
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Shubina, A. A., N. V. Zhuravleva, S. G. Korotkov, P. P. Lazarevskii, and Yu E. Romanenko. "Technological suitability of semi-coke as a carbon reducer in production of manganese and silicon alloys." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 7 (October 5, 2020): 521–258. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-7-521-528.
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The article presents results of testing semi-coke as a carbon reducing agent in the production of manganese and silicon alloys. The fundamental possibility of using semi-coke in carbon part of the charge as a basic reducing agent for the production of ferrosilicon manganese is established. It is noted that the new reducing agent in its pure form works worse than in the mixture with coal. The greatest synergistic effect in the production of ferrosilicon manganese was achieved during the interaction of semi-coke with coal, while the following indicators were obtained: maximum furnace productivity of 43 t/day, maximum extraction coefficient of 87.9 %, and minimum specific dust formation of 49 kg/t of alloy. In the production of ferrosilicon the use of a new reducing agent did not give a significant positive effect, due to its low structural strength. It was revealed that the structure and type of the reducing agent affect the furnace performance: when using a reducing agent with a higher reactivity in the charge, it is possible to obtain higher furnace performance. In the production of ferrosilicon, a change in the specific dust generation is closely related to the level of daily production and specific energy consumption and can serve as an indicator of the furnace operation. The furnace performance, ceteris paribus, is determined by the amount of useful power input. With an excess of carbon in the charge an increase in useful power leads to a slight increase in the furnace performance, but at the same time, the energy consumption and specific dust formation significantly increase. It is shown, that the influence of technological factors on the technical and economic indicators of melting is determined by the degree of electrode seating in the furnace.
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Schröder, H. Fr. "Characterization and monitoring of persistent toxic organics in the aquatic environment." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 7 (October 1, 1998): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0288.
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The effluent of a biological waste water treatment plant containing mainly non-eliminable polar compounds was treated using different types of elimination techniques. Precipitation/flocculation with ferric salts, adsorption onto lignite coke or powdered activated carbon (PAC) were used besides oxidative treatment steps like ozone (O3) with or without ultraviolet (UV) radiation and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in combination with UV for elimination or degradation. Sum parameter analysis and substance-specific flow injection mass spectrometry (FIA/MS) were used for monitoring the elimination efficiency. Tandem mass spectrometry (FIA/MS/MS) was applied for identification. No elimination could be observed under all treatment steps applied, but degradation by oxidative processes led to improved biodegradability. The results of microtoxicity and daphnia magna toxicity testing after O3/UV und H2O2/UV treatment differed widely.
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Choudhury, S. B., B. B. Brahmachari, S. R. Dwivedi, A. K. Roy, P. K. Dasgupta, M. Chakraborty, and R. Haque. "Solvent-refined coal from high-ash non-coking coals and washery middlings for use in metallurgical coke making Part 1. Production, testing and characterisation." Fuel Processing Technology 47, no. 3 (June 1996): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3820(96)01010-7.
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Myers, G. D., J. P. Armstrong, C. D. White, S. Clouser, and R. J. Harvey. "Development of an Innovative High-Temperature Gas Turbine Fuel Nozzle." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906605.
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The objective of the innovative high-temperature fuel nozzle program was to design, fabricate, and test propulsion engine fuel nozzles capable of performance despite extreme fuel and air inlet temperatures. Although a variety of both passive and active methods for reducing fuel wetted-surface temperatures were studied, simple thermal barriers were found to offer the best combination of operability, cycle flexibility, and performance. A separate nozzle material study examined several nonmetallics and coating schemes for evidence of passivating or catalytic tendencies. Two pilotless airblast nozzles were developed by employing finite-element modeling to optimize thermal barriers in the stem and tip. Operability of these prototypes was compared to a current state-of-the art piloted, prefliming airblast nozzle, both on the spray bench and through testing in a can-type combustor. The three nozzles were then equipped with internal thermocouples and operated at 1600°F air inlet temperature while injecting marine diesel fuel heated to 350°F. Measured and predicted internal temperatures as a function of fuel flow rate were compared. Results show that the thermal barrier systems dramatically reduced wetted-surface temperatures and the potential for coke fouling, even in an extreme environment.
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Zhang, Peng, Williams Ozowe, Rodney T. Russell, and Mukul M. Sharma. "Characterization of an electrically conductive proppant for fracture diagnostics." GEOPHYSICS 86, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): E13—E20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2019-0367.1.
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Fracture diagnosis with electromagnetic (EM) and electrical tools requires proppants with high electrical conductivity and mechanical strength. Lab measurements of the electrical and hydraulic conductivity of proppants are critical for selecting the best candidates. Such measurements greatly benefit simulations, field tests, and the ultimate application of such proppants in the field. To that end, a new lab protocol is developed for measuring the electrical and hydraulic conductivity of proppants. The lab setup, which mainly includes a resistivity core holder and a Hassler sleeve core holder, allows for simulation of realistic pressure and temperature conditions when making measurements. Petroleum coke (PC) is proposed as a candidate proppant because of its widespread availability and low cost. Lab measurements show that the effective electrical conductivity of pure PC in a model fracture is approximately 5000 S/m, under a closure stress greater than [Formula: see text] (4000 psi). When PC is mixed with sand, the effective electrical conductivity of the mixture decreases with an increasing weight percentage of sand. Although sand degrades the contact between PC particles, the electrical conductivity stays reasonably high (approximately 1700 S/m) when 50% sand is added. Hydraulic conductivity measurements show that when a fracture is propped with pure PC, the measured fracture conductivity is greater than [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) (dimensionless fracture conductivity greater than 100 for a shale with [Formula: see text] or 100 nD permeability) under a confining pressure of [Formula: see text] (6000 psi). This means that a fracture propped with PC is infinitely conductive in a typical shale formation. When sand is added, the fracture’s hydraulic conductivity becomes even higher, which clearly shows PC’s ability of sustaining high stresses. The proposed protocol provides a robust and effective method that can be generalized for lab testing for other candidate proppants. The data presented clearly show that PC has the potential for field-scale applications in EM hydraulic fracture diagnostics.
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Stukov, M. I., A. Yu Chernavin, V. A. Kobelev, D. A. Chernavin, and K. P. Ivashinenko. "Complex of methodologies and laboratory equipment for determination of coke and slags properties in smelting zone of blast furnace." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 75, no. 2 (March 10, 2019): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-2-182-188.
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Information about character of burden materials behavior inside a blast furnace at its different horizons enables to increase control efficiency of BF heat running. The elaborated complex of methodologies for carbon materials and iron ore raw materials properties study enables to simulate their behavior at the horizon of iron ore materials reducing, in the viscoplastic zone, at the horizon of iron ore raw materials smelting and its interaction with coke filling. A vertical electric resistance shaft furnace with a tube carbon heater was used as a base equipment for simulation of burden behavior in the reduction zone and smelting zone, as well as for simulation of iron ore burden melt outflow through coke filling. Burden materials preparation to the experiment concluded in crushing of iron ore component followed by 3–5 mm fraction extraction and a mixing it with 3–5 mm fraction of brown coal semi-coke in relation 2:1 for further heating-reduction treatment. The heating-reduction treatment of the mixture charged in the electric furnace simulates the reducing zone and is carried out by a slow heating of the iron ore component and reducing agent mixture from 20 up to 980–1020 ºС. The methodology of determination of lump carbon materials combustibility in the highly heated air blast flow was developed for the complex of equipment based on the shaft electric resistance furnace and aimed at testing of burning process of carbon samples of technological fuels. The combustibility was determined under conditions of burnt sample heating in the temperature range from 500 up to 1500 °C with an accuracy of ±10 °С. The temperature of air blast flow (21 % vol. of oxygen at natural moisture) was set in the range from 120 up to 1200 °С and was kept with an accuracy of ±12 °С. The burnt sample mass, volume of air blast and its velocity was correlated to obtaining of complex non-dimensional Re factor (Reinolds number) more than 100, that guaranteed a reliable process running in the combustion area with no risk of transferring to gasification process. Based on GOST 26517–85 (“Iron ores, sinter and pellets”) a methodology was elaborated for determining of parameters of iron ore materials status in the viscoplastic zone. The methodology comprises heating of preliminary reduced sample of a tested iron ore material in an inert gas and determination of softening temperature and smelting end by a hard rod sinking into the material layer under external pressure action. The temperature at which the layer shrinkage reaches level of 2% during heating, was taken as the softening temperature of the iron ore material. The sinking of the rod into the material by 80% was taken as the temperature of the beginning of the material melting. The interval softening-melting was determined as the difference between melting temperature and softening temperature (at sample shrinkage by 2 %).
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Mamudu, Angela O., Ebenezer Okonkwo, Stephen I. Okocha, Emeka E. Okoro, Francis Elehinafe, and Kevin Igwilo. "The Design of an Integrated Crude Oil Distillation Column with Submerged Combustion Technology." Open Chemical Engineering Journal 13, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874123101912010007.
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Objective: Generally, Petroleum refineries are put in place to convert or refine unprocessed crude oil into more useful products using both physical separation and chemical conversion processes. Albeit, different refining unit are subsets of the physical separation category. The atmospheric and vacuum distillation unit seems to be more prominent. Conventionally, the crude atmospheric residue cannot be further heated in an atmospheric condition due to: coke formation, pipes plugging, thermal cracking and straining of the furnace. A vacuum distillation column is therefore required. Methods: This study, therefore, focuses on the limitations, “over straining of the furnace to provide the necessary heat” and “non-reliance on the additional re-boiler since it only acts as a heat exchanger”. An integrated distillation column with a capacity of 10,000 barrel per day was therefore designed for the concurrent production of all distillate cuts. Results: This was achieved through the introduction of a submerged combustion zone at the stripping section of the column where Naphtha was utilized as the source of fuel. Verification of this approach was also conducted using Autodesk invention software and a finite element analysis tool to evaluate both thermal and computational fluid analysis impact. Overall, all derived distilled products met the American Society for Testing and Material Standard Table 6.
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Palanisamy, Shanmugam, Börje Sten Gevert, Pranav Sankaran, and Kannan Kandasamy. "Produce Low Aromatic Contents with Enhanced Cold Properties of Hydrotreated Renewable Diesel Using Pt/Alumina-Beta-Zeolite: Reaction Path Studied via Monoaromatic Model Compound." Energies 12, no. 15 (July 24, 2019): 2853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12152853.
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In this present work, Hydro-dearomatisation of toluene and hydro-isomerisation of n-hexadecane (n-C16) in ultralow sulphur diesel (ULSD) using Pt-Cl/H-Beta and Pt/H-Beta catalyst was investigated in a continuous down-flow trickle-bed reactor (DFTBR), and the physicochemical properties of products were studied. The catalytic effect on 40:60 wt% of H-beta-zeolite (H-β) and binder–aluminahydrochlorite extruded was characterized in scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption and coke testing. The study showed that 80 to 95 wt% of middle distillates recovered in ULSD on elevated temperature between 230 and 270 °C at 5 MPa. With a higher residence time of feed, the middle distillate recovered with 2.2 v/v% of aromatics and −32 °C of cloud point. In the model compound investigation of toluene and n-C16, it was observed that absorption of aromatic ring inhibits the rate of isomerisation; particularly it reduces the yield of branching and rearrangement of n-C16. Also, Cl-incorporated H-β extrudate enhanced the ring saturation and suppressed the reaction path in oligomerisation and cyclisation of paraffin. This methodology achieved asingle-stage upgrading technique involved in the delivery of commercial diesel in the market with low cloud point and aromatic content.
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Abraha, Dawit G., David C. Sego, Kevin W. Biggar, and Robert Donahue. "Sulfur concrete for haul road construction at Suncor oil sands mines." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 44, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 564–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t07-003.
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The feasibility of constructing mine roads at oil sands mines (Fort McMurray, Alberta) using concrete prepared from bitumen extraction and upgrading by-products and mine wastes (sulfur, fly ash, coke, and tailing sand) is evaluated. An extensive laboratory test program, including unconfined compression testing, sonic velocity measurement, and split tensile and freeze–thaw durability tests, was carried out to characterize the physical and mechanical properties of different mix designs of sulfur concrete. A study of the geochemical interaction of sulfur concrete with the near-surface environment included short-term interaction of surface-exposed sulfur concrete during the construction and operational life of the haul road and long-term interaction of sulfur concrete with groundwater following its eventual burial with mine wastes in the mined-out pits. Haul road test sections were designed based on the critical strain and resilient modulus design method. Stress and strain distributions in the selected haul road cross section induced by the truck tires were calculated using finite element analysis. Required pavement layer thicknesses were then determined on the basis of the truck loads, and resilient modulus and strength of the sulfur concrete and subgrade material using the critical strain and resilient modulus design method.Key words: sulfur concrete, mine haul road design, concrete pavement.
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Jaworski and Kajda-Szcześniak. "Research on the Kinetics of Pyrolysis of Wood-Based Panels in Terms of Waste Management." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 27, 2019): 3705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193705.
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Currently, there is a lot of interest in implementing the idea of a circular economy along with searching for optimal methods of waste management in terms of raw materials and energy. Waste wood-based floor panels are part of this discussion with regard to its management. The interest in this waste results from statistics and the prediction of its future quantities on the waste market. The separation and testing of individual layers of the waste floor panel was undertaken to answer the following question: Is it reasonable to mechanically separate the contaminated upper panel layer from the remaining part (which is suitable for material recycling) and subject it to thermal transformation methods? Thermogravimetric studies did not confirm the rationale of mechanical separation of layers for further management. Therefore, the use of pyrolysis was proposed as an alternative by showing the advantages of this process in the thermal transformation of the tested waste. The analyzed kinetics of this process included: mass loss, the influence of heating rate on the decomposition process, the impact of volatile parts in the substrate on the rate of mass loss, and the share of coke residue. Empirical formulas of the tested substrates in the molecular formula C–H–O–N (carbon-hydrogen-oxygen-nitrogen) were also proposed to assess its energy usefulness by entering the analyzed waste into a Van Krevelen diagram.
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Fakeeha, Anis, Siham Barama, Ahmed Ibrahim, Raja-Lafi Al-Otaibi, Akila Barama, Ahmed Abasaeed, and Ahmed Al-Fatesh. "In Situ Regeneration of Alumina-Supported Cobalt–Iron Catalysts for Hydrogen Production by Catalytic Methane Decomposition." Catalysts 8, no. 11 (November 21, 2018): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8110567.
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A novel approach to the in situ regeneration of a spent alumina-supported cobalt–iron catalyst for catalytic methane decomposition is reported in this work. The spent catalyst was obtained after testing fresh catalyst in catalytic methane decomposition reaction during 90 min. The regeneration evaluated the effect of forced periodic cycling; the cycles of regeneration were performed in situ at 700 °C under diluted O2 gasifying agent (10% O2/N2), followed by inert treatment under N2. The obtained regenerated catalysts at different cycles were tested again in catalytic methane decomposition reaction. Fresh, spent, and spent/regenerated materials were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS), N2-physisorption, H2-temperature programmed reduction (H2-TPR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The comparison of transmission electron microscope and X-ray powder diffraction characterizations of spent and spent/regenerated catalysts showed the formation of a significant amount of carbon on the surface with a densification of catalyst particles after each catalytic methane decomposition reaction preceded by regeneration. The activity results confirm that the methane decomposition after regeneration cycles leads to a permanent deactivation of catalysts certainly provoked by the coke deposition. Indeed, it is likely that some active iron sites cannot be regenerated totally despite the forced periodic cycling.
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Shi, Guobao, Caihong Xu, Jinquan Yan, Pu Fan, Zijiang Yang, Xiaoyu Cai, and Sheng Zhu. "CAP1400 passive core cooling integral testing and application in code validation." Annals of Nuclear Energy 154 (May 2021): 107997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2020.107997.
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Shi, Guobao, Caihong Xu, Jinquan Yan, Pu Fan, Zijiang Yang, Xiaoyu Cai, and Sheng Zhu. "CAP1400 passive core cooling integral testing and application in code validation." Annals of Nuclear Energy 154 (May 2021): 107997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2020.107997.
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Mousa, Elsayed, Mania Kazemi, Mikael Larsson, Gert Karlsson, and Erik Persson. "Potential for Developing Biocarbon Briquettes for Foundry Industry." Applied Sciences 9, no. 24 (December 4, 2019): 5288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9245288.
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The foundry industry is currently facing challenges to reduce the environmental impacts from application of fossil fuels. Replacing foundry coke with alternative renewable carbon sources can lead to significant decrease in fossil fuel consumption and fossil CO2 emission. The low bulk density, low energy density, low mechanical strength and the high reactivity of biocarbon materials are the main factors limiting their efficient implementation in a cupola furnace. The current study aimed at designing, optimizing and developing briquettes containing biocarbon, namely, biocarbon briquettes for an efficient use in cupola furnace. Laboratory hydraulic press with compaction pressure of about 160 MPa and stainless-steel moulds (Ø = 40 mm and 70 mm) were used for compaction. The density, heating value, energy density, mechanical strength and reactivity of biocarbon briquettes were measured and evaluated. The compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of biocarbon briquettes were measured by a compression device. The reactivity of biocarbon briquettes was measured under controlled conditions of temperature and gas atmosphere using the thermogravimetric analysis technique (TGA). Different types of binders were tested for the compaction of commercial charcoal fines with/without contribution of coke breeze. The effect of charcoal ratio, particle size, binder type, binder ratio, moisture content and compaction pressure on the quality of the biocarbon briquettes was investigated. Molasses with hydrated lime and cement were superior in enhancing the biocarbon briquettes strength and energy density among other tested binders and additives. The briquettes’ strength decreased as the biocarbon content increased. The optimum recipes consisted of 62% charcoal fines, 20% molasses, 10% hydrated lime and 8% cement. Cement is necessary to develop the tensile strength and hot mechanical strength of the briquettes. The charcoal with high ash content showed higher strength of briquettes but lower heating value compared to that with low ash content. Dispersion of silica suspension on charcoal particles during the mixing process was able to reduce the reactivity of biochar in the developed biocarbon briquettes. The biocarbon briquettes density and strength were increased by increasing the compaction pressure. Commercial powder hydrated lime was more effective in enhancing the briquettes’ strength compared to slaked burnt lime. Upscaling of biocarbon briquettes (Ø = 70 mm) and testing of hot mechanical strength under load indicated development of cracks which significantly reduced the strength of briquettes. Further development of biocarbon briquettes is needed to fulfil the requirements of a cupola furnace.
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Senchuk, M. P. "Combined scheme of solid fuel combustion in low power boilers." Ventilation, Illumination and Heat Gas Supply 35 (December 27, 2020): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2409-2606.2020.35.6-14.
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Different constructive schemes of solid fuel combustion in heating boilers up to 100 kW with the analysis of their efficiency depending on the quality of the burned solid fuel are considered. It is established that low-power solid fuel boilers with various types of combustion devices depending on the characteristics of the burned fuel and the accepted level of service are used in heat supply systems of premises, buildings and structures: from simple furnaces with manual maintenance to automated combustion devices of complex design. Mostly pre-prepared high-quality fuel is used for combustion: fuel pellets, briquettes, high-quality coal, the high cost of which significantly increases operating costs. In order to reduce capital and operating costs, it is advisable to introduce relatively inexpensive models of low-power heating boilers with an acceptable level of mechanization of combustion technology of cheap fuel, including local, with minimal costs for its preparation. The design of a heating water boiler with a semi-mechanical furnace and a technological scheme of combustion is proposed, which combines the processes of drying, gasification and combustion of fuel in a shaft with a clamping grate and combustion of coke in a layer on a moving grate. It is noted that the periodic supply of fuel in the furnace with a moving grate is maintained the stability of the combustion process in the combustion chamber, in the period between cleaning of ash and slag, without significant changes in the composition of above-layer gases. Due to the smooth movement of the next portion of hot coke from the fuel shaft to the combustion chamber on the rotating grate, conditions are created to maintain the uniformity of the boiler with the normative indicators. A reduction in harmful emissions in the exhaust gases was achieved during the combustion of the reaction fuel by passing a secondary blast of air through a collector and directing it to the combustion zone of light substances at the outlet of the clamping grate. Analytical equations for determining the size of the combustion zone according to the regime and design parameters of the combustion process are given. The efficiency of application of the combined (shaft-layer) technological scheme in low-power boilers was tested during testing of combustion of different quality coal in a semi-mechanical furnace with a rotating grate in the electric coal boiler with a heat output of 50 kW for railway carriages.
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Robert, Christian. "Testing R Code." CHANCE 31, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09332480.2018.1438712.
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Yung, Chuck, and Travis Griffith. "Core Loss Testing." IEEE Industry Applications Magazine 17, no. 1 (January 2011): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mias.2010.939431.
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Alsawalha, Murad. "Overview of Current and Future Perspectives of Saudi Arabian Natural Clinoptilolite Zeolite: A Case Review." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (March 3, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3153471.
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After a thorough review of existing studies of clinoptilolite zeolites, three areas for potential investigation of the Saudi Arabian zeolites were found. They are the characterizations, the catalytic activity, active sites, and uses of natural clinoptilolite zeolites. First, no analysis is available worldwide to compare the percentage weight of local zeolites with those sourced from other countries, nor does one exist for the establishment on the zeolite conversion of MBOH with water on acidic catalysts at lower temperatures. Secondly, a review of current literature on the topic revealed that basic and active sites of Saudi Arabian zeolites have yet to be examined. Future investigation of zeolite catalytic activity can be achieved by methyl butynol test reaction (MBOH) and absorption-desorption of ammonia. In the characterization of a range of international materials, the methyl butynol test reaction was utilized, including on natural zeolites, natural clays, and synthesized hydrotalcites. However, the catalytic performance of natural Saudi Arabian clinoptilolite zeolites by test reaction of MBOH conversion has not been yet investigated. Therefore, this article also includes an outline of the general testing conditions and parameters required to execute the accurate characterization of local Saudi clinoptilolite under optimal test conditions. Likewise, knowledge of the important active acidic centers of local materials is prescribed. This can be ascertained by determining the conditions together with the test parameters for the application of the “temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia” method in order to obtain an accurate determination of local Saudi clinoptilolite acidic centers. Additionally, an outline of the catalytic activity of worldwide clinoptilolite is given in this article together with kinetic investigations of other sources for the clinoptilolite zeolite in order to form the basis for the testing of local Saudi clinoptilolite. The percentage average of chemical composition (Wt.%) of natural clinoptilolite from various countries is also included. Finally, a future research plan is proposed here. This will form the basis for a complete study or survey to be compiled detailing the modifications needed to increase the surface areas for Saudi natural clinoptilolite zeolites using different methods of modifications. This could enhance its application as acid catalysts for use in the retardation of coke formation and for membrane separation on cationic exchange.
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Dakić, Pavle, Jelena Savić, and Vladimir Todorović. "MENADŽMENT KONTROLE KVALITETA SOFTVERA UPOTREBOM BLACK-BOX TESTIRANJA NA POSTOJEĆEM WEBSHOP-U TRINITISHOP." FBIM Transactions 9, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12709/fbim.09.09.01.03.
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Creating the need for continuous growth and progress of all involved and connected business entities. They require compliance with certain web standards and support for multiple different browsers and devices. To be convinced of the version of the published code, we need a team that loves challenges, has the creativity and a desire for constant learning. Code, as a basis for a successful business, must be written appropriately with minimal deficiencies in logic and writing. The correctness and validity of the production code mostly depend on the program team itself and its responsibility for the written code. Vital code with errors can produce serious problems and unforeseen consequences. To achieve complete accuracy of all parts of the written code, it is necessary to use software testing and QA technique - quality assurance. The focus of the work is on the application and writing of the necessary programming code that uses QA/QC and the black-box method of testing the existing webshop. After analysis, the authors conclude that software quality control will be a constant challenge for many companies to survive in the short term of the adjustment process and that the crisis is an opportunity for courageous companies to invest ambitiously and timely in their internet business to become market leaders.
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Dam G., Oscar. "Comparative study on the un test n` 5 application on cargoes that emit flammable gases similar to dri c that requires ventilation." Athenea 1, no. 1 (September 26, 2020): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.47460/athenea.v1i1.5.
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This technical note summarizes a technical comparison of common testing procedures, as well as reviewed of the UN Test N` 5, for the assessment of the self-heating properties of cargoes and materials that has shown a clear trend on maritime fire and explosions events, as well as considering of external factors that can combine self-heating and emit flammable gases to conclude in an unlikely event affecting the security of crews and ships. A high understanding of the external factors effect on the cargo materials certainly will help the application of spontaneous reactions management actions (SRMA) on board of ships during the cargo sea passage. The intended comparison is based on laboratory, industry and field observations and data, whereas the among the external factors considered are, moisture content, stockpile procedure and aging, air velocities and moderate pressures internal and externally to the cargo material. The comparison results have shown that the self-heating and the flammable gas emissions has a common pattern when reacting with any oxygen available source, regardless the reactive material chemical composition.
Keywords: reactive materials, self-heating, self-ignition, direct reduced iron fines, materials handling, UN test N` 5, maritime safety, spontaneous reactions, risk management. IMSBC Code , IMO.
References
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[3].A. Janes, G Marlair, D Carson, j. Chaneausx. Towards the improvement of UN Test N1 5 Method for the characterization of substances which in contact with water emit Flammable Gases. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. Elsevier 2012, 25 (3), pp 524-534.
[4]G. Rouget, B. Majidi, D. Picard, G. Gauvin, D. Ziegler, J. Mashreghi, and H. Alamdar. Electrical Resistivity Measurement of Petroleum Coke Powder by Means of Four-Probe Method. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. Vol. 48B, Oct. 2017-2543.
[5]Y. Rubiela Hernández Puerto, M.Triviño Restrepo. El coque metalúrgico aplicado a protección catódica (Metallurgia coque applied to catodic protection). Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones FIGMMG. Vol. 10, Nº 20, 60-67 (2007) UNMSM I.
[6]S. Narayan Jha, K. Narsaiah, A.L. Basediya, R.Sharma, P. Jaiswal, R. Kumar, and R. Bhardwaj. Measurement techniques and application of electrical properties for nondestructive quality evaluation of foods—a review. Food Sci Technol. 2011 Aug; 48(4): 387–411.
[7]R. Fontes Araujo, J. Batisa Zonta, E. Fontes Araujo, E. Heberle, E, F. Miranda Garcia Zonta. Teste de Conductividade Eletrica para Smentes de Feijao Mungo Verde 1. Rev. Brasikleira de Sementes, Vol. 33, N` 1, pp123/130, 2011.
[8]P.A. Eidem. Electric Resistivity of Coke Beds. PhD Thesis. Norwegian University of Science and Technology Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology Department of Materials Science and Engineering. Tronheim Oct. 2008.
[9]N. Birks, et.al. - Mechanism in Corrosion Induced Auto-ignition of Direct Reduced Iron. Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh.
[10]Monitoring Implementation of the Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention. Report on incidents involving HNS. Submitted by the United Kingdom. IMO 85th Session, Agenda item 5- LEG 85/INF.2, 19 September 2002.
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Holzmann, Gerard J. "Assertive Testing [Reliable Code]." IEEE Software 32, no. 3 (May 2015): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ms.2015.60.
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Johnson, James D., and Leslie Ashburn-Nardo. "Testing the “Black Code”." Social Psychological and Personality Science 5, no. 3 (August 8, 2013): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550613499938.
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Ritter, Guillaume, Romain Eschbach, Richard Girieud, and Maxime Soulard. "CESAR5.3: Isotopic depletion for Research and Testing Reactor decommissioning." EPJ Nuclear Sciences & Technologies 4 (2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjn/2018008.
Full textAbstract:
CESAR stands in French for “simplified depletion applied to reprocessing”. The current version is now number 5.3 as it started 30 years ago from a long lasting cooperation with ORANO, co-owner of the code with CEA. This computer code can characterize several types of nuclear fuel assemblies, from the most regular PWR power plants to the most unexpected gas cooled and graphite moderated old timer research facility. Each type of fuel can also include numerous ranges of compositions like UOX, MOX, LEU or HEU. Such versatility comes from a broad catalog of cross section libraries, each corresponding to a specific reactor and fuel matrix design. CESAR goes beyond fuel characterization and can also provide an evaluation of structural materials activation. The cross-sections libraries are generated using the most refined assembly or core level transport code calculation schemes (CEA APOLLO2 or ERANOS), based on the European JEFF3.1.1 nuclear data base. Each new CESAR self shielded cross section library benefits all most recent CEA recommendations as for deterministic physics options. Resulting cross sections are organized as a function of burn up and initial fuel enrichment which allows to condensate this costly process into a series of Legendre polynomials. The final outcome is a fast, accurate and compact CESAR cross section library. Each library is fully validated, against a stochastic transport code (CEA TRIPOLI 4) if needed and against a reference depletion code (CEA DARWIN). Using CESAR does not require any of the neutron physics expertise implemented into cross section libraries generation. It is based on top quality nuclear data (JEFF3.1.1 for ∼400 isotopes) and includes up to date Bateman equation solving algorithms. However, defining a CESAR computation case can be very straightforward. Most results are only 3 steps away from any beginner's ambition: Initial composition, in core depletion and pool decay scenario. On top of a simple utilization architecture, CESAR includes a portable Graphical User Interface which can be broadly deployed in R&D or industrial facilities. Aging facilities currently face decommissioning and dismantling issues. This way to the end of the nuclear fuel cycle requires a careful assessment of source terms in the fuel, core structures and all parts of a facility that must be disposed of with “industrial nuclear” constraints. In that perspective, several CESAR cross section libraries were constructed for early CEA Research and Testing Reactors (RTR’s). The aim of this paper is to describe how CESAR operates and how it can be used to help these facilities care for waste disposal, nuclear materials transport or basic safety cases. The test case will be based on the PHEBUS Facility located at CEA − Cadarache.