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1
Miroshnichenko, I. V., V. V. Gavrilyuk, D. V. Miroshnichenko, and I. V. Shulga. "DISTRIBUTION OF CALORIFIC VALUE BY COKE SIZE CLASS." Journal of Coal Chemistry 2 (2021): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31081/1681-309x-2021-0-2-4-14.
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As is known, the specificity of the layered coking process causes the development of fracturing, which determines the formation of the granulometric composition of the coke. The article presents and analyzes data on the physicochemical properties of coke of various size classes. The expediency of studying the values of the calorific value for different classes of the size of blast furnace coke has been substantiated. For this purpose, ramp coke was taken from batteries that were significantly different in size. In particular, coke oven battery I has almost twice the useful volume of coking chambers and, accordingly, the design capacity than coke oven battery II. In addition, the height of the chambers of coke oven battery I is 7000 mm, and that of coke oven battery II is 4300 mm. The above circumstances must be taken into account when evaluating the heat of combustion of various size classes of blast furnace coke. The composition of the investigated charge consisted of classic grades of coals, which are characterized by their inherent set of quality indicators. The charge for battery I was characterized by a lower burst pressure. It is shown that the value of the highest calorific value of wet quenching blast furnace coke undergoes significant changes depending on the size. Size classes less than 25 mm are characterized by maximum values of the gross calorific value, which reach 33.0 MJ/kg and more. The level of "readiness" of coke, expressed by the value of the yield of volatile substances and the actual density of the coke, significantly affects the value of the highest calorific value. Less "finished" blast furnace coke is characterized by higher values of the gross calorific value for all particle sizes. It is concluded that the value of the highest calorific value of blast furnace coke can serve as a criterion (in addition to those already available) for assessing the degree of "readiness" of blast furnace coke. Keywords: coal, coke, coke size classes, degree of readiness, heat of combustion. Corresponding author Miroshnichenko I.V., e-mail: igor.miroshnichenko@azovstal.com.ua
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Muchnik, D. A. "Regulating the strength of coke of different size classes." Coke and Chemistry 51, no. 6 (June 2008): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068364x08060045.
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Mukina, N. V., A. P. Chernousova, D. V. Miroshnichenko, N. А. Desna, A. V. Sytnik, and V. V. Koval. "Preparation of coal charge for coke battery complex №. 5, 6 at Coke Production of PJSC «ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih»." Journal of Coal Chemistry 3, no. 3 (2021): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31081/1681-309x-2021-0-3-8-20.
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PREPARATION OF COAL CHARGE FOR COKE BATTERY COMPLEX NO. 5, 6 AT COKE PRODUCTION OF PJSC «ARCELORMITTAL KRYVYI RIH» © N.V. Mukina, A.P. Chernousova (Coke Production of PJSC «ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih», 50095, Dnipropetrovsk region, Kryvyi Rih, Kryvorizhstal str., 1, Ukraine), D.V. Miroshnichenko, Doctor of Technical Sciences (NTU "Kharkov Polytechnic Institute", 61002, Kharkov, Kirpicheva st, 2, Ukraine), N.А. Desna, PhD in technical sciences, A.V. Sytnik, PhD in technical sciences, V.V. Koval (State Enterprise "Ukrainian State Research Coal Chemical Institute (UHIN)", 61023, Kharkov, Vesnina st., 7, Ukraine) The article highlights the methodological foundations and the results of research on the development of criteria and practical recommendations aimed at optimizing the composition of coal charges of coke oven batteries No. 5, 6 of the coke-chemical production of РJSC "ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih" to obtain coke of the required quality from the rammed charge. The defining indicator of the production of coke using the technology of compaction of coal charges is the strength of the compacted cake. The most successful way to determine this indicator is to assess the strength by an indirect method according to the value of the shear strength (ϭss) of rammed batch samples in laboratory conditions. This method allows to identify changes in the strength of the coal cake and take the necessary measures to prevent or minimize the number of collapses during loading. The article gives images of installations for laboratory compaction of coal charge and determination of the shear strength of the resulting cake; the methodology for determining this indicator is given. As a result of the above studies, it has been established that the density of the tamped cake from crushed individual coals included in the raw material base of the by-product coke production of РJSC "ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih" is closely related to the content in coal raw materials of classes <3 and <0.5 mm. An increase in the content of classes <3 and <0.5 mm leads to an increase in the index ϭss. It is also shown that the actual values of ϭss for binary coal mixtures are higher than the calculated ones. It has been established that with an increase in the level of grinding of coal charges from 90,1 to 92,2 %, an increase in the value of the index ϭss is observed from 12.5 to 15.0 кРа, that is, by 20 %. With an increase in the moisture content of the charge from 10,0 to 11,5 %, the strength of the compacted cake increases. An increase in the moisture content above 12 % is undesirable due to a decrease in the strength of the rammed coal cake, as well as an increase in heat consumption for coking due to the consumption of moisture evaporation. Keywords: coal, preparation, shear strength of the rammed cake, moisture content, particle size distribution. Corresponding author N.V. Mukina, е-mail: Natalia.Mukina@arcelormittal.com
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Mukina, N. V., A. P. Chernousova, D. V. Miroshnichenko, N. А. Desna, A. V. Sytnik, and V. V. Koval. "Preparation of coal charge for coke battery complex №. 5, 6 at Coke Production of PJSC «ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih»." Journal of Coal Chemistry 3, no. 3 (2021): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31081/1681-309x-2021-0-3-8-20.
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PREPARATION OF COAL CHARGE FOR COKE BATTERY COMPLEX NO. 5, 6 AT COKE PRODUCTION OF PJSC «ARCELORMITTAL KRYVYI RIH» © N.V. Mukina, A.P. Chernousova (Coke Production of PJSC «ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih», 50095, Dnipropetrovsk region, Kryvyi Rih, Kryvorizhstal str., 1, Ukraine), D.V. Miroshnichenko, Doctor of Technical Sciences (NTU "Kharkov Polytechnic Institute", 61002, Kharkov, Kirpicheva st, 2, Ukraine), N.А. Desna, PhD in technical sciences, A.V. Sytnik, PhD in technical sciences, V.V. Koval (State Enterprise "Ukrainian State Research Coal Chemical Institute (UHIN)", 61023, Kharkov, Vesnina st., 7, Ukraine) The article highlights the methodological foundations and the results of research on the development of criteria and practical recommendations aimed at optimizing the composition of coal charges of coke oven batteries No. 5, 6 of the coke-chemical production of РJSC "ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih" to obtain coke of the required quality from the rammed charge. The defining indicator of the production of coke using the technology of compaction of coal charges is the strength of the compacted cake. The most successful way to determine this indicator is to assess the strength by an indirect method according to the value of the shear strength (ϭss) of rammed batch samples in laboratory conditions. This method allows to identify changes in the strength of the coal cake and take the necessary measures to prevent or minimize the number of collapses during loading. The article gives images of installations for laboratory compaction of coal charge and determination of the shear strength of the resulting cake; the methodology for determining this indicator is given. As a result of the above studies, it has been established that the density of the tamped cake from crushed individual coals included in the raw material base of the by-product coke production of РJSC "ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih" is closely related to the content in coal raw materials of classes <3 and <0.5 mm. An increase in the content of classes <3 and <0.5 mm leads to an increase in the index ϭss. It is also shown that the actual values of ϭss for binary coal mixtures are higher than the calculated ones. It has been established that with an increase in the level of grinding of coal charges from 90,1 to 92,2 %, an increase in the value of the index ϭss is observed from 12.5 to 15.0 кРа, that is, by 20 %. With an increase in the moisture content of the charge from 10,0 to 11,5 %, the strength of the compacted cake increases. An increase in the moisture content above 12 % is undesirable due to a decrease in the strength of the rammed coal cake, as well as an increase in heat consumption for coking due to the consumption of moisture evaporation. Keywords: coal, preparation, shear strength of the rammed cake, moisture content, particle size distribution. Corresponding author N.V. Mukina, е-mail: Natalia.Mukina@arcelormittal.com
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Bubnova, Olena, and Oleksandr Shevchenko. "Reduction of technogenic load from sludge collectors due to separation and dehydration of the stored material." E3S Web of Conferences 109 (2019): 00010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910900010.
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Purpose: the identification of geomechanical problems of mining industry wastes accumulation and substantiation of the ways for their solution with the possibility of processing the watery technogenic feedstock. It has been shown that in order to reduce the technogenic load, it is necessary to reduce the area of land under the waste ponds and the accumulated volumes themselves of mining and enrichment wastes. It has been revealed that the mineral stock, formed from wide grain-size classes with a high content of particles less than 0.2 mm, is dewatered up to 18 – 22 % by traditional methods and is practically not classified. A mathematical model has been proposed of screening and dewatering kinetics, which takes into account comprehensively the initial distribution of particles and liquid throughout the height of the screened material layer, segregation, mixing, sifting, vibrational transportation features and change in the height of the layer. The use of technology will allow: increase the economic efficiency of enterprises; to expand the feedstock base for construction, coke and chemical industries and power industry; to solve the problems of creating additional containers for storing the wastes; to improve significantly the environmental situation in the mining and processing regions.
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Stohlgren, Thomas J. "Spatial patterns of giant sequoia (Sequoiadendrongiganteum) in two sequoia groves in Sequoia National Park, California." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 120–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-019.
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Although Muir Grove and Castle Creek Grove are similar in area, elevation, and number of giant sequoias, various spatial pattern analysis techniques showed that they had dissimilar spatial patterns for similar-sized trees. Two-dimensional and transect two-term local quadrat variance techniques detected general trends in the spatial patterns of different-sized trees, detected multiple-scale patterns within individual size classes, and provided information on the scale and intensity of patches of individual size classes of trees in Muir and Castle Creek groves. In Muir Grove, midsized sequoias (1.5 to 2.4 m DBH classes) had major pattern scales 350–450 m in diameter, whereas the same-sized trees in Castle Creek Grove had pattern scales >1000 m in diameter. Many size classes of trees had minor patches superimposed on larger scale patterns in both groves. There may be different recruitment patterns in core (i.e., central) areas compared with peripheral areas of sequoia groves; core areas of both groves had more small live sequoias and dead sequoias than peripheral areas of the groves. Higher densities of sequoias and, perhaps, more rapid turnover of individuals in core areas may indicate (i) differences in disturbance histories and favorability of microsites in the core and peripheral areas of groves; (ii) different responses to disturbance due to shifts in the species composition of the stand and thus, the relative influences of intra- to inter-specific competition; or (iii) slower growth or lower survivorship rates in marginal habitat (i.e., peripheral areas).
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Holzer, Thomas L., Amy C. Padovani, Michael J. Bennett, Thomas E. Noce, and John C. Tinsley. "Mapping NEHRP VS30 Site Classes." Earthquake Spectra 21, no. 2 (May 2005): 353–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1895726.
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Site-amplification potential in a 140-km2 area on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay, California, was mapped with data from 210 seismic cone penetration test (SCPT) soundings. NEHRP VS30 values were computed on a 50-m grid by both taking into account the thickness and using mean values of locally measured shear-wave velocities of shallow geologic units. The resulting map of NEHRP VS30 site classes differs from other published maps that (1) do not include unit thickness and (2) are based on regional compilations of velocity. Although much of the area in the new map is now classified as NEHRP Site Class D, the velocities of the geologic deposits within this area are either near the upper or lower VS30 boundary of Class D. If maps of NEHRP site classes are to be based on geologic maps, velocity distributions of geologic units may need to be considered in the definition of VS30 boundaries of NEHRP site classes.
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Sommarin, Y., and D. Heinegård. "Four classes of cell-associated proteoglycans in suspension cultures of articular-cartilage chondrocytes." Biochemical Journal 233, no. 3 (February 1, 1986): 809–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2330809.
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The characteristics of cell-associated proteoglycans were studied and compared with those from the medium in suspension cultures of calf articular-cartilage chondrocytes. By including hyaluronic acid or proteoglycan in the medium during [35S]sulphate labelling the proportion of cell-surface-associated proteoglycans could be decreased from 34% to about 15% of all incorporated label. A pulse-chase experiment indicated that this decrease was probably due to blocking of the reassociation with the cells of proteoglycans exported to the medium. Three peaks of [35S]sulphate-labelled proteoglycans from cell extracts and two from the medium were isolated by gel chromatography on Sephacryl S-500. These were characterized by agarose/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of core proteins, by glycosaminoglycan composition and chain size as well as by distribution of glycosaminoglycans in proteolytic fragments. The results showed that associated with the cells were (a) large proteoglycans, typical for cartilage, apparently bound to hyaluronic acid at the cell surface, (b) an intermediate-size proteoglycan with chondroitin sulphate side chains (this proteoglycan, which had a large core protein, was only found associated with the cells and is apparently not related to the large proteoglycans), (c) a small proteoglycan with dermatan sulphate side chains with a low degree of epimerization, and (d) a somewhat smaller proteoglycan containing heparan sulphate side chains. The medium contained a large aggregating proteoglycan of similar nature to the large cell-associated proteoglycan and small proteoglycans with dermatan sulphate side chains with a higher degree of epimerization than those of the cells, i.e. containing some 20% iduronic acid.
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Anderson, T. L., C. Linares, K. N. Dodson, and R. D. Semlitsch. "Variability in functional response curves among larval salamanders: comparisons across species and size classes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 94, no. 1 (January 2016): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2015-0149.
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Predator species and body size represent critical factors that have differential effects on prey populations, as well as overall community structure. However, investigations of how morphologically-similar predator species, simultaneous to variation in predator body size, influence lower trophic levels are infrequently performed. We tested whether predator species and body size influenced the functional response curve of three larval ambystomatid salamanders (Ringed Salamander, Ambystoma annulatum Cope, 1886; Spotted Salamander, Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw, 1802); Marbled Salamander, Ambystoma opacum (Gravenhorst, 1807)) while eating congeneric prey. We combined larval salamanders of varying body sizes with up to six prey densities within experimental microcosms. We tested for the shape of the functional response curve and obtained parameter estimates for attack rate and handling time for each predator size – species combination. We found variability among both species and size classes, with a combination of type I and type II functional response curves. Large size classes of predators had higher attack rates than smaller size classes, but equivalently-sized larvae of different species exhibited differences in attack rates and handling time. Our study shows that predation risk varies depending on the size structure and diversity of predators present in a food web, and that grouping predators by either species or size class may reduce the ability to predict changes in community structure resulting from such interactions.
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Dobry, R., R. D. Borcherdt, C. B. Crouse, I. M. Idriss, W. B. Joyner, G. R. Martin, M. S. Power, E. E. Rinne, and R. B. Seed. "New Site Coefficients and Site Classification System Used in Recent Building Seismic Code Provisions." Earthquake Spectra 16, no. 1 (February 2000): 41–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1586082.
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Recent code provisions for buildings and other structures (1994 and 1997 NEHRP Provisions, 1997 UBC) have adopted new site amplification factors and a new procedure for site classification. Two amplitude-dependent site amplification factors are specified: Fa for short periods and Fv for longer periods. Previous codes included only a long period factor S and did not provide for a short period amplification factor. The new site classification system is based on definitions of five site classes in terms of a representative average shear wave velocity to a depth of 30 m (V¯s). This definition permits sites to be classified unambiguously. When the shear wave velocity is not available, other soil properties such as standard penetration resistance or undrained shear strength can be used. The new site classes denoted by letters A - E, replace site classes in previous codes denoted by S1 - S4. Site classes A and B correspond to hard rock and rock, Site Class C corresponds to soft rock and very stiff / very dense soil, and Site Classes D and E correspond to stiff soil and soft soil. A sixth site class, F, is defined for soils requiring site-specific evaluations. Both Fa and Fv are functions of the site class, and also of the level of seismic hazard on rock, defined by parameters such as Aa and Av ( 1994 NEHRP Provisions), Ss and Sl ( 1997 NEHRP Provisions) or Z ( 1997 UBC). The values of Fa and Fv decrease as the seismic hazard on rock increases due to soil nonlinearity. The greatest impact of the new factors Fa and Fv as compared with the old S factors occurs in areas of low-to-medium seismic hazard. This paper summarizes the new site provisions, explains the basis for them, and discusses ongoing studies of site amplification in recent earthquakes that may influence future code developments.
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Palomares, F. "Site fidelity and effects of body mass on home-range size of Egyptian mongooses." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 465–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-065.
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Home-range size has been found to be related to body mass of some animals both across species and within species when the spatial strategies of the sexes differ. I studied home-range size in a polygynous carnivore, the Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon), and compared observed home-range size with predictions based on body mass. First, I tested whether mongooses actually exhibited site fidelity (for daily and multiday periods). Mongooses always showed site fidelity for a multiday home range, but in only 59% of the cases for daily home range. Adult males exhibited less daily site fidelity than did adult females or young. Multiday home-range size was similar among age–sex classes, but males had significantly more core areas than females or young. Multiday home-range size was positively correlated with body mass for adult males (r2 = 0.98, P = 0.0122) and negatively correlated with body mass of adult females (r2 = 0.40, P = 0.0374). Differences in these relationships and daily site fidelity between adult males and females suggest that the spatial strategies of male and female Egyptian mongooses are different, with the larger females defending the areas richer in resources and the larger males having more access to females.
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Rauter, Stefan, and Franz Tschuchnigg. "CPT Data Interpretation Employing Different Machine Learning Techniques." Geosciences 11, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11070265.
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The classification of soils into categories with a similar range of properties is a fundamental geotechnical engineering procedure. At present, this classification is based on various types of cost- and time-intensive laboratory and/or in situ tests. These soil investigations are essential for each individual construction site and have to be performed prior to the design of a project. Since Machine Learning could play a key role in reducing the costs and time needed for a suitable site investigation program, the basic ability of Machine Learning models to classify soils from Cone Penetration Tests (CPT) is evaluated. To find an appropriate classification model, 24 different Machine Learning models, based on three different algorithms, are built and trained on a dataset consisting of 1339 CPT. The applied algorithms are a Support Vector Machine, an Artificial Neural Network and a Random Forest. As input features, different combinations of direct cone penetration test data (tip resistance qc, sleeve friction fs, friction ratio Rf, depth d), combined with “defined”, thus, not directly measured data (total vertical stresses σv, effective vertical stresses σ’v and hydrostatic pore pressure u0), are used. Standard soil classes based on grain size distributions and soil classes based on soil behavior types according to Robertson are applied as targets. The different models are compared with respect to their prediction performance and the required learning time. The best results for all targets were obtained with models using a Random Forest classifier. For the soil classes based on grain size distribution, an accuracy of about 75%, and for soil classes according to Robertson, an accuracy of about 97–99%, was reached.
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MEYER, P., H. SIY, and S. BHOWMICK. "IDENTIFYING IMPORTANT CLASSES OF LARGE SOFTWARE SYSTEMS THROUGH K-CORE DECOMPOSITION." Advances in Complex Systems 17, no. 07n08 (December 2014): 1550004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525915500046.
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In a large software project, the number of classes, and the dependencies between them, generally increase as software evolves. The size and scale of the system often makes it difficult to easily identify the important components in a particular software product. To address this problem, we model software as a network, where the classes are the vertices in the network and the dependencies are the edges, and apply K-core decomposition to identify a core subset of vertices as potentially important classes. We study three open source Java projects over a 10-year period and demonstrate, using different metrics, that the K-core decomposition of the network can help us identify the key classes of the corresponding software. Specifically, we show that the vertices with the highest core number represent the important classes and demonstrate that the core-numbers of classes with similar functionalities evolve at similar trends.
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Li, Han, and Fang Fang Ma. "DNA Sequence Design Based on the Same Subsequences." Applied Mechanics and Materials 420 (September 2013): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.420.339.
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The set of DNA subsequences of length was divided into classes by Watson-Crick Hamming distance which is not less than half of the length of the subsequences. These classes are suitable for encoding. They form a good code. Finally, accounting the size of the code which has been structured.
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Badri, Mourad, Aymen Kout, and Linda Badri. "Investigating the Effect of Aspect-Oriented Refactoring on the Unit Testing Effort of Classes: An Empirical Evaluation." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 27, no. 05 (June 2017): 749–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194017500280.
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This paper aims at investigating empirically the effect of aspect-oriented (AO) refactoring on the unit testability of classes in object-oriented software. The unit testability of classes has been addressed from the perspective of the unit testing effort, and particularly from the perspective of the unit test cases (TCs) construction. We investigated, in fact, different research questions: (1) the impact of AO refactoring on source code attributes (size, complexity, coupling, cohesion and inheritance), attributes that are mostly related to the unit testability of classes, (2) the impact of AO refactoring on unit test code attributes (size, assertions, invocations and data creation), attributes that are indicators of the effort involved to write the code of unit TCs, and (3) the relationships between the variations observed after AO refactoring in both source code and unit test code attributes. We used in the study different techniques: correlation analysis, statistical tests and linear regression. We performed an empirical evaluation using data collected from three well-known open source (Java) software systems (JHOTDRAW, HSQLBD and PETSTORE) that have been refactored using AO programming (AspectJ). Results suggest that: (1) overall, the effort involved in the construction of unit TCs of refactored classes has been reduced, (2) the variations of source code attributes have more impact on methods invocation between unit TCs, and finally (3) the variations of unit test code attributes are more influenced by the variation of the complexity of refactored classes compared to the other class attributes.
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Santoso, Karen, Weindytha Patrizia Wibowo, Sammy Kristamuljana, and Rathria Arrina Rachman. "Determinants of Bank Profitability of Indonesian Banks Based on Core Capital Size in Category 3 and 4." Studi Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia 3, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 100–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.21632/saki.3.1.100-119.
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Indonesian banks are categorized into four classes based on core capital size that determines the scope of banks’ business activities. This research aimed to identify the determinants of profitability of banks with the core capital size of IDR 5-30 trillion (called “Buku 3” category) and banks with the core capital size of more than IDR 30 trillion (called “Buku 4” category). The data sample was 27 conventional commercial banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) from 2009 to 2018. These banks are divided into three different sample classes namely Buku 3 only, Buku 4 only, and Buku 3 and Buku 4 categories. By applying a panel regression model, the results showed that net interest margin (NIM) positively affected profitability of the banks in Buku 3, banks in Buku 4, as well as banks in Buku 3 and Buku 4 category. Moreover, operating expense to operating income ratio (BOPO) and non-performing loans (NPL) negatively affected profitability of those banks in the three sample classes. However, loan to deposit ratio (LDR) and capital adequacy ratio (CAR) have negative relationships with profitability for banks in the Buku 4 category only. Accordingly, this study finds that banks in different sizes of core capital categories have different factors affecting profitability in the Indonesian banking sector.
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Lin, Sam C., Cornel M. Pop, Harold L. Dibble, Will Archer, Dawit Desta, Marcel Weiss, and Shannon P. McPherron. "A Core Reduction Experiment Finds No Effect of Original Stone Size and Reduction Intensity on Flake Debris Size Distribution." American Antiquity 81, no. 3 (July 2016): 562–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002731600004005.
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Studies have long noted the influence of stone package size and reduction intensity on lithic assemblage composition, particularly in the form of flake size distributions. However, it remains difficult to distinguish objectively the effect of either factor in archaeological contexts without controlling for the variation in one of the two variables. Here we report on an experimental study designed to test the null hypotheses that original stone size and reduction intensity have no impact on the size distribution of lithic flake debris produced during core reduction. Results indicate statistically significant influence from original stone size but not reduction intensity, although the effects from the former are low enough to be considered trivial. In reviewing a sequence of archaeological assemblages from a Middle Paleolithic site, all exhibit an excess of smallsized materials in comparison to the experimental data. When exceptionally high frequencies of the smaller size classes occur, taphonomic processes are clearly responsible.
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O'Connell, Lisa M., Alex Mosseler, and Om P. Rajora. "Impacts of forest fragmentation on the reproductive success of white spruce (Picea glauca)." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 6 (June 2006): 956–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-051.
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The fragmentation of forests into small, isolated remnants may reduce pollen quantity and quality in natural plant populations. The reproductive success of white spruce ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) was assessed in a landscape fragmented by agriculture in northern Ontario, Canada. We sampled a total of 23 stands and 104 white spruce trees from three different stand size classes. Each sampled stand was separated by 250–3000 m from the nearest neighbouring stand. Reproductive success, measured as the number of filled seeds per cone, increased with stand size. The total number of seeds per cone, a measure that includes both filled and aborted seeds, also increased with stand size, suggesting that pollen receipt limits the number of seeds in a cone. The proportion of empty seeds (postzygotic abortions) was highest in the two smallest stand size classes, suggesting that inbreeding levels were also highest in these stands. We detected no difference in germination success, seedling growth, and growth of trees up to 10 years from seeds produced by trees from different stand size classes. These results suggest that inbred individuals are largely eliminated during the seed development stage. We estimated that a threshold population size of 180 trees is needed to reduce the negative effects of pollen limitation and inbreeding and maintain seed yields observed in large contiguous stands.
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Hochendoner, Philip, Curtis Ogle, and William H. Mather. "A queueing approach to multi-site enzyme kinetics." Interface Focus 4, no. 3 (June 6, 2014): 20130077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2013.0077.
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Multi-site enzymes, defined as where multiple substrate molecules can bind simultaneously to the same enzyme molecule, play a key role in a number of biological networks, with the Escherichia coli protease ClpXP a well-studied example. These enzymes can form a low latency ‘waiting line’ of substrate to the enzyme's catalytic core, such that the enzyme molecule can continue to collect substrate even when the catalytic core is occupied. To understand multi-site enzyme kinetics, we study a discrete stochastic model that includes a single catalytic core fed by a fixed number of substrate binding sites. A natural queueing systems analogy is found to provide substantial insight into the dynamics of the model. From this, we derive exact results for the probability distribution of the enzyme configuration and for the distribution of substrate departure times in the case of identical but distinguishable classes of substrate molecules. Comments are also provided for the case when different classes of substrate molecules are not processed identically.
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Thomsen, K., P. Fuglsang, and G. Schepers. "Potentials for Site-Specific Design of MW Sized Wind Turbines." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 123, no. 4 (June 1, 2001): 304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1408611.
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The potential for site specific design of MW sized wind turbines is quantified by comparing design loads for wind turbines installed at a range of different sites. The sites comprise on-shore normal flat terrain stand-alone conditions and wind farm conditions together with offshore and mountainous complex terrain wind farms. The design loads are established for a 1 MW active stall regulated wind turbine with the aeroelastic code HAWC. The load analysis is limited to fatigue loads. We do not consider ultimate loads in this paper. The results illustrate the differences in design wind conditions for different sites and the related differences in design loads for the 1 MW wind turbine. Based on the difference in the design loads, the potentials for site specific design of the wind turbine main components are identified. The results show that the variation in aerodynamically driven loads and energy production can be more than 50% between the different sites. It is concluded that site specific design is feasible for some of the main components. In particular, site specific changes are feasible for the tower, nacelle components, and for the blades in the flapwise direction. It is also evaluated whether the IEC61400-1 standard [see Ref. [4], International Electrochemical Commission (1999)] is representative for the different sites. A comparison with design loads based on the IEC61400-1 illustrates that the six different sites can be described by the standard design classes.
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Koch, Nikolaj Georg, and Nediljko Budisa. "Pyrrolysyl-tRNA-Synthetase: Methanogenese und Gencode-Erweiterung." BIOspektrum 27, no. 6 (October 2021): 616–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12268-021-1653-x.
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AbstractPyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS) is an enzyme of some methanogenic Archaea for the natural incorporation of pyrrolysine into proteins. The discovery of PylRS as a natural tool for genetic code expansion paved the way for site-specific incorporation of non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) into proteins, with versatile side chains useful in biotechnology. Almost 20 years after the discovery, we describe the journey which led to three distinct classes of PylRSs with unique ncAA recognitions.
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Santolaya, J. L., L. A. Aísa, E. Calvo, I. García, and J. A. García. "Analysis by droplet size classes of the liquid flow structure in a pressure swirl hollow cone spray." Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 49, no. 1 (January 2010): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2009.12.003.
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Elhmadi, Kamel, and Arthur C. Heidebrecht. "A proposed dynamic foundation factor for the National Building Code of Canada." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 18, no. 6 (December 1, 1991): 974–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l91-120.
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Results of a parametric study on site response effects due to seismic strong ground motions are used in this paper to develop a new "dynamic foundation factor" for the National Building Code of Canada. In order to capture the effect of the site resonance, the proposed dynamic foundation factor, F*, is given as a function of the ratio between the fundamental period of the building and the site period, T/Ts (i.e., F* spectra in terms of T/Ts). The parametric study results suggested that the proposed F* spectra be dependent on four different classes of soil deposits. These classes are deep cohesive (class 1), deep cohesionless (class 2), shallow cohesive and cohesionless (class 3), and dense sand (class 4). For classes 1 and 2, the F* spectra are independent of the ratio of peak acceleration to peak velocity, av, of the seismic ground motion. For classes 3 and 4, however, the F* spectra are an increasing function of the ratio a/v. A scaling multiplier is introduced to take into account the influence of level of intensity, v. The proposed dynamic foundation factor is compared with the National Building Code of Canada 1990 foundation factor. Finally, actual sites are used to check the validity and consistency of the proposed dynamic foundation factor. Key words: seismic, foundation factor, soil, site, amplification, building, shear, force, period, spectra.
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Chaudhary, Muhammad Tariq A. "A study on sensitivity of seismic site amplification factors to site conditions for bridges." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 51, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.51.4.197-211.
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Seismic site amplification factors and seismic design spectra for bridges are influenced by site conditions that include geotechnical properties of soil strata as well as the geological setting. All modern seismic design codes recognize this fact and assign design spectral shapes based on site conditions or specify a 2-parameter model with site amplification factors as a function of site class, seismic intensity and vibration period (short and long). Design codes made a number of assumptions related to the site conditions while specifying the values of short (Fa) and long period (Fv) site amplification factors. Making these assumptions was necessary due to vast variation in site properties and limited availability of actual strong motion records on all site conditions and seismic setting in a region. This paper conducted a sensitivity analysis for site amplification factors for site classes C and D in the AASHTO bridge design code by performing a 1-D site response analysis in which values of site parameters like strata depth, travel-time averaged shear wave velocity in the top 30 m strata (Vs30), plasticity index (PI), impedance contrast ratio (ICR) and intensity of seismic ground motion were varied. The results were analyzed to identify the site parameters that impacted Fa and Fv values for site classes C and D. The computed Fa and Fv values were compared with the corresponding values in the AASHTO bridge design code and it was found that the code-based Fa and Fv values were generally underestimated and overestimated respectively.
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Aniszewska, Monika, Arkadiusz Gendek, and Joanna Śliwińska. "Variability of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) cones – variability structure of scale surface area." Forest Research Papers 78, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/frp-2017-0001.
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Abstract This study was conducted on a batch of closed silver fir cones from Jawor Forest District and a mixture of scales from the seed extraction facility Grotniki. The scales were divided into three size classes corresponding to the bottom, middle and upper part of the cones and their area was measured with the Multi Scan Base v.18.03 software. Based on the sum of the inner and outer surface area of all scales, we then determined the total area of evaporation from the cones. In addition, the area of protruding scales was measured for differently sized scales from different parts of the cones. Previous studies have shown that the average outer surface of a closed cone, calculated as the sum of protruding scales, accounts for 10% of the outer surface of an open cone. Pictures of both scale surfaces with the internal seed bed and the external protrusions were taken using a scanning electron microscope. We noticed significant differences in dimension and shape of the channels and trichomes on the scale surface. On the inner side of the scales, we found a high diversity of trichomes of different lengths, whilst the outer side contained channels. Presumably, these characteristics affect the rate of water loss from the cones during desiccation and separation of the seed. In-depth knowledge on the evaporative surfaces of fir cones and scale structure will be helpful for optimizing the industrial processes of seed extraction.
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Chang, Nai-Jen, I.-Hsien Tsai, Chia-Lun Lee, and Chun-Hao Liang. "Effect of a Six-Week Core Conditioning as a Warm-Up Exercise in Physical Education Classes on Physical Fitness, Movement Capability, and Balance in School-Aged Children." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15 (July 30, 2020): 5517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155517.
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Whether the implementation of feasible, equipment-free, and simple core exercises in warm-up routines in physical education classes for school-aged children is beneficial remains unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of a core conditioning in the warm-up routine of physical education classes on trunk muscular endurance, movement capability, and flexibility in this population. In these pre- and post-test control group experiments, 52 healthy, school-aged children (aged 10–11 years) were cluster randomized allocated to either the dynamic core exercise (DCE) group or general physical education (GPE) group. The DCE group performed a 10-min core exercise routine twice per week for six consecutive weeks; the GPE group performed traditional physical education warm-up exercises regularly. The children were assessed by conducting the trunk muscular endurance test (i.e., dynamic curl-up, static curl-up, plank, and lateral plank), functional movement screen (FMS), and single-leg balance test before and after the intervention. At the end of the intervention, the DCE group demonstrated a significant effect on trunk muscular endurance, movement capability (i.e., FMS scores), flexibility, and balance (each p < 0.001, effect size: 0.38–1.3). Furthermore, the DCE group showed significant improvements in all outcome measurements compared with the GPE group (p < 0.05, effect size: 0.29–1.68). These data may provide a reference for incorporating additional core stability exercises in the warm-up routine of physical education classes in school-aged children in the future.
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Zhang, Jie, Jochen Kleinschmidt, Paranee Sun, and Paul Witkovsky. "Identification of cone classes in Xenopus retina by immunocytochemistry and staining with lectins and vital dyes." Visual Neuroscience 11, no. 6 (November 1994): 1185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800006982.
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AbstractThe aim of the present study was to determine the number of cone classes in the Xenopus retina. We examined the dimensions and staining properties of cones, utilizing two monoclonal antibodies, COS-1 and OS-2, developed by Szel and Rohlich (1985). Living cones also were reacted with the plant lectins peanut agglutinin (PNA) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and with a fluorescent stilbene dye, DIDS, which binds selectively to red-sensitive cones (Kleinschmidt, 1991; Kleinschmidt & Harosi, 1992a, b). Three cone populations were distinguished based on differences in size and staining properties. Eighty-eight percent of all cones were stained strongly by COS-1, PNA, and DIDS, but weakly by OS-2. The group of cones stained by COS-1 had the largest mean dimensions of outer segment length, width, and oil droplet diameter. COS-1 negative cones were divisible into two groups: a subclass of miniature cones (approximately 4% total cones) was stained strongly by OS-2, PNA, and DIDS. The balance, constituting approximately 9% total cones, were of intermediate size, were not stained by PNA and reacted weakly to OS-2 and DIDS. WGA stained all cones. Large, COS-1 + cones appear to be red-sensitive and belong to the class of anion-tunable cone pigments. We suggest that the intermediate size, COS-1 negative cones are blue-sensitive based on the finding that blue-sensitive chromatic horizontal cells connect to them preferentially (Witkovsky et al., work in progress). The remaining class of miniature cones may be UV-sensitive, since another amphibian, the salamander, has been shown to possess red-, blue-, and UV-sensitive cones (Perry & McNaughton, 1991).
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Healan, Dan M. "Identifying Lithic Reduction Loci with Size-Graded Macrodebitage: A Multivariate Approach." American Antiquity 60, no. 4 (October 1995): 689–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/282053.
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This paper presents a method of identifying lithic reduction loci based on size-sorted debitage in the macroscopic size range. Multivariate analysis of decremental size classes of debitage derived from the use of nested screening provides a means of investigating the differential operation of size sorting at various size levels, so that size thresholds for distinguishing deposits of probable primary and secondary refuse can be identified on empirical grounds. The method is used to distinguish refuse dumps from what appear to be lithic reduction loci within an obsidian core/blade workshop excavated at the Early Postclassic city of Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico.
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Borcherdt, Roger D. "Estimates of Site-Dependent Response Spectra for Design (Methodology and Justification)." Earthquake Spectra 10, no. 4 (November 1994): 617–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585791.
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Recent borehole-geotechnical data and strong-motion measurements constitute a new empirical basis to account for local geological conditions in earthquake-resistant design and site-dependent, building-code provisions. They provide new unambiguous definitions of site classes and rigorous empirical estimates of site-dependent amplification factors in terms of mean shear-wave velocity. A simple four-step methodology for estimating site-dependent response spectra is specified herein. Alternative techniques and commentary are presented for each step to facilitate application of the methodology for different purposes. Justification for the methodology is provided in terms of definitions for the new site classes and derivations of simple empirical equations for amplification as a function of mean shear-wave velocity and input ground-motion level. These new results provide a rigorous framework for improving estimates of site-dependent response spectra for design, site-dependent building-code provisions, and predictive maps of strong ground shaking for purposes of earthquake hazard mitigation.
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Fayazi, Fariba, Elena Fimmel, and Lutz Strüngmann. "Equivalence classes of circular codes induced by permutation groups." Theory in Biosciences 140, no. 1 (February 2021): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12064-020-00337-z.
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AbstractIn the 1950s, Crick proposed the concept of so-called comma-free codes as an answer to the frame-shift problem that biologists have encountered when studying the process of translating a sequence of nucleotide bases into a protein. A little later it turned out that this proposal unfortunately does not correspond to biological reality. However, in the mid-90s, a weaker version of comma-free codes, so-called circular codes, was discovered in nature in J Theor Biol 182:45–58, 1996. Circular codes allow to retrieve the reading frame during the translational process in the ribosome and surprisingly the circular code discovered in nature is even circular in all three possible reading-frames ($$C^3$$ C 3 -property). Moreover, it is maximal in the sense that it contains 20 codons and is self-complementary which means that it consists of pairs of codons and corresponding anticodons. In further investigations, it was found that there are exactly 216 codes that have the same strong properties as the originally found code from J Theor Biol 182:45–58. Using an algebraic approach, it was shown in J Math Biol, 2004 that the class of 216 maximal self-complementary $$C^3$$ C 3 -codes can be partitioned into 27 equally sized equivalence classes by the action of a transformation group $$L \subseteq S_4$$ L ⊆ S 4 which is isomorphic to the dihedral group. Here, we extend the above findings to circular codes over a finite alphabet of even cardinality $$|\Sigma |=2n$$ | Σ | = 2 n for $$n \in {\mathbb {N}}$$ n ∈ N . We describe the corresponding group $$L_n$$ L n using matrices and we investigate what classes of circular codes are split into equally sized equivalence classes under the natural equivalence relation induced by $$L_n$$ L n . Surprisingly, this is not always the case. All results and constructions are illustrated by examples.
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Kouvaris, Chris. "The Dark Side of Neutron Stars." Advances in High Energy Physics 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/856196.
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We review severe constraints on asymmetric bosonic dark matter based on observations of old neutron stars. Under certain conditions, dark matter particles in the form of asymmetric bosonic WIMPs can be effectively trapped onto nearby neutron stars, where they can rapidly thermalize and concentrate in the core of the star. If some conditions are met, the WIMP population can collapse gravitationally and form a black hole that can eventually destroy the star. Based on the existence of old nearby neutron stars, we can exclude certain classes of dark matter candidates.
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SWAMY, NIKHIL, JUAN CHEN, CÉDRIC FOURNET, PIERRE-YVES STRUB, KARTHIKEYAN BHARGAVAN, and JEAN YANG. "Secure distributed programming with value-dependent types." Journal of Functional Programming 23, no. 4 (July 2013): 402–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796813000142.
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AbstractDistributed applications are difficult to program reliably and securely. Dependently typed functional languages promise to prevent broad classes of errors and vulnerabilities, and to enable program verification to proceed side-by-side with development. However, as recursion, effects, and rich libraries are added, using types to reason about programs, specifications, and proofs becomes challenging. We present F*, a full-fledged design and implementation of a new dependently typed language for secure distributed programming. Our language provides arbitrary recursion while maintaining a logically consistent core; it enables modular reasoning about state and other effects using affine types; and it supports proofs of refinement properties using a mixture of cryptographic evidence and logical proof terms. The key mechanism is a new kind system that tracks several sub-languages within F* and controls their interaction. F* subsumes two previous languages, F7 and Fine. We prove type soundness (with proofs mechanized in Coq) and logical consistency for F*. We have implemented a compiler that translates F* to .NET bytecode, based on a prototype for Fine. F* provides access to libraries for concurrency, networking, cryptography, and interoperability with C#, F#, and the other .NET languages. The compiler produces verifiable binaries with 60% code size overhead for proofs and types, as much as a 45x improvement over the Fine compiler, while still enabling efficient bytecode verification. We have programmed and verified nearly 50,000 lines of F* including new schemes for multi-party sessions; a zero-knowledge privacy-preserving payment protocol; a provenance-aware curated database; a suite of web-browser extensions verified for authorization properties; a cloud-hosted multi-tier web application with a verified reference monitor; the core F* typechecker itself; and programs translated to F* from other languages such as F7 and JavaScript.
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Tan, Song Wei Benjamin, Christina L. L. Chai, and Mark G. Moloney. "Synthesis of 3-acyltetramates by side chain manipulation and their antibacterial activity." Org. Biomol. Chem. 12, no. 11 (2014): 1711–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ob00095a.
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An efficient approach for the introduction of 3-acyl side chain groups onto a core tetramate system, which are suitable for further manipulation by nucleophilic displacement or Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons coupling, provides access to a diverse library of substituted tetramates related to two distinct classes of natural products, equisetin and pramanicin.
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Lee, Cheol-Sung. "Income Inequality, Democracy, and Public Sector Size." American Sociological Review 70, no. 1 (February 2005): 158–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312240507000108.
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This study synthesizes and tests explanations of how public sector size and democracy affect income inequality. The results, based on unbalanced panel data for 64 developing and developed countries and a total of 341 observations from 1970 to 1994, show that a strong interaction between democracy and public sector development explains withincountry income inequality. Public sector expansion translates into worse distributional outcomes in nondemocracies or limited democracies because the state is more inclined to support the development of particular core industries or client populations in urban formal sectors through targeted taxation or transfer systems. On the other hand, the larger public sector size leads to better distributional outcomes in fully institutionalized democracies because the democratic political mechanisms enable the state institutions to be more responsive to the demands of lower classes and more committed to achieving better distributional outcomes. This study demonstrates that democracy is associated with inequality as an institutional background that converts the effects of public sector size on inequality from positive to negative by strengthening the hegemony of equity orientation within state institutions.
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O'Connor, Julie M., Sanjeev K. Srivastava, Elizabeth A. Brunton, and Scott E. Burnett. "Urban fringe dweller: the European red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in an urban coastal ecosystem." Australian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 1 (2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo20069.
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The spatial ecology of the European red fox in urban environments has not been widely studied in Australia. The spatial organisation and habitat selection of red foxes in coastal south-east Queensland was investigated using the GPS data from 17 collared foxes from seven putative fox families. Home range and core activity areas were calculated using 95% (KDE95) and 50% (KDE50) kernel density estimates respectively. Mean KDE95 home range size was 198 ha, and the mean core (KDE50) use area was 34 ha. Habitat selection, based on four broad habitat classes – Beach, Dunes, Urban and Green Space – was assessed using compositional analyses. At both 2nd order (study site) and 3rd order (home range) habitat selection, urban space was overwhelmingly the least preferred habitat in the study area despite being the most extensive habitat type. The unusual findings of this study contribute to a broader understanding of the ecology of this previously unstudied fox population.
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Zenner, Eric K., and JeriLynn E. Peck. "Quantifying the vertical diversification development stage of old-growth Douglas-fir to derive stage-specific targets for restoration silviculture." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 51, no. 3 (March 2021): 484–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2020-0244.
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Structural variability in natural Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco) forests hinders restoration targets for the full old-growth developmental sequence. To guide stage-specific restoration, we present a new approach toward developing a simple index of the vertical diversification (VD) stage. VD-associated sub-stand structures were objectively identified by quantifying the size structures of live trees across a developmental sequence of 10 pristine stands in the Oregon Cascades, USA. Floating neighborhoods were used to delineate natural tree neighborhoods based on triangulated irregular networks in five concentric rings of ever-greater spatial extent (averaging 60–2060 m2). Diameter distributions summarized the most frequently encountered tree size structures among neighborhoods, with increasing deviation from the neutral multi-variate core. Of 18 observed diameter distribution types (DDTs), the core DDT characterized all-sized tree neighborhoods reflective of vertical diversification, which was most abundant in early old-growth (VD) stands and least abundant at the extremes of the sequence. VD declined in older stands, whose more distinct DDTs had peaks in larger trees and multiple size classes, likely reflecting horizontal diversification (HD). This new approach illustrates that structural restoration of VD stands could be facilitated by the single-tree selection method, while that of HD stands may be promoted with both single-tree and group selection as well as targeted release.
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Rudoff, R. C., M. J. Houser, and W. D. Bachalo. "Experiments on Spray Interactions in the Wake of a Bluff Body." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 110, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240091.
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The dynamics of spray drop interaction within the turbulent wake of a bluff body were investigated using the Aerometrics Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer, which determines both drop size and velocity. Detailed measurements obtained included spray drop size, axial and radial velocity, angle of trajectory, and size-velocity correlations. The gas-phase flow field was also ascertained via the behavior of the smallest drops. Results showed dramatic differences in drop behavior when interacting with turbulence for the various size classes. Small drops were recirculated in a pair of toroidal vortices located behind the bluff body, whereas the larger drops followed the general direction of the spray cone angle. This was documented via backlit photography. Local changes in number density were produced as a result of lateral convection and streamwise accelerations and decelerations of various drop size classes. The spray field interaction illustrated by these data effectively reveals the complexity associated with the development of the spray and casts some doubts toward attempting to describe sprays via simple integral quantities such as the Sauter mean diameter.
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Gese, Eric M., and Robert L. Ruff. "Howling by coyotes ( Canis latrans): variation among social classes, seasons, and pack sizes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 1037–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-038.
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From January 1991 to June 1993 we observed 54 coyotes (Canis latrans) for 2507 h in Yellowstone National Park,Wyoming, during which we observed 517 howling events. Among coyotes of different types of social organization (residentversus transient), members of resident packs initiated or participated in howling events, while transient individuals were neverobserved howling (n = 51 h of observation). For members of resident packs, alpha coyotes spent more time howling and had ahigher rate of howling events than beta coyotes and pups; beta coyotes and pups howled similarly. The percentage of time andthe rate of howling events typically peaked in the dispersal and breeding seasons, with the lowest rate of howling during puprearing. Social rank and season did not influence the length of howling events. Pack size did not affect howling rates amongindividuals in a pack or the alpha pair. With respect to space-use patterns, coyotes in resident packs howled more frequentlythan expected along the periphery of the territory than in the core area. We concluded that, like wolves (Canis lupus), allcoyotes in the resident pack did not contribute equally to howling duties; alpha coyotes howled more than all coyotes. Howlingby coyotes appears to serve a territorial spacing function that is mainly performed by the alpha pair of the resident pack.
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Qamar, Nosheen, and Ali Afzal Malik. "Impact of Design Patterns on Software Complexity and Size." April 2020 39, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 342–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2002.10.
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Many different factors influence the quality of software. Among the most important of these factors is software complexity. One way to improve software quality, therefore, is to minimize its complexity making it more understandable and maintainable. The design phase of the software development life cycle plays an instrumental role in fostering quality in software. Seasoned designers often use past design best practices codified in the form of design patterns to make their designs and the resultant code more elegant, robust, and resilient to change. Little work, however, has been done to empirically assess the quantitative impact of design patterns on software complexity. This research is an attempt to fill this gap. A comparative analysis of before and after versions of program pairs written without and with design patterns was performed for all twenty three GoF (Gang of Four) design patterns. These program pairs were collected (or, in some cases, developed) and compared with respect to their complexity and size. The results of this comparative analysis reveal that the cyclomatic complexity of the programs written using design patterns was less for most of the design patterns as compared to the programs written without using design patterns. However, the values of CK metrics, number of classes, and software size SLOC (Source Lines of Code) increased when design patterns were used.
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Dhakal, Rajesh P., Sheng-Lin Lin, Alexander K. Loye, and Scott J. Evans. "Seismic design spectra for different soil classes." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 46, no. 2 (June 30, 2013): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.46.2.79-87.
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This paper investigates the validity of the soil class dependent spectral shape factors used to calculate seismic design actions in the New Zealand seismic design standard NZS1170.5, which currently specifies seismic design spectra corresponding to five different soil classes. According to the current provisions stipulated in NZS1170.5, for all natural periods, the seismic demand for structures on soft soil is either equal to or greater than that for structures on hard soil. This is opposite to the basic structural dynamics theory which suggests that an increase in stiffness of a system results in an increase in the acceleration response. In this pretext, a numerical parametric study is undertaken using a nonlinear site response analysis tool in order to capture the effect of soil characteristics on structural seismic demand and to scrutinize the validity of the current site specific seismic design spectra. It is identified that the level of input ground motion intensity and shear stiffness of the soil deposit (represented by its shear wave velocity Vs) greatly affect the maximum acceleration and frequency content of the surface motion. The study found some shortfalls in the way the current code defines seismic design demand, in particular the hierarchy of soil stiffness at low structural periods. It was found that stiff soils generally tend to have a higher spectral acceleration response in comparison to soft soils although this trend is less prominent for high intensity bed rock motions. It was also found that for medium to hard soils the spectral acceleration response at short period is grossly underestimated by the current NZS1170.5 provisions. Based on the outcomes of the parametric numerical analyses, a revised strategy to determine structural seismic demand for different soil classes is proposed and its application is demonstrated through an example.
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Sindhu, S., S. Jegadesan, R. Renu, and S. Valiyaveettil. "Design of Novel Nanocomposites through Interfacial Engineering." Journal of Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials 23 (January 2005): 327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jmnm.23.327.
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Two classes of nanocomposites involving polymers and magnetic particles or silica were synthesized and characterized. Effect of polymer on the morphology of the composites and the matrix filler interactions were studied in detail. Different analytical tools were used to characterize these composites and show a core-shell structure for the novel nanocomposites reported in this paper. TEM studies on these composites gave particle size distribution in nanometer range. The morphology and size of the particle changed significantly with the polymer used.
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Aisah, Isah, Eddy Djauhari, and Asep Singgih. "Dihedral Group in The Ancient Genetic." Jurnal Matematika Integratif 16, no. 1 (April 5, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jmi.v16i1.26646.
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The standard genetic code consist of four nucleotide bases which encode genes to produce amino acids needed by living things. The addition of new base (Dummy) causes a sequence of bases to become five nucleotide bases called ancient genetic codes. The five base set is denoted by , where B forms group through matching , , , , and from set . Ancient genetic codes can be reviewed as algebraic structures as a vector spaces and other structures as symmetry groups. In this article, discussed the properties of symmetry groups from ancient genetic codes that will produce dihedral groups. The study began by constructing an expanded nucleotide base isomorphism with . The presence of base causes to have a cardinality of 24, denoted as with . isomorphic with which is denoted by . Group had three clasess of partitions based on strong-weak, purin-pyrimidin types, and amino-keto nucleotide groups which are denoted as , , and . All three classes are subgroups of . By using the rules of rotation and reflection in the four-side plane, it was found that only one group fulfilled the rule was named the dihedral group. Keywords: ancient genetic code, group, subgroup, permutation, symmetry group , dihedral group.
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Borcherdt, Roger D. "Empirical Evidence for Site Coefficients in Building Code Provisions." Earthquake Spectra 18, no. 2 (May 2002): 189–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1486243.
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Site-response coefficients, Fa and Fv, used in U.S. building code provisions are based on empirical data for motions up to 0.1 g. For larger motions they are based on theoretical and laboratory results. The Northridge earthquake of 17 January 1994 provided a significant new set of empirical data up to 0.5 g. These data together with recent site characterizations based on shear-wave velocity measurements provide empirical estimates of the site coefficients at base accelerations up to 0.5 g for Site Classes C and D. These empirical estimates of Fa and Fv as well as their decrease with increasing base acceleration level are consistent at the 95 percent confidence level with those in present building code provisions, with the exception of estimates for Fa at levels of 0.1 and 0.2 g, which are less than the lower confidence bound by amounts up to 13 percent. The site-coefficient estimates are consistent at the 95 percent confidence level with those of several other investigators for base accelerations greater than 0.3 g. These consistencies and present code procedures indicate that changes in the site coefficients are not warranted. Empirical results for base accelerations greater than 0.2 g confirm the need for both a short- and a mid- or long-period site coefficient to characterize site response for purposes of estimating site-specific design spectra.
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Qing, Xie, Zhen Wang, Mobeen Munir, and Haseeb Ahmad. "Molecular Irregularity Indices of Nanostar, Fullerene, and Polymer Dendrimers." Journal of Chemistry 2020 (February 28, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9437612.
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Dendrimers are highly branched organic macromolecules with successive layers of branch units surrounding a central core. Some properties like toxicity, entropy, and heats of vaporization of these dendrimers can be forecasted using topological indices. The present article is devoted to study of irregularity indices of three well-known classes of dendrimers, namely, nanostar dendrimer D[p], fullerene dendrimer NS4[p], and polymer dendrimerNS5[p], where p is the step size. We also see the relation of irregularity of these dendrimers on the step size graphically.
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Vanner, Mathew R. "Miocene Casuarinaceae wood from Landslip Hill, Southland, New Zealand." IAWA Journal 40, no. 3 (June 2019): 627–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-40190244.
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ABSTRACTAngiosperm wood from the Miocene Landslip Hill silcrete, Southland, New Zealand is described. It is characterised by solitary vessels of two distinct size classes; rays of two size classes alongside aggregate rays; simple perforation plates; and axial parenchyma in tangential bands up to three cells wide. The wood has features similar to Casuarinaceae and is described here as a new species, Casuarinoxylon ildephonsi. The fossils were collected as isolated fragments of wood; there is no directly associated cladode or cone material although isolated fragments of these are common elsewhere in the Landslip Hill silcrete. This is the second record of fossil Casuarinaceae wood from New Zealand and the first sample to be anatomically described. Currently, Casuarinaceae does not occur in New Zealand. Casuarinoxylon ildephonsi would have grown in a warm temperate to subtropical climate on an open deltaic floodplain.
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Lee, Jun-Ki, Il-Sun Lee, and Yong-Ju Kwon. "Scan & Learn! Use of Quick Response Codes & Smartphones in a Biology Field Study." American Biology Teacher 73, no. 8 (October 1, 2011): 485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2011.73.8.11.
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The purpose of this article is to introduce and develop a teaching method and process that incorporates quick response (QR) codes and smartphones into field trips for biology classes. The teaching process using QR codes and smartphones consisted of four steps. The first step was the selection of a suitable field study site and identification of species at the site. For this study, a tidal mudflat in Korea was selected and 24 species were identified at the field site. The second step was the generation by the instructor of QR codes for the 24 species, construction of QR code sheets for the species, and installation of a "QR code decoding app" on students' smartphones. In step 3, students explored and identified species at the field study site using the QR code sheets and shared their results with classmates via a social network system (SNS). The final step was the presentation and discussion of results in follow-up classes. The teaching method developed for this study led to active classroom discussion via smartphone social-networking services. Besides detailing the "scan and learn" teaching method and process, the paper offers a quick checklist for teachers and simplified specifics for the creation of a customized and illustrative field-study guidebook that motivates students.
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Finn, W. D. Liam, and Adrian Wightman. "Ground motion amplification factors for the proposed 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-081.
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Foundation factors are used in seismic codes to capture the amplification effects of local soil conditions on ground motions and, hence, on seismic design forces. Recent developments in categorizing site conditions for seismic codes and assigning intensity- and frequency-dependent amplification factors to the various site classes are presented to provide a basis for understanding the new foundation factors proposed for the 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada.Key words: design spectra, site characterization, amplification factors.
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Ake-Little, Ethan, Nathaniel von der Embse, and Dana Dawson. "Does Class Size Matter in the University Setting?" Educational Researcher 49, no. 8 (June 9, 2020): 595–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0013189x20933836.
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University class size is a frequently debated topic among stakeholders given its relation to student achievement, teaching and learning, program evaluation, and education economics. However, the extant literature in both K–12 and higher education contexts regarding class size is equivocal, with some citing evidence of an adverse effect on student achievement for larger class sizes and others suggesting minimal effect. This study aims to explore the relationship between class size and student achievement, as measured by course grades, in the core undergraduate program at Temple University, a large, state-related university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A cross-classified multilevel model was employed consisting of 14 variables—6 student level and 8 class-level—and drawing from a robust sample size of 172,516 grades awarded to 32,766 students in 8,049 classes offered across 14 terms. Results suggest that, after controlling for instructor experience, the effect of class size is not uniform and is, in fact, quite variable when accounting for student race, gender, and academic discipline within the same model. We discuss the possible reasons for these variable results with implications for program policy and classroom practice. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the present study and how future research might resolve those limitations.
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KRAAIJ, D. A., M. KAMERMANS, and H. SPEKREIJSE. "Spectral sensitivity of the feedback signal from horizontal cells to cones in goldfish retina." Visual Neuroscience 15, no. 5 (May 1998): 799–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523898154184.
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The spectral sensitivity of cones in isolated goldfish retina was determined with whole-cell recording techniques. Three spectral classes of cones were found with maximal sensitivities around 620 nm, 540 nm, and 460 nm. UV-cones were not found because our stimulator did not allow effective stimulation in the UV range. The spectral sensitivity of the cones closely matched the cone photopigment absorption spectra at the long wavelength side of the spectrum, but deviated significantly at shorter wavelengths. Surround stimulation induced an inward current in cones due to feedback from horizontal cells. The spectral sensitivity of this feedback signal was determined in all three cone classes and found to be broader than the spectral sensitivity of the cones recorded from, and to be spectrally nonopponent. These data are consistent with a connectivity scheme between cones and horizontal cells in which the three horizontal cell systems feed back to all cone systems and in which all horizontal cell systems receive input from more than one cone system.
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Baumgartner, Lee J., Craig Boys, Tim Marsden, Jarrod McPherson, Nathan Ning, Oudom Phonekhampheng, Wayne Robinson, Douangkham Singhanouvong, Ivor G. Stuart, and Garry Thorncraft. "A Cone Fishway Facilitates Lateral Migrations of Tropical River-Floodplain Fish Communities." Water 12, no. 2 (February 13, 2020): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020513.
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Fisheries in many tropical river-floodplain systems are under threat from physical obstructions caused by ongoing river infrastructure development. There is a growing need for innovative, cost-effective technologies to mitigate the impacts of these obstructions. This study examined the effectiveness of a new cone fishway for facilitating lateral migrations of river-floodplain fish communities in the Lower Mekong Basin in Lao PDR. We assessed the species richness, size range, abundance and biomass of fish able to pass through a cone fishway, using paired entrance and exit sampling during both dawn/day and dusk/night. Overall, a diverse range of taxa (76 species) and size classes (25–370 mm) ascended the cone fishway. The total size range of fishes observed at the fishway entrance was similar to that at the exit, although the fish at the entrance were significantly smaller (in length) than those at the exit, during both diel periods. Additionally, there were significantly higher abundances of fish at the entrance than at the exit, but there was no difference in total biomass, again for both periods. These results suggest that, with further development, the cone fishway design has considerable potential for facilitating the lateral migrations of diverse tropical river-floodplain fish communities at low/medium head infrastructure.