Journal articles on the topic 'Coinage'
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1
Taylor, Lloyd W. H. "Sophytes’ Helmet: Origin, Symbolism, and Apotheosis." KOINON: The International Journal of Classical Numismatic Studies 4 (December 31, 2021): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/k.v4i.1108.
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This study examines the development of the depiction of the helmet worn by the male head on the coinage of Sophytes and its implications for alternative theories of attribution of the coinage. This was an Attic military helmet of the 3rd century BC. It is presented in a numismatic depiction that evolved from the preceding portrayal of Athena’s helmet on the Series 2 imitative Athenian coinage struck under Andragoras of Parthia. Calibration of the changes in coin fabric and the details of the helmet depicted on the Series 2 coinage to identical developments in the Athenian coinage of the 3rd century BC serve to date its emission to the middle of the 3rd century BC. Detailed analysis reveals that the obverse iconography of the Sophytes’ coinage developed independently of the superficially similar obverse iconography of the victory issues of Seleukos I struck at Susa. Consequently, there is no basis for the frequently inferred chronological nexus between the two coinages. Furthermore, art history considerations suggest that Sophytes, via the ornamentation of his helmet, sought to assimilate his image with that of Ares, in a claim to divinity that can only have emerged in the mid-third century BC when Greek religious and cultural norms had evolved to accept the apotheosis of leaders. An examination of the imagery of the gold stater emission struck by Sophytes predecessor, Andragoras, identifies the precedent for Sophytes claim to divinity in a symbolic numismatic narrative that reflects the rising existential threat to the secessionist march state of Parthia posed by the invading Parni, led by Arsaces.
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Rowan, Clare. "Imaging the Golden Age: the coinage of Antoninus Pius." Papers of the British School at Rome 81 (September 26, 2013): 211–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246213000093.
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Given that few ancient accounts of the reign of Antoninus Pius survive from antiquity, other monuments, in particular coinage, become important in reconstructing his reign. In this article coin hoards are used to reconstruct a quantitative understanding of Pius's numismatic imagery. It is clear from the results that the three different coin metals (gold, silver and aes) differed in their messages: while gold coinage emphasized the imperial family and the concept of pietas, silver and aes coinage focused on the emperor's concern for the grain supply (annona). This broad understanding of Pius's numismatic image is supplemented by more detailed analysis of coin iconography in particular years. The liberalitas and Britannia series of Pius are explored in depth. The study highlights coinage's role as one imperial monument among many, contributing to the communication of imperial ideologies. It is clear that the image of Pius as a virtuous emperor ruling in a ‘Golden Age’ was one cultivated by the imperial bureaucracy, and so it is not surprising that the concept features in the preserved texts. The long-term impact of Pius's coinage is also considered. In the absence of significant quantities of aes coinage struck by the Severans, the coinage of Pius continued to be of importance in many regions throughout the third century, conveying impressions of Empire among users well after the emperor's death.
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Rutter, Keith. "The nature of early Greek coinage – the case of Sicily." Journal of Greek Archaeology 1 (January 1, 2016): 193–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/jga.v1i.649.
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Coins were made and circulated in their millions in the ancient world. By common consent they are part of the evidence for the reconstruction of ancient history of all kinds, economic, artistic, religious, political. But how can the evidence provided by coins best be exploited? In a recent article, I suggested that it is on the basis of ‘detailed work on the numismatic material, on the structure and volume of different coinages, on the ‘rhythms’ and rates of production, that we can expect worthwhile contributions to debates about the impact (revolutionary?) of coinage in the Greek world, the speed and degree to which parts of it were monetized (rapid and total?), and the organized development of a market economy (buying and selling in the agora?).’ In the present paper I take up that challenge by examining in detail the earliest coinage in one part of the Greek world, the island of Sicily. What can it tell us about the nature and impact of early Greek coinage?
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Stahl, Alan M. "Coinage." Early Medieval Europe 12, no. 3 (July 27, 2004): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-9462.2004.00134.x.
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Visonà, Paolo. "Rethinking early Carthaginian coinage." Journal of Roman Archaeology 31 (2018): 7–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759418001228.
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The coins minted by the Carthaginians in silver, gold, electrum, billon and bronze comprise one of the largest coinages that circulated in the W Mediterranean before the Roman conquest. They provide essential information on both the history and economy of Carthage and on Carthaginian interactions with their neighbors, allies and adversaries. Carthaginian bronze coins, in particular, are frequently found throughout the Punic world, in each of its core regions (N Africa from Tripolitania to Algeria, Sicily, Sardinia, Ibiza and the southernmost Iberian peninsula), as well as in Italy. Yet few accounts of Carthage and the Punic Wars take Carthaginian coinage into consideration, and an emphasis on Greek and Latin literary sources continues to drive the narrative. Of course, in evaluating the political and economic implications of numismatic evidence one needs to distinguish from the start between the issues of the Carthage mint and those of other mints that struck coins under Carthaginian authority. Carthaginian coinage did not follow a linear path of development. As the Carthaginians began to produce coins in Sicily earlier than in N Africa, the start of minting at Carthage deserves careful scrutiny. This essay, based upon an ongoing study of Carthaginian bronze and billon coins, will review the history of modern scholarship and current research on Carthaginian coinage, focussing upon the formative period of the Carthage mint between c.350 and 300 B.C. in order to define the main aspects of its output, its relevance for the monetization of the Carthaginian homeland, and the sequence of the earliest issues.
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Proudfoot, Richard. "Shakespeare’s Coinage." Actes des congrès de la Société française Shakespeare, no. 11 (November 1, 1993): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/shakespeare.1258.
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Ireland, Stanely. "ALEXANDER’S COINAGE." Classical Review 48, no. 2 (October 1998): 452–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009840x98740028.
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Wang, Ruijing, Shubin Yang, and Qingzhong Li. "Coinage-Metal Bond between [1.1.1]Propellane and M2/MCl/MCH3 (M = Cu, Ag, and Au): Cooperativity and Substituents." Molecules 24, no. 14 (July 17, 2019): 2601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24142601.
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A coinage-metal bond has been predicted and characterized in the complexes of [1.1.1]propellane (P) and M2/MCl/MCH3 (M = Cu, Ag, and Au). The interaction energy varies between −16 and −47 kcal/mol, indicating that the bridgehead carbon atom of P has a good affinity for the coinage atom. The coinage-metal bond becomes stronger in the Ag < Cu < Au sequence. Relative to M2, both MCl and MCH3 engage in a stronger coinage-metal bond, both -Cl and -CH3 groups showing an electron-withdrawing property. The formation of coinage-metal bonding is mainly attributed to the donation orbital interactions from the occupied C-C orbital into the empty metal orbitals and a back-donation from the occupied d orbital of metal into the empty C-C anti-bonding orbital. In most complexes, the coinage-metal bond is dominated by electrostatic interaction, with moderate contribution of polarization. When P binds simultaneously with two coinage donors, negative cooperativity is found. Moreover, this cooperativity is prominent for the stronger coinage-metal bond.
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Cuper, Alicja, and Małgorzata Cuper-Ferrigno. "Linguistic Analysis of Word Formation Processes in English in the Light of 'Covid' Being the New Coinage that Defined 2020." Language, Culture, Politics. International Journal 1 (October 21, 2022): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54515/lcp.2022.1.15-25.
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The study attempts to explore word formation processes in English such as coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronym and derivation. The outbreak of Covid-19 from a linguistic point of view is strictly connected with the emergence of Covid-19's coinages establishing a trending base of global neologisms. The present study focuses on the investigation of English word formation processes and the nature of the new English words and expressions emerging in the wake of Covid-19 crisis.
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Taylor, Lloyd W. H. "The Baktrian Coregency Legend Coinage of Seleukos and Antiochos: Context and Origin." KOINON: The International Journal of Classical Numismatic Studies 6 (December 14, 2023): 91–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/k.v6i.2343.
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The light weight standard coregency legend coinage of Seleukos and Antiochos struck at the mint of Ai Khanoum in Baktria is an enigmatic punctuation of the otherwise consistently Attic weight standard coinage of the Seleukid realm in the 3rd century BC. A newly identified coregency legend gold stater weighing c.7.05 grams establishes that the coregency coinage system was a comprehensive trimetallic coinage. Consistent with this reduced weight standard stater is the tetradrachm weight standard of c. 14.10 grams. This coinage briefly displaced the previously issued Attic weight coinage in the Oxus valley. A reappraisal of the coinage and its context leads to the conclusion that the impetus for its mintage was the creation of a closed monetary system in the Oxus valley, seeking to emulate the success of Ptolemy in the Nile valley. This extended a pattern of Seleukid adoption and adaptation of Ptolemaic innovations. A motivating factor in this regard was the absence of an indigenous source of silver in the Oxus valley at a time when an influx of Greek settlers catalysed a rapid growth in the monetary economy. However, changing demographics, permeable frontiers, and the assassination of Seleukos contributed to the abandonment of this epichoric coinage, marking the collapse of a dedicated Seleukid effort to rapidly advance the development of monetized economies in eastern reaches of the kingdom.
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Taylor, Lloyd W. H. "The Susa wreath group Alexanders: The first step in the transformation of an anchor seal to a dynastic emblem." KOINON: The International Journal of Classical Numismatic Studies 2 (January 1, 2019): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/k.v2i.1143.
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A tetradrachm die study of the Susa wreath group (Susa Group 5) of Alexanders (Price 3853-60) attributed to the satrapy of Aspeisas in the period 316/5-312/1 BC, indicates that the coinage should be downdated to the period 311/0-309/8 BC, the earliest coinage of Seleukos from the mint. A newly identified component of the coinage, die linked to the wreath group while bearing an anchor recut over the wreath, represents the first appearance on coinage of what was to become the primary Seleukid dynastic emblem. It sheds light on the origin and timing of placement of Seleukos’s personal insignia, or seal, on his coinage, and its subsequent development into a dynastic emblem.
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Morakis, Andreas. "The Introduction of Coinage in Southern Italy: Sybaris and Metapontium." Journal of Ancient History 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 35–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jah-2021-0013.
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Abstract This article focuses on the introduction, diffusion and function of coinage in Sybaris and Metapontium, cities considered the first to mint coinage in southern Italy. In this paper, there is an effort to combine a series of numismatic data (coin hoards, fractions, numismatic standard, isolated coins, overstrikes, and number of dies) along with non-numismatic ones (literary sources, other archaeological data, location, fertility of the land) in order to draw broader conclusions on the introduction of coinage and its impact on the societies of these two poleis. The main argument is that coinage was introduced in order for the elite, rich landowners governing the cities to profit from selling their agricultural products. Nevertheless, the demos benefited also from coinage, as the minting of fractions reveals. This group also had a certain (limited) political power in these two cities and their interests (inevitably) were taken into consideration by the ruling elites. The spread of the coinage of these two cities in southern Italy and other areas suggests that ultimately coinage served (mostly), already from the Archaic period, as an important tool for all kinds of (interstate) economic transactions of which trade constituted the greatest part.
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Alfen, Peter van. "Coinage As Metalwork." West 86th: A Journal of Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture 28, no. 2 (September 1, 2021): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/721218.
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Varenius, Björn. "The Hedeby Coinage." Current Swedish Archaeology 2, no. 1 (December 28, 1994): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.1994.11.
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This article deals with the early Nordic pictorial coinage, in all probability struck in Hedeby in the first half of the 9th century. The focus is on the interpretation of its role in societal strategies, since some of the coins reproduce the coins of the Carolingian empire while others expose an iconographic universe of Nordic symbolism. One of these symbols, which is examined somewhat closer, is the ship.
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STRONACH, D. "Early Achaemenid Coinage." Iranica Antiqua 24 (January 1, 1989): 255–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ia.24.0.2014037.
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Kroll, John H. "History of Coinage." Classical Review 55, no. 1 (March 2005): 344–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clrevj/bni188.
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Morris, Francis M. "Cunobelinus' Bronze Coinage." Britannia 44 (July 23, 2013): 27–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x13000391.
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AbstractCunobelinus was the most significant figure in Britain during the decades leading up to the Roman invasion, though his reign has received relatively little attention. Cunobelinus' coinage is of great importance to understanding the socio-political structure of South-East Britain prior to the Roman invasion and whilst studies of his gold and silver have been published in previous editions ofBritannia(Allen 1975; de Jersey 2001), his bronzes have been subject to surprisingly little work, particularly considering that they are by far the most common struck bronze issues known from Iron Age Britain, with a total of 2,608 examples currently recorded in the Celtic Coin Index and on the PAS database combined. This study proposes a broad typological scheme with which Cunobelinus' bronzes can be ordered and demonstrates that, like Cunobelinus' silver, but unlike his gold, they can be divided into three regional groupings, which it can be argued correspond to three different political sub-groupings under Cunobelinus' control. In addition, the bronze's metallurgy and metrology and the mints at which they were struck are investigated. This article examines the contribution of coinage to understanding Cunobelinus' political history, and how he used imagery to reinforce and legitimate his power in the different regions under his control at different times during his reign. The types of sites at which Cunobelinus' bronzes have been found are also outlined and the likely function of the coins discussed.
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Sears, Stuart D. "On Islamic Coinage." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 34, no. 2 (2000): 200–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002631840004044x.
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Li, Xiang-Hui, Xiao-Ling Zhang, Qiao-Hong Chen, Li Zhang, Jing-Hua Chen, Di Wu, Wei-Ming Sun, and Zhi-Ru Li. "Coinage metalides: a new class of excess electron compounds with high stability and large nonlinear optical responses." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 16 (2020): 8476–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp06894e.
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Papadopoulos, John K. "Minting Identity: Coinage, Ideology and the Economics of Colonization in Akhaina Magna Graecia." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 12, no. 1 (April 2002): 21–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774302000021.
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This article focuses on the early coinage of the Akhaian cities of South Italy — Sybaris, Kroton, Metapontion, Kaulonia, Poseidonia — against the backdrop of colonization. Minting an early and distinctive series of coins, these centres were issuing coinage well before their ‘mother-cities’, a phenomenon that has never been fully appreciated. With its origins in a colonial context, the Akhaian coinage of Magna Graecia not only differs from that of the early coin-minting states of the Greek mainland, it offers a case study that challenges long-held assumptions and potentially contributes to a better understanding of the origins of coinage. It does so by suggesting that coinage is much more than a symbol of authority and represents considerably more than just an abstract notion of sovereignty or hegemony. The images or emblems that the Akhaians of South Italy chose for their coins are those current in the contemporary cultural landscape of the historic Akhaians, but at the same time actively recall the world of the heroic Akhaians of the Bronze Age by referring to prehistoric measures of value. More than his, the vicissitudes of colonial and indigenous history in parts of South Italy in the Archaic period were not merely reflected in coinage, the coins themselves were central to the processes of transformation. By boldly minting — constructing — their identity on coinage, the Akhaians of South Italy chose money in order to create relations of dominance and to produce social orders that had not existed before.
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Marcellesi, Marie-Christine. "Power and coinage. The portrait tetradrachms of Eumenes II." Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 10 (November 2017): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-10-04.
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Among other innovations in coinage, the portrait tetradrachms of Eumenes II testify to the interest that the Attalid king showed in coinage. It is difficult to date these coins using purely numismatic criteria. The generally favoured late dating is based on the notion that this was a short-lived coinage, but it may well have been struck – possibly at intervals – over a relatively long period of Eumenes II’s reign. In this paper I defend an early dating for the starting point of this coinage, in the first half of the reign and even in the first years, before the Treaty of Apamea. The historical context of the rising power of Rome in the Eastern Mediterranean after the Second Macedonian War may explain the original features of this coinage and its iconography, which shows a will to affirm a personal power and also suggests a connection with Rome through the Pergamene cult of the Kabeiroi.
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Kéfélian, Anahide. "Armenia and Armenians in Roman Numismatics." Electrum 28 (2021): 105–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20800909el.21.009.13367.
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Ancient Armenian sources are very scarce and do not permit a thorough understanding of Ancient Armenia. For this reason, all available sources relevant to Armenia need to be considered and studied. This is notably the case for Roman Coinage, where issues related to Armenia were struck over the course of 200 years. This paper examines how Roman coinage is able to influence our understanding of Roman, Armenian and Parthian relationships. The study begins with the analysis of the monetary iconography of Armenia and Armenians on Roman coinage through their attributes and postures. Following the first part, the study questions the Roman coinage as a source of ideological representations of the events. Indeed, the issues do not reflect the intricate relationships of the Romans, Armenians and Parthians, but rather highlight Roman victories and the image of the Emperor. Despite this Roman prism, the last part of the article shows that it is possible to use the coinage as a source for Roman, Armenian and Parthian reationship studies.
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Taylor, Lloyd W. H. "Sophytes and the Mirage of an ‘Indian’ Weight Standard." KOINON: The International Journal of Classical Numismatic Studies 5 (November 9, 2022): 54–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/k.v5i.1656.
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For more than 150 years numismatic scholarship postulated that a coinage associated with Sophytes was struck on an ‘Indian’ weight standard. Despite mounting evidence to the contrary, this evolved into an enduring mirage, accompanied by an added dimension of complexity, one that posited that the coinage was struck simultaneously on two weight standards, Attic and ‘Indian.’ This mirage, and its associated complexity is dispersed completely by a comprehensive metrological analysis of 957 coins across seven silver denominations in the coinage of Sophytes, and his predecessor Andragoras, struck in Parthia during the period 250s-238 BC. It confirms that eleven series of issues in the coinage constitute a single currency system, an epichoric coinage that was systematically weight adjusted based on a reduced Attic weight standard tetradrachm of 17.00 grams, with an increased component seigniorage, up to fifteen percent, applied to the smaller denominations. This metrology is reflective of its origin in the mid 3rd century BC.
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Ismail, Rushita, Muriatul Khusmah Musa, and Rofiza Aboo Bakar. "Word coinage communication strategy in learners of English oral interaction." JELTIM (Journal of English Language Teaching Innovations and Materials) 3, no. 2 (October 29, 2021): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/jeltim.v3i2.48593.
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Coinage is one of the many creative strategies performed by language learners in instances when they are not able to retrieve the accurate lexical item from their limited linguistic knowledge. It is an issue of interests to language practitioners and learners and little research has been dealt on it. The study explored on the use of coinage strategies among Malaysian language learners in a pair work picture spot- the- difference narration activity. Thirty-two pre-selected items missing from one of the sets were to be identified and the session was video recorded. From the transcription data, the instances of semantic coinage strategies were found to be more frequently displayed as compared to grammatical coinage strategy when the learners encountered communication breakdowns. In semantic word coinage strategy, the learners formed lexical items by selecting two different features of the two interlanguage lexical items and combined them as a compound target language item. Grammatical word coinage strategy, on the other hand, was used by creating words which do not exist in the second language (L2) after an application of L2 rule to a L2 word. These communication strategies, in one way or another develop creativity and enhance the process of second language acquisition.
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Psoma, Selene E. "The ΣYN Coinage: Agesilaus versus Lysander." Phoenix 76, no. 1 (2022): 146–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/phx.2022.a914294.
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Abstract: This paper reviews previous attributions of the coinage, supports dates between 395 and 394 for it, and relates it to Agesilaus ii and the preparation of the fleet by the cities-allies of the Spartans, to which refers the legend ΣYN ( synteleia ). Iconography—Heracles drakontopnigon —supports the relation to Agesilaus, the Heraclid par excellence, while the Hecatomnus hoard reveals that all coinages on the Chian standard of the hoard are associated with the Spartan-Persian War (399–386 b.c.e.). Abstract: Cet article passe en revue les attributions précédentes de la monnaie ΣYN, argumente en faveur de dates entre 395 et 394 pour celle-ci, et relie cette monnaie à Agésilas ii et à la préparation d'une flotte par les cités alliées des Spartiates, à laquelle la légende ΣYN ( synteleia ) fait référence. L'iconographie — Héraclès drakontopnigon — soutient la relation avec Agésilas, l'Héraclide par excellence, tandis que le trésor d'Hécatomne révèle que toutes les monnaies appartenant au standard de Chios dans ce trésor sont associées à la guerre spartiato-perse (399-386 a. C.).
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Taylor, Lloyd W. H. "Susa mint: 311-301 BC." KOINON: The International Journal of Classical Numismatic Studies 3 (January 1, 2020): 18–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/k.v3i.1129.
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This paper is the final component in a trilogy that documents a die study of the large denomination coinage issued from the Susa mint prior to 300 BC. It examines the Alexandrine coinage of Seleukos struck in the period 311/0-304/3BC, prior to the introduction of coinage bearing his own name. Three groups (Groups 5-7) are recognized in this coinage. Groups 5 and 6, bear a laurel wreath symbol, which in the case of Group 6 is accompanied by a range of other symbols. These two groups were struck simultaneously during the Babylonian War in the period c. 311/0-309/8 BC. Group 7 post-dates the Babylonian War. It is characterised by the presence of the anchor symbol, which displaced the laurel wreath as the primary symbol on the coinage. On the last reverse dies of Group 7 this anchor symbol was erased, a phenomenon previously identified on coinage from the mints of Babylon II and Uncertain Mint 6A (Opis), dated to c. 305/4-304/3 BC. This was a synchronous event across Seleukos’s mints operating in Babylonia and Susiana, one that provides a firm chronological peg for the last of the Susa issues (Group 7) in the name of Alexander, an updating of a decade relative to that proposed in Seleucid Coins.
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Sidorenko, Valery A. "Objective Methods in the Research of Coinages of Byzantine Cherson and the Crimea." Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria, no. XXVI (2021): 424–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.424-446.
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This paper considers the coin-die method of numismatic research, which, by A. N. Zograf’s definition, is an “objective scientific method.” The need to turn to this description is related to the fact that not all authors of publications are familiar with the principles of this method. The technical features of the use of mechanically connected pairs of dies in coinage, which became widespread in ancient times and were applied in the coinages of Bosporos and Chersonese (mediaeval Cherson) from the Roman Period on, are highlighted. The transition to the coin production not interconnected by dies under the Golden Horde creates more complex intersections of die connections in the method of research of coins. This paper publishes two folles of Justin II (565–578) of the mint of Constantinople produced by the same obverse die and reverse with different numeric marks (Г and Є) interpreted as the signs of the 3rd and 5th officinae. One can infer a special value of the fifth officina differing from those of the marks 1–4 to explain the appearance of its mark on the coins of Leo I and Verina of military issues in Cherson before the organization of its polis coinage. The study of the coins of mediaeval Cherson by die and analytical methods detects the continuity of issues from 549 on, allows the one to determine the coins of Justine II (565–578) and Tiberios II Constantine (578–582), Maurice Tiberios (582–602), Phokas (602–610), Herakleios (610–641) and Constans II (641–668). The end of the coinage of Cherson under the Emperor Constans II corresponded to the economic crisis described by Pope Martin in his letters, when he was exiled to that city in 655 as an avid opponent of the Monothelitism.
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Stolyarik, Elena, and Ivan Karayotov. "The Coinage of Mesambria 1: Silver and Gold Coinage of Mesambria." American Journal of Archaeology 100, no. 1 (January 1996): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/506323.
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Mahmudah, Faiqah. "The Use Of Word Coinage In Students’ Daily Conversation." IJER (Indonesian Journal of Educational Research) 2, no. 1 (October 26, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30631/ijer.v2i1.35.
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Abstract This research discusses about an analysis of word. In linguistics, study of word is analysed under morphology. To specify the research, this research focuseson the use of word coinage in daily conversation of third semester students of English study program. The aims of this research to describe and find out some words of word coinage that used by the students in their daily conversation. This research uses descriptive qualitative method. There are three kinds of word coinage that explained in this research; Invention, blend and clipping. Invention is word processes that create a word by adapting a name of commercial product. Blend is a merge or combine two words become a new word. And Clipping is create a new word by shorter the original word. Key words: linguistics, morphology, word coinage
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Bernard, Seth. "The Social History of Early Roman Coinage." Journal of Roman Studies 108 (July 5, 2018): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0075435818000497.
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AbstractFiscal explanations often given for Rome's first coins fail to account for the shape of monetary development. Nothing in the mid-republican budget matches the small scale and sporadic production of Roman coins during the early third century, or coinage's rapid expansion in the lead-up to the Second Punic War. Instead, I locate early Roman coinage within a broader reconfiguration of wealth and political power during the early phases of imperial expansion. Coins facilitated the exchange of wealth in the absence of strong social ties; conquest opened up Roman society to vast wealth of this order while also sparking debate about wealth's integration into the political community. Archaeological and textual evidence permits us to trace the contested and uneven development of elite accommodation to impersonal wealth during the third century. This context, I argue, offers the best explanation for Rome's initial coins.
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Trivedi, Bimal. "COINAGE OF THE INDO-GREEKS CHALLENGES OF THE ANCIENTS AND THE SOLUTIONS IN THE MODERN WORLD." Ukrainian Numismatic Annual, no. 5 (December 30, 2021): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2616-6275-2021-5-93-104.
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When Alexander had to leave his conquest of India midway, some of his generals stayed back to rule the conquered north-west India the part which was known as Bactria. These Kings and generals held sway and minted their coins with pure Hellenistic motifs, scripts/legends, and styles. By the middle of the 2nd century BCE, by the inclusion of the Indian script Kharoshthi, Indian elements started appearing and became mainstream. Not only the legend but the weight standard was changed and the Indian standard was adopted. This was the most important change. Problems: The vast sum of Indo-Greek coinage has been unearthed so far but had remained under-studied for more than one reason. As it remains, the problem areas have remained unaddressed and unanswered. This has mainly happened due to the study of coinage in isolation far away from the find spots and devoid of stratigraphy and ignoring local knowledge of the subject. This situation has been aggravated by political turmoil and insulating archaeological finds and records by limiting the access combined with poor local scholarly work or absence of scientific approach due to poor economic conditions and access to modern methods and technology to approach, enhance, and understand the historically very important Indo-Greek coinage. Unfortunately, Indo-Greek coinage study is clubbed with Hellenistic outlook and mostly aggravated by vogue historicity. Scope of Study: This paper highlights challenges in studying Indo-Greek coinage and other factors that have not been addressed and difficulties in the way of scholarly pursuit. A modern tech-driven approach is recommended for addressing the challenges. Scientific Evaluation: A more technology-driven approach to study the Indo- Greek coinage will unravel the mysteries and remove the historical blind spots. Exclusively treating the subject of Indo-Greek coinage and thus providing recognition it deserves as unique, de-bracketed from Hellenistic coinage. Conclusions: The modern technology-driven data management scientifically adopted archaeological exploration and excavation paired with the latest Information Technology tools including the use of social media platforms can be networked effectively to build up a fresh modern repository of findings that will help historians, archaeologists, scholars, students, and numismatists/collectors.
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Torbágyi, Melinda, and István A. Vida. "Some Remarks on Eraviscan Coinage." Notae Numismaticae - TOM XV, no. 15 (May 17, 2021): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.52800/ajst.1.a.04.
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In the Carpathian Basin, the only coinage made by purely following Roman designs and based on their monetary standards is related to the Eravisci. The exact date of the coinage is still a matter of discussion, but the Eraviscan coins may have begun during the last decades of the 1st century BC at the earliest. The Eraviscan coinage was more probably politically motivated than economically, with their purpose perhaps to finance Eraviscan troops allied with the Romans, for instance in the war planned against Maroboduus. The coinage may perhaps have had a later phase after the abandonment of the oppidum on Gellért Hill. In this phase, very “odd” coins were minted somewhere in the edge of the Eraviscan territory. Recently, some imitations of Eraviscan denarii came to light north of the Danube, e.g. the Czechy hoard. They are thin, poorly minted coins of half weight and strongly stylized imagery.
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Treadwell, Luke. "Qur'anic Inscriptions on the Coins of the ahl al-bayt from the Second to Fourth Century AH." Journal of Qur'anic Studies 14, no. 2 (October 2012): 47–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2012.0055.
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This paper asks why early Muslims selected certain Qur'anic passages for inclusion in the legends of their coins. Coinage provides a form of historical documentation which is well suited to the study of the public reception of Qur'anic material because most Islamic coins were dated (either relatively or absolutely) and their place of origin known. This preliminary study begins with the earliest Islamic coinage, concentrating on the epigraphic coinage produced by ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān's monetary reforms and the coinage of the ʿAlid pretenders to the caliphate in the ʿAbbāsid period. It discusses the anxieties expressed by some scholars about the exposure of Qur'anic text on coins to contact with persons in a state of ritual impurity. It examines the relationship of the cited texts to their Qur'anic background, proposing an inclusive reading which takes account of the textual, moral and political contexts in which these numismatic legends were used.
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Reger, Gary, and Charikleia Papageorgiadou-Banis. "The Coinage of Kea." American Journal of Archaeology 105, no. 2 (April 2001): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/507299.
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Butorina, Olga. "The Origin of Coinage." Contemporary Europe 69, no. 3 (June 1, 2016): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope32016131142.
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Tuplin, Christopher. "The coinage of Aryandes." Revue des Études Anciennes 91, no. 1 (1989): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rea.1989.4364.
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Sheidlower, Jesse T., and Jonathan E. Lighter. "A Recent Coinage (Not!)." American Speech 68, no. 2 (1993): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/455678.
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Weiss, Colin. "Contractionary Devaluation Risk: Evidence from the Free Silver Movement, 1878–1900." Review of Economics and Statistics 102, no. 4 (October 2020): 705–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00841.
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I identify significant effects of devaluation risk on interest rates and output using US silver coinage policy news between 1878 and 1900 as clean shocks to exchange rate expectations. The Free Silver movement heightened fears the United States would abandon the gold standard and depreciate the dollar. Because Congress, rather than a central bank, set silver coinage policy, silver policy news was likely uncorrelated with economic shocks. Corporate bonds exposed to dollar devaluation returned an additional 1 percent relative to safer bonds when silver risk decreased. Additionally, increased silver coinage risk is associated with an economically significant fall in industrial production.
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Morgan, Kathryn. "Paying the Price: Contextualizing Exchange in Phaedo 69a–c." Rhizomata 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 239–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rhiz-2020-0011.
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Abstract This paper uses a problematic passage at Phaedo 69a–c as a case study to explore the advantages we can gain by reading Plato in his cultural context. Socrates argues that the common conception of courage is strange: people fear death, but endure it because they are afraid of greater evils. They are thus brave through fear. He proposes that we should not exchange greater pleasures, pains, and fears for lesser, like coins, but that there is the only correct coin, for which we must exchange all these things: wisdom (phronēsis). Commentators have been puzzled by the precise nature of the exchange envisaged here, sometimes labelling the coinage metaphor as inept, sometimes describing this stretch of argument as “religious” and thus not to be taken seriously. The body of the paper looks at (1) the connection between money and somatic materialism, (2) the incommensurability in Plato of financial and ethical orders, (3) financial metaphors outside Plato that connect coinage with ethics, (4) intrinsic and use values in ancient coinage, and (5) Athenian laws on coinage, weights, and measures that reflect anxiety about debased coins in the fifth and early fourth centuries. It sees the Phaedo passage as the product of a sociopolitical climate which facilitated the consideration of coinage as an embodiment of a value system and which connected counterfeit or debased currency with debased ethical types. Athenians in the early fourth century were much concerned with issues of commensurability between different currencies and with problems of debasement and counterfeiting; understanding this makes Socrates’ use of coinage metaphors less puzzling. Both the metaphor of coinage and the other metaphors in this passage of the Phaedo (painting and initiation) engage with ideas of purity, genuineness, and deception. Taken as a group, these metaphors cover a large area of contemporary popular culture and are used to illustrate a disjunction between popular and philosophical ways of looking at value.
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Wicks, Robert S. "The Ancient Coinage of Mainland Southeast Asia." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 16, no. 2 (September 1985): 195–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400008419.
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Southeast Asia's coinage during the first millenium AD is remarkably conservative and uniform. A single prototype, a silver conch and śrīvatsa coin, is the model for each mainland coinage issued over a period of more than five hundred years, from about AD 450 to 1000. (Plate 1, coin 1) Silver is by far the preferred metal for minting. Gold and copper are rarely used, and then only in late or debased issues. Most of the cointypes are limited in circulation to their place of issue, providing insight into the geographical extent of effective political control in the early states of Candra Arakan, Pyu Śrīkṣetra and Mon Dvāravatī. Weight standards are extremely variable indicating that each state had a localized currency and not one immediately acceptable on an international basis. The main exception is the Rising Sun/Śrīvatsa coinage found in Burma, Thailand, Cambodia and southern Viet Nam. Unfortunately this Rising Sun coinage cannot be attributed to any mainland state with certainty.
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Swan, David. "THE CARNYX ON CELTIC AND ROMAN REPUBLICAN COINAGE." Antiquaries Journal 98 (September 2018): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581518000161.
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This paper explores the cross-cultural portrayals of an unusual and striking musical instrument, the carnyx, on the coinages of the Romans and the inhabitants of Iron Age Britain and Gaul. Fashioned as a snarling boar, the carnyx was a war horn used by the Gauls and Britons that not only captivated the minds of their artists, but also those of the Romans. This paper studies the cross-cultural phenomenon of its appearance in the coin iconography of the late second to late first centuriesbc. This simultaneous analysis of Roman, Gallic and British coinage reveals that while each culture had a shared belief in the carnyx’s military role, each culture also had its own interpretation of the object’s significance. To the Romans, it was a symbol of the barbarian, to be cherished as a war trophy after a Roman victory, but to those northern Europeans, it was a sign of pride and spiritual significance. An image’s meaning is, therefore, seen to transform as it crosses into a new cultural context.
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Dahmen, Karsten. "Money and Legitimacy after Alexander." Phoenix 76, no. 1 (2022): 288–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/phx.2022.a914300.
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Abstract: This paper provides an overview on the character of the coinages issued by Alexander's immediate successors. In particular their use of their own names, royal titles, portraits, and introductions of new coin types represent individual choices. An analysis of these choices enables us to understand the way coinage was used as an instrument of legitimacy. Abstract: Cet article donne une vue d'ensemble de la nature des monnaies produites par les successeurs immédiats d'Alexandre. Plus spécifiquement, leur utilisation de leur propre nom, titres royaux et portraits, et l'introduction de nouveaux types de pièces représentent des choix individuels. Une analyse de ces choix nous permet de comprendre comment la monnaie était utilisée comme outil de légitimation.
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Taylor, Lloyd W. H. "Respect for Seleukid Suzerainty: The Imitative Victory Coinage of the Sistan Ariaspi." KOINON: The International Journal of Classical Numismatic Studies 4 (December 31, 2021): 30–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/k.v4i.1109.
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The victory coinage bearing the name Antiochos (SC 226-228), currently attributed to the province of Drangiana during the co-regency of Seleukos and Antiochos, exhibits a progressive deterioration of iconography and epigraphy over the duration of its emission. It has the characteristics of an imitative coinage, struck over a prolonged period, rather than the 14 years of the co-regency. Die study reveals stages of iconographic deterioration, enabling the coinage to be categorized into three groups, each with its own progressively degraded iconography and epigraphy. During its emission a local artistic tradition, possibly reflecting a longstanding Indian influence appears in the iconography of the obverse, and what appears to be an early Brahmi script eventually displaces Greek on the reverse. This is interpreted to reflect contemporary Mauryan cultural and linguistic influences, the result of interaction with adjacent Arachosia. Plausibly, the coinage was struck intermittently in the period c. 281-175 BC by the Ariaspi, the semi-autonomous people of the Sistan depression in Drangiana, who acknowledged Seleukid suzerainty in the choice of coin type and legend.
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Baltă, Ana-Maria. "Some preliminary conclusions regarding the end of the Roman Provincial Coinage in Dacia." Revista CICSA online, Serie Nouă, no. 9 (June 15, 2023): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/cicsa.2023.9.4.
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The topic of the present study represents a complex matter in the numismatics of the 3rd century AD. This is reflected by the multiple interpretations of the situation and the numerous aspects that could have affected the end of the Roman Provincial Coinage in the entire Roman Empire. If the monetary system had a dual character at the end of the 2nd century AD (composed of the local and central coinage), the situation would be completely different one century later. At that point, a new framework could be distinguished: the dual system was replaced by a centralized framework of coinage produced and controlled by the new system of imperial mints. Dacia represents an interesting case study for the mentioned phenomena. Taking into consideration the numismatic material, the mint of the province was active only during the chosen period for the present study. Besides, Dacia is an important case study for illustrating the effects of the central policies at the local level. The main question of the article: What were the causes of the end of the Roman Provincial Coinage in Dacia?
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Henry, Richard. "Roman Coins Recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme Database from Hampshire and Using Roman Coins as a Tool for Research." Hampshire Studies 75, no. 1 (November 1, 2020): 36–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24202/hs2020003.
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Over 15,000 Roman coins from Hampshire have been recorded by the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) since its inception in 1997. This article builds on recent research on Roman coins and hoards in Wiltshire, Hampshire and Dorset. It defines methodologies for the analysis of Roman coinage, the value of considering coinage within its wider landscape context and how to interpret PAS data when undertaking research using metal detected assemblages. Using the case studies of Roman coinage and hoards in the 1st, 3rd and 4th centuries; the analysis highlights the value of PAS data when undertaking archaeological research when used in conjunction with other datasets such as the Hampshire Historic Environment Record and the Roman Rural Settlement Project.
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Odak, Marina. "From an imperial stemma to a laurel wreath. Images of rulers on prince Lazar’s coinage." Zograf, no. 46 (2022): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zog2246175o.
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The paper deals with the representations of rulers on the coinage of Prince Lazar while tracing the iconographic and insignological changes in the depiction of the prince, which reflected Lazar?s political program in different phases of his reign. Modeling his first representations on the dinars he minted on the coinage images of the emperors Dusan and Uros, shaped on their money according to the formulas of Byzantine imperial images, after consolidating his power, Lazar gradually left the framework of the Byzantine ruler iconography and entered the sphere of the western monarchical image, culminating in the representation of the prince depicted in a profile bust with a laurel wreath, created under the influence of Hungarian coinage.
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Buttrey, T. V. "Coins and Coinage at Euesperides." Libyan Studies 25 (January 1994): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900006294.
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The coinage of Euesperides was always minor in comparison with that of Cyrene, or even of Barca. But its sporadic issues do have an interest of their own. At this session we are also concerned with the city, and I wish to suggest what we can learn from the numismatic evidence — not just from the coins struck there, but from the coins of other mints which have been found there.It is preferable to speak generally of the ‘coinage’ of Euesperides rather than of its ‘mint’, for it seems certain that some of the issues bearing the city's name were actually produced at Cyrene, as indeed were also some issues of Barca. The coinage of Euesperides was always small in comparison with the older and much richer coinage of Cyrene. It is instructive that the catalogue proper of Robinson's BMC Cyrenaica requires 90 pages to list the autonomous and Ptolemaic coins struck at Cyrene, 18 for those of Barca, just 4 for Euesperides.For Euesperides there are no archaic tetradrachms, the denomination so prominent in a variety of types at Cyrene. The earliest Euesperidean coin in BMC, a drachm of types silphium/dolphin, is assigned by Robinson to before 480 BC.
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Taylor, Lloyd W. H. "The Kerykeion mint control linked coinage of Andragoras and Sophytes." KOINON: The International Journal of Classical Numismatic Studies 3 (January 1, 2020): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/k.v3i.1131.
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Since the preparation of a study published in 2019 on the typology and significance of the eastern imitative Athenian coinage previously attributed to Baktria, and the associated mint control linked issues of Andragoras and Sophytes, a large hoard of these coins progressively entered the numismatic market over three years from late 2017. This has more than doubled the number of examples of the coinage previously known and yielded a number of new mint control types. These extend the typology established in the study and confirm the interpreted relative chronology of the eight series of emissions that comprise the coinage. This essay details two of the newly identified types bearing the kerykeion mint control and their significance within the established typological framework.
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Kluczek, Agata. "Barbarians on the Coins of Trajan Decius (249–251)." Studia Ceranea 10 (December 23, 2020): 337–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2084-140x.10.16.
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During Trajan Decius’s reign (249–251) in a number of provincial mints – Alexandria, Caesarea Maritima, Magnesia ad Sipylum and Nicomedia – coins were issued featuring the theme of the barbarian (an enemy or a captive) in reverse iconography. In this article, I discuss these coins, considering them in the context of the iconographic tradition and the activity of the particular mints during Decius’s reign, and also in relation to the ideology of victory and the dynastic ideology. They are interesting especially because the theme of the barbarian was not utilised in the parallel imperial coinage. Nevertheless, its presence in provincial coinage is also of a marginal nature. Moreover, the end of Decius’s reign also coincided with a time-related hiatus in the use of the theme in provincial coinage.
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Starr, Chester G., and George Brauer. "Taras: Its History and Coinage." American Historical Review 92, no. 4 (October 1987): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1863968.
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