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1
Krestovnikov, Konstantin, Ekaterina Cherskikh, and Аleksandr Bykov. "Approach to Choose of Optimal Number of Turns in Planar Spiral Coils for Systems of Wireless Power Transmission." Elektronika ir Elektrotechnika 26, no. 6 (December 18, 2020): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eie.26.6.26181.
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Correct choice of coil parameters for resonant circuits in inductive power transmission systems is a relevant problem, as it significantly influences the efficiency and transmitted power in the systems and provides for optimization of these parameters. This paper presents a methodology of calculation of geometrical and electrical parameters and approach to choose the optimal number of turns in planar coils used in the wireless power transmission (WPT) system with parallel resonant circuit. Formulas are derived for calculation of active resistance and inductance of the coil, normalized to the specified design parameters of the coil. Connection is made between the design and electrical parameters of the coil, which allows choosing the optimal number of turns according to different criteria and guard conditions. The examples of practical use of the chosen approach with transmitting and receiving coils of WPT system are presented. The obtained results show that efficiency and transmitted power in the system are higher when using the coils with the calculated number of turns. The proposed approach may be used in selection of optimal design of loop coils in systems with fixed frequency, and in systems, whose operational frequency depends on the parameters of the resonant circuit.
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Ma, Siyu, Ping Zhou, Jun Ma, and Chunni Wang. "Phase synchronization of memristive systems by using saturation gain method." International Journal of Modern Physics B 34, no. 09 (April 10, 2020): 2050074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979220500745.
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A variety of electric components can be used to bridge connection to the nonlinear circuits, and continuous pumping and consumption of energy are critical for voltage balance between the output end. The realization and stability of synchronization are mainly dependent on the physical properties of coupling channel, which can be built by using different electric components such as resistor, capacitor, induction coil and even memristor. In this paper, a memristive nonlinear circuit developed from Chua circuit is presented for investigation of synchronization, and capacitor, induction coil are jointed with resistor for building artificial synapse which connects one output of two identical memristive circuits. The capacitance and inductance of the coupling channel are carefully adjusted with slight step increase to estimate the threshold of coupling intensity supporting complete synchronization. As a result, the saturation gain method applied to realize the synchronization between chaotic circuits and physical mechanism is presented.
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Zhang, Jin, Xin Wang, Xuebin Wang, LingLing Zheng, Ruipeng Li, Chao Lu, and Wenze Shi. "Methods for enhancement of high-sensitivity detection for a surface wave EMAT." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 66, no. 4 (August 6, 2021): 669–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-201609.
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Due to the poor conversion efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) testing, the defect detection sensitivity is limited, which restricts the extensive industrial applications. A finite element model for the testing process of a meander-coil EMAT was established that considers the simplified excitation and detection circuits for the EMAT. Based on this model, the effect of the connection methods (parallel or series) of the coils in the generating and receiving EMATs on their generating and receiving efficiency was investigated, and the simulation results were validated experimentally. Subsequently, the pulse compression technique with a 13-bit Barker code was used for the EMAT detection, and improvements of the SNR and range resolution were established through numerical simulation and experimental measurement. The results show that compared with the traditional EMAT design, which comprises single-layer transmitting and receiving coils, the conversion efficiency of the optimized EMAT with two excitation and receiving coils in the parallel connection can be improved by 52.8%. With the application of the Barker-coded pulse compression to detect the ultrasonic A-scan signal with no synchronous average, the SNR of the defect echo can be improved by 9.5 dB compared with the A-scan signal with 128 synchronous averages.
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Niculae, Dragoș Marin, Marilena Stanculescu, Sorin Deleanu, Mihai Iordache, and Lavinia Bobaru. "Wireless Power Transfer Systems Optimization Using Multiple Magnetic Couplings." Electronics 10, no. 20 (October 11, 2021): 2463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10202463.
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Multiple magnetic couplings used to increase the link distance in wireless power transfer systems (WPTSs) are not new. An efficient power transfer in conditions of an extended link distance requires a series connection of the intermediate coils. However, all four connections of the emitter and receiver coils are equally possible. This present paper conducts an extensive analysis of WPTSs utilizing three magnetic couplings. The type of connection of the emitter and receiver coils represented the criterion utilized for the WPTS optimization assessment. The first step requires the determination of the schematic of the sinusoidal equivalent circuit. Then, one synthesizes the functions describing the system performances (e.g., the amount of delivered active power or efficiency) by applying the entirely symbolic and or the hybrid symbolic-numerical formalism. The output of such functions consists of appropriate representation in the frequency domain, based upon Laplace state variable equations (SVE) or complex or Laplace modified nodal equations (MNE). The dependency of the WPTS performance on the number of magnetic couplings and their parameters included a study on resistive loss minimization. The minimization applies to the intermediate coils, whereas the outcomes are the active delivered power and the power transfer efficiency—the first study case aimed at a comparison between two distinct WPTSs: three magnetic couplings versus two. The second case of the study compared the WPTSs having a series connection of three magnetic couplings with those built with the emitter-receiver resonators in parallel. One determined the normalized sensitivities as frequency functions, which depend on circuit resistances, load resistance and the coupling factor between the second and the third coil. The optimization algorithms are suitable for computing optimal parameters of the given circuit to ensure maximum and minimum values of the performance value. Good simulation examples followed the proposed optimization techniques.
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Roger, Daniel, and Ewa Napieralska-Juszczak. "Voltage distribution in the windings of high temperature inverter-fed motors." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 37, no. 5 (September 3, 2018): 1824–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-01-2018-0024.
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Purpose High-temperature (HT°) motors are made with inorganic coils wound with a ceramic-coated wire. They must be carefully designed because the HT° insulating materials have a lower breakdown voltages than the polymers used for insulating standard machines. Design/methodology/approach The voltage distribution between stator coils is computed with high-frequency (HF) equivalent circuits that consider the magnetic couplings and the stray capacitances. Two time scales are used for getting a fast computation of very short voltage spikes. For the first step, a medium time scale analysis is performed considering a simplified equivalent circuit made without any stray capacitance but with the full PWM pattern and the magnetic couplings. For the second step, a more detailed HF equivalent circuit computes voltage spikes during short critical time windows. Findings The computation made during the first step provides the critical time windows and the initial values of the state variables to the second one. The rise and fall time of the electronic switches have a minor influence on the maximum voltage stress. Conversely, the connection cable length and the common-mode capacitances have a large influence. Research limitations/implications HF equivalent circuits cannot be used with random windings but only to formed coils that have a deterministic position of turns. Practical implications The proposed method can be used designing of HT° machine windings fed by PWM inverter and for improving the coils of standard machine used in aircraft’s low-pressure environments. Originality/value The influence of grounding system of the DC link is considered for computing the voltage spikes in the motor windings.
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Wu, Wei, Yusong Gao, and Zhijian Jin. "Magnetic Field Saturation of Non-Insulation High-Temperature Superconducting Coils during Overcurrent." Electronics 10, no. 22 (November 14, 2021): 2789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10222789.
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Non-insulation high-temperature superconducting coils provide a much lower risk of burnout in fault/abnormal conditions, such as hot-spot quench and overcurrent. This study employs an equivalent circuit grid model, coupled with magnetic field calculation and the E–J power law of superconductors, to deeply and systematically investigate the overcurrent charging process in a double-pancake non-insulation coil. An evident saturation of the magnetic field in the axial direction of the coil was observed and verified by experiments. Experimentally, the entire process, including the behavior of the magnetic field, was consistent with the numerical results. Based on the verified model, two main points were addressed: (1) Transient current distribution inside the coil during overcurrent charging was studied. Potential quenching risks were found to be at the innermost and outermost turn near the electrodes, as well as the pancake-to-pancake connection part. (2) Magnetic field saturation, which is a unique phenomenon in non-insulation superconducting coils during overcurrent charging, was studied in detail and first quantitatively defined by a new concept “converged load factor”. Its relationship with turn-to-turn resistivity was revealed.
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Haouas, Elyes, Imen Abdennadher, and Ahmed Masmoudi. "Multi-Phase Fractional-Slot PM Synchronous Machines with Enhanced Open-Circuit Fault-Tolerance: Viable Candidates for Automotive Applications." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 1 (February 20, 2021): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12010032.
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This paper deals with the winding arrangement of multi-phase fractional-slot permanent magnet (PM) synchronous machines (FSPMSMs), with emphasis on the enhancement of their open-circuit fault-tolerance capability. FSPMSMs are reputed by their attractive intrinsic fault-tolerance capability, which increases with the number of phases. Of particular interest is the open-circuit fault-tolerance capability, which could be significantly enhanced through the parallel connection of the coils or suitable combinations of the coils of each phase. Nevertheless, such an arrangement of the armature winding is applicable to a limited set of slot-pole combinations. The present work proposes a design approach that extends the slot-pole combinations to candidates that are characterized by a star of slots including three phasors per phase and per winding period. It has the merit of improving the tolerance against open-circuit faults along with an increase in the winding factor of multi-phase machines. Special attention is paid to characterization of the coil asymmetry required for the phase parallel arrangement. A case study, aimed at a finite element analysis (FEA)-based investigation of the open-circuit fault-tolerance of a five-phase FSPMSM, is treated in order to validate the analytical prediction.
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Rodgers, Peter W. "Maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio of the electromagnetic seismometer: The optimum coil resistance, amplifier characteristics, and circuit." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 83, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 561–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0830020561.
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Abstract This study finds the optimum coil resistance, rc.opt, which maximizes the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of an electromagnetic (EM) seismometer and amplifier combination. The optimum coil resistance is shown to be the product of a seismometer factor (SF) times the noise resistance, Rn, of the amplifier. The seismometer factors range from 1.13 to 3.66 for the nine EM seismometers considered. The minimum noise figure solution, in which the amplifier noise resistance is set equal to the coil resistance, is shown to correspond to the special case in which there is no damping resistor present. It is also shown that the optimum form for the noise resistance is a constant independent of frequency and that this feature can be approximated with FET-like components such as the MAT-02. Examples of using rc.opt are given using both the 5500-ohm and the 500-ohm 1-Hz L4-C seismometers paired with the OP-27 and LT1028 operational amplifiers, respectively. It is pointed out that, although the resulting amplitude signal-to-noise ratios (ASNRs) are approximately equal, it is best to choose the seismometer-amplifier pair having the larger generator constant because it results in a larger signal. Furthermore, if the coil resistance is not the optimum value, the resulting decrease in the ASNR is less if the coil resistance is chosen greater than the optimum rather than less. The deleterious effects of mismatching seismometer and amplifier are shown by comparing ASNRs for the GS-13 seismometer paired with three different amplifiers. The degradation in ASNR is found to be as large as a factor of 3. It is pointed out that mismatching would not be done purposely but can inadvertently occur when connecting an EM seismometer to a seismic recorder whose input noise resistance properties are unknown, as in generally the case. It is recommended that manufacturers of seismic recorders obtain the necessary input noise data from the component manufacturers and supply the input noise resistance to users. Finally, the three commonly used single-ended preamplifier circuits used for EM seismometers are compared in terms of their resulting ASNRs. The same seismometer and amplifier are used in all three circuits. For the GS-13/MAT-02 pair, the noninverting, parallel damping resistor circuit resulted in an ASNR that was 3.8 times larger than that for the inverting, parallel damping resistor circuit, and 3 times larger than that for the inverting, series damping resistor circuit.
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Kim, Young-Pil, and Seok-Cheol Ko. "DC Current Limiting Characteristics of Flux-Coupled Type SFCL Using Superconducting Element Connected in Parallel in a DC System." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041096.
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In this paper, the fault current limiting (FCL) characteristics of a flux-coupled type superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) with parallel connection between two windings in a DC system were analyzed. The flux-coupled type SFCL was composed of two coils connected in parallel and a superconducting element (SE), which was connected in series with the secondary coil. The flux-coupled type SFCL works in DC systems similar to those in AC systems. Before a fault occurs, the respective magnetic fluxes generated by the two coils connected in parallel offset each other, maintaining the voltage induced in the two coils at zero. In case of a fault, however, resistance is generated in the SE, preventing the magnetic fluxes generated by the two coils from offsetting each other. Thus, some voltage is induced in the two coils, and this starts to limit the fault current. DC short circuit tests were conducted, and the test results confirmed that the flux-coupled type SFCL with the two parallel connected coils was effective in limiting the fault current in a DC system. Additionally, the effect of the wiring direction of the two coils on the SFCL’s FCL performance and operating current, limiting impedance, and instantaneous power load was further analyzed, and as a result, the performance conditions of the SFCL in a DC system were determined.
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Ko, Seok-Cheol, Tae-Hee Han, and Sung-Hun Lim. "DC Current Limiting Operation and Power Burden Characteristics of a Flux-Coupling Type SFCL Connected in Series between Two Windings." Electronics 10, no. 9 (May 4, 2021): 1087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10091087.
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In this paper, a DC fault short circuit was conducted to analyze the DC fault current limiting characteristics of a flux-coupling type superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) that has two coils connected in series via one iron core. Similar to the AC power system, the flux-coupling type SFCL in a DC system, which has the two coils connected with each other in series and the secondary coil connected with the superconducting element in parallel, remains in the superconducting state before a short-circuit accident occurs. This results in magnetic flux getting generated by the two windings connected in series offsetting each other and the induced voltage at the two windings remaining at zero. However, in the event of a short-circuit accident on the DC line, a resistance is generated on the superconducting element, so that the magnetic flux generated at the two windings no longer offsets each other. Therefore, a voltage is induced on the two windings, and the fault current is limited accordingly. As a result of configuring a DC short-circuit device and experimenting with this SFCL, we could confirm the DC fault current limiting effect of a flux-coupling type SFCL with two windings connected in series. In addition, we could establish performance conditions of the flux-coupling type SFCL in a DC system by inferring the fault current, operating current, and limited impedance equations according to the connection direction of the flux-coupling type SFCL with two windings connected in series and by analyzing fault current limiting degree, power burden, magnetic flux, and energy consumption for each element composing the SFCL.
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Großmann, Swen, Robert Ott, Richard Kosub, Klaus-Peter Schmitz, Stefan Siewert, Wolfram Schmidt, and Niels Grabow. "Numerical investigation of stent designs for wireless access to integrated sensors." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 5, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 497–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2019-0125.
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AbstractIn recent years, a progressive interest in the implementation of wireless access to cardiovascular implants has been established. This manifests in new devices, such as arterial pressure sensors, or additional functionalities added to established implants like stents. However, common stent designs, possessing highly optimized mechanical properties, often consist of cylindrically arranged struts with connections in-between which can be considered as short-circuited inductive coils. As a consequence, the small inductance raises the resonance frequency, which may decrease the in vivo performance of the wireless connection between the stent and the external readout device. Thus, new designs were developed to overcome this limitation, for example by avoiding the short-circuit due to a helical arrangement of the struts. Within this work we compare the performance of a common stent design and a helical design by means of numerical simulations. We are using two designs which only differ in the arrangement of the struts. The electromagnetic and mechanical properties are investigated using a finitedifference time-domain algorithm and finite element method, respectively. We will show that a common stent design exhibits resonance frequencies in the gigahertz regime, much higher than the frequencies of comparable helical designs. Furthermore, we compare the mechanical performance of the two designs and reveal individual distinctions in the radial stiffness, bending stiffness, and the von Mises stress.
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Kim, Konstantin K., Igor R. Kron, and Vadim V. Veshkin. "To the choice of the MAGLEV system traction linear synchronous motorstator winding scheme." Transportation Systems and Technology 6, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst20206148-62.
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Aim: Analysis of electromagnetic processes in the linear synchronous traction motor of high-speed ground transport (MAGLEV) and the choice of stator winding connection schemejustification.
Methods: An analytical study of theoretical relations.
Results: The study found that a two-layer stator winding connection scheme is more preferable
Conclusion: A system with a single-layer stator winding connection circuit is characterized by loading excitation solenoids with harmful forces, the inefficiency of their protection from the higher harmonics of the stator winding by choosing the geometry of its coil and solenoid, and the formation of additional colliding force during lateral displacement of the underframe. All these unadvisable effects are absent in a two-layer scheme.
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Bendimerad, Salah-Eddine, Selma Baghli, Abdelghani Ayad, and Amar Tilmatine. "Mutual inductance of two coaxial rectangular PCB coils incorporating magnetic layer." Journal of Electrical Engineering 72, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2021-0041.
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Abstract The wireless connection distance between the transmission and reception coils of printed circuit boards (PCB) influences the mutual inductance and affects circuit performance. In this study, the mutual inductance M of PCB coils was investigated, and two analytical methods were presented for calculating the mutual inductance between two coaxial rectangular planar PCB coils incorporating magnetic layer. The results were acquired through calculations by using the Neumann integral and Biot-Savart methods. The complete integral calculations and detailed demonstrations of the two methods are presented. The obtained formulas were introduced in some examples of coils with different number of turns. The analytical and experimental results were compared, and a strong agreement between them was observed.
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Lim, Sung-Hun, Jin-O. Kim, and Youngjin Jeong. "Fault Current Limiting and Breaking Characteristics of SFCLB Using Flux Coupling with Tap Changer." Energies 13, no. 19 (October 2, 2020): 5138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195138.
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In this paper, a superconducting fault current limiting breaker (SFCLB) using flux coupling with a tap changer is suggested and its effective fault current limiting and breaking characteristics due to the winding method using its tap changer are analyzed. The suggested SFCLB using flux coupling, which consists of the SFCLB using flux coupling with a tap changer, mechanical switch and driving coil, can perform the circuit-breaking function without external driving power after the fault current limiting operation. To examine the suggested SFCLB’s operation, the small scale SFCLB using flux coupling was fabricated and alternative current (AC) short-circuit experiments due to the winding method using the tap changer of the SFCLB were executed. From the experimental results, a lower fault current limiting rate and faster breaking time in the case of a SFCLB with a series connection could be obtained compared to one with a parallel connection.
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Lin, Jiao, Yan Liu, Peidong Lai, Huixia Ye, and Liang Xu. "Conditional guide RNA through two intermediate hairpins for programmable CRISPR/Cas9 function: building regulatory connections between endogenous RNA expressions." Nucleic Acids Research 48, no. 20 (October 17, 2020): 11773–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa842.
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Abstract A variety of nanodevices developed for nucleic acid computation provide great opportunities to construct versatile synthetic circuits for manipulation of gene expressions. In our study, by employing a two-hairpin mediated nucleic acid strand displacement as a processing joint for conditional guide RNA, we aim to build artificial connections between naturally occurring RNA expressions through programmable CRISPR/Cas9 function. This two-hairpin joint possesses a sequence-switching machinery, in which a random trigger strand can be processed to release an unconstrained sequence-independent strand and consequently activate the self-inhibitory guide RNA for conditional gene regulation. This intermediate processor was characterized by the fluorescence reporter system and applied for regulation of the CRISPR/Cas9 binding activity. Using plasmids to generate this sequence-switching machinery in situ, we achieved the autonomous genetic regulation of endogenous RNA expressions controlled by other unrelated endogenous RNAs in both E. coli and human cells. Unlike previously reported strand-displacement genetic circuits, this advanced nucleic acid nanomachine provides a novel approach that can establish regulatory connections between naturally occurring endogenous RNAs. In addition to CRISPR systems, we anticipate this two-hairpin machine can serve as a general processing joint for wide applications in the development of other RNA-based genetic circuits.
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Lee, D.-J., K. Kim, K.-N. Lee, H. G. Choi, N.-C. Park, Y.-P. Park, and M. G. Lee. "Robust design of a novel three-axis fine stage for precision positioning in lithography." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 224, no. 4 (April 1, 2010): 877–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1570.
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The precision positioning system for semiconductor lithography requires a robust structural design to obtain enough control bandwidth and an efficient actuator with fast access time. In this article, a three-axis stage is proposed as a fine stage of a dual stage for the precision positioning. Its actuators are voice coil motors (VCMs) whose coil windings are mounted on the coarse stage and its magnets are on the fine stage. Between the fine and coarse stages, there is no mechanical connection but only magnetic coupling. The eight pairs of magnets and four coil windings are arrayed symmetrically. The three-axis stage's dynamic characteristics are improved by enhancing the actuating force and modifying its own structure using finite-element analysis in order to meet its requirements of high bandwidth and large forces. The actuating force is strengthened by modifying each VCM's magnetic circuit. The structure is designed to be robust by using design of experiment (DOE) as well. The modified stage is verified to have enough dynamic characteristics through experiments.
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He, Dongfeng. "PT-Level High-Sensitivity Magnetic Sensor with Amorphous Wire." Sensors 20, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010161.
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A picotesla (PT) level high-sensitivity magnetic sensor with amorphous wire was developed. The magnetic sensor was composed of a (Fe0.06Co0.94)72.5Si2.5B15 (FeCoSiB) amorphous wire with a coil wound around it. The amorphous wire had a diameter of 0.1 mm and a length of 5 mm. The coil was 30 turns. There was no electrical connection with the amorphous wire. The sensor was biased by an alternating current (AC) of about 1 MHz and a direct current (DC). To increase the sensitivity, a resonant circuit was used, and the signal amplitude of the magnetic sensor was increased 10 times from 10 mV/Gauss to about 100 mV/Gauss. The magnetic field resolution was improved 5 times from 30 pT/√Hz to 6 pT/√Hz. An eddy current testing system with a magnetic sensor was developed, and the artificial defects in an aluminum plate were evaluated.
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Freed, Michael A., and Peter Sterling. "Microcircuitry of the cat retina: Connections between arrays of neurons." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 706–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100127864.
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One of the most basic of structure-function relationships in the mammalian visual system is the relationship between the size of a ganglion cell's receptive field and the number of rod photoreceptors which are connected to it. There is also the flip side of the coin: how many ganglion cells does a single photoreceptor connect to? We have estimated the number of rods which converge upon an on-beta type of retinal ganglion cell; we have also estimated the number of on-beta ganglion cells which a single rod diverges to. Our method is to extract a three-dimensional circuit from a series of two-dimensional electron microscope sections. The results have implications for the preservation of the signal/noise ratio in the ganglion cell.There are two well-documented routes from the rods to the on-beta ganglion cell.
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Wang, Dingyu, and Yiguang Chen. "Fault-Tolerant Control of Coil Inter-Turn Short-Circuit in Five-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor." Energies 13, no. 21 (October 29, 2020): 5669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215669.
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In the five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) control system, the torque ripple caused by coil inter-turn short-circuit (ITSC)fault will make the motor performance worse. Due to the existence of the short-circuit current in the faulty phase and the third harmonic component in the permanent magnet flux linkage, the electromagnetic torque will contain even-order ripple components when the faulty phase is removed. Torque ripple also cause speed ripple. In this paper, the repetitive controller (RC) is used to perform proportional gain compensation for speed ripple. By designing the RC and connecting RC and proportional integral (PI) controller in parallel for the speed loop, the torque ripple amplitude can be reduced. It can be seen from the simulation and experimental results that the torque ripple suppression strategy based on RC can effectively suppress the torque ripple under ITSC fault.
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Houshmand, Behnam, Alexander Lacher, Nikolas Juengel, Lukas Prasol, Utz von Wagner, and Eckart Uhlmann. "A novel excitation method for pyroshock simulation." Journal of Vibration and Control 22, no. 20 (August 9, 2016): 4247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546315573904.
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Pyroshocks are structural responses to transient excitation caused by the essential use of pyrotechnic devices in aerospace applications. In order to avoid damage in aerospace structures due to pyroshocks, tests are performed on earth prior to launching space modules. In these tests, explosive loads are often replaced by alternative excitation methods such as hammer pendulums or shakers simulating on earth the impact taking place in space. However, there does not yet exist an adequate excitation method satisfying all requirements of a fast, reliable, predictable and repeatable test setup. Whereas hammers are poorely controllable in terms of generating desired shock spectra, shakers show limitations in terms of the bandwidths of up to 10 kHz which are prescribed in the test specifications. The authors present a novel contactless and non-destructive excitation method for pyroshock test devices based on a mechatronic coupling by applying Lorentz forces to the carrying structure. For generating the corresponding magnetic field, the capacitor of a Resistor-Inductor-Capacitor RLC resonator circuit is initially charged and then discharged leading to high currents in the coil which is placed close to the carrying structure. Latter is then inducing a counter current in the aluminum structure which reacts with high multidirectional Lorentz forces. Any adjustments are done by tuning the properties of the circuit such as initial charge, capacitance and inductance. By connecting several different coils, frequency modulation and by splitting the currents more complex signals can be generated matching the natural frequencies of the structure. Almost all disadvantages of common excitation methods are eliminated by the proposed mechanism.
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Wang, Kun Bo, Ying Jian Ma, Bo Zhang, and Li Shuang Feng. "A Micro-Optical Transceiver for Interferometric Fiber Optic Gyroscope." Key Engineering Materials 483 (June 2011): 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.483.427.
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The application of integrated optical components into a single module provides a method of increasing the level of integration with the real potential of reducing unit cost and raising the reliability. A new method was used to design a micro-optical transceiver module of an interferometric fiber optic gyroscope (IFOG) system. By using free-space optical coupling method, all optical parts except a phase modulator and the sensing coil were built in a single module to form the active configuration of the IFOG, including a SLD chip, a photoelectric detector, a beam splitter and a light source driving circuit. Very small optical elements were used in the micro-optical transceiver, and the driving circuit of the light source was optimized and integrated by using thick film integrated technology into the transceiver. Reducing the number of optical components makes size smaller and assembling-cost lower. A gyro test which was composed of the transceiver module connecting to a phase modulator and the polarization-mode (PM) fiber coil of 800 m in length was carried out. The bias stability of IFOG is about 0.63 degrees/hour. Experimental results show that this optical transceiver will dominate the entire low- and medium performance range of IFOG system.
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Karuppusamy, P. "Wireless Power Transfer Device Based on RF Energy Circuit and Transformer Coupling Procedure." September 2021 3, no. 3 (November 22, 2021): 230–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jeea.2021.3.006.
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It is possible to transmit electricity wirelessly without the need for cables. Wireless power transmission makes it possible to link remote places that would otherwise be cut off from access to reliable electricity. A wireless connection to the power supply is expected in the future. This study describes the experimental results of Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) utilizing a transformer coupling approach and its future potential. This WPT device (WPTD) is used to transmit power using two procedures of energy transfer: radiofrequency coupling and transformer coupling, both of which are magnetic based, in principle. The distance between the transmitter and receiver of the system affects the amount of power that can be sent. Research is performed to establish how far apart the system's transmitter and receiver should be. Magnetic fields may transmit energy between two coils, but the distance between the two coils must be too close for this approach to work. Aside from that, it assesses the setting parameter of a value that has been tabulated using a certain application, in the findings and discussion parts.
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Rieger, Kai, Daniel Erni, and Dirk Rueter. "A compact and powerful EMAT design for contactless detection of inhomogeneities inside the liquid volume of metallic tanks." tm - Technisches Messen 87, no. 5 (May 27, 2020): 349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teme-2019-0124.
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AbstractA simple and powerful design of an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) without bulky permanent magnets is presented. The EMAT is operated in a pulse echo modality and generates longitudinal ultrasound at about 1 MHz. Unlike shear waves, these longitudinal ultrasound pulses can propagate in liquids.The generally addressed application scenario is the examination of a liquid volume inside a metallic container or tank, e. g., the detection of inhomogeneities within the liquid. The herein proposed EMAT operates for virtually all metallic containers, i. e., it succeeds for container walls made of aluminum or ferromagnetic steel, and even for non-ferromagnetic (stainless) steel. Moreover, unlike piezo transducers, EMAT techniques allow for a non-contacting ultrasound transduction: the air gap between the EMAT sensor coil and the tank’s metallic surface extends up to 2 mm. Even with this relatively large air gap, the biasing magnetic field approaches a flux density of 3.2 T at the surface, more than what is possible to achieve with the permanent magnets of conventional and bulkier EMATs. Strong fields improve the coupling efficiency of the principally low-efficiency EMAT mechanism, which is important for both ultrasound transmission and reception.For that superior field intensity, a unipolar current pulse of up to 3.6 kA is applied through the thin windings (0.5 mm) of the EMAT coil. This paper presents a novel solid-state EMAT circuitry for such strong currents and MHz pulsed voltages >1 kV.As a particularly delicate task, the powerful circuitry must also detect the rather weak echo signals in the μV range. A very short recovery time is required after such a strong emission burst. The discussed circuitry consists of three unipolar high-current modules, which can each be independently launched. This allows for received echo signals that can be timed independently, e. g., objects deep inside the liquid tank can be specifically addressed. In general, this work concentrates on the novel circuitry in parallel connection, the general pulse-echo functionality and the magnetic fields. A detailed analysis and shaping of the ultrasonic fields through different EMAT coil geometries would exceed the scope of this contribution and is to be reported separately.
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Maistrello, Alberto, Elena Gaio, Luca Novello, Makoto Matsukawa, and Kunihito Yamauchi. "Analyses of the impact of connections’ layout on the coil transient voltage at the Quench Protection Circuit intervention in JT-60SA." Fusion Engineering and Design 98-99 (October 2015): 1109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2015.06.020.
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Polzin, Kurt, Adam Martin, Justin Little, Curtis Promislow, Benjamin Jorns, and Joshua Woods. "State-of-the-Art and Advancement Paths for Inductive Pulsed Plasma Thrusters." Aerospace 7, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7080105.
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An inductive pulsed plasma thruster (IPPT) operates by pulsing high current through an inductor, typically a coil of some type, producing an electromagnetic field that drives current in a plasma, accelerating it to high speed. The IPPT is electrodeless, with no direct electrical connection between the externally applied pulsed high-current circuit and the current conducted in the plasma. Several different configurations were proposed and tested, including those that produce a plasma consisting of an accelerating current sheet and those that use closed magnetic flux lines to help confine the plasma during acceleration. Specific impulses up to 7000 s and thrust efficiencies over 50% have been measured. The present state-of-the-art for IPPTs is reviewed, focusing on the operation, modeling techniques, and major subsystems found in various configurations. Following that review is documentation of IPPT technology advancement paths that were proposed or considered.
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Alizadeh Sani, Zahra, Abdolrahim Ghasemi, Shabnam Mohammadzadeh, Zahra Khajali, Mohaddeseh Behjati, Roohallah Alizadehsani, Abbas Khosravi, Saeid Nahavandi, and Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam. "Non diagnosed PAPVC induce large reverse venovenous shunt after modified Fontan surgery: A case report of a rare anomaly and embolization therapy." Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Research 13, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): 364–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jcvtr.2021.22.
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Fontan operation is a reliable palliative surgery for patients with single ventricle physiology. Still, the development of complication is common; one of these complications that need to interventional approach is veno-venous collaterals between systemic and pulmonary veins. A 16-yearoldgirl with a history of modified Fontan operation at 9 years ago was referred with progressive cyanosis and dyspnea on exertion. In contrast trans-thoracic echocardiography (TTE), no fenestration was seen in Fontan circulation. Cardiac magnetic resonance revealed partial anomalous pulmonary vein connection (PAPVC) from left upper pulmonary vein to vertical vein and then into the in nominate vein and SVC with the reverse flow from superior vena cava (SVC) to left upper pulmonary vein(LUPV). This anomalous vein became severe engorged and tortuous. Possibly, LUPV and the verticalvein was dilated gradually as a result of increased pressure in the Fontan circuit. Finally, she underwent successful coil embolization in the midpart of the vertical vein. The oxygen saturation increased from80% to 93%.
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Gong, Yun, Sijia Wang, Zhengqiu Xie, Tao Zhang, Zhiwen Chen, Wanrong Lin, and Wenbin Huang. "A variable reluctance based rotational electromagnetic harvester for the high-speed smart bearing." Smart Materials and Structures 31, no. 4 (March 11, 2022): 045023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ac59d9.
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Abstract In recent years, smart bearing technology is being developed for the purpose of prolonging the reliability and the service time of bearing by detecting the early faults and regulating the working condition. However, powering wireless monitoring devices integrated within the smart bearing is still an uphill task due to the limited power capacity and lifetime of traditional power cells. In this paper, a variable reluctance energy harvester (VREH) is proposed to scavenge the rotating energy from the bearing, which includes a toothed spacer and an m-shape electric steel with a coil and a permanent magnet on each leg. The key parameters of the proposed harvester are analyzed and discussed via the theoretical study and the finite element analysis. In comparison with the VREH without the middle magnet, the proposed harvester greatly improves the energy harvesting performance and reduces the magnetic flux leakage to the ferromagnetic environment. Simulation results show that for the air and ferromagnetic environments, the average output power improvement of the VREH with the middle magnet reaches 33.89% and 61.6%, respectively. A fabricated prototype is tested using the high-speed railway bearing testing machine. The influence of the impedance matching circuit and the coil connection on the VREH is investigated with the rotating speed varying from 600 r min−1 to 1800 r min−1. An energy management and storage circuit is designed and fabricated to test the energy conversion performance of the proposed harvester. Under the impedance matched condition, the optimal root mean square (RMS) output power is of 72.13–414.86 mW. It is shown that the proposed electromagnetic harvester is capable of collecting the rotational energy in the ferromagnetic environment and can be used for the high-speed smart bearing applications.
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Gracheva, E. I., A. N. Gorlov, A. N. Alimova, and P. P. Mukhanova. "Resistance change of contact groups of low-voltage electrical apparatus: Determining the laws." Vestnik MGTU 24, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 350–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21443/1560-9278-2021-24-4-350-360.
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The main Russian and foreign manufacturers of low-voltage electrical devices - circuit breakers, fuses, magnetic starters, knife switches and packet switches are presented. The data of experiments for determining the resistance values of contact groups of low-voltage switching equipment are considered. The design features of the devices that determine the value of the resistances of the power circuits of low-voltage equipment are investigated and a classification is proposed depending on the design elements of the devices. A methodological approach and an algorithm for experiments and detailed analysis of the contact groups of devices are given. Experimental schemes for the study of contact groups are proposed. The data of the conducted experiments on the study of contact groups and the resistance values as a function of the flowing currents are shown. During the experiments it is revealed that the value of the resistance of the contacts changes depending on the value, type and time of exposure to current within +/-5 %. The laws that characterize the ratio of the resistance values of the structural components of devices (contact systems, thermal relay, coil of the maximum relay) have been revealed and defined. Empirical expressions and graphical dependences of the resistances of contacts and contact systems are obtained as a function of the magnitude of the rated currents of low-voltage contact equipment. The minimum sample size of the number of devices during experimental research is determined, sufficient to calculate the mathematical expectation of the resistances of the contact connections of the devices with a given accuracy. As a result of experimental studies, it is revealed that the resistance value of contacts and contact joints can increase during operation by 2-2.5 times. The established dependences of the change in contact resistance can be used to predict the technical state of electrical installations of intrashop low-voltage networks, to clarify the amount of electricity losses in shop networks up to 1 kV, and can also be used as an additional regulation for maintenance and scheduled preventive maintenance.
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Rito, Gianpietro Di, Aleksander Suti, and Roberto Galatolo. "Fault-tolerant control via four-leg inverter of a full-electric propulsion system for lightweight fixed-wing UAVs." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1226, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1226/1/012108.
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Abstract The work deals with the development and the performance characterization of a novel control strategy for the detection, isolation and accommodation of coil faults in a three-phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM), used to drive the propeller of a modern lightweight fixed-wing UAV. The health-monitoring algorithms on motor currents (used to detect the open-circuit fault and to activate the control reconfiguration) are based on a slope method, associated to the evaluation of the current phasor trajectory in the Clarke plane. Actually, when an open-circuit fault occurs in PMSM driven by a standard three-leg converter, the typical circular trajectory of the current phasor in the Clarke plane collapses into a linear track and relevant torque ripples are generated. On the other hand, if the PMSM is driven by a four-leg converter, a control reconfiguration can be applied: the fourth leg of the power bridge is in stand-by when the system operates without faults, but it is enabled to regulate the current flowing at the central point of the Y connection of the 3-phase PMSM. The performances of the fault-tolerant algorithms are assessed via detailed nonlinear simulation of the propulsion system (including propeller loads, electrical faults, mechanical transmission compliance, digital signal processing and sensors errors). The results demonstrate that the health-monitoring algorithms and the fault-tolerant control strategies permit to obtain extremely small detection and isolation latencies, and negligible performance degradation in terms PMSM torque.
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Zhang, Zijia, Jun Liu, and Yansong Li. "Design and Analysis of a Multi-Input Multi-Output System for High Power Based on Improved Magnetic Coupling Structure." Energies 15, no. 5 (February 24, 2022): 1684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051684.
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Conventional inductive contactless power transfer (ICPT) systems have only one energy transmission path, which makes it challenging to meet the power transmission requirements of high-power and reliability. This study proposes a novel multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) ICPT system. The three-dimensional finite element analysis tool COMSOL is utilised to study various magnetic coupling structures, analyse the influence of cross-coupling between coils on the same side, design the circuit based on this, propose a parameter configuration method for resonance compensation, and, finally, build an experimental platform with small magnetic coupling structures for single-input single-output systems (SISO) and MIMO systems. The results indicate that the co-directional connection of the coils of the E-shaped and UE-shaped magnetic coupling structures has a strengthening effect on the secondary side coupling. The magnetic coupling structure of the E-shaped iron core exhibits the best transmission performance. The transmission power of the MIMO system with the E-shaped magnetic coupling structure as the core device is significantly improved. In addition, the output power is unchanged after a secondary side fault, which verifies the accuracy of the proposed method.
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Kachalsky, Vladislav, Arkady Leontev, and Ekaterina Rubtsova. "PORTABLE PRESSURE RECORDER AT COMPLEX «HYDROFRACTURING» FOR EXPERIMENTAL STRESS DETERMINATION IN THE SOLID." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 2, no. 4 (2019): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2019-2-4-38-44.
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Measuring and computing complex “Hydrofracturing” is mobile and aimed for determination of acting in solid stresses by method of measuring hydraulic fracturing. In the paper, approaches to re-equipment of the complex considering actual requirements to the applied underground equipment and possibilities of modern microprocessing facilities, are justified. New software and hardware solutions and functioning features of portable pressure recorder are considered based on microprocessing system of conversion analog signal coming from pressure sensor and control signal of battery voltage of autonomous device for experiment operating. Spark safe method of switching of electronic scheme of the device is proposed where there is reed switch of supply circuits with scheme of smooth start. It prevents fritting of the reeds. It is proposed to apply wireless scheme of charging of inside battery. Absence of detachable connections in structure of the portable pressure recorder prevents negative impact of high humidity in the atmosphere coal and ore mines on its functioning. Also, it excludes the possibility of spark formation.
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Haroswati Che Ku Yahaya, Cik Ku, Syed Farid Syed Adnan, Murizah Kassim, Ruhani Ab Rahman, and Mohamad Fazrul Bin Rusdi. "Analysis of Wireless Power Transfer on the inductive coupling resonant." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 12, no. 2 (November 1, 2018): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v12.i2.pp592-599.
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Wireless power transfer through inductive coupling is proposed in this paper. Based on the concept of Tesla, the circuit was designed using two parallel inductors that are mutually coupled. The designed was split into two which are transmitter part and receiver part. The circuit was simulated using proteus simulation software. The results had shown that the changes in a number of turn of the inductor coils and distance of the two resonators affecting the efficiency of the power transfer. The wireless power transfer can be described as the transmission of electrical energy from the power source to the electrical load without any current-carrying wire connecting them. Wireless power transfer is deemed to be very useful in some circumstances where connecting wires are inconvenient. Wireless power transfer problems are different from wireless telecommunications such as radio. Commonly, wireless power transfers are conducted using an inductive coupling and followed by magnetic induction characteristics. In this project, we use magnetic induction using copper wire with a different diameter. By using these different diameters of wires, we are going to see the power transfer performance of each wire. It is possible to achieve wireless power transfer up to 30 centimeters between the transmitter and the receiver with a higher number of coil's turn. As concern as it may seem, the wireless power transfer field would be in high demand for electric power to be supplied in the future.
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Henke, Jennifer M., and Bonnie L. Bassler. "Quorum Sensing Regulates Type III Secretion in Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 12 (June 15, 2004): 3794–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.12.3794-3805.2004.
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ABSTRACT In a process known as quorum sensing, bacteria communicate with one another by producing, releasing, detecting, and responding to signal molecules called autoinducers. Vibrio harveyi, a marine pathogen, uses two parallel quorum-sensing circuits, each consisting of an autoinducer-sensor pair, to control the expression of genes required for bioluminescence and a number of other target genes. Genetic screens designed to discover autoinducer-regulated targets in V. harveyi have revealed genes encoding components of a putative type III secretion (TTS) system. Using transcriptional reporter fusions and TTS protein localization studies, we show that the TTS system is indeed functional in V. harveyi and that expression of the genes encoding the secretion machinery requires an intact quorum-sensing signal transduction cascade. The newly completed genome of the closely related marine bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which is a human pathogen, shows that it possesses the genes encoding both of the V. harveyi-like quorum-sensing signaling circuits and that it also has a TTS system similar to that of V. harveyi. We show that quorum sensing regulates TTS in V. parahaemolyticus. Previous reports connecting quorum sensing to TTS in enterohemorrhagic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli show that quorum sensing activates TTS at high cell density. Surprisingly, we find that at high cell density (in the presence of autoinducers), quorum sensing represses TTS in V. harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus.
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Isgandarov, Islam Asad, Seymur MirMustafa Karimov, and Nergiz Huseyn Babayeva. "METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS FOR NONCONTACT DIAGNOSTICS OF THE TCAS SYSTEM." Aerospace technic and technology, no. 6 (December 20, 2018): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2018.6.11.
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This article is devoted to an investigation of the TCAS (Traffic Collision Avoidance System) diagnostics and self-diagnostics problems. The aim of the current research is to prepare the TCAS system built-in diagnostics aid and to build a model of a device for non-contact monitoring of the TCAS unit operational status. The tasks of the research are the following: to conduct analysis of the features and capabilities of the TCAS diagnostic techniques and aids; to develop a model which can detect the spurious actuation of the system and false decision-making; to prepare techniques which can detect such behavior of the system during a flight; to construct a model of a device for built-in diagnostics based on an non-contact monitoring of the TCAS states. The applied techniques of the researches are the following: application of signs, facts, and heuristic information about faults, implementation of an instrumental approach and diagnostic techniques based on an estimation of measured and monitored parameters. The system state monitoring method was proposed to carry out non-contact diagnostics of the system and to monitor the operating modes. This method is based on operating current variations by means of current measure using non-contact meters. It was proposed to apply the Hall sensor and the Rogowski coil to carry out such diagnostics. The schematic model to monitor the operation of the TCAS receiving and computing unit is developed considering Hall sensors’ capabilities to measure both direct and alternating currents. It was proposed the method and schematics to monitor TCAS system transmitter operating modes due to the fact that Rogowski coil is capable to measure both pulse and HF currents. This promotes to carry out diagnostics of the system proper operation. Several model versions of Rogowski coil are developed. Researches were carried out applying self-contained testing device (АКИП – 3407/2А) and Tektronics TSB digital oscilloscope. Conclusions. The novelty of the carried researches is follows: it is proposed a method for monitoring the variations of operating currents applied by the TCAS basic units for providing the self-contained diagnostics system; it is proposed a method for monitoring the system state according to the operating current variations, based on current measurements applying the Hall sensor and the Rogowski coil to provide the TCAS non-contact diagnostics. The research includes analysis of the laboratory measurements which were performed applying several versions of the Rogowski coil. Functional diagrams of the coil connections to the circuit are developed applying MultiSim14. The logical unit of the TCAS electrical modes built-in monitoring device is developed applying MatLab and MultiSim14
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Hlukhoveria, M., I. Mladetskyi, K. Levchenko, and O. Berezniak. "Beneficiation properties of ash-and-slag dumps." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2022-1/046.
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Purpose. Development of a mathematical model for the indices of TPP ash-and-slag waste separation in closed flotation circuit when applying recleaning operations of enriched product. Methodology. The methods for calculating separation indices using the separation characteristics of separation processes and calculating the indices of the release of valuable mineral using statistical relationships between the particle size of the inclusion, ash content and particle size distribution function were used. Findings. Separation characteristics of rough and recleaning flotation operations were preliminarily determined experimentally, relations that allow calculating the indices of the release of coal particles in ash-and-slag dumps were defined, based on which the functions of particle distribution by their content of valuable mineral fractional composition were found. The separation characteristics of the connections of the separation blocks, including several operations of cleaning of the enriched froth product, were determined. Calculations to determine the quantitative and qualitative separation indices were performed. Originality. Analytical relationships to determine the indices of the release of coal inclusions in the process of material from ash-and-slag dumps grinding were obtained. Practical value. The established dependencies make it possible to justify the required grinding coarseness to achieve the specified parameters of the enrichment process based on the values of the beneficiation properties of ash-and-slag dumps.
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Shah, Krupa, and K. Ragavan. "Estimation of Transformer Winding Capacitances through Frequency Response Analysis – An Experimental Investigation." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 14, no. 6 (October 19, 2013): 549–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2013-0098.
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Abstract This article focuses on developing a non-invasive method for determining capacitances using frequency response data. The proposed methodology involves acquiring driving-point impedance of the winding under consideration over wide frequency range. With certain terminal conditions and using the terminal impedance measured at specific frequencies, input and shunt capacitances are determined. For the purpose of estimating series capacitance of the winding, an algorithm is proposed. To demonstrate the capability of the method, initially model coils that have provisions for connecting external capacitances are considered. Then, it is found that the estimated values of capacitances are nearly same as those of connected capacitances. The method is, then, extended to transformer winding, and a capacitive ladder network is constructed. To assess the accuracy of estimation, capacitive voltage distribution is utilized. That is, the voltage distribution in the winding is compared with that of synthesized circuit. A good agreement between those data reveals that the estimated capacitance values are accurate.
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Bjune, Caroline K., Thomas F. Marinis, Tirunelveli S. Sriram, Jeanne M. Brady, James Moran, Philip D. Parks, Alik S. Widge, Darin D. Dougherty, and Emad N. Eskandar. "Packaging Architecture for an Implanted System that Monitors Brain Activity and Applies Therapeutic Stimulation." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2015, no. 1 (October 1, 2015): 000548–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2015-tha13.
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Deep brain stimulation therapies for Parkinson's disease utilize hardware, which from a packaging perspective, resembles that used in cardiac pacemakers. A hermetic package that contains stimulation electronics and a primary battery supply is implanted under the scalp in a recess cut into the skull. Stimulation probes, each with up to four electrodes, are inserted into the brain and connected to the electronics package via a plug and cable system. By contrast, the closed loop neural stimulator being developed under the DARPA SUBNETS program utilizes probes, which each carry up to 64 electrodes that can be switched between recording and stimulation functions. This capability necessitates locating low noise amplifiers, switching and communication electronics in close proximity to each probe. Each of these satellite electronics packages requires ten electrical connections to the hub package, which significantly increases the complexity of the interconnect system relative to current practice. The power requirements of this system preclude the use of a primary battery supply so instead, a large lithium ion battery is used with a recharging coil and electronics. The hub system is fabricated as a separate connector header, electronics package and battery pack that are interconnected by a flex circuit to allow it to conform to the skull for implanting. In this paper, we will describe the various packaging components of the system and the design considerations that drove our technology choices.
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Burlaka, Vladimir, Elena Lavrova, Svetlana Podnebennaya, Vitaliy Ivanov, and Serhii Burikov. "Design of an universal source for semi-automatic ac welding and induction heating." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 6, no. 1 (114) (December 29, 2021): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.246397.
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This paper proposes a circuit solution and a power source control algorithm for semi-automatic AC welding with improved energy and weight-size characteristics. A distinctive feature of the designed source is the absence of an input rectifier: welding is carried out with a high-frequency alternating current. That has made it possible to significantly reduce power losses in the source, as well as provide the possibility of implementing induction heating by connecting an inductor to the source output. Another distinctive feature of the designed source is an increased power factor and a reduced level of higher harmonics of the current consumed. The power factor of the described source reaches 0.94 against 0.5÷0.7 for sources equipped with a conventional rectifier with capacitive smoothing. The designed source's composition includes a power supply system for the wire feed drive with speed stabilization due to positive feedback on the motor current. That has made it possible to ensure the stable operation of the drive in a wide range of speeds. A model has also been developed of a flux wire welding torch containing a feed drive and a coil with a wire (up to 100 mm in diameter), placed, in order to reduce the size, in the handle of the torch. In addition to the welding function, the source makes it possible to solve the tasks related to induction heating and/or hardening of small parts; to that end, a compact inductor is connected to its output. Tests of the source showed the feasibility of the proposed ideas and circuit solutions. The dimensions of the source are 190×107×65 mm; weight, 1.4 kg; output current, up to 120 A. The proposed technical solution enables the construction of small-sized, lightweight, universal, easy-to-use power supplies for semi-automatic welding with the option of induction heating
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Bonisoli, Elvio, Francesco Di Monaco, Stefano Tornincasa, Fabio Freschi, Luca Giaccone, and Maurizio Repetto. "Multi-physics optimisation of an energy harvester device for automotive application." COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 33, no. 3 (April 29, 2014): 846–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-10-2012-0208.
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Purpose – Supplying remote wireless sensors is not an easy task if the site where the device is located is not easily accessible. In order to obtain direct measurements of the road-vehicle interactions, sensors must be placed inside the tyre environment thus a power supply must be available for their working there without any wire connection with the car main power. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – An electro-mechanical energy harvester has thus been developed for supplying an automotive wireless sensor of pressure, temperature and acceleration to be placed on the inner line of a tyre. The primary energy source is the vibrations or variable accelerations imposed to the device and induced in the tyre by the wheeling. Findings – The harvester has been designed by means of a multi-physics optimisation based on an integrated electromagnetic-mechanical circuit simulator. Thus an automated optimisation of the device with respect to volume constraints, magnets dimensions, induction coils placement and size have been performed to increase the average power extracted from the device at different wheeling speeds. Originality/value – The use of the multi-physics environment together with automated optimisation technique has been tested for the first time on the electromagnetic harvester structure.
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Lo, Yu-Chun, Fu-Shan Jaw, Su-Chun Huang, Yu-Yang Yeh, and Wen-Yih Isaac Tseng. "WHITE MATTER TRACTS IN FRONTO-STRIATO-THALAMIC CIRCUIT IN THE HUMAN BRAIN: A DIFFUSION SPECTRUM IMAGING STUDY." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 23, no. 03 (June 2011): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237211002542.
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Gender and handedness differences in cognitive functions and brain structures are well recognized. Recent research has reported different white matter structures between male and female subjects. Yet it is unknown whether the gender and handedness effects on different white matter tracts are comparable or disparate. In this study, we focus on three main tracts in the fronto-striato-thalamic circuit, namely, the cingulum bundles (CG), fornices (FXs) and anterior thalamic radiations (ATR). These are the primary connections among the frontal lobe, the limbic system, and the thalamus, integrating functions of emotion control, memory, and decision-making. A total of 40 healthy adults were recruited in this study. There was no significant difference in demographic variables between males and females. Images were acquired on a 3-T Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system with an eight-channel head coil. The diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) experiment was performed by applying 203 diffusion gradient vectors. DSI maps the angular distribution of water molecule displacement by acquiring diffusion MR signals in a more comprehensive way. The theory of DSI is based on the Fourier transform relationship between diffusion MR signals and the average propagator of water molecule displacement. Isotropic spatial resolution was obtained by setting both in-plane and through-plane resolutions as 2.7 mm. A total of 45 trans-axial slices were acquired encompassing the whole brain. DSI analysis was computed based on the Fourier relationship between diffusion echo signals and the probability density function (PDF). Fiber tracking was used to define the targeted tracts. All fiber orientations of the nearest voxels were used to decide the proceeding orientation for the next step. Tracking stopped if there was no coinciding orientation in the nearest voxels. Mean path analysis, a method that projected the anisotropy of PDF [generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA)] onto a single mean path of the specific white matter tract bundle, was used to analyze subtle changes in microstructure coherence along individual tract bundles. The asymmetric differences of targeted tracts were assessed statistically by calculating GFA values and lateralization indices (LIs). The handedness factor of the LI values in CG and ATR showed a trend for significance. The gender factor of the LI values was investigated in FX also. Different white matter tract bundles manifested different degrees of gender effect on GFA distributions. Our results suggest that the gender and handedness factors should be considered when one evaluates the impairment of the fronto-striato-thalamic circuit.
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Pang, Da-Chen, and Chih-Ting Wang. "A Wireless-Driven, Micro, Axial-Flux, Single-Phase Switched Reluctance Motor." Energies 11, no. 10 (October 16, 2018): 2772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102772.
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This study proposes a novel, axial-flux, single-phase switched reluctance motor for micro machines with wireless-driven capability. The rotor and stator each have two poles, and the stator utilizes two permanent magnets to provide the required parking position and rotational torque. By reducing the number of magnetic poles and coils in the stator, and by utilizing a cylindrical design for its stator components, the micro motor is able to be easily manufactured and assembled. Safety and convenience are also achieved through the use of a wireless drive, which negates the need for power connections or batteries. This study utilizes the topology method in rotor design to reduce excessive torque ripple. For this study, an actual micro, axial-flux, single-phase switched reluctance motor with a diameter of 5.5 mm and length of 4.4 mm was built in combination with a wireless charging module and motor circuitry found on the market. With an induced current of 0.7 A, the motor achieved a maximum of 900 rpm, indicating possible applications with respect to toys, micro-pumps, dosing pumps, and vessels for gases, liquids, or vacuum that do not require feedthrough.
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Shakirov, Stanislav R., Alexandr G. Kvashnin, and Artem V. Pisarev. "Synthesis of Automatic Control Systems for Technological Processes of the Gas-Air Path of the Organic Waste Processing Plant." Vestnik NSU. Series: Information Technologies 18, no. 4 (2020): 86–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7900-2020-18-4-86-105.
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A research team from ICT SB RAS is actively developing a system to control a pilot plant for processing organic waste automatically. The pilot plant can produce thermal energy and energy carriers (solid products, e.g. bio-coal, liquid products, e.g. bio-oil, and gaseous products, i.e. synthesis gas), for example, from biomass with different chemical composition and physical properties. The equipment can process "complex" types of waste characterized mainly by high moisture and high ash content. During tests of the pilot plant, the complexity of stabilizing the parameters of technological processes and ensuring the stability and reliability of operation of the equipment of the complex as a whole were identified. This is especially important when implementing high-temperature modes of biomass processing. In order to primarily solve these most important tasks, an automatic control system of the plant is being created. When a system for automatic control of technological parameters of the gas-air path of the pilot-industrial plant is developed, a mathematical model that describes the dynamic characteristics of the gas and air paths under various throughput rates of the plant was used. When determining mathematical models, a two-way relationship between the gas path and air path was identified (interchannel connections). When technologically complex real objects of control are being automated, in the inaccuracy of a priori information about the object, when the system operates in various uncertain external and internal situations, disturbing influences, a robust control method should be used. PID controllers were selected as corrective devices for stabilizing the technological parameters that characterize the operation mode of the gas-air path of the plant including pressure in the lower part and rarefaction in the upper part of the combustion chamber. The most appropriate method for determining the PID controller settings has been elected. Synthesis and simulation of the operation of the controllers of the pressure in the lower part and rarefaction in the upper part of the combustion chamber are performed. Basing on the results of mathematical modeling, the efficiency of the controllers of the pressure in the lower part and the rarefaction in the upper part of the combustion chamber for various loads of the plant has been shown, and their stability reserves by amplitude and phase are determined. The results of mathematical modeling of the stabilization contours of the technological parameters of the gas-air path of the plant are presented for two cases: without inter-channel connections and without the account of these connections. A simulation of the joint operation of the control circuits of the gas-air path of the plant is performed. Compensators for adjacent (interchannel) connections of the gas and air paths of the plant have been developed. The advantage of the proposed automation schemes is shown.
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Zaytsev, Yu M., A. V. Mikhailov, E. V. Mikhailova, N. N. Nikolaev, V. N. Petrov, and D. S. Sazanov. "Analysis of small intermediate relays from leading manufacturers." E3S Web of Conferences 220 (2020): 01062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022001062.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents a comparative analysis of technical characteristics and designs of small intermediate relays from various manufacturers. The following main characteristics of relay are considered: operation and release values; weight and dimensions; power consumption; time parameters; reliability characteristics. The design of the relays of the Russian and international manufacturers are being discussed, their design features that affect the technical characteristics are considered. It is noted that the fastening of movable contacts directly to the armature (relays from Finder, Relpol, Irkutsk Relay Plant) requires a flexible connection with the relay contacts, which leads to more complicated assembly and calibration of relays. It is shown that the kinematic diagram in the presence of free travel with no mechanical coupling with the contact pusher, used in the relay from Schrack, can reduce power consumption and increase the vibration and shock resistance of the relay break contacts. In Schrack AC relays, the operating clearance zone is configured to create a short-circuited loop with reduced electrical resistance and to provide optimum conditions for reducing armature vibration. The appropriate relay designs in terms of improving technical characteristics are proposed. The advantage of a flat return spring over cylindrical coil springs in terms of manufacturing technology and stability of mechanical characteristics of relay is shown. It was revealed that the electromagnetic drive of the Schrack relay compares favorably with electromagnetic drives of other companies in terms of the use of stray magnetic fluxes to create a useful electromagnetic torque. Based on the results of the comparative analysis and experimental study of existing relay designs, recommendations were formulated for the development of a new series of the Russian small intermediate relays within the framework of the import substitution program.
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Nikishechkin, Anatolij. "To the question of constructing measuring devices based on fluxgate sensors." MATEC Web of Conferences 298 (2019): 00048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929800048.
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The article discusses the issues of feeding fluxgates from compact, low-power generators built on AND-NOT logic elements. The frequency of such generators depends on the magnitude of the measured magnetic field strength. This gives reason to consider the possibility of using frequency as a useful signal. The article discusses the issues of feeding fluxgates from compact, low-power generators built on AND-NOT logic elements. The frequency of such generators depends on the magnitude of the measured magnetic field strength. This gives reason to consider the possibility of using frequency as a useful signal. The article proposes to use modulated rectangular voltage pulses, that is, pulses with high-frequency filling, to power a fluxgate. Then, under the influence of the measured magnetic field, the filling frequency changes, according to which the magnitude of the intensity is determined, and the frequency of the modulating voltage corresponding to the passport frequency of the fluxgate remains constant. In this case, it becomes possible to increase the deviation of the filling frequency due to the use of the released output winding of the fluxgate as an additional element of the generator. It was also experimentally established that in order to increase the voltage on the excitation winding of the fluxgate and, as a consequence, to increase its sensitivity, it is advisable to power through the D-trigger, which makes it possible to obtain bipolar voltage on the excitation winding. In addition, it is necessary to use resonance phenomena (at the frequency of the modeling voltage) in the serial circuit “connecting capacitors - excitation coil of a fluxgate”, which allows increasing the voltage on the excitation winding without increasing the voltage of the power source.
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Pal, Pramod Kr, Ritsuko Hanajima, Carolyn A. Gunraj, Jie-Yuan Li, Aparna Wagle-Shukla, Francesca Morgante, and Robert Chen. "Effect of Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Interhemispheric Inhibition." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 3 (September 2005): 1668–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01306.2004.
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We studied the effects of 1-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the excitability of interhemispheric connections in 13 right-handed healthy volunteers. TMS was performed using figure-eight coils, and surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from both first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscles. A paired-pulse method with a conditioning stimulus (CS) to the motor cortex (M1) followed by a test stimulus to the opposite M1 was used to study the interhemispheric inhibition (ppIHI). Both CS and TS were adjusted to produce motor-evoked potentials of ∼1 mV in the contralateral FDI muscles. After baseline measurement of right-to-left IHI (pre-RIHI) and left-to-right IHI (pre-LIHI), rTMS was applied over left M1 at 1 Hz with 900 stimuli at 115% of resting motor threshold. After rTMS, ppIHI was studied using both the pre-rTMS CS (post-RIHI and post-LIHI) and an adjusted post-rTMS CS set to produce 1-mV motor evoked potentials (MEPs; post-RIHIadj and post-LIHIadj). The TS was set to produce 1-mV MEPs. There was a significant reduction in post-LIHI ( P = 0.0049) and post-LIHIadj ( P = 0.0169) compared with pre-LIHI at both interstimulus intervals of 10 and 40 ms. Post-RIHI was significantly reduced compared with pre-RIHI ( P = 0.0015) but pre-RIHI and post-RIHIadj were not significantly different. We conclude that 1-Hz rTMS reduces IHI in both directions but is predominantly from the stimulated to the unstimulated hemisphere. Low-frequency rTMS may be used to modulate the excitability of IHI circuits. Treatment protocols using low-frequency rTMS to reduce cortical excitability in neurological and psychiatric conditions need to take into account their effects on IHI.
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Bjune, Caroline K., Thomas F. Marinis, Tirunelveli S. Sriram, Jeanne M. Brady, James Moran, Philip D. Parks, Alik S. Widge, Darin D. Dougherty, and Emad N. Eskandar. "Packaging Architecture for an Implanted System that Monitors Brain Activity and Applies Therapeutic Stimulation." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 13, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/imaps.499.
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Deep brain stimulation therapies for Parkinson's disease utilize hardware that, from a packaging perspective, resembles those that are used in cardiac pacemakers. A hermetic package that contains stimulation electronics and a primary battery supply is implanted under the scalp into a recess formed in the skull. Stimulation probes, each with up to four electrodes, are inserted into the brain and connected to the electronics package via a plug and cable system. Unlike single-target devices such as cochlear implants and pacemakers, achieving this type of neuropsychiatric therapy requires the ability to record and stimulate in multiple and distributive areas of the brain, both cortical and subcortical. By contrast, the closed-loop neural stimulator being developed under the DARPA SUBNETS program utilizes probes, each of which carries up to 64 electrodes that can be switched between recording and stimulation functions. This capability necessitates locating low-noise amplifiers, switching and communication electronics in close proximity to each probe site. Each of these satellite electronics packages requires 10 electrical connections to the hub package, which significantly increases the complexity of the interconnect system relative to the current practice. The power requirements of this system preclude the use of a primary battery supply, so a large lithium ion battery is used, with a recharging coil and electronics. The hub system is composed of a connector header, electronics package, and battery pack that are fabricated separately and are interconnected by a flex circuit board, to allow it to conform to the skull for implanting. The standardized feedthrough substrate on the satellite, which can interface with multiple types of electrodes, along the system being reconfigurable, enables our architecture to support this new clinical research. It also allows the clinician to select satellite-electrode system based on a patient's needs, thus providing a customized, patient-specific therapeutic system. In this article, we have described the various packaging components of this system and the design considerations that drove our technology choices.
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Belykh, D. V., and K. V. Litsin. "Implementation of frequency drive into the mechanism of transshipping crane travelling." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 76, no. 7 (August 11, 2020): 733–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2020-7-733-739.
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Travelling of transshipping crane, located at the coal warehouse of the coke and chemical production of Ural Steel JSC, is carried out using eight asynchronous motors with a phase rotor. To control the speed of its travelling, a device is used that regulates the speed variation of the asynchronous motors with a phase rotor by varying the resistances in the rotor circuit, which does not provide the necessary synchronization of their operation. Asynchrony in the operation of electric motors leads to a skew in the flexible support of the crane and, consequently, to an increase of the time of technological operations fulfilment. This means reduction of the amount of work performed. A solution to the problem is proposed by implement an electric drive frequency control into the mechanism of the transshipping crane travelling. This will significantly reduce the loss of electrical energy during transients and ensure the best performance indices. Calculation and selection of the necessary elements of the frequency control system of the electric drive were carried out. A schematic electrical diagram of the connection of an electric drive for travelling the transshipping crane is given. A system has been developed for automatic control of an electric drive. The system is based on speed regulation with an indirect orientation of the rotor flow grip vector, which allows matching the speed of asynchronous motors. The analysis of the obtained transient processes of speed and moment is made. The efficiency of the proposed engine matching scheme is confirmed by the elaborated mathematical model. The proposed system allows eliminating the skew in the flexible support of the crane caused by jerks during the travelling of the crane and reducing energy consumption by 4%. The proposed solution the drive perfection can be used at modernization of bridge transshipping cranes, used at loading and unloading operations and at transportation of goods with stable cargo flows in the warehouses of metallurgical plants, ports, thermal power plants, etc.
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Marault, Jérôme, Abdelmounaïm Tounzi, Frédéric Gillon, and Michel Hecquet. "Use of current sheet coupled to an analytical tool to analyze by FEM the harmonic content of armature winding ditribution." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 39, no. 6 (November 30, 2020): 1329–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-01-2020-0052.
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Purpose For a given rotor, the study of the impact of stator MMF from different winding distributions is usually carried out using analytical model under some simplifying hypotheses to limit time computation. To get more accurate results, finite element model is thus more suitable. However, testing different combinations of stator windings with the same rotor can be tedious when considering the stator slots. Indeed, this introduces mesh constraint, reluctance variation of the air gap and possibly taking into account of the connection between stator coils. To avoid this, a current sheet supplied such to represent the stator MMF and spread all around the inner slotless stator surface can be used. In addition, such an approach can be very useful to didactically assess the effect of each winding space harmonic on machine performance separately. The purpose of this paper is to use a current sheet coupled to an external analytical tool in order to easily test different windings or to quantify the effect of a given spatial harmonic of the winding. Design/methodology/approach In the proposed approach, the current sheet supply is obtained from an analytical tool that allows determining the spatiotemporal stator MMF of any winding considered. Moreover, stator teeth height is not modelled, and only the thickness of the stator yoke is considered along with the same air gap thickness. Results with the proposed approach are compared to the real stator modelling for two different winding configurations. Last, linear and non-linear magnetic material behaviours are investigated to validate the proposed approach in term of magnetic distribution. Findings For both studied cases, results in term of local and global physical quantities show good agreement between the real stator modelling and the proposed approach. Originality/value Current sheet is used with finite element model to study the inherent effect of different winding configurations on local and global physical quantities of an AC electrical machine. The proposed approach avoids the constraints in terms of stator slot geometry and electrical circuit definition. This is very useful to quickly test different winding configurations or to isolate a specific winding space harmonic to quantify its effect on the electrical performances. This cannot be performed using classical modelling as all space harmonics are taken into account.
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Oprescu Georgiana. "Some measures to optimize and make efficient the international maritime transport." Technium Social Sciences Journal 10 (August 8, 2020): 649–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v10i1.1442.
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Through this study I aimed to address the different concepts of international maritime transport in terms of its legal, economic, administrative and organizational evolution over time, globally. International maritime transport is of extraordinary importance due to the fact that through it the states have the possibility to develop due to the different situations encountered in the civil circuit, and implicitly the commercial one is constantly enriched with new elements. Despite the fact that there are many countries that are not riparian, it is absolutely necessary to have regulations in the maritime field, given the importance of the safety of the trade in goods. Even if, initially, in Romania there was no code of maritime law, there was no autonomous legislation of maritime law, there is, however, a tradition in this field based on commercial law whose content, over time, maritime law has become autonomous as a science and field of application. The history of trade is, to a large extent, the very history of civilization. In the beginning, human needs were few and very simple, limited to obtaining food and clothing. But as he progressed on the evolutionary scale of intelligence, humans demands grew, wanting more than minimal comfort. Trade is one of the methods that producers, sellers and consumers adopt at different times in order to meet their various needs. Due to the fact that no civilized society will be able to actually produce all the goods it consumes based on material difficulties, lack of natural resources, coal, wood, oil, lack of climate specific to the cultivation of a certain variety of vegetables and fruits, etc., maritime transport offers the chance and the connection between civilizations, cultures, continents, thus succeeding in the transport of goods and products to other nations. World trade has always been a solution to the problems and strategies regarding the transport of raw materials urgently needed for the evolution of society and implicitly of industry. Precisely for this reason and to encourage world trade, over the centuries, a number of measures have been taken to make it more efficient, such as measures planned over time, which have proven to be beneficial strategies for the evolution of the economy. and world industry. One of the measures that has had a positive impact on maritime trade and that I will develop in my study, in comparison, is the enlargement of the Suez Canal and the Panama Canal.
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Mahmood Altaee, Omar, Ahmed Ibraheem Alnaib, and Noha Abed AlBary Aljawady. "Design and Realization of a Stepper Motor Driver with PLC." Al-Kitab Journal for Pure Sciences 2, no. 1 (October 10, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.32441/kjps.v2i1.137.
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The paper is giving a simple and economical solution but with high performance for programming and controlling of Stepper Motor ( SM ) by using an industrial Programmable Logic Controller ( PLC ). PLC is advanced as a control device without any interface or drive circuits, thereby reducing the number of circuit components lowering the cost and improving the whole reliability of the system. SM is precise and accurate in creating discrete stationary angular revolutions, and for this characteristic, it has been used in numerous applications. The interested applications its usage in Robotic Arm Controller ( RAC ). The proposed control algorithm involves the control of SM speed, direction ( both clockwise & counter-clockwise ), and the number of step of rotation. The SM that is proposed to be controlled in experimental is four phase ( 6 wires ), with hybrid coil category, unipolar connection of stator winding, 24V rated voltage, 1.5A rated current, and it has step angle equal to 1.8º. Function Block Diagram ( FBD ) program design language is used to realize the proposed PLC control program for SM. Wave Stepping Excitation Method ( WSEM ) was employed for driving the SM.