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Martín-Loeches, Manuel. "La Neurociencia Cognitiva, la Psicología Cognitiva y nuestro Sistema Cognitivo Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology, and our Cognitive System." Cognitiva 16, no. 2 (September 1, 2004): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1174/0214355042248884.
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Brown, Penelope. "Anthropologie cognitive." Anthropologie et Sociétés 23, no. 3 (September 10, 2003): 91–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/015619ar.
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Résumé RÉSUMÉ Anthropologie cognitive C'est ici l'occasion de faire le point sur les récents développements de l'anthropologie cognitive. définie dans ses grandes lignes comme l'étude comparative de la cognition humaine dans son contexte linguistique et culturel. En réaction à la prépondérance de l'uni-versalisme au cours des années soixante-dix et quatre-vingt, il s'est fait récemment un certain nombre de réévaluations des rapports entre langue et cognition. et le champ de l'anthropologie cognitive s'épanouit dans plusieurs nouvelles directions en Amérique comme en Europe. Cela résulte en partie de ce qu'on a renouvelé et réévalué les façons d'aborder la relativité linguistique associée à Whorf. et en partie de l'enthousiasme suscité par les récents développements dans les sciences cognitives. Cet article offre un bref aperçu de l'histoire de l'anthropologie cognitive et passe en revue les travaux en cours des deux côtés de l'Atlantique. Il fait le point sur les nouvelles directions de recherche, en s'attachant, en guise d'exemple, aux travaux récents consacrés aux modèles culturels de même qu'au langage spatial et à la cognition. Ce tour d'horizon se termine en suggérant comment l'anthropologie cognitive pourrait contribuer directement tant au projet général des sciences cognitives qu'à l'étude anthropologique des rapports entre les idées et les pratiques culturelles, d'une part, et les structures et les processus de la cognition humaine, d'autre part. Mots clés : Brown. langage, cognition. culture, relativité linguistique, espace, modèles culturels
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Castro, Ana Paula Ocaña, Bruna Carine Pasa, Kátine Marchezan Estivalet, Aline Sarturi Ponte, and Kayla Araújo Ximenes Aguiar Palma. "Análise do uso da tecnologia através de aplicativos de jogos como recurso de estimulação cognitiva em idosa com queixas subjetivas de memória: uma análise de prática/ Analysis of the use of technology through game applications as a cognitive stimulation resource in elderly women with subjective memory complaints: a practice analysis." Revista Interinstitucional Brasileira de Terapia Ocupacional - REVISBRATO 4, no. 5 (August 6, 2020): 813–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47222/2526-3544.rbto34319.
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O estudo aponta o uso da tecnologia, através de aplicativos de jogos, como recurso possível na estimulação cognitiva em idosa com queixas subjetivas de memória. Logo, trata-se de uma análise de prática, exploratória, descritiva e comparativa pré e pós-intervenção terapêutica ocupacional dos resultados da Bateria Breve de Rastreio Cognitivo (BBRC). Foram realizadas 16 intervenções com uma idosa de 77 anos, utilizando com recurso o aplicativo de jogos Brainilis, percebendo-se melhora em diferentes funções cognitivas. Os jogos podem ser importantes potencializadores terapêuticos, estimulando o funcionamento neuronal e a organização das habilidades comprometidas. Palavras-chave: Envelhecimento; Memória; Cognição; Tecnologia; Terapia Ocupacional. Abstract: The study points out the use of technology, through game applications, as a possible resource in cognitive stimulation in elderly people with subjective memory complaints. Therefore, this is a practice analysis, exploratory, descriptive and comparative pre- and post-intervention therapeutic occupational by comparing the results of the Cognitive Screening Short Battery (CSSB). Sixteen interventions were performed with a 77-year-old woman, using the Brainilis game application, perceiving improvement in different cognitive functions. The games can be important therapeutic potentials, stimulating neuronal functioning and the organization of compromised abilities. Keywords: Aging; Memory; Cognition; Technology; Occupational Therapy. Resumen: El estudio señala el uso de la tecnología, a través de aplicaciones de juegos, como un posible recurso en la estimulación cognitiva en persona mayor con quejas de memoria subjetiva. Por lo tanto, este es un análisis de la práctica, exploratoria, descriptiva y comparativa, previa y posterior a la intervención, de los resultados de la Batería Corta de Detección Cognitiva (BCDC). Se realizaron dieciséis intervenciones con una mujer de 77 años, usando la aplicación del juego Brainilis, percibiendo una mejora en diferentes funciones cognitivas. Los juegos pueden ser importantes potenciales terapéuticos, estimulando el funcionamiento neuronal y la organización de habilidades comprometidas. Palabras clave: Envejecimiento; Memoria; Cognición; Tecnología; Terapia Ocupacional.
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WILSON, ROBERT S., LISA L. BARNES, KRISTIN R. KRUEGER, GEORGE HOGANSON, JULIA L. BIENIAS, and DAVID A. BENNETT. "Early and late life cognitive activity and cognitive systems in old age." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 11, no. 4 (July 2005): 400–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617705050459.
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Little is known about the relative benefits of cognitively stimulating activities at different points in the lifespan. In a cohort of 576 older persons without dementia, we assessed current and past (childhood, young adulthood, middle age) frequency of cognitive activity; availability of cognitively stimulating resources in the home in childhood and middle age; and 5 domains of cognitive function. Past cognitive activity and cognitive resources were positively correlated with both current cognitive activity and current cognitive function. The association with cognitive function was reduced after controlling for current cognitive activity, however. Current cognitive activity was associated with better cognitive function, especially semantic memory and perceptual speed, even after controlling for past activity. The results suggest that past cognitive activity contributes to current cognition principally through its association with cognitive activity in old age. (JINS, 2005,11, 400–407.)
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Cavanagh, Patrick. "The cognitive impenetrability of cognition." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 3 (June 1999): 370–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99272020.
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Cognitive impenetrability is really two assertions: (1) perception and cognition have access to different knowledge bases; and (2) perception does not use cognitive-style processes. The first leads to the unusual corollary that cognition is itself cognitively impenetrable. The second fails when it is seen to be the claim that reasoning is available only in conscious processing.
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Opdebeeck, Carol, Catherine Quinn, Sharon M. Nelis, and Linda Clare. "Does cognitive reserve moderate the association between mood and cognition? A systematic review." Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 25, no. 3 (August 2015): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959259815000155.
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SummaryThe evidence regarding the association between mood and cognitive function is conflicting, suggesting the involvement of moderating factors. This systematic review aimed to assess whether cognitive reserve moderates the association between mood and cognition in older people. Cognitive reserve was considered in terms of the three key proxy measures – educational level, occupation, and engagement in cognitively stimulating leisure activities – individually and in combination. Sixteen studies representing 37,101 participants were included in the review. Of these, 13 used a measure of education, one used a measure of occupation, two used a measure of participation in cognitively stimulating activities, and one used a combination of these. In general, cognitive reserve moderated the association between mood and cognition, with a larger negative association between mood and cognition in those with low cognitive reserve than in those with high cognitive reserve. Further research utilizing multiple proxy measures of cognitive reserve is required to elucidate the associations.
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Cardona, Mario. "Apprendere le lingue nella terza età è possibile ed è salutare. Il cervello ci dice perchè." Revista Italiano UERJ 12, no. 2 (July 13, 2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/italianouerj.2021.67581.
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ABSTRACT: L’invecchiamento della popolazione è un dato demografico mondiale che assume carattere rilevante in molti Paesi del cosiddetto “primo mondo”, Il concetto di anzianità oggigiorno non può più basarsi su dati misurabili che stabiliscono quando un individuo, nell’arco della sua vita, entra nella fase della vecchiaia. Si tratta di un concetto molto più ampio e articolato che riguarda dimensioni socio-sanitarie, psico-affettive, cognitive e culturali. È necessario dunque ripensare il ruolo attivo della popolazione anziana in una società complessa e plurilingue. Nell’ottica dell’invecchiamento di successo (succesful ageing) e in base al principio di cittadinanza attiva (active citizenship) l’apprendimento delle lingue diviene un aspetto educativo rilevante sia per la partecipazione attiva nella società, sia per i vantaggi cognitivi specifici che tale tipo di apprendimento comporta. Oggi la ricerca neuropsicologica dimostra come l’apprendimento possa avvenire lungo tutto l’arco della vita e come il nostro cervello sia in grado di attivare importati fenomeni di compensazione in grado di arginare il declino cognitivo. In questo contributo si prenderanno in considerazione alcuni aspetti neuropsicologici che dimostrano come l’apprendimento linguistico nell’anziano non solo sia possibile, ma sia auspicabile. Su questi presupposti è importante che la linguistica educativa sviluppi un adeguato modello glotto-geragogico.Parole chiave: Glotto-geragogia. Anziani. Linguistica educativa. Plasticità neuronale. Riserva cognitiva. Modello STAC (Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition). RESUMO: O envelhecimento da população é um dado demográfico global que assume um caráter relevante em muitos países do chamado "primeiro mundo". Hoje o conceito de antiguidade não pode mais ser baseado em dados mensuráveis que estabelecem quando um indivíduo, durante sua vida, entra na fase da velhice. É um conceito muito mais amplo e articulado que diz respeito às dimensões sócio-saúde, psicoafetiva, cognitiva e cultural. É, pois, necessário repensar o papel ativo da população idosa numa sociedade complexa e multilingue. Com vista a um envelhecimento bem sucedido e com base no princípio da cidadania ativa, a aprendizagem de línguas torna-se um aspecto educativo relevante tanto para a participação ativa na sociedade como para as vantagens cognitivas específicas que tal tipo de aprendizagem acarreta. Hoje, a pesquisa neuropsicológica demonstra como o aprendizado pode ocorrer ao longo da vida e como nosso cérebro é capaz de ativar importantes fenômenos de compensação capazes de conter o declínio cognitivo. Neste artigo, serão levados em consideração alguns aspectos neuropsicológicos que demonstram como a aprendizagem de linguagem em idosos não é apenas possível, mas desejável. Com base nesses pressupostos, é importante que a linguística educacional desenvolva um modelo gloto-hieragógico adequado.Palavras-chave: Gloto-hieragogia. Idosos. Linguística educacional. Plasticidade neuronal. Reserva cognitive. Modelo STAC (Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition). ABSTRACT: Population aging is a world demographic data which assumes a relevant character in many of the countries of the so called “first world”. The concept of aging, nowadays, cannot be anymore based on measurable data that establish when a human being, throughout his life, enters the stage of old age. It deals with a much wider and more complex concept that concerns socio-health, psycho-affective, cognitive and cultural dimensions. It is therefore necessary to rethink the active role of old population in a complicated and multilingual society. With a view to a successful aging and according to the principle of active citizenship, language learning becomes an educational aspect relevant both in order to achieve an active social participation and for the specific cognitive advantages that type of learning provides with. Nowadays, the neuropsychological research shows how learning could happen throughout the entire life and how our brain is capable to activate important cognitive compensation phenomena capable of stemming the cognitive decline. This essay will take into consideration some neuropsychological aspects that demonstrate how language learning in old people is not only possible, but desirable. On these assumptions it is important that educational linguistic develops an adequate foreign language learning geragogic model. Keywords: Foreign language learning geragogic model. Old age. Educational linguistics. Neural plasticity. Brain reserve. STAC Model (Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition).
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Tudela, Pío. "¿Neurociencia Cognitiva o Cognición Incorporada? Cognitive Neuroscience or Embodied Cognition?" Cognitiva 16, no. 2 (September 1, 2004): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1174/0214355042248857.
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Petridou, Evangelia. "Cognitive frailty: a brief review." Journal of Research and Practice on the Musculoskeletal System 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22540/jrpms-04-113.
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Frailty syndrome and cognitive decline, conditions linked with aging, jeopardize health status and promote an individual’s dependence on daily living activities. Various models include cognition in the assessment of frailty, but recently a new term has been proposed, called “Cognitive Frailty’’, originally presented as a probable outcome of frailty, but later it has been proposed to be an early sign of the syndrome. Cognitive frailty encompasses both the physical and the cognitive domain, explored as a unique entity, and includes two subtypes, the reversible and the potentially reversible cognitive frailty. Most studies examine cognition as another domain of frailty, using different methods for the assessment of both frailty and the status of cognition. In the present article, various definitions of the frailty syndrome and cognitive frailty as well as screening tools are reviewed. The link between cognitive impairment and frailty, and the common pathophysiological mechanisms such as neuropathological, vascular and metabolic factors, inflammation, hormones and nutrition are explored. Finally, this review presents the effects of multi-domain and single domain interventions, conducted in physical and/or cognitively frail populations that may be applied to the prevention and management of cognitive frailty.
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Matallana, Diana, Juanita Gempeler Rueda, Maritza Rodríguez Guarín, Pilar Otero, Diana Giraldo Arango, María Poveda, Nina Rangel-Gamboa, and Hernando Santamaría-García. "Processing of novel stimuli as cognitive remediation therapy in patients with eating disorder / Procesamiento de estímulos novedosos como terapia de remediación cognitiva en pacientes con trastorno alimentario." Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios 9, no. 1 (April 19, 2018): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fesi.20071523e.2018.1.446.
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Abstract Previous studies have shown the usefulness of cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) in patients with eating disorders (ED). The objective of this study was to assess a new cognitive technique called "With the head in the clouds" (WHC). A total of 22 women with ED (13 with anorexia nervosa and 9 with bulimia nervosa), between 14 and 29 years (M = 19.0, SD = 3.4), completed the six group sessions of this technique. Under a design pre-post intervention, participants were assessed in: visuo-constructive functions (Copy of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure [CRCF]), creative thinking (Torrance Creative Thinking Test [TCTT]), cognitive flexibility (CRCF and TCTT) and cognitive control (Stroop Test). The intervention improved different cognitive domains, such as: greater global coherence, creative thinking and resistance to closure, as well as less fragmentation. Based on CRT, aimed at stimulating the new processing of visual stimuli, the technique WHC showed an improvement in some of the cognitive processes involved in the onset of symptoms in patients with ED. Resumen Estudios previos han indicado la utilidad de la terapia de remediación cognitiva (TRC) en pacientes con trastornos de conducta alimentaria (TCA). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar una nueva técnica de innovación cognitiva llamada “Con la cabeza en las nubes” (CCN). Participaron 22 mujeres con TCA (13 con anorexia nerviosa y 9 con bulimia nerviosa), de entre 14 y 29 años de edad (M = 19.0, DE = 3.4), quienes completaron las seis sesiones grupales de que consta dicha técnica. Bajo un diseño pre-post intervención, las participantes fueron evaluadas en cuanto a: funciones viso-constructivas (Copia de la Figura Compleja de Rey-Osterrieth [CFCR]), pensamiento creativo (Test de Pensamiento Creativo de Torrance [TPCT]), flexibilidad cognitiva (CFCR y TPCT) y control cognitivo (Test de Stroop). La intervención generó una mejora en distintos dominios cognitivos, como son: mayor coherencia global, pensamiento creativo y resistencia al cierre, así como menor fragmentación. Basada en la TRC, encaminada a estimular el procesamiento novedoso de estímulos visuales, la técnica CCN mostró mejorar algunos de los procesos cognitivos implicados en la generación de los síntomas de pacientes con TCA.
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Gray, Michelle, Joshua Gills, Spencer A. Smith, Emily Bates, Jordan M. Glenn, Erica Madero, and Nick Bott. "WEBCAMERA-BASED VISUAL PAIRED COMPARISON AS A REMOTE COGNITIVE SCREENING METHOD." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1214.
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Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a form of dementia impacting memory and cognitive function of 131 million individuals worldwide. Though early cognitive decline detection is important, cognitive screening is limited among older adults and many cases go undetected. As easy-to-use cognitive assessments are not readily available to the general population, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the ability of a 5-minute webcamera-based eye-tracking cognitive assessment to discriminate between cognitively intact adults and adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or AD. This prospective study included 56 participants (age=55.9±26.8) divided into three groups: younger cognitively intact (ages 18-46 years, n=25), older cognitively intact (ages >60 years, n=20), and older cognitively impaired participants with MCI or AD (ages>60 years, n=13). All participants completed the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) and Visual Paired Comparison test (VPC) to assess cognition. One-way ANOVA detected differences in cognition between groups. A Pearson correlation determined the association between cognitive assessments. Additionally, multiple regression determined the ability of VPC and age to predict DSST scores. Results revealed significant differences between cognitively intact and cognitively impaired groups for VPC (p=.001) and DSST (p<.001). Follow-up analyses revealed significant differences between cognitively intact and cognitively impaired adults (p=.005) with no differences between younger and older cognitively intact adults (p=.34). There was a significant association between the VPC and DSST cognitive assessments (r=.54, p<.001), with VPC and age accounting for 69% of the variation in DSST. These results support the use of webcamera-based VPC as a viable option when screening tool MCI/AD.
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von Stumm, Sophie. "Investment Trait, Activity Engagement, and Age: Independent Effects on Cognitive Ability." Journal of Aging Research 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/949837.
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In cognitive aging research, the “engagement hypothesis” suggests that the participation in cognitively demanding activities helps maintain better cognitive performance in later life. In differential psychology, the “investment” theory proclaims that age differences in cognition are influenced by personality traits that determine when, where, and how people invest their ability. Although both models follow similar theoretical rationales, they differ in their emphasis of behavior (i.e., activity engagement) versus predisposition (i.e., investment trait). The current study compared a cognitive activity engagement scale (i.e., frequency of participation) with an investment trait scale (i.e., need for cognition) and tested their relationship with age differences in cognition in 200 British adults. Age was negatively associated with fluid and positively with crystallized ability but had no relationship with need for cognition and activity engagement. Need for cognition was positively related to activity engagement and cognitive performance; activity engagement, however, was not associated with cognitive ability. Thus, age differences in cognitive ability were largely independent of engagement and investment.
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Lu, Kirsty, Jennifer M. Nicholas, Jessica D. Collins, Sarah-Naomi James, Thomas D. Parker, Christopher A. Lane, Ashvini Keshavan, et al. "Cognition at age 70." Neurology 93, no. 23 (October 30, 2019): e2144-e2156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000008534.
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ObjectiveTo investigate predictors of performance on a range of cognitive measures including the Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite (PACC) and test for associations between cognition and dementia biomarkers in Insight 46, a substudy of the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development.MethodsA total of 502 individuals born in the same week in 1946 underwent cognitive assessment at age 69–71 years, including an adapted version of the PACC and a test of nonverbal reasoning. Performance was characterized with respect to sex, childhood cognitive ability, education, and socioeconomic position (SEP). In a subsample of 406 cognitively normal participants, associations were investigated between cognition and β-amyloid (Aβ) positivity (determined from Aβ-PET imaging), whole brain volumes, white matter hyperintensity volumes (WMHV), and APOE ε4.ResultsChildhood cognitive ability was strongly associated with cognitive scores including the PACC more than 60 years later, and there were independent effects of education and SEP. Sex differences were observed on every PACC subtest. In cognitively normal participants, Aβ positivity and WMHV were independently associated with lower PACC scores, and Aβ positivity was associated with poorer nonverbal reasoning. Aβ positivity and WMHV were not associated with sex, childhood cognitive ability, education, or SEP. Normative data for 339 cognitively normal Aβ-negative participants are provided.ConclusionsThis study adds to emerging evidence that subtle cognitive differences associated with Aβ deposition are detectable in older adults, at an age when dementia prevalence is very low. The independent associations of childhood cognitive ability, education, and SEP with cognitive performance at age 70 have implications for interpretation of cognitive data in later life.
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Furs, L. A. "COGNITION AND COGNITIVE DYNAMICS." Voprosy Kognitivnoy Lingvistiki, no. 3 (2021): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20916/1812-3228-2021-3-52-58.
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The article considers the principle of cognitive dynamics in the knowledge construction. This principle underlies various modification processes during the processing of knowledge by human consciousness and emphasizes the processuality of his mental activity. The procedural nature of cognitive dynamics is provided by a person’s ability to process knowledge on the basis of associative links and patterns of cause-and-effect relationships. This principle is associated with the procedural function of metamemory and is activated when there is a complication of the structures of static declarative knowledge. The procedural function is represented by the metonymic, metaphorical and metaphtonymic construction of knowledge. In turn, the metaphtonymic model is characterized by metonymic or metaphorical expansion. The operation of the principle of cognitive dynamics is illustrated by examples when a lexeme implements a secondary function in a context, when a linguistic unit is used as a part of a phraseological unit, as well as in the processes of modifying the categorial meaning of a verb and in the course of constructing evaluative knowledge represented by a syntactic construction. It also takes place in the construction of a polymodal text. The processes of cognitive dynamism reflect the features of a person’s cognitive operations to process knowledge transmitted in communication. They reveal the connection of language with perception, memory, thinking, human experience, which, in turn, allows to show the specificity of human cognitive activity, which is not accessible to direct observation. In general, the configuration of knowledge as a result of cognitive dynamism is a complex process regulated by both cognitive and metacognitive parameters.
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Henderson, V. W. "Cognition and cognitive aging." Climacteric 10, sup2 (January 2007): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13697130701537363.
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Mey, Jacob L. "Cognitive Technology ? Technological cognition." AI & Society 10, no. 3-4 (September 1996): 226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01174600.
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Pepping, Mary, Julie Brunings, and Myron Goldberg. "Cognition, Cognitive Dysfunction, and Cognitive Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis." Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 24, no. 4 (November 2013): 663–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2013.06.009.
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Gamoneda Lanza, Amelia. "Desaprendizaje e inestabilidad. Perspectivas para una teoría cognitiva de la lectura poética." Signa: Revista de la Asociación Española de Semiótica 28 (June 28, 2019): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/signa.vol28.2019.25043.
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La lectura poética explora técnicas que rescatan procesos cognitivos básicos y aún no automatizados que todo aprendizaje lector activa. Asimismo, la lectura poética sostiene e incentiva los estados de inestabilidad cognitiva por los que ha de pasar cualquier proceso mental. Se configuran así estrategias cognitivas de desaprendizaje de automatismos y de irresolución de interpretaciones que tienen como resultado el extrañamiento y la complejidad, y que se analizarán en el contexto de un poema de Baudelaire.This poetic reading explores techniques which rediscover basic cognitive processes which up to now have not been automated and which all readers draw upon. At the same time, the poetic reading sustains and incentivizes the state of cognitive instability through which every mental process passes. In this way the article shows cognitive strategies of unlearning of methods already learned and strategies of maintaining irreconcilable interpretations which result in estrangement and complexity, and which will be analyzed in the context of a poem by Baudelaire.
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Hueluer, Gizem, and George W. Rebok. "THE ROLE OF WORK AND RETIREMENT IN COGNITIVE AND BRAIN AGING." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.090.
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Abstract According to the “use it or lose it” hypothesis of cognitive aging, cognitive enrichment and cognitively engaging activities are associated with the maintenance of high levels of cognitive functioning in old age. Similar ideas have been brought forward with respect to characteristics of individuals’ work environment, with more cognitively enriching work demands providing an optimal environment for cognitive development and maintenance. The goal of this research group is to showcase new developments in research on work, retirement and cognitive aging. Hülür et al. examine the role of perceived work environment for cohort differences in trajectories of cognitive change based on 56-year longitudinal data from the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Andel et al. use data from the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging to examine trajectories of cognitive aging before vs. after retirement with two-slope growth curve models. Zulka et al. conduct a systematic literature review on the association between retirement and cognition and examine the role of factors such as occupational experiences and the cognitive domain studied. Burzynska et al. investigate the relationship between stressful and stimulating occupational exposures and structural brain health and cognition in older age. The discussion by George Rebok will focus on how these findings contribute to our understanding of the role of occupational experiences for cognitive and brain aging and how they can be utilized to promote maintenance of cognitive functioning in old age.
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Hiley-Young, Bruce. "Facilitating Cognitive-Emotional Congruence in Anxiety Disorders During Self-Determined Cognitive Change: An Integrative Model." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 4, no. 2 (January 1990): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.4.2.225.
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The treatment of the multiple dimensions of anxiety requires a multimodal therapy. To facilitate the congruence between cognition and emotion, a synthesis of cognitive restructuring, progressive self-relaxation training, and concentration skills training is presented as an integrative model applied to inpatient Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) during the process of self-determined cognitive change. Using a cognitively oriented frame-work, the model provides procedures that identify important propositional beliefs, transform the personal meaning of these beliefs, pair beliefs/self-talk with a state of well-being to facilitate cognitive-emotional congruence, and operationalize beliefs into observable behavior. Emphasis is placed on the rationale, clinical integration, and application of the various components within a cognitively oriented approach.
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Nazario, Maristela Prado e. Silva, Vitor Hugo Tomaz Silva, Ana Cristina Duarte Oliveira Martinho, and Juliana Santi Sagin Pinto Bergamim. "Déficit Cognitivo em Idosos Hospitalizados Segundo Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM): Revisão Narrativa." Journal of Health Sciences 20, no. 2 (July 27, 2018): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/2447-8938.2018v20n2p131-134.
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ResumoO presente estudo teve como intuito realizar uma revisão narrativa sobre o déficit cognitivo em idosos hospitalizados e institucionalizados, que utilizaram como instrumento avaliador o Mini Exame do Estado Mental - MEEM. Sendo este, um exame de fácil e rápida aplicação, abrangendo todos os aspectos cognitivos em sete categorias, atribuindo de 0 a 30 pontos. Realizado no período de maio a novembro de 2017, nas bases de dados SciELO, Lilacs, Medline, Pubmed com publicações de 2001 a 2017. Os artigos selecionados apontaram um declínio cognitivo em idosos que foram submetidos à internações devido um quadro patológico agudo, ressaltando a existência de grupos de risco específicos. Questionando, assim, a idade como fator determinante no declínio cognitivo. A mudança de ambiente, imobilismo e depressão são os principais fatores responsáveis pelo déficit cognitivo gerado durante a hospitalização. Com o avanço desse processo, o idoso está susceptível a desenvolver incapacidade funcional e demência, tornando-o propenso a adquirir patologias segundarias. Os artigos deixam claro a importância do Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) ser aplicado na primeira anamnese, durante a avaliação inicial e em exames de rotina, para acompanhar de forma concisa a evolução cognitiva do paciente, a fim de mensurar fatores individuais que predispõe o desenvolvimento do declínio e tracejar objetivos que diminuam danos irreversíveis no paciente. Conclui-se que novos estudos devem ser realizados para verificar esse declínio no ambiente hospitalar e fora dele, possibilitando um comparativo de esclarecimento sobre os idosos apresentarem sinais de declínio cognitivo previamente á internação, cujo ambiente hospitalar apenas agravaria esse quadro ou se desenvolveram de forma aguda o declínio cognitivo.Palavras-chave: Idosos. Hospitalização. Avaliação. Cognição.AbstractThe present study aimed to conduct a narrative review of cognitive deficit in hospitalized and institutionalized elderly people using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) as an evaluation tool. This being an examination of easy and quick application, covering all the cognitive aspects in seven categories, assigning from 0 to 30 points. Held in the period from May to November 2017, in the databases Scielo, Lilacs, Medline, Pubmed with publications from 2001 to 2017. The articles selected indicated a cognitive decline in the elderly who were submitted to hospitalizations due to an acute pathological condition, highlighting the existence of specific risk groups. Thus, questioning age as a determining factor in cognitive decline. The change of environment, immobility and depression are the main factors responsible for the cognitive deficit generated during hospitalization. With the advancement of this process, the elderly are susceptible to developing functional disability and dementia, making them prone to acquire secondary pathologies. The articles make clear the importance of the Mini Mental State Examination - MMSE to be applied in the first anamnesis, during the initial evaluation and in routine exams, to follow the patient’s cognitive evolution in a concise way, in order to measure individual factors that predispose The development of decline, and the development of goals that reduce irreversible damage to the patient. It is concluded that new studies must be carried out to verify this decline in the hospital environment and beyond, allowing a comparative explanation about the elderly presenting signs of cognitive decline before hospitalization, whose hospital environment would only aggravate this condition or if they developed acutely Cognitive decline.Keywords: Elderly. Hospitalization. Evaluation. Cognition
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Carter, J. Adam. "Sosa en torno al conocimiento, el juicio y la adivinación." Análisis. Revista de investigación filosófica 3, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_arif/a.rif.201621564.
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En el capítulo 3 de Judgment and Agency, Ernest Sosa (2015) elabora el concepto de una actuación completamente apta. Al hacer esto, apela a ejemplos ilustrativos de actuaciones prácticas y aplica las lecciones aprendidas al caso de las actuaciones cognitivas y, en particular, a la actuación cognitiva que es el juicio. Los ejemplos de Sosa en la esfera práctica son ricos e instructivos. Pero, argumento, hay una falta de analogía interesante entre los ejemplos prácticos y cognitivos a los que apela. En última instancia, creo que la falta de analogía tiene su fuente tanto en una concepción problemática de la actuación cognitiva de la adivinación, así como en su relación con el conocimiento y la derrota.1 Una vez que se presenta esta línea argumentativa crítica, se articula una concepción alternativa de la adivinación, qua actuación cognitiva. Tal concepción evita los problemas discutidos y, aún así, es compatible con el marco general de Sosa. Palabras Clave: Ernest Sosa, conocimiento, juicio, adivinaciónAbstract In Chapter 3 of Judgment and Agency, Ernest Sosa (2015) explicates the concept of a fully apt performance. In the course of doing so, he draws from illustrative examples of practical performances and applies lessons drawn to the case of cognitive performances, and in particular, to the cognitive performance of judging. Sosa’s examples in the practical sphere are rich and instructive. But there is, I will argue, an interesting disanalogy between the practical and cognitive examples he relies on. Ultimately, I think the source of the disanalogy is a problematic picture of the cognitive performance of guessing and its connection to knowledge and defeat. Once this critical line of argument is advanced, an alternative picture of guessing, qua cognitive performance, is articulated, one which avoids the problems discussed, and yet remains compatible with Sosa’s broader framework.Keywords: Ernest Sosa, knowledge, jugment, guessing
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Sabatini, Serena, Obioha C. Ukoumunne, Clive Ballard, Rachel Collins, Kaarin J. Anstey, Manfred Diehl, Allyson Brothers, et al. "Cross-sectional association between objective cognitive performance and perceived age-related gains and losses in cognition." International Psychogeriatrics 33, no. 7 (April 14, 2021): 727–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610221000375.
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ABSTRACTObjectives:Evidence linking subjective concerns about cognition with poorer objective cognitive performance is limited by reliance on unidimensional measures of self-perceptions of aging (SPA). We used the awareness of age-related change (AARC) construct to assess self-perception of both positive and negative age-related changes (AARC gains and losses). We tested whether AARC has greater utility in linking self-perceptions to objective cognition compared to well-established measures of self-perceptions of cognition and aging. We examined the associations of AARC with objective cognition, several psychological variables, and engagement in cognitive training.Design:Cross-sectional observational study.Participants:The sample comprised 6056 cognitively healthy participants (mean [SD] age = 66.0 [7.0] years); divided into subgroups representing middle, early old, and advanced old age.Measurements:We used an online cognitive battery and measures of global AARC, AARC specific to the cognitive domain, subjective cognitive change, attitudes toward own aging (ATOA), subjective age (SA), depression, anxiety, self-rated health (SRH).Results:Scores on the AARC measures showed stronger associations with objective cognition compared to other measures of self-perceptions of cognition and aging. Higher AARC gains were associated with poorer cognition in middle and early old age. Higher AARC losses and poorer cognition were associated across all subgroups. Higher AARC losses were associated with greater depression and anxiety, more negative SPA, poorer SRH, but not with engagement in cognitive training.Conclusions:Assessing both positive and negative self-perceptions of cognition and aging is important when linking self-perceptions to cognitive functioning. Objective cognition is one of the many variables – alongside psychological variables – related to perceived cognitive losses.
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Luz, Alyne Leal de Alencar, Aline Silva-Costa, Elizabeth Leite Barbosa, Larissa Pruner Marques, Ester Paiva Souto, and Rosane Harter Griep. "Função cognitiva e controle da pressão arterial em idosos hipertensos." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 27, no. 6 (June 2022): 2269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232022276.18382021.
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Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é estimar a prevalência de comprometimento cognitivo e analisar sua associação com o controle da pressão arterial em idosos hipertensos. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com 383 idosos hipertensos no estado do Piauí, Brasil. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, clínicos, realizada aferição da pressão arterial e avaliação da função cognitiva utilizando o teste Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. A prevalência de comprometimento cognitivo foi de 74,4%, sendo maior na faixa etária entre 80 anos ou mais de idade e naqueles com menor escolaridade. A prevalência de pressão arterial não controlada foi de 61,6%, com maior proporção entre os idosos com comprometimento cognitivo. Observou-se associação entre o comprometimento cognitivo e pressão arterial não controlada (RPAjustada: 3,98; IC95% = 2,51-6,33). A associação significativa entre função cognitiva e controle pressórico sugere que comprometimento cognitivo é um importante fator de risco para pressão arterial não controlada em pessoas idosas. A inclusão de medidas de rastreamento para possíveis déficits cognitivos podem ser úteis para melhor monitoramento da elevação dos níveis pressóricos entre idosos hipertensos.
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Smid, Jerusa, Adalberto Studart-Neto, Karolina Gouveia César-Freitas, Marcia Cristina Nascimento Dourado, Renata Kochhann, Breno José Alencar Pires Barbosa, Lucas Porcello Schilling, et al. "Subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia - syndromic approach: recommendations of the Scientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 16, no. 3 suppl 1 (September 2022): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5764-dn-2022-s101en.
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ABSTRACT This consensus, performed by the Brazilian Academy of Neurology (BAN) will approach practically how to evaluate patients with cognitive complaints and how to clinically and etiologically diagnose the three clinical syndromes associated with the different stages of cognitive decline: subjective cognitive decline (SCD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. This BAN consensus discusses SCD diagnosis for the first time, updates MCI and dementia diagnoses, recommends the adequate cognitive tests and the relevant etiological work-up and care of patients with cognitive decline at different levels of care within the Brazilian Unified Health System. We also review the main assessment instruments used in Brazil and Latin America.
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Ortiz Jiménez, Xóchitl Angélica, Mariana Akena Fernández, Brenda Lizath Saldaña Muñoz, Yahel Enith Rincón Campos, Juan Fernando Góngora Rivera, and Juan Carlos Arango Lasprilla. "Evaluación Neuropsicológica de Conmoción Cerebral: estudio de caso de un jugador de fútbol americano." Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte 20, no. 1 (October 22, 2019): 236–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/cpd.358181.
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La conmoción cerebral (CC) es la principal causa de lesión cerebral en deportistas de contacto siendo el fútbol americano (FA) uno de los más populares. La CC produce una amplia gama de síntomas físicos, cognitivos y emocionales que hasta el 36.1% de los jugadores desconocen. Los cambios cognitivos ocurren en la atención, memoria, flexibilidad mental, fluidez verbal, planeación, memoria de trabajo, inhibición y velocidad de procesamiento. El objetivo fue evaluar el rendimiento cognitivo de un jugador defensivo de FA categoría mayor, de 23 años de edad y 15 años de escolaridad, antes y después de presentar una CC. Se aplicaron los siguientes instrumentos: Cuestionario de Datos Generales, test de MoCA, Dígitos y Cubos en regresión, Detección Visual, Fluidez Verbal Semántica, test de Stroop, Torre de Hanoi y Wisconsin. Se estableció su perfil cognitivo basal en pretemporada y se reevaluó durante la temporada una semana posterior a una CC. En la evaluación pretemporada el jugador presentó un perfil cognitivo dentro de los rangos esperados para su edad y escolaridad. En la fase aguda de la CC, el jugador disminuyó su rendimiento en tareas de velocidad de procesamiento (pre: 26 seg; post:120 seg), atención sostenida (pre:7 puntos; post:6 puntos), inhibición (pre: 84 aciertos; post: 82 aciertos) y planeación (pre: 15 movimientos; post: 20 movimientos). La EN ha demostrado ser una herramienta sensible y confiable para la detección de los síntomas cognitivos en fase aguda y posterior a la CC.
Palabras claves: neuropsicología, fútbol, cognición Cerebral Concussion (CC) is the main cause of brain injury in contact athletes, with American football (AF) being one of the most popular. The CC produces a wide range of physical, cognitive and emotional symptoms that most of the players (36,1%) do not know. Cognitive changes are observed in attention and memory processes, mental flexibility, verbal fluency, planning, working memory, inhibition and speed of processing. The Neuropsychological Assessment (NA) is fundamental for the detection and management of CC in the acute phase and its sequelae. The objective was to evaluate the cognitive performance of a defensive player of american football, major category, of 23 years of age and 15 years of schooling, before and after presenting a CC. Instruments were: General Data Questionnaire, MoCA test, Digits and Cubes in regression, Visual Detection, Semantic Verbal Fluency, Stroop test, Tower of Hanoi and Wisconsin Sorting Cards. Baseline cognitive profile was established and reevaluated during the season one week after a CC. In the pre-season evaluation the player presented a cognitive profile within the ranges expected. In the acute phase of CC, the player decreased his performance in processing speed tasks (pre: 26 sec, post: 120 sec), sustained attention (pre: 7 points, post: 6 points), inhibition (pre: 84) hits, post: 82 hits) and planning (pre: 15 movements, post: 20 movements). The NA has proven to be a sensitive and reliable tool for the detection of cognitive symptoms in the acute and post-CC phase.
Key words: neuropsychology, football, cognition. A concussão (CC) é a principal causa de lesão cerebral em atletas de contato, sendo o futebol americano (AF) um dos mais populares. O CC produz uma ampla gama de sintomas físicos, cognitivos e emocionais que até 36,1% dos jogadores não conhecem. Mudanças cognitivas ocorrem na atenção, memória, flexibilidade mental, fluência verbal, planejamento, memória de trabalho, inibição e velocidade de processamento. Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho cognitivo de um jogador defensivo da categoria sênior de AF, 23 anos de idade e 15 anos de escolaridade, antes e depois de apresentar um CC. Foram aplicados os seguintes instrumentos: Questionário de dados gerais, teste MoCA, Dígitos e regressão cubos, detecção visual, Fluência Verbal Semântica, teste Stroop, Torre de Hanói e Wisconsin. Seu perfil cognitivo basal foi estabelecido na pré-temporada e reavaliado durante a estação uma semana após o CC. Na avaliação neuropsicológica pré-temporada o jogador apresentou um perfil cognitivo dentro das faixas esperadas para sua idade e escolaridade. Na fase aguda da CC, o jogador diminuição do desempenho em tarefas velocidade de processamento (pré: 26 seg; coloca-120 seg), atenção sustentada (pré: 7 pontos; pós 6 pontos), a inibição (pré: 84 hits, post: 82 hits) e planejamento (pré: 15 movimentos, post: 20 movimentos). Na avaliação neuropsicológica provou ser uma ferramenta sensível e confiável para a detecção de sintomas cognitivos em fase aguda e subsequente CC.
Palavras-chave: neuropsicologia, futebol, cognição.
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Stanciu, Oana Maria, Cristian Teodorescu, Sorin Riga, Magdalena Budişteanu, Bogdan Budişteanu, and Dan Riga. "Cognitive fragility – predictive factor for neurocognitive disorders. Methods of evaluation and prevention of cognitive fragility in clinical practice." Romanian Journal of Medical Practice 15, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjmp.2019.2.9.
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Kuiken, Folkert, Maria Mos, and Ineke Vedder. "Cognitive task complexity and second language writing performance." EUROSLA Yearbook 5 (August 2, 2005): 195–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.5.10kui.
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This paper reports on a study in which two models proposed to explain the influence of cognitive task complexity on linguistic performance in L2 are tested and compared. The two models are Robinson’s Cognition Hypothesis (Robinson 2001a, 2001b) and Skehan and Foster’s Limited Attentional Capacity Model (Skehan 1998, Skehan and Foster 2001). Sixty-two Dutch university students of Italian performed two writing tasks with prompts of differing cognitive complexity. Linguistic performance was operationalized in terms of syntactic complexity, lexical variation and accuracy. The study provides partial support for the Cognition Hypothesis, in so far as the written products of the cognitively more demandings task turned out to be more accurate, with significantly lower error ratios per T-unit than those of the cognitively less demanding task. In addition stronger effects of cognitive task complexity were found for high-proficiency learners than for low-proficiency learners. No effects could be observed on measures of syntactic complexity or lexical variation.
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Jung, Seojung, and Karen Siedlecki. "Temporal Relationship Between Activity Engagement and Cognition." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1987.
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Abstract Previous studies have shown that activity engagement is related to cognitive function. However, few studies have examined the temporal order between activity engagement and various domains of cognition. Using data from the Virginia Cognitive Aging Project (baseline N =5430, Mage =51.28, SD =18.12), we examined the temporal relationships between engagement in physical and cognitive activity and different cognitive domains (reasoning, spatial visualization, episodic memory, processing speed, vocabulary) after controlling for age, education, self-rated health and depression. Cross-lagged panel analyses indicate that very few of the temporal relationships between activity level and cognition were significant except higher levels of cognitive activity significantly predicted better future processing speed, but not the reverse. Findings suggest the importance of engaging in cognitively stimulating activities, which help adults preserve processing speed over time. This study also highlights the importance of longitudinal design on various domains of cognition to help develop domain-specific interventions.
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Jayesh R, Chauhan. "Cognitive Radio." Indian Journal of Applied Research 1, no. 7 (October 1, 2011): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/apr2012/28.
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Welles, James. "Cognitive Stupidity." Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation 3, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2692-9422/008.
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The brain of an infant may be the blank tablet envisaged by Locke,[1] but as it is shaped by both experience and language it develops into the mind of an adult. As the character of the maturing individual becomes defined, the mind shapes experiences decreasingly according to immediate stimuli themselves and increasingly according to linguistic interpretations of and emotional reactions to perceptions. Thus, the environment does not dictate human behavior but provides a context for its expression.
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Lynch, M. "Cognitive activities without cognition? ethnomethodological investigations of selected 'cognitive' topics." Discourse Studies 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461445606059559.
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Pupo, Daniel, Brent Small, Jennifer Deal, Nicole Armstrong, Susan Resnick, Frank Lin, Luigi Ferrucci, and Qu Tian. "Cognition Moderates the Relationship Between Hearing and Mobility in Cognitively Normal Older Adults." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.618.
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Abstract Recent data has shown a consistent but modest association between hearing impairment and poor mobility; both are strongly associated with cognition. Cognitive function may moderate the relationship between hearing and mobility. We analyzed 601 cognitively normal older participants from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging who had concurrent data on cognition (attention, executive function, sensorimotor function), hearing (pure-tone average, PTA), and mobility (6-meter gait speed, 400-meter time). We performed multivariable-adjusted linear regression to test two-way interactions between each cognitive measure and PTA. There were significant PTA interactions with all cognitive measures on 400-meter time. There was a significant interaction between PTA and sensorimotor function on 6-meter gait speed. Among cognitively normal older adults, poorer hearing is more strongly associated with poor mobility in those with low cognition, especially sensorimotor function. Future studies are needed to understand how cognition may moderate the relationship of hearing impairment with mobility decline over time.
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Nauta, Ilse M., Lisanne J. Balk, Judith M. Sonder, Hanneke E. Hulst, Bernard MJ Uitdehaag, Luciano Fasotti, and Brigit A. de Jong. "The clinical value of the patient-reported multiple sclerosis neuropsychological screening questionnaire." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 25, no. 11 (May 18, 2018): 1543–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458518777295.
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Background: Cognitive problems are difficult to identify in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: To investigate the clinical applicability of the patient-reported MS Neuropsychological Screening Questionnaire (MSNQ-P). Methods: Cut-off scores were determined to differentiate between cognitively impaired ( n = 90), mildly cognitively impaired ( n = 115), and cognitively preserved ( n = 147) MS patients using receiver operating characteristic analyses. Results: We could not define specific and sensitive cut-off scores. Higher scores (≥27) did indicate cognitive impairment. Among patients with a higher education, lower scores (<12) indicated intact cognition. Conclusion: Certain scores can indicate intact or impaired cognitive function. Still, MSNQ-P scores should be interpreted with caution.
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Simón Expósito, Miguel, and Elena Felipe-Castaño. "Neuropsychological and psychopathological variables modulating cognitive insight in people with schizophrenia." Anales de Psicología 38, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.471061.
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Cognitive insight is the capacity of patients with schizophrenia to evaluate their psychotic experiences and respond to the corrective feedback. The relationship with their neuropsychological functions and the modulation exercised by mood and anxiety are still not clear. To make advances and deepen our knowledge would have an important impact on our understanding of the cognitive mechanisms and intervention programmes. Two samples were chosen, one clinical with persons suffering from schizophrenia (n = 43) and another with healthy individuals (n = 50). The Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS), a neuropsychological battery and questionnaire concerning depression and anxiety, was applied to them. The results suggest an influence of anxiety and the deficits in cognitive flexibility on the development of the mechanisms of Self-Reflection in persons with schizophrenia, with a different pattern to that found in healthy individuals. The results are discussed with respect to the intervention programmes. El insight cognitivo es la capacidad de los pacientes con esquizofrenia de evaluar sus experiencias psicóticas y responder a la retroalimentación correctiva. Su relación con el funcionamiento neuropsicológico y la modulación que ejercen el estado de ánimo y la ansiedad están aún poco claras. Avanzar y profundizar en su conocimiento tendría un impacto importante sobre la comprensión de los mecanismos cognitivos y los programas de intervención. Se seleccionaron dos muestras, muestra clínica, con personas con esquizofrenia (n = 43), muestra personas sanas (n = 50), a las que se aplicó la Escala de insight cognitivo (EICB), una batería neuropsicológica y cuestionarios de depresión y ansiedad. Los resultados sugieren una influencia de la ansiedad y de los déficits de flexibilidad cognitiva en el desarrollo de los mecanismos de la Auto-Reflexión en personas con esquizofrenia, con un patrón diferente al encontrado en personas sanas. Se discuten los resultados con respecto a los programas de intervención.
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Ianì, Francesco. "Il corpo nella psicologia cognitiva." PSICOTERAPIA PSICOANALITICA, no. 1 (June 2022): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/psp2022-001012.
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Per definizione, la psicologia cognitiva sembra occuparsi di tutto ciò che non ha a che fare con il corpo: processi cognitivi, rappresentazioni mentali, tracce mnestiche etc. Nel presente articolo, l'autore cerca di evidenziare come invece, al-meno nelle ultime due decadi, il corpo sia entrato prepotentemente al centro del dibattito di tutte quelle discipline che ruotano attorno alla scienza cognitiva. La nascita della cosiddetta Embodied Cognition (EC) ha rappresentato per certi aspetti una piccola rivoluzione che ha mutato in modo radicale, quanto meno all'interno di specifici domini, il modo di intendere la mente. Pur in un'ottica critica, l'autore mira ad evidenziare come uno dei più grandi meriti dell'EC consista nell'aver minato alle fondamenta alcuni assunti insiti nella psicologia cognitiva, quali la netta distinzione tra conoscenza procedurale e dichiarativa, tra percezione e azione, e quella più generale tra l'ambiente percepito e le strutture cognitive at-traverso il quale esso viene rappresentato. L'autore mira a evidenziare come l'EC abbia quindi permesso di evidenziare l'estrema flessibilità, epistemologica e operativa, delle funzioni cognitive e la loro dipendenza dall'azione e dal corpo, distin-guendosi così da diverse teorizzazioni precedenti in cui il primato del ruolo del lin-guaggio non era mai stato messo in discussione.
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Dos Santos, Brenda Pina, Bruno Costa Poltronieri, and Amer Cavalheiro Hamdan. "Associação entre declínio cognitivo e funcional em idosos hospitalizados: uma revisão Integrativa/Association between cognitive and functional decline in hospitalized elderly: an integrative review." Revista Interinstitucional Brasileira de Terapia Ocupacional - REVISBRATO 2, no. 3 (July 31, 2018): 639–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47222/2526-3544.rbto12792.
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Introdução: O declínio cognitivo e funcional é importante preditor de fragilidade em idosos. Isso justifica a necessidade de se investigar a existência de associação direta entre cognição e capacidade funcional no contexto da hospitalização. Objetivo: levantar qual a associação entre declínio cognitivo e funcional em idosos hospitalizados. Metodologia: revisão integrativa realizada no SCIELO, LILACS, COCHRANE e PUBMED, no período de 2014 a julho de 2016, a partir das estratégias de busca “elderly AND hospitalization”, “elderly AND hospitalization AND functional decline” ou “elderly AND hospitalization AND cognition” nos idiomas inglês, espanhol e português. Foram encontrados 36 artigos publicados entre 2009 e 2015, porém apenas 13 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Resultados: todos os artigos citaram mencionaram a existência de associação entre declínio cognitivo e funcional em idosos durante a hospitalização apenas dois estudos apresentaram -- no método -- significância na correlação estatística. Discussão: Dependendo do tipo de estudo, os resultados mostraram-se contraditórios. Estudos transversais, alguns longitudinais, um ensaio clínico e um coorte prospectivo apontaram que as funções cognitivas apresentaram maior declínio no momento da admissão hospitalar, bem como existência de declínio funcional prévio às 48 horas da hospitalização com melhora na alta. Resultados diferentes, em grande parte estudos coortes -- descritivos e prospectivos -- mostraram a existência de declínio cognitivo e funcional ou piora do quadro após 48 horas da admissão sem recuperação pós-alta. Conclusão: os estudos confirmaram a associação entre cognição e capacidade funcional no idoso hospitalizado, apesar de diferenças quanto ao início do comprometimento. AbstractIntroduction: Cognitive and functional decline are important predictors of frailty in the elderly, which justifies the need to investigate the existence of a direct association between cognition and functional capacity in the context of hospitalization. Objective: to raise the association between cognitive and functional decline in hospitalized elderly. Methodology: A integrative review conducted in SCIELO, LILACS, COCHRANE and PUBMED in the period 2014 to July 2016, from the search strategies "elderly AND hospitalization", "elderly AND hospitalization AND functional decline" or "elderly AND hospitalization AND cognition "in English, Spanish and Portuguese. They found 36 articles published between 2009 and 2015, but only 13 met the inclusion criteria. Results: All items cited the existence of an association between cognitive and functional decline in the elderly during hospitalization, but only two studies showed the significance in statistical correlation method. Depending on the type of study, the results were conflicting. Cross-sectional studies, some longitudinal, a clinical trial and a prospective cohort study showed that cognitive function showed further decline at the time of hospital admission, and existence of functional decline prior to 48 hours of hospitalization with improved high. Much of differents results of the cohort, descriptive and prospective studies have shown the existence of cognitive and functional decline or worsening of symptoms after 48 hours of admission without post-discharge recovery. Conclusion: The study confirmed the association between cognition and functional ability in the hospitalized elderly, despite the differences in the beginning of impairment.Keywords: Activities of daily living; Cognition; Hospitalization, Elderly.
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Grässler, Bernhard, Anita Hökelmann, and Richard Halti Cabral. "Resting heart rate variability as a possible marker of cognitive decline." Kinesiology 52, no. 1 (2020): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.52.1.9.
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Cognition is a major subject to be addressed nowadays due to the increasing number of cognitively affected people in most societies. Because of a lack of pharmaceutical therapies treating cognitive decline, its indicators should be diagnosed before it becomes prevalent. Scientific evidence indicates a relationship between cognition and the nervous system, especially its autonomic part. Heart rate variability (HRV) as an indicator of the autonomic nervous system functioning has been studied as a biological marker for the evaluation of cognitive performance. Therefore, HRV is a possible indicator of cognitive impairment. The aim was to provide a systematic literature review about the association between resting HRV and the cognitive performance. Five cognitive functions were analysed separately: executive functions, memory and learning, language abilities, visuospatial functioning, and processing speed. Furthermore, the global cognitive function evaluated with cognitive test batteries was considered too. An electronic database search was conducted with five databases. Three search fields comprised HRV, cognitive performance, and adult subjects. The final dataset consisted of 27 articles. Significant correlations in each cognitive function were found, except for processing speed, suggesting a positive association between resting HRV and cognitive performance. Mechanisms underlying this association between cardiovascular health and cognition are discussed. For the future, HRV could be used in diagnostics as an indicator of cognitive impairment before symptoms of dementia get apparent. With a timely diagnosis, preventative tools could be initiated at an early stage of dementia.
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Vega Cobos, María del Cisne, Julio César Ojeda Sánchez, María José Rivera Mena, and Gabriela Michelle Vanegas Contreras. "Comparación del test de evaluación cognitiva de Montreal versus Fototest para diagnóstico de deterioro cognitivo en adultos mayores." Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología 2 (December 29, 2022): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt2022177.
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Introducción: El deterioro cognitivo constituye uno de los retos sociosanitarios más importantes que se presentan en la sociedad, se caracteriza por un deterioro de las funciones cognitivas como lenguaje, memoria, atención, pensamiento y cálculo; dada su epidemiología se han implementado instrumentos para su diagnóstico temprano como: el test de evaluación cognitiva de Montreal y el Fototest.Objetivo: Describir de manera comparativa la validez interna del MoCA test y Fototest para el diagnóstico de deterioro cognitivo en adultos mayores mediante recopilación bibliográfica Metodología: Revisión bibliográfica de tipo narrativa usando una búsqueda sistemática, obteniendo información de base de datos como Pubmed, Science Direct y Scopus. Con la ayuda de los términos de búsqueda como “Cognitive dysfunction” AND “Fototest”; Cognitive dysfunction” AND “Montreal”Resultados: Con la investigación planteada se encontró 6 artículos los mismo que fueron analizados, encontrándose estudios con mayor sensibilidad 0.94 y especificidad 0.60 a favor del test de evaluación de Montreal para diagnóstico de deterioro cognitivo con respecto al Fototest. Sin embargo, no se encontraron suficientes estudios para el Fototest, aunque, este último presento ventajas en el tiempo de aplicación y no discrimina el nivel educativo.Conclusiones: En esta revisión se encontró que el deterioro cognitivo en los adultos mayores se ve influenciado sobre todo por edad y nivel educativo, tomando en cuenta la recopilación de la información se evidencio claramente que los adultos mayores con nivel educativo bajo presentan menor desarrollo cognitivo y mayor riesgo de padecer deterioro cognitivo.
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Daams, Marita, Martijn D. Steenwijk, Menno M. Schoonheim, Mike P. Wattjes, Lisanne J. Balk, Prejaas K. Tewarie, Joep Killestein, Bernard MJ Uitdehaag, Jeroen JG Geurts, and Frederik Barkhof. "Multi-parametric structural magnetic resonance imaging in relation to cognitive dysfunction in long-standing multiple sclerosis." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 22, no. 5 (July 24, 2015): 608–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458515596598.
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Background: Cognitive deficits are common in multiple sclerosis. Most previous studies investigating the imaging substrate of cognitive deficits in multiple sclerosis included patients with relatively short disease durations and were limited to one modality/brain region. Objective: To identify the strongest neuroimaging predictors for cognitive dysfunction in a large cohort of patients with long-standing multiple sclerosis. Methods: Extensive neuropsychological testing and multimodal 3.0T MRI was performed in 202 patients with multiple sclerosis and 52 controls. Cognitive scores were compared between groups using Z-scores. Whole-brain, white matter, grey matter, deep grey matter and lesion volumes; cortical thickness, (juxta)cortical and cerebellar lesions; and extent and severity of diffuse white matter damage were measured. Stepwise linear regression was used to identify the strongest predictors for cognitive dysfunction. Results: All cognitive domains were affected in patients. Patients showed extensive atrophy, focal pathology and damage in up to 75% of the investigated white matter. Associations between imaging markers and average cognition were two times stronger in cognitively impaired patients than in cognitively preserved patients. The final model for average cognition consisted of deep grey matter DGMV volume and fractional anisotropy severity (adjusted R²=0.490; p<0.001). Conclusion: From all imaging markers, deep grey matter atrophy and diffuse white matter damage emerged as the strongest predictors for cognitive dysfunction in long-standing multiple sclerosis.
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Haider, Hubert. "Grammar change." Biological Evolution 3, no. 1 (August 2, 2021): 6–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/elt.00024.hai.
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Abstract Structurally, cognitive and biological evolution are highly similar. Random variation and constant but blind selection drive evolution within biology as well as within cognition. However, evolution of cognitive programs, and in particular of grammar systems, is not a subclass of biological evolution but a domain of its own. The abstract evolutionary principles, however, are akin in cognitive and biological evolution. In other words, insights gained in the biological domain can be cautiously applied to the cognitive domain. This paper claims that the cognitively encapsulated, i.e. consciously inaccessible, aspects of grammars as cognitively represented systems, that is, the procedural and structural parts of grammars, are subject to, and results of, Darwinian evolution, applying to a domain-specific cognitive program. Other, consciously accessible aspects of language do not fall under Darwinian evolutionary principles, but are mostly instances of social changes.
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Utoomprurkporn, Nattawan, Joshua Stott, Sergi Gonzalez Costafreda, and Doris Eva Bamiou. "Lack of Association between Audiogram and Hearing Disability Measures in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: What Audiogram Does Not Tell You." Healthcare 9, no. 6 (June 20, 2021): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9060769.
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(1) Introduction: The validity of self-reported hearing disability measures has been assessed using their correlation with the pure-tone average (PTA) hearing loss for non-cognitively impaired adults. However, for people with cognitive impairment, factors in addition to the PTA can play a role in their self-reported difficulties. Patients with cognitive impairment may experience more hearing difficulties due to their brain processing sounds abnormally, irrespective of PTA. (2) Methods: Three groups of hearing aid users who had normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment and dementia were recruited. Self-reported hearing abilities were assessed with the modified Amsterdam inventory for auditory disability (mAIAD) and the speech, spatial and qualities of hearing scale (SSQ). (3) Results: The SSQ and mAIAD scores were highly correlated with each other for all three groups. However, a correlation with objective PTA was found in the normal cognition but not the cognitively impaired groups. Self-reported hearing scores were associated with cognitive scores for the dementia group (4) Discussion: In people with combined cognitive and hearing impairment, PTA alone may be a poor predictor of hearing abilities. Subjective hearing questionnaires together with hearing tests may provide a better understanding of their hearing difficulties.
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Etnier, Jennifer L., Chia-Hao Shih, and Aaron Piepmeier. "Behavioral interventions to benefit cognition (Intervenciones cognitivas para beneficiar la cognición)." Retos, no. 27 (March 5, 2015): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i27.34377.
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With the growing population of older adults, the identification of treatment strategies to prevent or ameliorate age-related cognitive decline has been an important topic in recent years. After reviewing cross-sectional, longitudinal, and experimentally designed studies, as well as evidence from narrative and meta-analytic reviews, the authors concluded that behavioral approaches such as physical activity, cognitive training, and dietary interventions show promising results. In addition, given the likelihood that multiple underlying mechanisms support cognitive function, research is currently focusing on how to combine lifestyle factors into multi-component interventions to generate greater and more meaningful effects. Though evidence for these enhanced benefits exists from animal studies, few multi-component studies have been performed with humans. However, the findings from these studies are promising and a continued pursuit of multi-component behavioral interventions to benefit cognitive performance is warranted. Given the world’s aging population and accompanying age-related health issues such as cognitive decline and dementia, future research should focus on understanding the biological mechanisms responsible for these effects in order to allow for the development of behavioral lifestyle prescriptions to benefit cognitive performance.Keywords. aging, cognitive function, exercise intervention, oxidative stress, cognitive engagement.Resumen. Con la creciente población de adultos mayores, la identificación de las estrategias de tratamiento para prevenir o mejorar el deterioro cognitivo relacionado con la edad ha sido un tema importante en los últimos años. Después de revisar estudios con diseños transversales, longitudinales y experimentales, así como la evidencia de revisiones de literatura narrativa y meta-analítica, los autores concluyen que los enfoques conductuales como la actividad física, el entrenamiento cognitivo y las intervenciones dietéticas muestran resultados prometedores. Además, dada la probabilidad de que múltiples mecanismos subyacentes apoyan la función cognitiva, las investigaciones se enfocan actualmente en la manera de cómo combinar factores del estilo de vida en las intervenciones con múltiples componentes para generar efectos mayores y más significativos. Aunque existe evidencia de estos beneficios a partir de estudios en animales, se han realizado pocos estudios de componentes múltiples en humanos. Sin embargo, los resultados de estos estudios son prometedores y se garantiza un seguimiento continuo de las intervenciones conductuales de componentes múltiples para beneficiar el rendimiento cognitivo. Teniendo en cuenta el envejecimiento de la población mundial y los problemas de salud relacionados con la edad que la acompañan, tales como el deterioro cognitivo y la demencia, la investigación futura debería centrarse en la comprensión de los mecanismos biológicos responsables de estos efectos con el fin de permitir el desarrollo de las prescripciones de comportamiento de estilo de vida para beneficiar el rendimiento cognitivo.Palabras claves. envejecimiento, funcionamiento cognitivo, intervención con ejercicio, estrés oxidativo, participación cognitiva.
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Haykin, Simon. "Cognitive Dynamic Systems." International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence 5, no. 4 (October 2011): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jcini.2011100103.
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The main topics covered in this paper address the following four issues: 1) Distinction between how adaptation and cognition are viewed with respect to each other, 2) With human cognition viewed as the framework for cognition, the following cognitive processes are identified: the perception-action cycle, memory, attention, intelligence, and language. With language being outside the scope of the paper, detailed accounts of the other four cognitive processes are discussed, 3) Cognitive radar is singled out as an example application of cognitive dynamic systems that “mimics” the visual brain; experimental results on tracking are presented using simulations, which clearly demonstrate the information-processing power of cognition, and 4) Two other example applications of cognitive dynamic systems, namely, cognitive radio and cognitive control, are briefly described.
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Gutierrez-Rexach, Javier, Jens Allwood, and Peter Gardenfors. "Cognitive Semantics: Meaning and Cognition." Language 76, no. 3 (September 2000): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/417167.
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Hutchins, Edwin. "Ecological Cognition and Cognitive Ecology." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 44, no. 22 (July 2000): 566–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120004402218.
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The Ecological Cognition perspective emphasizes the fact that human cognition is adaptive to the constraints of the context of task performance. People are good at developing strategies for task performance that take advantage of the informational affordances of the task environment. Therefore, if we wish to understand human cognition, we must look beyond the skin and skull of the individual to the material and social structures with which the mind interacts. Of course, material artifacts and social arrangements are elements of adaptive processes as well. Material artifacts are often crystallizations of regularities in the task environment and they develop over time, changing adaptively to fit the constraints of the task, the properties of the task performers, and the other artifacts employed in the task performance. Such changes in the material artifacts change the informational affordances of the task environment, which creates new opportunities for the development of strategies. Thus, human cognition and the material supports of human cognition must be seen as a co-adaptive system. Similarly, in complex work settings where two or more persons jointly perform tasks, social arrangements are enacted anew each time a socially distributed task is performed. Strategies for the social division of cognitive labor are also part of this co-adaptive system, both constraining and being constrained by mental and material artifacts. These interlocked co-adaptive systems suggest a cognitive ecology. It's a compelling way of talking about such systems. Can it be more than a metaphor?
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Griffin, Marlynn M., and Bryan W. Griffin. "Situated Cognition and Cognitive Style." Journal of Experimental Education 64, no. 4 (July 1996): 293–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220973.1996.10806600.
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Todd, P. M., and G. F. Miller. "How cognition shapes cognitive evolution." IEEE Expert 12, no. 4 (July 1997): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/64.608166.
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Favela, Luis H., and Jonathan Martin. "“Cognition” and Dynamical Cognitive Science." Minds and Machines 27, no. 2 (December 7, 2016): 331–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11023-016-9411-4.
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Schyns, Philippe G. "The case for cognitive penetrability." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 3 (June 1999): 394–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99532020.
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Pylyshyn acknowledges that cognition intervenes in determining the nature of perception when attention is allocated to locations or properties prior to the operation of early vision. I present evidence that scale perception (one function of early vision) is cognitively penetrable and argue that Pylyshyn's criterion covers not a few, but many situations of recognition. Cognitive penetrability could be their modus operandi.