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Journal articles on the topic "Cognitive subtypes"
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Quee, P. J., B. Z. Alizadeh, A. Aleman, and E. R. van den Heuvel. "Cognitive subtypes in non-affected siblings of schizophrenia patients: characteristics and profile congruency with affected family members." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 2 (May 9, 2013): 395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713000809.
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BackgroundAlthough cognitive subtypes have been suggested in schizophrenia patients, similar analyses have not been carried out in their non-affected siblings. Subtype classification may provide more insight into genetically driven variation in cognitive function. We investigated cognitive subtypes in siblings.MethodCluster analyses were performed in 654 non-affected siblings, on a cognitive battery that included tests of attention, intellectual function and episodic memory. Resulting subtypes in the siblings were analyzed for cognitive, demographic and clinical characteristics and compared with those of their probands.ResultsThree sibling subtypes of cognitive function were distinguished: ‘normal’, ‘mixed’ and ‘impaired’. Normal profile siblings (n = 192) were unimpaired on cognitive tests, in contrast to their proband (n = 184). Mixed profile siblings (n = 228) and their probands (n = 222) had a more similar performance pattern. Impaired profile siblings had poorer functional outcomes (n = 234) and their profile was almost identical to that of their proband (n = 223). Probands with cognitively impaired siblings could be distinguished from other schizophrenia patients by their own cognitive performance. They also had poorer clinical characteristics, including achievement of symptomatic remission.ConclusionsUnaffected siblings of patients with schizophrenia are heterogeneous with respect to cognitive function. The poorer the cognitive profile of the sibling, the higher the level of correspondence with the proband. The sibling's cognitive subtype was predictive for disease course in the proband. Distinguishing cognitive subtypes of unaffected siblings may be of relevance for genetic studies.
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Andrejeva, Nadeshda, Maren Knebel, Vasco Dos Santos, Janna Schmidt, Christina Josefa Herold, Ruxandra Tudoran, Petra Wetzel, et al. "Neurocognitive Deficits and Effects of Cognitive Reserve in Mild Cognitive Impairment." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 41, no. 3-4 (2016): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000443791.
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Background/Aims: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a frequent syndrome in the older population, which involves an increased risk to develop Alzheimer's disease (AD). The latter can be modified by the cognitive reserve, which can be operationalized by the length of school education. MCI can be differentiated into four subtypes according to the cognitive domains involved: amnestic MCI, multiple-domain amnestic MCI, non-amnestic MCI and multiple-domain non-amnestic MCI. While neurocognitive deficits are a constituent of the diagnosis of these subtypes, the question of how they refer to the cognitive reserve still needs to be clarified. Methods: We examined neuropsychological deficits in healthy controls, patients with MCI and patients with mild AD (n = 485) derived from a memory clinic. To reduce the number of neuropsychological variables, a factor analysis with varimax rotation was calculated. In a second step, diagnostic groups including MCI subtypes were compared with respect to their clinical and neuropsychological characteristics including cognitive reserve. Results: Most MCI patients showed the amnestic multiple-domain subtype followed by the pure amnestic subtype, while the non-amnestic subtypes were rare. The amnestic subtype displayed a significantly higher level of cognitive reserve and higher MMSE scores than the amnestic multiple-domain subtype, which was in most cases characterized by additional psychomotor and executive deficits. Conclusions: These findings confirm earlier reports revealing that the amnestic multiple-domain subtype is the most frequent one and indicating that a high cognitive reserve may primarily prevent psychomotor and executive deficits in MCI.
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ten Kate, Mara, Ellen Dicks, Pieter Jelle Visser, Wiesje M. van der Flier, Charlotte E. Teunissen, Frederik Barkhof, Philip Scheltens, and Betty M. Tijms. "Atrophy subtypes in prodromal Alzheimer’s disease are associated with cognitive decline." Brain 141, no. 12 (October 22, 2018): 3443–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awy264.
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Abstract Alzheimer’s disease is a heterogeneous disorder. Understanding the biological basis for this heterogeneity is key for developing personalized medicine. We identified atrophy subtypes in Alzheimer’s disease dementia and tested whether these subtypes are already present in prodromal Alzheimer’s disease and could explain interindividual differences in cognitive decline. First we retrospectively identified atrophy subtypes from structural MRI with a data-driven cluster analysis in three datasets of patients with Alzheimer’s disease dementia: discovery data (dataset 1: n = 299, age = 67 ± 8, 50% female), and two independent external validation datasets (dataset 2: n = 181, age = 66 ± 7, 52% female; dataset 3: n = 227, age = 74 ± 8, 44% female). Subtypes were compared on clinical, cognitive and biological characteristics. Next, we classified prodromal Alzheimer’s disease participants (n = 603, age = 72 ± 8, 43% female) according to the best matching subtype to their atrophy pattern, and we tested whether subtypes showed cognitive decline in specific domains. In all Alzheimer’s disease dementia datasets we consistently identified four atrophy subtypes: (i) medial-temporal predominant atrophy with worst memory and language function, older age, lowest CSF tau levels and highest amount of vascular lesions; (ii) parieto-occipital atrophy with poor executive/attention and visuospatial functioning and high CSF tau; (iii) mild atrophy with best cognitive performance, young age, but highest CSF tau levels; and (iv) diffuse cortical atrophy with intermediate clinical, cognitive and biological features. Prodromal Alzheimer’s disease participants classified into one of these subtypes showed similar subtype characteristics at baseline as Alzheimer’s disease dementia subtypes. Compared across subtypes in prodromal Alzheimer’s disease, the medial-temporal subtype showed fastest decline in memory and language over time; the parieto-occipital subtype declined fastest on executive/attention domain; the diffuse subtype in visuospatial functioning; and the mild subtype showed intermediate decline in all domains. Robust atrophy subtypes exist in Alzheimer’s disease with distinct clinical and biological disease expression. Here we observe that these subtypes can already be detected in prodromal Alzheimer’s disease, and that these may inform on expected trajectories of cognitive decline.
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Brazo, P., R. M. Marié, I. Halbecq, K. Benali, L. Segard, P. Delamillieure, S. Langlois-Théry, et al. "Cognitive patterns in subtypes of schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 17, no. 3 (May 2002): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(02)00648-x.
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SummaryAimBecause of the heterogeneity of schizophrenia, this study researched different cognitive patterns in distinct subtypes of schizophrenic patients.MethodsThirty-five Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM IV) schizophrenic patients and 35 healthy controls were included. Patients were categorized into deficit, disorganized and positive subtypes with the schedule for the deficit syndrome (SDS) and the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS). Executive/attentional functions were assessed with the modified card sorting test (MCST), a test of verbal fluency, the trail making test (TMT) and the Stroop color-word test (Stroop test). Episodic memory was explored through the California verbal learning test (CVLT).ResultsThe positive subtype had some executive/attentional (fluency and Stroop tests) and mnesic performances in the normal range, suggesting the preservation of good cognitive skills. In contrast, the deficit and disorganized subtypes had major mnesic and executive/attentional dysfunctions compared to healthy subjects. The deficit subtype compared to the control group performed predominantly worse on the MCST and fluency, whereas the disorganized subtype had the lowest scores on the TMT and the Stroop test.ConclusionThis study showed distinct cognitive patterns in deficit, disorganized and positive patients in comparison with the controls, suggesting a heterogeneous cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.
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Edmonds, Emily C., Alexandra J. Weigand, Sean N. Hatton, Anisa J. Marshall, Kelsey R. Thomas, Daniela A. Ayala, Mark W. Bondi, and Carrie R. McDonald. "Patterns of longitudinal cortical atrophy over 3 years in empirically derived MCI subtypes." Neurology 94, no. 24 (May 11, 2020): e2532-e2544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000009462.
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ObjectiveWe previously identified 4 empirically derived mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subtypes via cluster analysis within the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) and demonstrated high correspondence between patterns of cortical thinning at baseline and each cognitive subtype. We aimed to determine whether our MCI subtypes demonstrate unique longitudinal atrophy patterns.MethodsADNI participants (295 with MCI and 134 cognitively normal [CN]) underwent annual structural MRI and neuropsychological assessments. General linear modeling compared vertex-wise differences in cortical atrophy rates between each MCI subtype and the CN group. Linear mixed models examined trajectories of cortical atrophy over 3 years within lobar regions of interest.ResultsCompared to the CN group, those with amnestic MCI (memory deficit) initially demonstrated greater atrophy rates within medial temporal lobe regions that became more widespread over time. Those with dysnomic/amnestic MCI (naming/memory deficits) showed greater atrophy rates largely localized to temporal lobe regions. The mixed MCI (impairment in all cognitive domains) group showed greater atrophy rates in widespread regions at all time points. The cluster-derived normal group, who had intact neuropsychological performance and normal cortical thickness at baseline despite their MCI diagnosis via conventional diagnostic criteria, continued to show normal cognition and minimal cortical atrophy over 3 years.ConclusionsADNI's purported amnestic MCI sample produced more refined cognitive subtypes with unique longitudinal cortical atrophy rates. These novel MCI subtypes reliably reflect underlying atrophy, reduce false-positive diagnostic errors, and improve prediction of clinical course. Such improvements have implications for the selection of participants for clinical trials and for providing more precise risk assessment for individuals diagnosed with MCI.
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Zhang, TianHong, XiaoChen Tang, HuiJun Li, Kristen A. Woodberry, Emily R. Kline, LiHua Xu, HuiRu Cui, et al. "Clinical subtypes that predict conversion to psychosis: A canonical correlation analysis study from the ShangHai At Risk for Psychosis program." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 54, no. 5 (September 5, 2019): 482–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867419872248.
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Objective: Since only 30% or fewer of individuals at clinical high risk convert to psychosis within 2 years, efforts are underway to refine risk identification strategies to increase their predictive power. The clinical high risk is a heterogeneous syndrome presenting with highly variable clinical symptoms and cognitive dysfunctions. This study investigated whether subtypes defined by baseline clinical and cognitive features improve the prediction of psychosis. Method: Four hundred clinical high-risk subjects from the ongoing ShangHai At Risk for Psychosis program were enrolled in a prospective cohort study. Canonical correlation analysis was applied to 289 clinical high-risk subjects with completed Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes and cognitive battery tests at baseline, and at least 1-year follow-up. Canonical variates were generated by canonical correlation analysis and then used for hierarchical cluster analysis to produce subtypes. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were constructed from the three subtypes to test their utility further in predicting psychosis. Results: Canonical correlation analysis determined two linear combinations: (1) negative symptom and functional deterioration-related cognitive features, and (2) Positive symptoms and emotional disorganization-related cognitive features. Cluster analysis revealed three subtypes defined by distinct and relatively homogeneous patterns along two dimensions, comprising 14.2% (subtype 1, n = 41), 37.4% (subtype 2, n = 108) and 48.4% (subtype 3, n = 140) of the sample, and each with distinctive features of clinical and cognitive performance. Those with subtype 1, which is characterized by extensive negative symptoms and cognitive deficits, appear to have the highest risk for psychosis. The conversion risk for subtypes 1–3 are 39.0%, 11.1% and 18.6%, respectively. Conclusion: Our results define important subtypes within clinical high-risk syndromes that highlight clinical symptoms and cognitive features that transcend current diagnostic boundaries. The three different subtypes reflect significant differences in clinical and cognitive characteristics as well as in the risk of conversion to psychosis.
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Clark, Lindsay R., Lisa Delano-Wood, David J. Libon, Carrie R. McDonald, Daniel A. Nation, Katherine J. Bangen, Amy J. Jak, Rhoda Au, David P. Salmon, and Mark W. Bondi. "Are Empirically-Derived Subtypes of Mild Cognitive Impairment Consistent with Conventional Subtypes?" Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 19, no. 6 (April 3, 2013): 635–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617713000313.
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AbstractGiven the importance of identifying dementia prodromes for future treatment efforts, we examined two methods of diagnosing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and determined whether empirically-derived MCI subtypes of these diagnostic methods were consistent with one another as well as with conventional MCI subtypes (i.e., amnestic, non-amnestic, single-domain, multi-domain). Participants were diagnosed with MCI using either conventional Petersen/Winblad criteria (n = 134; >1.5 SDs below normal on one test within a cognitive domain) or comprehensive neuropsychological criteria developed by Jak et al. (2009) (n = 80; >1 SD below normal on two tests within a domain), and the resulting samples were examined via hierarchical cluster and discriminant function analyses. Results showed that neuropsychological profiles varied depending on the criteria used to define MCI. Both criteria revealed an Amnestic subtype, consistent with prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD), and a Mixed subtype that may capture individuals in advanced stages of MCI. The comprehensive criteria uniquely yielded Dysexecutive and Visuospatial subtypes, whereas the conventional criteria produced a subtype that performed within normal limits, suggesting its susceptibility to false positive diagnostic errors. Whether these empirically-derived MCI subtypes correspond to dissociable neuropathologic substrates and represent reliable prodromes of dementia will require additional follow-up. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–11)
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Zhao, Qiannan, Jiao Li, Yuan Xiao, Hengyi Cao, Xiao Wang, Wenjing Zhang, Siyi Li, Wei Liao, Qiyong Gong, and Su Lui. "Distinct neuroanatomic subtypes in antipsychotic-treated patients with schizophrenia classified by the predefined classification in a never-treated sample." Psychoradiology 1, no. 4 (December 2021): 212–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/psyrad/kkab018.
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Abstract Background Distinct neuroanatomic subtypes have been identified in never-treated patients with schizophrenia based on cerebral structural abnormalities, but whether antipsychotic-treated patients would be stratified under the guidance of such previously formed classification remains unclear. Objective The present study aimed to investigate alterations of brain structures in antipsychotic-treated patients with schizophrenia based on a predefined morphological classification and their relationships with cognitive performance. Methods Cortical thickness, surface area, and subcortical volume were extracted from 147 antipsychotic-treated patients with schizophrenia using structural magnetic resonance imaging for classification. The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were used to assess cognition and symptoms. Results Antipsychotic-treated patients were categorized into three subtypes with distinct patterns of brain morphological alterations. Subtypes 1 and 2 were characterized by widespread deficits in cortical thickness but relatively limited deficits in surface area. In contrast, subtype 3 demonstrated cortical thickening mainly in parietal-occipital regions and widespread deficits in surface area. All three subgroups demonstrated cognitive deficits compared with healthy controls. Significant associations between neuroanatomic and cognitive abnormalities were only observed in subtype 1, where cortical thinning in the left lingual gyrus was conversely related to symbol coding performance. Conclusions Similar to drug-naïve patients, neuroanatomic heterogeneity exists in antipsychotic-treated patients, with disparate associations with cognition. These findings promote our understanding of relationships between neuroanatomic abnormalities and cognitive performance in the context of heterogeneity. Moreover, these results suggest that neurobiological heterogeneity needs to be considered in cognitive research in schizophrenia.
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Michaud, Tzeyu L., Dejun Su, Mohammad Siahpush, and Daniel L. Murman. "The Risk of Incident Mild Cognitive Impairment and Progression to Dementia Considering Mild Cognitive Impairment Subtypes." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra 7, no. 1 (February 2, 2017): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000452486.
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Background: It remains unclear how demographic and clinical characteristics are related to the risk of incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI) by its subtypes. Moreover, the contribution of the subtypes of incident MCI to the progression to dementia remains puzzling. Methods: We used data collected by the National Alzheimer Coordinating Center. Our analysis sample included cognitively normal subjects at baseline. The associations were examined using competing-risks survival regression models and Cox proportional hazards models. Results: About 16.3% of subjects developed incident MCI of whom 15.8% progressed to Alzheimer disease (overall mean follow-up of 4.3 years). The risk of incident amnestic MCI (aMCI) was greater in subjects with 1 copy (subhazard ratio [SHR]: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.00–1.50) or 2 copies (SHR: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.49–3.05) of the APOE ε4 allele than in those who had no ε4 allele. Multiple-domain aMCI patients were more likely to progress to dementia than single-domain aMCI patients (hazard ratio: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.28–3.58). Conclusions: Cognitively normal subjects with an APOE ε4 allele had a higher likelihood of developing aMCI and the MCI subtype was associated with the dementia subtype. Our findings provide important information about practical indicators for the prediction of cognitive decline.
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Diniz, Breno Satler, Paula Villela Nunes, Monica S. Yassuda, Fernanda S. Pereira, Mariana K. Flaks, Luciane F. Viola, Marcia Radanovic, et al. "Mild cognitive impairment: cognitive screening or neuropsychological assessment?" Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 30, no. 4 (December 2008): 316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462008000400003.
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OBJECTIVE: To describe the neuropsychological profile of mild cognitive impairment subtypes (amnestic, non-amnestic and multiple-domain) of a clinical sample. We further address the diagnostic properties of the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Cambridge Cognitive Examination for the identification of the different mild cognitive impairment subtypes in clinical practice. METHOD: Cross-sectional clinical and neuropsychological evaluation of 249 elderly patients attending a memory clinic at a university hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil. RESULTS: The performance of patients with mild cognitive impairment was heterogeneous across the different subtests of the neuropsychological battery, with a trend towards an overall worse performance for amnestic (particularly multiple domain) mild cognitive impairment as compared to non-amnestic subtypes. Screening tests for dementia (Mini-Mental State Examination and Cambridge Cognitive Examination) adequately discriminated cases of mild Alzheimer's disease from controls, but they were not accurate to discriminate patients with mild cognitive impairment (all subtypes) from control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The discrimination of mild cognitive impairment subtypes was possible only with the aid of a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. It is necessary to develop new strategies for mild cognitive impairment screening in clinical practice.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cognitive subtypes"
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Chan, Ka-po, and 陳嘉寶. "Cognitive profiles and subtypes of epilepsy." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43894537.
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Chan, Ka-po. "Cognitive profiles and subtypes of epilepsy." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2250560x.
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O'Leary, Emily. "Cognitive processing characteristics in obsessive-compulsive disorder subtypes." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1359.
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is classified as an anxiety disorder characterized by distressing persistent unwanted ideas or impulses (obsessions) and urges and/or compulsion to do something to relieve the associated anxiety caused by the obsession. The thematic content of the obsessions are highly variable, ranging from symmetry, contamination to aggressive concerns. Compulsions tend to be linked to the obsessions, but can also be idiosyncratic to the intrusive thought. According to the cognitive model, Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is maintained by various belief factors such as an inflated sense of responsibility, overestimation of threat and the over-control of thoughts. Despite much support for this hypothesis, there is a lack of specificity. This series of studies sought to determine the relationship between a number of cognitive beliefs and appraisal processes and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. This thesis presents the results of three studies. The first study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that certain beliefs are more prevalent in OCD, compared with other anxiety disorders. The second study expands on earlier findings by examining whether the six metacognitive beliefs proposed by the Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group, (OCCWG; 1997, 2001, & 2003) correlate with specific symptom-based OCD subtypes. The final study addresses some of the methodological weaknesses inherent in retrospective self-report measures by replicating the study using experimental techniques. Most importantly, this research was conducted from within the theoretical framework of Rachman (1993) and Salkovskis (1989) models which emphasise the misinterpretation of significance of the intrusive thoughts. The first study explored the relationship between thought-action fusion (TAF) and inflated responsibility beliefs across individuals diagnosed with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), an anxiety disorder other than OCD (anxious controls; AC), and a non-anxious control group (NAC). It was hypothesized that the OCD group would evidence significantly higher inflated responsibility and TAF scores, compared to the AC and NAC groups. In this study, non-clinical and clinical participants were recruited for research. The non-clinical group was comprised of undergraduate students (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2). The clinical groups included 20 participants with OCD as their primary diagnosis (mean age = 32.1; SD = 11.9) and 21 individuals diagnosed with another anxiety disorder (mean age = 32.2; SD = 10.9). To measure inflated responsibility beliefs and thought action fusion, self-report questionnaires were administered to the participants. The results of this study demonstrated that inflated responsibility beliefs, while present in other anxiety disorders, were significantly higher in participants with OCD, even after controlling for depressed mood and TAF levels. No group differences emerged between the OCD and anxious groups on measures of TAF. Thus, it can be tentatively concluded that inflated responsibility beliefs may have a more robust relationship with OCD than TAF beliefs, which appear to act as a general vulnerability factor occurring along a continuum of anxiety disorders. The second study examined the associations between the six OCD-related beliefs: control of thoughts, importance of thoughts, responsibility, intolerance of uncertainty, overestimation of threat and perfectionism and five empirically derived OCD subgroups. Clinical participants with a primary diagnosis with OCD (n = 67: mean age = 38.0; SD = 11.7) were recruited over a period of two years from the Anxiety Disorders Unit. Participant responses were cluster analysed to form five stable groups: aggressive obsessions-checking compulsions (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2); contamination obsessions-cleaning compulsions (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2); symmetry concerns-ordering/arranging compulsions (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2); hoarding obsessions-hoarding compulsions (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2); and miscellaneous obsessions -miscellaneous compulsions (n = 22: mean age = 26.8; SD = 9.2). The second found that intolerance of uncertainty was significantly related to the contamination subgroup. While responsibility and threat estimation beliefs were higher in the aggressive-checking subgroup, these differences did not reach statistical significance. No other significant results were found, however, there was a non-significant trend for perfectionism beliefs to be higher in symmetry-ordering and hoarding subgroup. Following the results of this study, questions remained about whether the lack of significant findings reflected the generality of these beliefs or were due to methodological differences. This led to the development of the final study presented in this thesis. The purpose of the final study was to investigate whether the second study was limited by the method of assessment (e.g. self-report questionnaires). This study was unique, as it was the first of its kind to experimentally manipulate all six beliefs in empirically derived OCD subtypes. Twenty participants (mean age = 45.0; SD = 11.0) were chosen from the second study to form the following priori groups: contamination (n = 4: mean age = 44.5; SD = 9.5); aggressive (n = 6: mean age = 46.5; SD = 7.2); hoarding (n = 4: mean age = 47.2; SD = 6.9); and symmetry (n = 6: mean age = 41.8; SD = 17.4). Six behavioural experiments designed to reflect one of the six OCCWG beliefs were specifically developed and administered to the groups. Baseline scores were obtained using self-report questionnaires. The study found strong support for the use of experimental paradigms over self-report measures, as several significant interactions between cognitive beliefs and OCD symptom-based subtypes were found. Specifically, the hoarding subgroup evidenced significantly higher overall thought action fusion scores compared to those in the contamination group. The symmetry subgroup exhibited significantly higher anxiety than the aggressive group during the perfectionism task and demonstrated significantly higher scores on several items measuring perfectionism compared to the contamination group. Finally, over-estimation of threat beliefs was significantly higher in the contamination thoughts. No statistically significant group differences were found for controllability of thoughts, responsibility and intolerance of uncertainty. In conclusion, these studies collectively showed that in some cases of OCD certain beliefs appear highly applicable, whereas in others they are not. This finding may explain why some OCD patients have poor treatment outcomes as the beliefs and appraisals were highly variable across groups. These findings are of both theoretical and clinical significance because they add to the growing understanding that OCD may consist of distinct clusters of symptoms with different underlying motivations and beliefs. This finding is of clinical significance because treatment guidelines for OCD can become more specific, factoring into the therapy situation these underlying beliefs and appraisal processes. Lastly, the findings regarding inflated responsibility deserve special mention, given the significance of this construct in contemporary cognitive models. The results of the present studies were mixed with regard to responsibility as only the first study found a significant result. It appears that, like the other belief domains proposed by the OCCWG, responsibility may not be specific to all types of OCD and current cognitive models may benefit was shifting the emphasis to other belief domains.
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Caswell, Amy J. "Clarifying the subtypes of impulsivity and their cognitive and behavioural underpinnings." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/47023/.
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Investigators have suggested impulsivity consists of several behavioural subtypes including ‘reflection'- (decision-making without evaluation of information), ‘temporal'- (failure to delay gratification) and ‘motor'- (failure to inhibit a motor response) impulsivity. These facets of impulsivity are thought to be dissociable, but to share some common underlying processes. The current studies investigated such processes. Study 1 investigated speed and accuracy biases, using instructions and cognitive priming to challenge impulsivity. Study 2 & 3 challenged inhibitory control resources, via a dual task and alcohol challenge, to investigate the effect on impulsivity. Study 3 also investigated the effect of alcohol outcome expectancies on impulsivity. The factor structure of impulsivity was also investigated using exploratory factor analysis (study 4), to establish whether the primary measures of the proposed subtypes can indeed be categorised into these three factors. Study 4 also investigated the relationship of participant demographics to impulsivity. The studies support the suggestion of a distinct subtype of reflection-impulsivity. Inhibitory control processes do not appear to underlie performance, however biases in speed/accuracy trade-offs have implications for this subtype. Behavioural inhibitory control was found to be the primary process underlying motor-impulsivity whilst biases for speed/accuracy have implications for Go-responses. The factor analysis provided preliminary evidence that there may be two distinct facets of motor-impulsivity: action cancellation and action restraint. Inhibitory control processes were not found to underlie temporal-impulsivity on an experiential task. Biases for speed/accuracy were found to contribute to performance on pen-and-paper measures. However, subsequent factor analysis provided evidence that experiential tasks may actually be more closely related to a form of cognitive control, instead of temporal-impulsivity. In conclusion, the studies found that the three proposed factors of impulsivity differentially rely on inhibitory control processes and biases for speed/accuracy. However, factor analysis indicated that additional factors may be required to fully characterise impulsivity.
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Cooke, Megan E. "Integrating Genetics and Neuroimaging to study Subtypes of Binge Drinkers." VCU Scholars Compass, 2017. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5167.
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Risky alcohol use is a major health concern among college students, with 40.1% reporting binge drinking (5 or more drinks in one occasion) and 14.4% reporting heavy drinking (binge drinking on 5 or more occasions) in the past month. Risky alcohol use is thought to be the result of a complex interplay between genes, biological processes, and other phenotypic characteristics. Understanding this complex relationship is further complicated by known phenotypic heterogeneity in the development of alcohol use. Developmental studies have suggested two pathways to risky alcohol use, characterized by externalizing and internalizing characteristics, respectively. However, the underlying biological processes that differentiate these pathways are not fully understood. Neuroimaging studies have assessed reward sensitivity, emotion reactivity, and behavioral inhibition using fMRI and separately demonstrate associations in externalizing and internalizing disorders more broadly. In addition, previous genetic studies have found associations between specific polymorphisms and these externalizing and internalizing subtypes. Therefore, we sought further characterize the biological influences on binge drinking subtypes through the following specific aims: 1) determine the genetic relationship between externalizing and internalizing characteristics in binge drinkers, 2) test whether externalizing and internalizing binge drinkers show differences in brain activation in response to tasks measuring emotion reactivity, reward sensitivity, and behavioral inhibition. In order to achieve these aims, we conducted a series of genetic analyses assessing differences in overall SNP-based heritability and specific associated variants between the externalizing and internalizing subtypes. There were a few variants that reached genome-wide significance, the most notable being a cluster of SNPs associated with internalizing characteristics that were located in the RP3AL gene. In a subset of these binge drinking young adults, brain activation was measured on tasks assessing behavioral inhibition, reward sensitivity, and emotion reactivity. We found some preliminary differences with regard to emotion reactivity, that suggest internalizing binge drinkers are more reactive to faces overall but have blunted reaction to sad faces compared to externalizers. These findings provide an initial step to better understanding the underlying biology between the classic externalizing and internalizing alcohol use subtypes, which has the potential to elucidate new subtype specific targets for prevention and intervention.
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Pottinger, Lindy Sylvan. "Identifying AD/HD subtypes using the cognitive assessment system and the NEPSY." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2001. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2874/.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of the Cognitive Assessment System (CAS) and the NEPSY, A Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment, to differentiate between the subtypes of Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD). The CAS and NEPSY are neuropsychological instruments which provide norms for AD/HD children in general. This study examined the performance of the two subtypes of AD/HD on the CAS and NEPSY. In addition, this study examined the performance of the two AD/HD groups on the Screening Test for Auditory Processing Disorders (SCAN). Since AD/HD children tend to have difficulty with language, the SCAN was used to determine if any of the AD/HD subjects had auditory processing difficulties that might impact their performance on the CAS and/or NEPSY subtests. The sample consisted of 118 children between the ages of 8 and 12 years of age. Using the DSM-IV criteria, the children were diagnosed as having three types of AD/HD: A Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type (AD/HD-HI), a Predominantly Inattentive Type (AD/HD-I) and a Combined Type The subtypes were also identified by the Attention Deficit Disorders Evaluation Scale-Home Version (ADDES-H). Only two subtypes, AD/HD-I and AD/HD-C, were identified by the ADDES-H. There were not enough AD/HD-HI subjects to include in the study. Therefore, this study focused on the AD/HD-I and AD/HD-C subtypes. A binomial logistic regression analysis was conducted on the AD/HD-I and AD/HD-C subtypes with selected subtests of the NEPSY and the four PASS Scales of the CAS. Results indicated a significant difference between the AD/HD-I and AD/HD-C groups on the Tower subtest of the NEPSY and the Planning Scale of the CAS. The Tower and the Planning Scale are both purported measures of executive functioning; however, results of the Planning Scale were in an unexpected direction. No significant difference was found between the two AD/HD groups on the other subtests examined. The results of the SCAN analysis suggested there were no significant differences in auditory processing between the two AD/HD groups. Recommendations for future research are discussed.
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Longhorn, Alison J. (Alison Jane). "Depressive Subtypes and Dysfunctional Attitudes: a Personal Construct View." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1990. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc504344/.
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The influence of cognitive organization, dysfunctional attitudes, and depressive "subtype" on the perceptions of negative life events is explored. BDI scores are used to delineate symptomatic and non-symptomatic groups. Construct content (sociotropic versus autonomous, as first defined by Beck) is used to identify predominant schema-type. Subjects completed a Problematic Situations Questionnaire with Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale. Results indicate that depressed individuals display more dysfunctional attitudes and negative affect in all types of negative situations; further the endorsement of dysfunctional attitudes is significantly more likely to occur in the context of schema-congruent situations. Findings are discussed a) in terms of the utility of personal constructs in the assessment of schema-type and b) in accordance with a person-event interactional model of depression.
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Summerfeldt, Laura J. "Cognitive processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder, alternate models and the role of subtypes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0023/NQ39312.pdf.
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Summerfeldt, Laura J. "Cognitive processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder : alternative models and the role of subtypes /." Connect, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ39312.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--York University, 1998. Graduate Programme in Psychology.Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 188-213). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ39312.
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Runyan, Caroline A. (Caroline Anne). "Distinct roles for inhibitory neuron subtypes in cortical circuits : an examination of their structure, function, and connectivity." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/73772.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 2012."June 2012." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Parvalbumin-containing (PV+) neurons and somatostatin-containing (SOM+) neurons are two key cortical inhibitory cell classes that are poised to play distinct computational roles in cortical circuits: PV+ neurons form synapses on the perisomatic region near the spike initiation zone of target cells, while SOM+ neurons form synapses on distal dendrites. The goals of this thesis are to better understand the functional roles of these two cell types with four major lines of questioning. 1) When and how do PV+ and SOM+ neurons respond to visual stimuli? 2) How do inhibitory neurons obtain their response selectivity? 3) How do PV+ and SOM+ neurons affect the responses of their targets? and 4) What are the targets of PV+ and SOM+ neurons? We used Cre-lox recombination to introduce either fluorescent protein or channelrhodopsin to PV+ or SOM+ neurons, targeting these cells for two-photon targeted physiological recording and morphological reconstruction, or selectively stimulating the population of PV+ or SOM+ neurons or stimulating single PV+ or SOM+ neurons. We find diverse response properties within both groups, suggesting that further functional subclasses of PV+ and SOM+ neurons may exist. Furthermore, orientation selectivity was strongly correlated to dendritic length in PV+ neurons, whose orientation preferences matched the preferences of neighboring cells, implying that inhibitory neurons may obtain selectivity by spatially limiting their sampling of the local network. When we stimulated PV+ and SOM+ neurons, we found that they perform distinct inhibitory operations on their targets: PV+ neurons divide responses while SOM+ neurons subtract. Even single PV+ and SOM+ neurons were capable of suppressing responses of other cells in the local network, but their functional targeting was sparse and followed different rules of wiring: PV+ neurons functionally suppressed a higher percentage of cells that shared their own tuning, while SOM+ neurons seemed to target other neurons independently of their preferred orientations. By studying the response properties and functional impacts of PV+ and SOM+ neurons in the intact primary visual cortex, we have gained insight into what information these cells are carrying and how they contribute to the response properties of other cells, which apply to cortical circuits in general.
by Caroline A. Runyan.
Ph.D.
Books on the topic "Cognitive subtypes"
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Clark, David A. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for OCD and Its Subtypes, Second Edition. Guilford Publications, 2019.
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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for OCD and Its Subtypes, Second Edition. Guilford Publications, 2019.
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Psychosocial dimensions of learning disabilities: External validation of (1) statistically-derived psychosocial subtypes and their relations to (2) cognitive and academic functioning. 1993.
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Hillbrand, Marc. Homicide-Suicide. Edited by Phillip M. Kleespies. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352722.013.22.
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Homicide-suicide entails a homicide followed by the perpetrator’s suicide within one week. The incidence of homicide-suicide in the US was 0.23% per 100,000 in 2013 (about 5% of all US homicides). In Western Europe and other low violence countries, such as Japan, homicide-suicides make up a much higher proportion of all homicides. Subtypes are filicidal, spousal (including jealous and declining health subtypes), familial, and extrafamilial homicide-suicide. Spousal homicide-suicides are the most common, yet extrafamilial homicide-suicides receive the most media attention, despite their rarity. Related phenomena include mass murder, victim-precipitated suicide (“suicide by cop”), politically motivated homicide-suicide, and suicide in violent offenders. We review several conceptual models of the etiology of homicide-suicide, namely developmental, dynamic, biological, and cognitive models, and draw implications from the current state of knowledge about homicide-suicide.
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Thomas, Alan, and Tom Dening. The concept of dementia. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0029.
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Recent developments have led to earlier assessment of people with cognitive impairment and earlier diagnosis of dementia. This has renewed discussion about the boundaries of dementia and its major causes and their relationship to ageing and also resulted in the publication of new sets of diagnostic criteria for dementia in general and the subtypes of dementia, e.g. Alzheimer’s disease. This chapter therefore consists of four contributions bringing different perspectives on the concept of dementia and its recognition and diagnosis.
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Rubia, Katya. ADHD brain function. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0007.
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ADHD patients appear to have complex multisystem impairments in several cognitive-domain dissociated inferior, dorsolateral, and medial fronto-striato-parietal and frontocerebellar neural networks during inhibition, attention, working memory, and timing functions. There is emerging evidence for abnormalities in motivation and affect control regions, most prominently in ventral striatum, but also orbital/ventromedial frontolimbic areas. Furthermore, there is an immature interrelationship between hypoengaged task-positive cognitive control networks and a poorly ‘switched off’ default mode network, both of which impact performance. Stimulant medication enhances the activation of inferior frontostriatal systems, while atomoxetine appears to have more pronounced effects on the dorsal attention network. More studies are needed to understand the neurofunctional correlates of the effects of age, gender, ADHD subtypes, and comorbidities with other psychiatric conditions. The use of pattern recognition analyses applied to imaging to make individual diagnostic or prognostic predictions are promising and will be the challenge over the next decade.
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Brandeis, Daniel, Sandra K. Loo, Grainne McLoughlin, Hartmut Heinrich, and Tobias Banaschewski. Neurophysiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0009.
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Neurophysiology allows us to understand and modulate the neural mechanisms in ADHD with high time- and/or frequency-resolution. These non-invasive methods include electroencephalographic recordings at rest and during tasks, with spontaneous and event-related oscillations and potentials tracking covert processing and transcranial neuromodulation through magnetic or electric fields. The findings indicate consistent cognitive and neural deficits in ADHD related to impaired attention and deficient inhibition. Advanced signal processing and source imaging methods often converge with other imaging approaches. Neurophysiological findings also reveal considerable heterogeneity in ADHD regarding cognitive, affective, and genetic subtypes. This illustrates the importance of dimensional approaches and of pathophysiological mechanisms partly shared with other disorders. Although several potential neurophysiological markers of ADHD have been considered, a clinical use for individual diagnostics and classification is not supported to date. More research should clarify the clinical potential of multivariate multimodal classification and prediction of treatment outcome to advance individualized treatment.
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Stewart, S. Evelyn, and Clare Bleakley. Treatment of Pediatric OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0042.
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Appropriate OCD treatment has the potential to reverse negative impacts on the developmental trajectory of youth with this disease. First-line treatments for pediatric OCD have been well established, including cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRI), and the combination thereof. However, a significant proportion of OCD-affected youth do not achieve response or remission following initial treatment, and access to OCD-focused CBT treatment is often limited. Knowledge of CBT and SRI response predictors, mechanisms of action, and augmentation strategies for pediatric OCD should be exploited to guide individual clinical decision making. Further investigation is required to identify specific management approaches in treatment-resistant cases and putative OCD subtypes. This chapter summarizes proven first-line pharmacological and psychological treatments, discusses potential augmentation strategies, and suggests practical management tips for use in pediatric OCD.
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Whittal, Maureen. Cognitive Therapy for OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0038.
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Cognitive treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) offers an alternative to exposure-based treatments. This chapter explicates the theory underpinning the treatment, along with the belief domains targeted. Cognitive treatment of OCD should be seen as a modular treatment, with strategies varying according to the subtype presentations (i.e., cognitive treatment for a primary obsessional can look quite different from cognitive treatment for a doubter/checker). This chapter introduces the various treatment strategies and reviews outcome research using cognitive protocols.
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Nuyts, Jan, and Johan Van Der Auwera, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Modality and Mood. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199591435.001.0001.
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This handbook offers an in depth and comprehensive state of the art survey of the linguistic domains of modality and mood and examines the full range of methodological and theoretical approaches to the phenomena involved. Following an opening section that provides an introduction and historical background to the topic, the volume is divided into five parts. Parts 1 and 2 present the basic linguistic facts about the systems of modality and mood in the languages of the world, covering the semantics and the expression of different subtypes of modality and mood respectively. The authors also examine the interaction of modality and mood, mutually and with other semantic categories such as aspect, time, negation, and evidentiality. In Part 3, authors discuss the features of the modality and mood systems in five typologically different language groups, while chapters in Part 4 deal with wider perspectives on modality and mood: diachrony, areality, first language acquisition, and sign language. Finally, Part 5 looks at how modality and mood are handled in different theoretical approaches: formal syntax, functional linguistics, cognitive linguistics and construction grammar, and formal semantics.
Book chapters on the topic "Cognitive subtypes"
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Myrum, Craig, and Peter R. Rapp. "Isolation and Quantification Brain Region-Specific and Cell Subtype-Specific Histone (De)Acetylation in Cognitive Neuroepigenetics." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 265–77. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9434-2_16.
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"OCD Subtypes and Comorbidity." In Specialized Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, 31–38. Routledge, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315680651-6.
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Del Giudice, Marco. "Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." In Evolutionary Psychopathology, edited by Marco Del Giudice, 261–71. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190246846.003.0011.
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The chapter discusses attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a heterogeneous set of conditions marked by clinically significant levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention. After an overview of this disorder, its developmental features, and the main risk factors identified in the epidemiological literature, the chapter critically reviews existing evolutionary models and suggests new directions for research. The final section applies the criteria developed earlier in the book to classify the disorder within the fast-slow-defense (FSD) model and identify functionally distinct subtypes. The author proposes to tentatively distinguish between three subtypes of ADHD: a high-frequency fast spectrum subtype overlapping with conduct/antisocial disorders and psychosis (F-ADHD), a low-frequency slow spectrum subtype overlapping with autism (S-ADHD), and a subtype unrelated to life history variation and characterized by low general intelligence and generalized cognitive impairment.
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Eppig, Joel, Madeleine Werhane, Emily C. Edmonds, Lisa-Delano Wood, Katherine J. Bangen, Amy Jak, Kelsey R. Thomas, Christina Wong, Alexandra Weigand, and Mark W. Bondi. "Neuropsychological Contributions to the Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment Associated With Alzheimer’s Disease." In Vascular Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, and Mild Cognitive Impairment, 52–82. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190634230.003.0004.
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Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has long been conceptualized as a transitional stage between normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other dementia subtypes, thus providing a potential window for early intervention in at-risk older adults. Nonetheless, effective intervention requires accurate identification of prodromal dementia, and the criteria for MCI have undergone significant evolution over the last 30 years to improve diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. There is increasing recognition of heterogeneous neuropsychological presentations in MCI. When traditional diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of MCI have been applied a body of research employing statistical algorithms consistently demonstrated the existences of 3 to 4 unique MCI subtypes. Importantly, one subgroup that has emerged across studies involves a sizeable minority of participants that are cognitively normal on comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. These false-positives have highlighted the susceptibility of traditional Petersen/Winblad MCI criteria to diagnostic errors and demonstrated the need for developing of neuropsychological paradigms for MCI classification, and a new set of comprehensive MCI criteria using actuarial methods has been proposed. Accumulating evidence indicates that these comprehensive criteria pose an advantage over conventional criteria in the accurate identification of prodromal dementia and capture the neuropsychological and biological heterogeneity of MCI. Future research should expand on early work examining the association between empirical MCI subtypes and biological, neuroimaging, and genetic markers of AD.
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Serra-Blasco, Maria, and Raymond W. Lam. "Clinical and Functional Characteristics of Cognitive Dysfunction in Major Depressive Disorder." In Cognitive Dimensions of Major Depressive Disorder, 45–58. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198810940.003.0005.
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Cognitive dysfunction is a cardinal symptom of depression that significantly contributes to the psychosocial and occupational impairment experienced by patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). This chapter examines the important clinical characteristics and functional impairments associated with cognitive dysfunction in patients with MDD. Although cognitive dysfunction can also be identified in first-episode MDD, depressed patients with greater illness burden (severity, recurrence) and specific subtypes (melancholic, psychotic) have more severe cognitive deficits and poorer functioning. Cognitive dysfunction can also persist during treatment of depression, even when other depressive symptoms are in remission, and can be a barrier to functional recovery. Clinicians should therefore assess, monitor, and target cognitive dysfunction in the treatment of patients with MDD to optimize their potential for full functional recovery.
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Munoz Ospina, Beatriz, Valentina Quintana-Peña, Daniela Alvarez, Jaime A. Valderrama, Yuri Takeuchi, and Jorge L. Orozco. "Perspectives of Cognitive Impairment and Behavioral Disturbances in Parkinson’s Disease Dementia." In Dementia in Parkinson's Disease [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96623.
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Parkinson’s disease dementia is a critical stage of the disease because that has a negative impact on the quality of life and functional independence in activities daily living. How the cognition progress to dementia is a key to be explored. The cognitive impairment shows two profiles: cortical (memory encoding, visuospatial abilities, and language) and subcortical, with a dysexecutive syndrome that includes deficits in recognition memory, attention processes, and visual perception as well as visual hallucinations and cognitive fluctuations. Behavioral problems such as apathy, anxiety, depression, and impulse control disorders take a significant part in the loss of autonomy and progression of the disease. To detect the risk of Parkinson’s disease dementia development, the integral evaluation of patients in all stages of the disease should consider the interplay of genetic and epigenetic factors, motor subtypes, and non-motor symptoms (NMS) in order to implement different therapeutics and supportive strategies when they are likely to have efficacy.
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von Gontard, Alexander. "Elimination disorders in children and adolescents." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, edited by John R. Geddes, Nancy C. Andreasen, and Guy M. Goodwin, 1105–12. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713005.003.0108.
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Elimination disorders (EDs) encompass faecal incontinence or encopresis, daytime urinary incontinence, and nocturnal enuresis. Many different subtypes can be identified. EDs are common disorders in childhood, associated with emotional distress and a higher rate of comorbid psychiatric disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. These have to be addressed separately. Genetic and environmental factors play a role in the aetiologies of EDs. Medical causes have to be ruled out, but most EDs are functional, that is, non-organic. Assessment is non-invasive and clinically based in most cases. Treatment is symptom-oriented, with the goal of complete continence. The most effective treatment is primarily by urotherapy, cognitive behavioural therapy, and medication. As each subtype of ED requires a specific treatment approach, an exact diagnosis is essential. International guidelines are available to ensure optimal care for children and adolescents with EDs.
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Mills, Natalie T., and Bernhard T. Baune. "Molecular Neurobiology of Cognitive Dysfunction in Major Depressive Disorder." In Cognitive Dimensions of Major Depressive Disorder, 73–86. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198810940.003.0007.
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The neurobiology of cognitive dysfunction observed in major depressive disorder (MDD) involves changes in neurotransmitters, inflammatory markers, synaptic plasticity, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. In addition to the monoamines serotonin and dopamine, glutamate is also an important neurotransmitter for cognition. The importance of serotonin receptor subtypes for learning and memory has been shown through both preclinical and clinical studies. Elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines, in particular tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β have also been associated with cognitive changes in MDD. Genetic variation of the serotonin transporter gene SLC6A4, including polymorphisms of the 5-HTTLPR and STin2 genotypes, has been associated with performance on memory tasks in individuals with and without MDD. Variants of other genes involved in neurotransmission (such as the catechol-O-methyl transferase [COMT] gene), inflammation, and in HPA axis regulation, including the glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) and mineralocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C2), have also been associated with cognitive changes in MDD. Changes in gene expression, such as increased expression of TNF-α, have also been observed to correlate negatively with working memory and executive function observed in MDD. Since epigenetic pathways have shown a role in synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis, associated with changes in learning, memory, and depression-like activities seen in preclinical models, this implies possible relevance for human cognitive dysfunction in MDD as well.
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Korol, Donna L. "Estrogens Have Their Ups and Downs." In Estrogens and Memory, 184–211. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190645908.003.0013.
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Estrogens produce robust yet mixed effects on cognition, at times enhancing learning and memory, at times impairing learning and memory, and still at other times having no measurable effects on learning and memory. When viewed through a multiple memory systems lens, these variable actions of estrogenic compounds are explained in part by the strategies required and the neural systems tapped during learning and memory. Estrogens tend to promote hippocampus-sensitive functions yet impair striatum-sensitive functions through the activation of multiple estrogen receptor subtypes. Thus, there are cognitive costs and benefits resulting from exposures to estrogens that illuminate an important notion: Depleting circulating ovarian hormones is not singularly detrimental to learning but instead can lead to learning improvements depending upon the type of task at hand. Approaching the effects of estrogens on problem-solving from this perspective may provide important insight to the range of cognitive health risks that may accompany menopause and hormone therapies.
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Chui, Helena Chang. "Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Vascular and Mixed Dementias." In Neurobiology of Mental Illness, edited by David M. Holtzman, 900–903. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199934959.003.0068.
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This chapter addresses five common questions surrounding vascular cognitive impairment (VCI): pathogenesis, diagnostic accuracy, incidence and prevalence, relationship between VBI and Alzheimer disease (AD), and prevention/treatment. Although vascular cognitive impairment is considered to be the second most common form of cognitive impairment and dementia in late life, it can be argued that public health emphasis should be placed more on the prevention and treatment of vascular brain injury (VBI), which for example may be detectable by MR imaging. We review the historical syndromes and current diagnostic criteria, which have focused on defining various subtypes of VCI and have influenced estimates of incidence and prevalence. Recent neuropathological studies have highlighted the frequent concurrence of Alzheimer pathology and VBI in late life. Converging evidence suggests that AD and VBI impose differential but additive deleterious effects on cognitive function. The field is moving increasingly to earlier detection of the brain at risk using MR imaging, as well as to the early identification and treatment of vascular risk factors.
Conference papers on the topic "Cognitive subtypes"
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Senanayake, Upul, Arcot Sowmya, Laughlin Dawes, Nicole A. Kochan, Wei Wen, and Perminder Sachdev. "Classification of Mild Cognitive Impairment Subtypes using Neuropsychological Data." In International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods. SCITEPRESS - Science and and Technology Publications, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005747806200629.
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Wang, Tse-Yi, Yen-Ho Chen, and Kuang-Chi Chen. "Information fusion of CNVs and SNPs on gene-gene interactions for molecular subtypes of lymphoma." In 2013 12th IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Informatics & Cognitive Computing (ICCI*CC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icci-cc.2013.6622249.
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Senanayake, Upul, Arcot Sowmya, Laughlin Dawes, Nicole A. Kochan, Wei Wen, and Perminder Sachdev. "Deep Learning Approach for Classification of Mild Cognitive Impairment Subtypes." In 6th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0006246306550662.
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Rodrigues, Rafael Felipe Silva, Ana Luiza Soares Henriques de Almeida, Amanda Mansur Rosa, Suelen Darlane Vieira, Luciana Maria Campos e. Silva, Ana Catarini Lopes Baltazar, Isabela Guedes, and Melina Efraim Vieira Pinto. "Association between HIV infection and neurocognitive disorders: a review." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.150.
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Background: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are characterized by impairment in at least two cognitive domains with a prevalence of up to 50% in people living with HIV (PLHIV). HAND is subdivided into asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI), mild neurocognitive disorder (MND) and HIV-associated dementia (HAD). Objectives: Demonstrate the impact of HAND and possible pathogenic mechanisms by relating them to the prevalence of subtypes Design and Setting: Review of the literature. Methods: Review made from PubMed with the descriptors “neurocognitive disorder”, “HIV”, “review”. Twelve articles were selected, among systematic reviews and meta-analysis published since 2017. Results: Before Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) HAD cases had a higher prevalence, probably due to the high viral load causing intense brain inflammation. Today the percentage of HAD has decreased, but the cases of ANI and MND continue to increase. HAART increases life expectancy and reduces viral load, but it may be related to the increase in ANI / MND associated with early brain aging and mild inflammatory processes resulting from primary infection. Conclusions: HAND is a concern for its impact on the quality of life and life expectancy of PLHIV. Therefore, neuropsychological assessment is an important tool for early diagnosis and disease management. The change in prevalence of different HAND subtypes raises doubts about the pathogenesis of these conditions and further studies are needed to elucidate this issue and develop therapeutic solutions.
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Zhan, L., Y. Liu, J. Zhou, J. Ye, and P. M. Thompson. "Boosting classification accuracy of diffusion MRI derived brain networks for the subtypes of mild cognitive impairment using higher order singular value decomposition." In 2015 IEEE 12th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI 2015). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isbi.2015.7163833.
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Felippe, Luna Vasconcelos, Eduardo Sales Loureiro, Ana Luiza Cotta Mourão Guimarães, Anna Carolina Dockhorn de Menezes Carvalho Costa, and Mariana Lacerda Reis Grenfell. "Frontotemporal dementia and Iowa Gambling Task: a literature review on decision-making process." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.199.
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Background: Frontotemporal dementia (FDT) is related to memory and behavioral changes. There are variants in which the damage is more pronounced in one cognitive domain. Among the behavioral changes is the decision-making process. To evaluate this skill executive function tests are used, such as the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Objectives: Analyze the correlation between Iowa Gambling Task and decision- making process in patients with FDT. Methods: A review was conducted on PubMed, using the key words “Iowa Gambling Task AND Frontotemporal Dementia”, resulting in 4 papers. From those, 3 were included. Results: In Gleichgerrcht et al. (2012) IGT was used as a parameter to investigate risk taking on the decision-making process in patients with Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) and its subtypes (PPA is frequently associated with FTD) versus subjects with behavioral variant from FTD (bvFTD). PPA subjects had no improvement throughout the task, proving that there is an impairment in decision-making. The bvFTD group progression showed that this group has a tendency to choose risky behaviors, suggesting an inability to foresee negative outcomes. In Girardi, MacPherson & Abrahams (2011) the frontal variant was analyzed in subjects with ALS and had similar results, showing also a failure to learn how to avoid disadvantageous choices. Torralva et al. (2017) analyzed the results on subjects with the frontal variant in which the results were consistent with the previous studies analyzed in this review. Conclusion: In patients with FTD, the IGT proves that a cognitive impairment in the decision-making and risk-taking process is present.
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Melo Neto, Fernando de Paiva, Artêmio José Araruna Dias, Marinna Karla da Cunha Lima Viana, Maurício Vasconcelos Valadares Neto, Paulo Francisco Lucena de Araújo Espínola, Bruna Nadiely Victor da Silva, Isabella Araújo Mota Fernandes, and Rafael de Souza Andrade. "Mutation in the Codon V180i in Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease with Diffuse Cortical Hyperintensity, in Brazil." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.532.
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Context: Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (fCJD) represents 10 to 15% of CJD. Among its subtypes there is a mutation in codon V180I, in which, in complementary exams are observed an absence of specific findings in the electroencephalogram, low concentration of proteins in the CSF and a pattern of diffuse cortical hyperintensity (DCH) in the diffusion sequence identified by MRI. The fCJD with mutation in the V180I codon is predominant in females, presenting symptoms at an advanced age, slow progression, marked by important cognitive decline and low presence of myoclonus. Regarding therapeutic management, there is still no curative or modifying treatment, although the multidisciplinary approach plays a fundamental role in control and quality of life. Case report: A 72 years old male patient reported a history of recent progressive memory loss for three months. It evolved with difficulty in recognizing family members, repetitive behavior, global aphasia, instability when walking until reaching akinetic mutism. The diffusion sequence of MRI revealed areas of diffuse hyperintensity throughout the cerebral cortex. In view of this and after ruling out other etiologies, a mutation in the V180I codon related to fCJD was found. Conclusion: Given the rarity of this form of the disease, a rapid suspicion is essential, with imaging tests, especially skull MRI, and genetic tests, aiming at the proper diagnosis of CJD and its genetic form, with its correct therapeutic management.
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Soares, Izadora Fonseca Zaiden, João Nicoli Ferreira dos Santos, and Lis Gomes Silva. "Dramatic cognitive improvement with acetylcholinesterase inhibitor in cerebral amyloid angiopathyrelated inflammation." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.578.
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Context: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is characterized by progressive deposition of amyloid-ß fibrils in the walls of small arterioles and capillaries of the leptomeninges and cerebral cortex. A rare subtype of CAA is CAA-related inflammation (CAA-RI), which exhibits marked perivascular or transmural inflammatory infiltration in brain tissue. The major clinical features of CAA-RI are rapidly progressive dementia, behavioral changes, headache, seizures, or stroke-like signs. Conclusive diagnosis requires histopathological confirmation, but validated clinicoradiological criteria for the diagnosis of probable CAA-RI have good sensitivity (82%) and specificity (97%). Treatment with high dose corticosteroids with or without other immunosuppressive therapy is recommended. We report a case of probable CAA-RI that did not respond to corticosteroid therapy but had a surprising improvement with acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Case report: A 77-year-old illiterate woman presented with a history of subacute onset of seizures and behavioral changes. Her medical history was positive for a hearing loss due to a toxic exposure in childhood, and a cured breast cancer. The neurological examination showed attention impairment, disorientation, and incoherent speech. CSF showed a mildly elevated protein count. Brain MRI met criteria for probable CAA-RI. She had a poor response with high doses of corticosteroids, but after a trial with Donepezil she showed important cognitive and functional improvement. Conclusion: This result attracts attention to the importance of the cholinergic pathway in the etiology and pathological mechanisms of CAA. Randomized Controlled Trials would be required to confirm our hypothesis and to find new therapeutic options for CAA.
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Grah, Vitor Matias, Guilherme Sampaio Silva, Karla Viana Rezende, Ayrton Senna do Brasil Amaral Alves, Maria Inês Vaz de Oliveira, Maria Paula Banhara Rodrigues, and Juliana Carollyne Amorim. "The relationship between apolipoprotein e4 and bloodbrain barrier dysfunction in Alzheimer Disease." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.091.
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Background: Alzheimer disease(AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative dysfunction with a cognitive deficit and amyloid-β(Aβ) accumulation. That said, the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) has 4 variants, with E4 being linked to decreased cerebral blood flow and fragile blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this way, the BBB has an important role in removing substances that are toxic to the brain such as βA protein. Objective: Demonstrate the relationship of ApoE4 and BBB dysfunction in the pathophysiology of AD. Methods: Bibliographic review using the CAPES journals portal, in the last 5 years. Results: After analyzing the studies, it is inferred that in cases of homozygosity for ApoE4 in relation to ApoE3 there is a 15 fold increased chance of developing AD and 3 fold heterozygosity. It is concluded that the mechanism that probably explain is related to the secretion of ApoE by the pericytes that lining brain vessels in the BBB, whilst the subtype E4 exacerbates cyclophilinA, which promotes the activation of metalloproteinase-9, causing junctions rupture between adjacent endothelial cells, promoting the loss of βA homeostasis. Conclusion: It can be inferred, that ApoE has great importance in the regulation of the integrity of BBB’s integrity, is undeniable that such protein has a significant contribution in the pathophysiology of AD, hereupon, it’s urgent that these studies need to be continued to develop new therapies in individuals who express ApoE4.
Reports on the topic "Cognitive subtypes"
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Lin, XiaoGuang, XueLing Zhang, QinQin Liu, PanWen Zhao, JianGuo Zhong, PingLei Pan, GenDi Wang, and ZhongQuan Yi. Social cognition in multiple sclerosis and its subtypes: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2020.7.0028.
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Stuart, Nicole, Karina Dorrington, Andrew Sheridan, and Carmela Pestell. The Neuropsychological Correlates of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: A Systematic Review Protocol. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.0102.
Full textAbstract:
Review question / Objective: The objective the current review is to delineate the cognitive profile of SCT, particularly where it is similar to or different from ADHD-related inattention. In addition, the review will provide an analysis of methodological factors that might account for discrepancies in research findings and guidance for future studies. Condition being studied: Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) is a constellation of symptoms originally identified among children with the inattentive subtype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD-I). These symptoms include daydreaming, inconsistent alertness, hypoactivity and lethargy. Although there is considerable overlap with ADHD-I, factor analytic and convergent and discriminant validity studies suggest that SCT is a distinct construct. Moreover, there is evidence that SCT may be common in a number of other disorders, including depression and autism - suggesting that SCT might represent an important transdiagnostic construct.