Journal articles on the topic 'Cognitive stressors'
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Fan, Erica, Tamara Dubowitz, Wendy Troxel, Andrea Weinstein, Tiffany Gary-Webb, Meryl Butters, Bonnie Ghosh-Dastidar, and Andrea Rosso. "Cumulative Stress Burden and Cognitive Function in African American Adults Living in Low-Income Neighborhoods." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 517–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2000.
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Abstract African Americans (AA) are more likely to experience stressors due to racial discrimination and segregated neighborhoods, potentially contributing to higher risk for dementia. We investigated the association between stressors and cognitive function in older AA adults through cumulative stress burden (CSB) indices. Stressors and cognitive domains were measured in 253 participants >50 years, recruited from primarily AA neighborhoods in Pittsburgh, PA. CSB included perceived and psychological distress, unfair treatment, post-traumatic stress disorder, and neighborhood-level stressors such as walkability, safety, satisfaction, and social cohesion. Indices were formed by dichotomizing stressor scores and summing. Cognitive domains were z-scores adjusted for age, sex, and education. Adjusted generalized linear models assessed the relation between CSB indices and cognition, and between specific stressors and cognition. Interactions with age were tested. Greater individual-level CSB index was associated with lower language (□= -0.11, p= 0.03) and executive function (□= -0.087, p=0.04). The neighborhood-level CSB index was not associated with any cognitive domain. The combined index was marginally associated with language in adjusted models (□= -0.07, p= 0.05). There were no significant associations between specific stressors and cognition, except for neighborhood safety with 3MS (□= -0.28, p= 0.001) and language (□= -0.16, p= 0.02). Age interactions indicate that findings were stronger for younger participants. Greater cumulative stress is associated with poorer cognitive function in some domains in older AA. A comprehensive assessment of cumulative stress is vital in understanding the dimensionality of racialized stress for older adults potentially experiencing cognitive decline.
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Nilsen, Frances M., Jazmin D. C. Ruiz, and Nicolle S. Tulve. "A Meta-Analysis of Stressors from the Total Environment Associated with Children’s General Cognitive Ability." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15 (July 29, 2020): 5451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155451.
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General cognitive ability, often referred to as ‘general intelligence’, comprises a variety of correlated abilities. Childhood general cognitive ability is a well-studied area of research and can be used to predict social outcomes and perceived success. Early life stage (e.g., prenatal, postnatal, toddler) exposures to stressors (i.e., chemical and non-chemical stressors from the total (built, natural, social) environment) can impact the development of childhood cognitive ability. Building from our systematic scoping review (Ruiz et al., 2016), we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate more than 100 stressors related to cognitive development. Our meta-analysis identified 23 stressors with a significant increase in their likelihood to influence childhood cognitive ability by 10% or more, and 80 stressors were observed to have a statistically significant effect on cognitive ability. Stressors most impactful to cognition during the prenatal period were related to maternal health and the mother’s ability to access information relevant to a healthy pregnancy (e.g., diet, lifestyle). Stressors most impactful to cognition during the early childhood period were dietary nutrients (infancy), quality of social interaction (toddler), and exposure to toxic substances (throughout early childhood). In conducting this analysis, we examined the relative impact of real-world exposures on cognitive development to attempt to understand the inter-relationships between exposures to both chemical and non-chemical stressors and early developmental life stages. Our findings suggest that the stressors observed to be the most influential to childhood cognitive ability are not permanent and can be broadly categorized as activities/behaviors which can be modified to improve childhood cognition. This meta-analysis supports the idea that there are complex relationships between a child’s total environment and early cognitive development.
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Santostefano, Sebastiano, Mª Angeles Quiroga Estévez, and Susan Rooney Santostefano. "Life Stressors and Cognitive Styles in Children." Spanish Journal of Psychology 4, no. 1 (May 2001): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600005631.
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To explore the way that children's cognitive functioning relates to stressors they report experiencing in every day life, this study used the approach of cognitive control theory, which defines cognition as a set of mobile functions that, in serving adaptation, shift in their organization. Children (N= 93), ranging in age from 56 to 115 months, were administered individually the Life Stressor Interview and several cognitive control tasks. Children who reported being exposed to arguments and threatening gestures among adults made more errors when focusing attention while distracted by stimuli concerning nurture. Children who reported being upset by shootings and fights had more difficulty remembering test information depicting two persons in a shoot-out. The results are discussed in terms of the potential value of an approach that integrates cognitive activity with personality.
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Yamane, Takahiro. "Longitudinal psychometric evaluation of the developmental disorder parenting stressor index with Japanese parents of children with autism." Autism 25, no. 7 (August 11, 2021): 2034–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613211009349.
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Assessing parenting stress in parents of children with autism has crucial clinical implications because increased parental stress is associated with psychological disorders and personal distress, which can result in worse child–parent relationships. We examined the psychometric properties of a new index for assessing parenting stressors—the Developmental Disorder Parenting Stressor Index and the temporal variability of parenting stressors using longitudinal data of 212 Japanese parents of children with autism aged 2–18 years. The findings indicated that the Developmental Disorder Parenting Stressor Index has appropriate cross-validity, structural validity, construct validity, and reliability. Moreover, the psychometric properties and the brevity of the Developmental Disorder Parenting Stressor Index increase the clinical utility of the scale. The implications of the findings of this study are discussed. Lay abstract Parents of children with autism experience high rates of parenting stress. Assessing parenting stress in them has crucial clinical implications because increased parental stress is associated with psychological disorders and personal distress, which can result in worse child–parent relationships. Theorists have proposed that a person’s cognitive appraisal determines whether or not a situation or an encounter is personally stressful. However, prior scales merely measure the outcomes of parental stress as a stress response: little the scales were designed to assess events and cognitive appraisal-related parenting stressors of parents of children with autism. We investigated whether a new index for assessing parenting stressors—the Developmental Disorder Parenting Stressor Index is a valid measure to assess parenting stressors of parents of children with autism using longitudinal online surveys at three times. Participants were 212 Japanese parents of children with autism aged 2–18 years who completed the Developmental Disorder Parenting Stressor Index and measures of autism symptoms and stress response . Overall, the findings indicated that the Developmental Disorder Parenting Stressor Index can be reliably used to measure both experiences and cognitive appraisal of parenting stressors among parents of children with autism. Moreover, the Developmental Disorder Parenting Stressor Index has several advantages and is a valuable measurement tool to be able to evaluate parenting stressors in clinical settings; Developmental Disorder Parenting Stressor Index is shorter, easier to complete, and can evaluate both viewpoints of parenting stressors.
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Drury, Rhitik Joshi Taylor, and Soomi Lee. "Daily Stressors Degrade Perceived Cognitive Abilities in Healthcare Professionals." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3289.
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Abstract Stress negatively impacts cognitive functioning. Less is known about whether daily stress is associated with perceived cognitive abilities in healthcare workers who require mental sharpness and attention to provide high-quality patient care. We examined daily associations between stressors and perceived cognitive abilities in nurses and whether the associations differed between workday vs. non-workday. Using 14-day smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment, 61 inpatient nurses at a U.S. cancer hospital reported the frequency and severity of daily stressors (e.g., arguments, accidents). Each day, participants subjectively evaluated their mental focus, memory, and attention. Multilevel modeling examined the within- and between-person associations of daily stressors with cognitive abilities adjusting for sociodemographics, work shift, and workday. Nurses reported experiencing stressors once every other day. More stressors were associated with poorer cognitive abilities. At the between-person level, those with more frequent or severe stressors reported poorer mental focus (B=-22.4, p<.01; B=-0.35, p<.01, respectively), worse memory (B=-24.35, p<.01; B=-0.37, p<.01, respectively), and lower attention (B=-25.47, p<.05; B=-0.40, p<.01, respectively). At the within-person level, on days with more frequent or severe stressors, participants reported poorer mental focus (B=-2.05, p<.05; B=-.03, p<.05, respectively) and lower attention (B=-1.95, p<.05; B=-.04, p<.01, respectively). Some of the between-person associations were more apparent on workdays; those with more stressors reported poorer mental focus and lower attention on workdays than on non-workdays. Nurses’ perceived cognitive abilities at work vary by daily stressors. Disconnecting the linkage between stressors and perceived cognition may help improve work performance in nurses who may encounter frequent stressors at work.
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Martin, Kristy, Julien Périard, Ben Rattray, and David B. Pyne. "Physiological Factors Which Influence Cognitive Performance in Military Personnel." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 62, no. 1 (April 22, 2019): 93–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720819841757.
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Objective: To identify and detail physiological factors that influence cognition in military personnel. Background: Maintenance of cognitive and task performance is important under several scenarios, none more so than in a military context. Personnel are prepared for and trained to tolerate many of the stressors they encounter; however, consideration of stressors typically extends only as far as the physical, psychological, and environmental requirements of a given task. While considering these factors certainly characterizes the broader picture, several physiological states and traits can influence cognition and thus, should also be considered. Method: A systematic review of the electronic databases Medline (PubMed), EMBASE (Scopus), PsycINFO, and Web of Science was conducted from inception up to January 2019. Eligibility criteria included current military personnel, an outcome of cognition, and the assessment of a physiological factor. Results: The search returned 60,564 records, of which 60 were included in the review. Eleven studies examined the impact of demographic factors on cognition, 16 examined fatigue, 10 investigated nutrition, and 24 the impact of biological factors on cognitive performance. Conclusion: Factors identified as having a positive impact on cognition include aerobic fitness, nutritional supplementation, and visual acuity. In contrast, factors identified as having a negative impact include fatigue arising from sustained operations, dehydration, undernutrition, and an exaggerated physiological stress response to a cognitive task or a stressor. A further subset of these factors was considered modifiable. Application: The modifiable factors identified provide avenues for training and preparation to enhance cognition in ways previously unconsidered.
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Dugdale, Jeremy R., Robert C. Eklund, and Sandy Gordon. "Expected and Unexpected Stressors in Major International Competition: Appraisal, Coping, and Performance." Sport Psychologist 16, no. 1 (March 2002): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.16.1.20.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate appraisals and coping of elite athletes when facing expected versus unexpected stressors. Questionnaires were sent to all New Zealand athletes competing at the 1998 Commonwealth Games, and 91 athletes provided responses inside three weeks of the closing ceremony. A stressful experience that had occurred prior to or during their most important performance was identified by 71 althletes. Analysis revealed significant differences in the way athletes cognitively appraised expected and unexpected stressors. Unexpected stressors were perceived as more threatening than expected stressors. Athletes also indicated a significantly greater tendency to hold back or hesitate from responding or acting in the face of unexpected stressors in comparison to expected stressors. Athletes employed a variety of strategies to help them cope with their most stressful experience. Stressor expectedness, however, was not related to coping use or performance and coping evaluations. Finally, a modest but significant relationship was observed between coping strategy effectiveness and coping automaticity. These findings suggest that competitively functional primary and secondary cognitive appraisals of stressors may result from the preparation of athletes for potentially distressing events and circumstances associated with major international competitions.
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Parker, Karen J., Christine L. Buckmaster, Steven E. Lindley, Alan F. Schatzberg, and David M. Lyons. "Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis physiology and cognitive control of behavior in stress inoculated monkeys." International Journal of Behavioral Development 36, no. 1 (June 17, 2011): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025411406864.
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Monkeys exposed to stress inoculation protocols early in life subsequently exhibit diminished neurobiological responses to moderate psychological stressors and enhanced cognitive control of behavior during juvenile development compared to non-inoculated monkeys. The present experiments extended these findings and revealed that stress inoculated monkeys: (a) mount neurobiological responses equivalent to non-inoculated monkeys when the stressor is of sufficient intensity, and (b) continue to exhibit enhanced cognitive control as young adults compared to non-inoculated monkeys. These results suggest that stress inoculation protocols alter the appraisal of and response to moderate stressors as less threatening and permanently enhance cognitive control, at least through early adulthood. These data therefore support the notion that the stress inoculation phenotype reflects stress resilience rather than stress pathology.
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Ren, Lei, Xiaobin Zhang, Peihu Chen, and Ke Song. "Taking charge under job stressors: Mediating effect of control appraisals and moderating effect of proactive resource acquisition tactics." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 50, no. 7 (July 6, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.11681.
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We applied social cognitive theory and the job demands–resources model to examine the relationship between challenge and hindrance stressor types and taking charge. The sample comprised 242 Master of Business Administration students at a university located in eastern China. The regression results reveal that challenge stressors positively predicted taking charge, and that the direct effect of hindrance stressors on taking charge was nonsignificant. Control appraisals positively mediated the relationship between challenge stressors and taking charge, and negatively mediated the relationship between hindrance stressors and taking charge. The positive relationship between challenge stressors and control appraisals was stronger when resource acquisition tactics were highly proactive rather than when they were less proactive. Proactive resource acquisition tactics also moderated the indirect effect of challenge stressors on taking charge through control appraisals. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Finseth, Tor, Michael C. Dorneich, Nir Keren, Warren D. Franke, and Stephen B. Vardeman. "Manipulating Stress Responses during Spaceflight Training with Virtual Stressors." Applied Sciences 12, no. 5 (February 22, 2022): 2289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12052289.
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Virtual reality (VR) provides the ability to simulate stressors to replicated real-world situations. It allows for the creation and validation of training, therapy, and stress countermeasures in a safe and controlled setting. However, there is still much unknown about the cognitive appraisal of stressors and underlying elements. More research is needed on the creation of stressors and to verify that stress levels can be effectively manipulated by the virtual environment. The objective of this study was to investigate and validate different VR stressor levels from existing emergency spaceflight procedures. Experts in spaceflight procedures and the human stress response helped design a VR spaceflight environment and emergency fire task procedure. A within-subject experiment evaluated three stressor levels. Forty healthy participants each completed three trials (low, medium, high stressor levels) in VR to locate and extinguish a fire on the International Space Station (VR-ISS). Since stress is a complex construct, physiological data (heart rate, heart rate variability, blood pressure, electrodermal activity) and self-assessment (workload, stress, anxiety) were collected for each stressor level. The results suggest that the environmental-based stressors can induce significantly different, distinguishable levels of stress in individuals.
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Elfering, Achim, Christin Gerhardt, Diana Pereira, Anna Schenker, and Maria U. Kottwitz. "The Monday Effect Revisited: A Diary and Sleep Actigraphy Study." Sleep and Vigilance 4, no. 2 (September 22, 2020): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41782-020-00105-5.
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Abstract Purpose Accidents are more likely to occur during the morning hours of Mondays (Monday effect). This might be due to a higher level of cognitive failure on Monday morning at work. Methods In a pilot actigraphy study across one working week, we explored this Monday effect and regressed daily self-reported workplace cognitive failure on weekdays (Monday versus other days), background social stressors at work, delayed sleep onset and sleep duration. Diary data were gathered from 40 full-time employees. Results Confirming our assumptions, results revealed work-related cognitive failure and sleep-onset latency on the previous night to be higher on Mondays compared to other workdays. Work-related cognitive failure correlated positively with delayed sleep-onset latency and background social stressors. In multilevel regression analysis, Monday significantly explained variations in workplace cognitive failure. The addition of background social stressors at work and sleep-onset latency to the regression model showed unique contributions to the prediction of workplace cognitive failure. No significant two-way or three-way interactions between working days, sleep-onset latency or sleep duration, and background social stressors were found. Conclusion Peak levels of cognitive failure on Monday morning and the association of cognitive failure with social stressors at work contribute to understanding the mechanisms involved in the increased prevalence of occupational accidents on Monday morning. Occupational safety interventions should address both social stressors at work and individual sleep hygiene.
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Falzarano, Francesca, and Karen Siedlecki. "Dementia Caregiving and Cognition: An Extension of the Stress Process Model." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 476–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1542.
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Abstract As cases of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) continue to rise, informal caregivers are critical resources in providing dementia care, yet caregiving is associated with high levels of burden, stress, anxiety and depression. Caregiving can be a prolonged and stressful experience, and impaired cognitive functioning in caregivers could impact their own health and quality of life and compromise the quality of care provided to their care-recipient. Thus, the purpose of the current study is to use the Stress Process Model as a guiding theoretical framework to identify whether primary stressors (e.g., care recipient functional status, cognitive problems) or secondary stressors (e.g., loss of self, economic conflict) predict performance across seven domains of cognition in 50 primary ADRD caregivers. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to examine which primary and secondary stressors emerge as predictors of cognitive performance. Results indicated that primary stressors (e.g., problematic dementia behaviors and relational deprivation) significantly predicted working memory performance and secondary stressors (e.g., economic strain, loss of self) significantly predicted implicit memory performance. Additionally, higher levels of caregiver burden predicted worse performance on executive functioning and implicit memory measures. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that the stress associated with caregiving may have adverse effects beyond psychosocial outcomes, and findings can be used to inform policies and practices with regard to caregiver health and well-being.
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Cerino, Eric, Stacey Scott, Ruixue Zhaoyang, Richard Lipton, and Martin Sliwinski. "Evaluating Daily Versus Global Stress Appraisals’ Sensitivity to Mild Cognitive Impairment." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 598–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2014.
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Abstract Stress is an important correlate of cognitive aging that manifests in everyday life. Infrequent trait-based stress measures may not be as sensitive to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) as ecological momentary assessments (EMA). We compared EMA to global trait-based stress measures in discriminating MCI. A sample of 248 adults from the Einstein Aging Study (Mage=77.33 years, SD=5.04; 68 with MCI) were prompted to report whether a stressor occurred and to rate the severity up to four times daily for 14 days. Global perceived stress and neuroticism were assessed at baseline. Although MCI status was unrelated to stressor frequency (p>.05), individuals with MCI appraised their daily stressors as more severe than cognitively intact participants (p=.03). No MCI-related differences emerged on global stress or neuroticism assessments (ps>.05). Results suggest everyday stress markers may be more sensitive to differentiating MCI than global assessments and point toward their utility for early identification of pathological declines.
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Migrino, Raymond Q., Seth Truran, Nina Karamanova, Geidy E. Serrano, Calvin Madrigal, Hannah A. Davies, Jillian Madine, Peter Reaven, and Thomas G. Beach. "Human cerebral collateral arteriole function in subjects with normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 315, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): H284—H290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00206.2018.
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Clinical and preclinical studies have suggested a link between cardiovascular disease and dementia disorders, but the role of the collateral brain circulation in cognitive dysfunction remains unknown. We aimed to test the hypothesis that leptomeningeal arteriole (LMA) function and response to metabolic stressors differ among subjects with dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and normal cognition (CN). After rapid autopsy, LMAs were isolated from subjects with CN ( n = 10), MCI ( n = 12), or dementia [ n = 42, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), or other dementia], and endothelial and smooth muscle-dependent function were measured at baseline and after exposure to β-amyloid (2 μM), palmitic acid (150 μM), or medin (5 μM) and compared. There were no differences among the groups in baseline endothelial function (maximum dilation to acetylcholine, CN: 74.1 ± 9.7%, MCI: 67.1 ± 4.8%, AD: 74.7 ± 2.8%, VaD: 72.0 ± 5.3%, and other dementia: 68.0 ± 8.0%) and smooth muscle-dependent function (CN: 93.4 ± 3.0%, MCI: 83.3 ± 4.1%, AD: 91.8 ± 1.7%, VaD: 91.7 ± 2.4%, and other dementia: 87.9 ± 4.9%). There was no correlation between last cognitive function score and baseline endothelial or smooth muscle-dependent function. LMA endothelial function and, to a lesser extent, smooth muscle-dependent function were impaired posttreatment with β-amyloid, palmitic acid, and medin. Posttreatment LMA responses were not different between subjects with CN/MCI vs. dementia. Baseline responses and impaired vasoreactivity after treatment with metabolic stressors did not differ among subjects with CN, MCI, and dementia. The results suggest that the cognitive dysfunction in dementia disorders is not attributable to differences in baseline brain collateral circulation function but may be influenced by exposure of the vasculature to metabolic stressors. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we present novel findings that brain collateral arteriole function did not differ among subjects with normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia (Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia). Although arteriole function was impaired by vascular stressors (β-amyloid, palmitic acid, and medin), responses did not differ between those with or without dementia. The cognitive dysfunction in dementia disorders is not attributable to differences in baseline brain collateral circulation function but may be influenced by vascular exposure to metabolic stressors.
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Morrison, Jeffrey G., Estrella Forster, Edward M. Hitchcock, Charles A. Barba, Thomas P. Santarelli, and Mark W. Scerbo. "Cumulative Effects of +Gz on Cognitive Performance." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 1 (October 1994): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403800108.
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A study is described which examines the interaction of two of the most salient stressors found in the tactical aviation cockpit: 1) highly demanding decision-making tasks, and 2) intermittent periods of high G. Addressing this issue is critical because: 1) it is probable that physiological stressors such as G may have serious ramifications on pilots' abilities to perform complex cognitive tasks; 2) there may be different impacts of G on different types of cognitive tasks, and the impact of these deficits may be correlated with the cumulative amount of time a pilot has spent under G; 3) it is not clear that donning protective gear will have an effect on cognitive task performance; and 4) there are no data to suggest how long cognitive decrements due to exposure to physiological stressors will last. A general approach is described for evaluating the cumulative effects of physiological stressors (e.g., G) on cognitive task performance in a within-subjects experimental design. A PC-based task suite was used incorporating three concurrently performed tasks: a compensatory tracking task, a resource management task, and a system monitoring task. Results indicated that performance across the experimental conditions was highly variable. Preliminary results demonstrated that: 1) even low-level increases in G can be disruptive to subject performance, 2) there are cumulative decrements in task performance during G, and 3) if stable performance on tasks is required, training for complex task performance must take place in the presence of salient physiological stressors.
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Opekina, Tat’yana P. "Cognitive predictors of psychological well-being and satisfaction with the life of male students at military higher education institutions." Vestnik of Kostroma State University. Series: Pedagogy. Psychology. Sociokinetics 26, no. 3 (November 30, 2020): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/2073-1426-2020-26-3-54-61.
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The article considers the cognitive predictors of the assessment of quality and satisfaction with life in students at military higher education institutions, including their perception of the number of everyday stressors and their cognitive distortions. The average values for indicators of life satisfaction, everyday stressors and cognitive distortions of the said students are given in comparison with the average values of the corresponding empirical norms obtained by Russian researchers on samples of Russian-speaking men. Regression models constructed allow meaningful interpretation of cognitive predictors, to which various indicators of students' life satisfaction and overall well-being are most sensitive – everyday stressors in various areas of life and some cognitive distortions, including catastrophisation, telepathy, and super-generalisation.
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Beahm, Janine D., Caeleigh A. Landry, Hugh C. McCall, R. Nicholas Carleton, and Heather D. Hadjistavropoulos. "Understanding and Addressing Occupational Stressors in Internet-Delivered Therapy for Public Safety Personnel: A Qualitative Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8 (April 14, 2022): 4744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084744.
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Internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy (ICBT) is effective when tailored to meet the needs of public safety personnel (PSP). Nevertheless, there is limited research on the nature of the occupational stressors faced by PSP who seek ICBT and how PSP use ICBT to address occupational stressors. We provided tailored ICBT to PSP (N = 126; 54% women) and conducted a qualitative content analysis on clinicians’ eligibility screening notes, clients’ emails, and clients’ survey responses to understand the occupational stressors faced by PSP and their use of ICBT to address such stressors. Clients described several occupational stressors, including operational stressors (e.g., potentially psychologically traumatic events and sleep/shiftwork issues) and organizational stressors (e.g., issues with leadership, resources, and workload). More clients shared occupational concerns during the screening process (97%) than during treatment (58%). The most frequently cited occupational stressor was exposure to potentially psychologically traumatic events. Clients reported using course skills (e.g., controlled breathing and graduated exposure) to manage occupational stressors (e.g., responding to calls, workplace conflict, and work–family conflict). Thought challenging was the most frequently reported strategy used to manage occupational stressors. The current results provide insights into the occupational stressors PSP experience and endeavor to manage using ICBT, which can inform further efforts to tailor ICBT for PSP (e.g., adapting course materials and examples to take into account these operational and occupational stressors).
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Hillier, Ashleigh, Jessica K. Alexander, and David Q. Beversdorf. "The Effect of Auditory Stressors on Cognitive Flexibility." Neurocase 12, no. 4 (August 2006): 228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13554790600878887.
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Hanton, Sheldon, Christopher R. D. Wagstaff, and David Fletcher. "Cognitive appraisals of stressors encountered in sport organizations." International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 10, no. 4 (December 2012): 276–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1612197x.2012.682376.
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Ghosh, D., D. Gaur, B. Sinha, and B. Aravindakshan. "Concurrent white noise and acute hypobaric hypoxia: Effect on aviation cognitive performance." Indian Journal of Aerospace Medicine 64 (December 14, 2020): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/ijasm_28_2020.
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Introduction: Optimal cognitive performance is the essence of effective execution of a flying mission. Effects of two commonly encountered aviation stressors, hypoxia and noise, on performance have been studied. However, studies on effects of concurrent dual effects of both these stressors on key cognitive parameters are sparse; hence, the objective was to examine these effects. Material and Methods: Cognitive performances were assessed among 30 healthy volunteers (28 males and 2 females) sequentially in four different conditions – baseline (without stressors), 85 dB(A) noise, 14,000 ft altitude, and concurrent exposure to 85 dB(A) noise at 14,000 ft altitude. White noise was simulated through software, altitude in the hypobaric chamber and cognitive performance was assessed with tests from Psychology Experiment Building Language (PEBL) test battery. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and repeated measures ANOVA. Results: The study revealed statistically significant direct detrimental effect of altitude and noise on implicit reaction time independently as well as concurrently. However, there was insignificant interaction effect between the dual stressors on implicit reaction time. There were no statistically significant effects of dual stressors on implicit correctness, visuospatial working memory, and selective attention. Although statistically not significant, noise enhanced the performance level in the form of increased Corsi block memory span and Corsi block total score. Conclusion: No significant effect of the dual stressors was observed on most of the cognitive parameters. However, implicit reaction time, a measure of pilot’s risk-taking behavior, was found to be significantly affected by the dual stressors. Further research with a larger sample of aircrew population who differ in age, experience, and other potentially influencing factors is recommended.
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Lin, Huaying, and Xinwen Bai. "Differential Antecedents and Consequences of Affective and Cognitive Ruminations." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18 (September 12, 2022): 11452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811452.
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Adopting the information processing perspective, the current study aims to investigate the differential effects of affective and cognitive ruminations on individuals’ affective states and learning behavior, and to further explore their differential mediating roles in transmitting effects of challenge and hindrance stressors on affect and behavior. A two-wave survey, in which stressors and ruminations were measured in the first wave and affective states and learning behavior were measured in the second, was conducted to obtain responses from 410 employees. As expected, affective and cognitive ruminations were differently associated with challenge stressors (i.e., cognitive job insecurity) and hindrance stressors (i.e., interpersonal conflict), and yielded different effects in terms of positive affect, negative affect, and learning behavior. Specifically, the results showed that: (a) cognitive job insecurity was significantly and positively related to cognitive rumination, while interpersonal conflict was significantly and positively related to affective rumination; (b) affective and cognitive ruminations were significantly associated with positive or negative affect, but in the exact opposite direction; (c) cognitive rumination, but not affective rumination, was significantly related to learning behavior; and (d) cognitive rumination mediated the effect of cognitive job insecurity on positive affect and learning behavior, while affective rumination mediated the effect of interpersonal conflict on negative affect. The current study contributes to the literature on rumination by introducing a new perspective, and sheds new light on the understanding of how and why affective and cognitive ruminations may lead to different affective states and behaviors.
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Rückel, Lisa-Marie, Benjamin Noël, André Jungen, Sebastian Brückner, Bernd Strauss, and Stefanie Klatt. "Reflecting on the Game: Situational Stressors, Stress Responses, and Coping in German Elite Volleyball Referees." Case Studies in Sport and Exercise Psychology 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/cssep.2021-0010.
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This study uses a thematic content analysis to analyze common stressors for volleyball referees, examine the individual triggered stress responses, and identify the applied coping strategies. A total of 38 German elite volleyball referees (24 male and 14 female, Mage = 38.29 years, SD = 7.91 years) were considered for this study. Through the analysis, 17 stressful events, 14 stress responses, and 6 different coping strategies were identified and further clustered into four main dimensions. Common stressors among elite German volleyball referees were identified as stressful game situations, need for game management, situational environment, and demands on self-activation. These stressors triggered emotional stress reactions, cognitive stress reactions, changes in focus, and reactions among the test group after increased strain. In order to deal with these situations and emotions, referees applied self-regulation strategies, improved focus and concentration, searched for a solution, prepared for the match or a stressor, showed a confident appearance, and tried to accept and let go of mistakes or situations. Post hoc Pearson’s correlation analyses showed significant relationships between emotional and cognitive stress reactions with stressful game situations. Consequently, the role of coping with emotions and thoughts becomes essential for volleyball referees to remain focused and perform.
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Noteboom, J. Timothy, Monika Fleshner, and Roger M. Enoka. "Activation of the arousal response can impair performance on a simple motor task." Journal of Applied Physiology 91, no. 2 (August 1, 2001): 821–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.2.821.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of arousal in men and women on the moment-to-moment performance of a simple motor task. We examined the control of a precision task in the presence and absence of imposed stressors. Twenty-nine subjects (14 men, 15 women; 18–44 yr) were randomly assigned to either a control group or one of two stressor groups, Mental Math or Electric Shock. Subjects presented with Math and Shock stressors, which lasted 10 min, experienced significant increases in cognitive and physiological arousal compared with baseline and control subjects. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and electrodermal activity were elevated 5–80% with presentation of the stressors, whereas diastolic blood pressure and salivary cortisol were unchanged. The greater levels of cognitive and physiological arousal were associated with reductions in steadiness of a pinch grip for the Shock subjects (∼130% reduction from baseline) but not for the subjects in the Math group, who experienced heightened arousal but no change in steadiness (10% reduction from baseline). Although women exhibited more of a reduction in steadiness than men, the effect was largely unrelated to the magnitude of the change in arousal.
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Martin, Kristy, Emily McLeod, Julien Périard, Ben Rattray, Richard Keegan, and David B. Pyne. "The Impact of Environmental Stress on Cognitive Performance: A Systematic Review." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 61, no. 8 (April 19, 2019): 1205–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720819839817.
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Objective: In this review, we detail the impact of environmental stress on cognitive and military task performance and highlight any individual characteristics or interventions which may mitigate any negative effect. Background: Military personnel are often deployed in regions markedly different from their own, experiencing hot days, cold nights, and trips both above and below sea level. In spite of these stressors, high-level cognitive and operational performance must be maintained. Method: A systematic review of the electronic databases Medline (PubMed), EMBASE (Scopus), PsycINFO, and Web of Science was conducted from inception up to September 2018. Eligibility criteria included a healthy human cohort, an outcome of cognition or military task performance and assessment of an environmental condition. Results: The search returned 113,850 records, of which 124 were included in the systematic review. Thirty-one studies examined the impact of heat stress on cognition; 20 of cold stress; 59 of altitude exposure; and 18 of being below sea level. Conclusion: The severity and duration of exposure to the environmental stressor affects the degree to which cognitive performance can be impaired, as does the complexity of the cognitive task and the skill or familiarity of the individual performing the task. Application: Strategies to improve cognitive performance in extreme environmental conditions should focus on reducing the magnitude of the physiological and perceptual disturbance caused by the stressor. Strategies may include acclimatization and habituation, being well skilled on the task, and reducing sensations of thermal stress with approaches such as head and neck cooling.
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Battula, Monika, Preethi Arunashekar, Arockia John, Radha ThiyagaRajan, and P. N. Vinoth. "Stress level among the final year medical students at an urban medical college: A cross-sectional study." Biomedicine 41, no. 1 (April 2, 2021): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.51248/.v41i1.536.
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Introduction and Aim: Stress is a condition which is perceived through environmental threats and events and is initiated by stressors. Globally there is a high prevalence of stress among the medical students which impacts the cognitive and learning ability of medical students and also their mental wellbeing. The present study was conducted to identify the stressors and measure the intensity of the stress among final year medical students at AnurbanMedical College in Chennai.
Methods:This cross-sectional studywas conducted among 250 final year undergraduate medical students between JulyandSeptember 2018. The students were exposed to medical student stressor questionnaire (MSSQ-20), consisting of six domains including academic related stressors (ARS), teaching related stressors (TLRS), intrapersonal and interpersonal development stressors (IRS), social related stressors (SRS), desire related stressors (DRS) and group activities related stressors (GARS).The stress levelswere graded as mild, moderate, high and severe.
Results: Majority of the participantswere females(56%) and the mean age was 22.17± 0.94 years. MSSQ-20 analysis showed that 138 (55%) students perceived severe stress due to ARS and 85(34%) students were prone to high stress as a result of GARS. The mean score was higher for ARS, followed by GARS and the least score was observed in DRS.
Conclusion: Since academics and group activities are the most dominant stressors, there is a need for restructuring the medical education delivery system to enable the medical students acquires knowledge without compromising their health and wellbeing.
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Lai, Wen-Hua. "RACIAL/ETHNIC DISPARITIES IN THE RISK OF DEMENTIA: THE ROLE OF STRESS EXPOSURE IN LATE LIFE." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1935.
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Abstract The number of individuals with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias is expected to triple from 5 million to 13.7 million by 2050 in the US. Current studies suggest that older Black and Latinx adults experience poorer cognitive health; their dementia prevalence is 1.5 to 2 times higher than their white counterparts. Excessive stress exposure (e.g., traumatic experiences and discrimination) may serve as contributors to the cognitive health inequalities faced by racial/ethnic minorities. However, extant studies on cognitive health in diverse aging populations remained limited. In particular, little is known about how the level and effect of stress exposure account for cognitive health disparities across racial/ethnic groups. This study examines whether racial/ethnic differences in stress exposure (traumatic events, stressful life events, perceived everyday discrimination, lifetime discrimination, and financial strain) shape cognitive health disparities by race/ethnicity. Data from the 2006-2012 Health and Retirement Study are used to address the research question (N=9,251). Preliminary results based on ordinal logit regression models and moderation analyses suggest that all racial/ethnic minority older adults, especially Blacks, were more exposed to stressors and experienced poorer cognitive health than their White peers. However, even though some stressors are associated with adverse cognitive health, greater stress exposure among minority older adults explains little cognitive disparities faced by them. Moreover, the magnitude of the stressor effects on cognitive health is smaller for Blacks and Latinxs than for Whites. This study will discuss the implication of these unexpected findings and areas of promising future research.
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Blood, Ingrid M., Heidi Wertz, Gordon W. Blood, Stephanie Bennett, and Kathleen C. Simpson. "The Effects of Life Stressors and Daily Stressors on Stuttering." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 40, no. 1 (February 1997): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4001.134.
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This study systematically documented the effect of perceived daily stress on subjective and objective measures of disfluencies in 12 adults who stuttered and 12 adults who did not stutter. Subjects participated in a prospective research study for 22 consecutive days. Measures of life stress, daily stress, and self-ratings of fluency were obtained. Subjects were trained in rating their fluency levels (self-ratings of fluency) and perceived daily stress levels (frequency and perceived impact of daily stressors). Results revealed a significantly higher number of daily stressors endorsed by subjects who stutter. Subjects who stuttered also displayed a significantly greater number of disfluencies and higher self-ratings of disfluencies on "high-stress" days. No significant differences were found between the mean total scores for life stress or impact scores for daily stress for the two groups. These data suggest that day-to-day variations in stuttering could be related to multiple, minor, daily stressors in some persons who stutter. Implications for treatments involving cognitive restructuring and desensitization are discussed.
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Upadhayay, Namrata, Rita Khadka, and Bishnu Hari Paudel. "Stressors and Cognitive Functions in Medical and Dental Students." Journal of Research in Medical Education & Ethics 4, no. 2 (2014): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2231-6728.2014.00891.9.
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Vuori, Marko, Ritva Akila, Virpi Kalakoski, Jaana Pentti, Mika Kivimäki, Jussi Vahtera, Mikko Härmä, and Sampsa Puttonen. "Association Between Exposure to Work Stressors and Cognitive Performance." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 56, no. 4 (April 2014): 354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jom.0000000000000129.
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Benzoni, Paulo Eduardo. "Construction and validation of the Adult Stressors Inventory (ASI)." Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 41, no. 4 (October 2019): 375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2018-0079.
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Abstract Introduction A great deal of research has been conducted all over the world into stress and its impacts on the health of populations. Objective To develop and validate an instrument for identification of the principal stressors and their magnitude in people who are subject to stress. Method The instrument was constructed on the basis of analysis of 20 interviews conducted with 10 male and 10 female adults with stress according to the Perceived Stress Scale. A total of 46 statements were derived from this analysis, referring to stressful situations in different areas of life. Each statement is evaluated on a Likert response scale indicating the degree of impact and the respondent’s ability to deal with the stressor it describes. The instrument was validated with a non-probabilistic sample comprised 450 adults, aged from 18 to 65 years, 62.7% women and 37.3% men, who completed the instrument and also the Perceived Stress Scale, to enable criterion validation. Results Exploratory factor analysis identified 42 valid items and grouped them into eight factors that explained 64.5% of total variance. These factors were financial stressors; working environment stressors; cognitive and behavioral stressors; family environment stressors; health status stressors; stressors related to conditions for relaxation; workload-related stressors; and social relationship stressors. Cronbach’s alpha for the instrument was 0.94. A relationship was observed between the newly-developed inventory and the Perceived Stress Scale, providing grounds for accepting the validation hypothesis. Conclusions The results were psychometrically satisfactory and made possible provision of a new instrument for stress interventions, with advantages over other instruments.
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Thatcher, Joanne. "Stress, challenge, and impression management among sports officials." Sport & Exercise Psychology Review 1, no. 1 (January 2005): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpssepr.2005.1.1.26.
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This study examined the stressors (threats and challenges) and impression management issues experienced by sports officials, as well as the links between the two. Twelve Rugby League officials attended semi-structured interviews which were analysed using content analysis procedures. Consistent with Lazarus and Folkman’s (1984) transactional model of stress, the same stressor was perceived as a threat by some individuals and as a challenge by others. Impression management was salient for these officials and more so for challenges (career development, others’ expectations, and match importance) than threats (expectations and evaluation and self-presentation), was linked with experienced stressors for some respondents. Cognitive restructuring may assist officials to reappraise threats as challenges and diminish concerns about impression management.
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Alba, Julen, and Esther Calvete. "Bidirectional Relationships Between Stress, Depressive Symptoms, and Cognitive Vulnerabilities in Adolescents." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 38, no. 2 (February 2019): 87–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2019.38.2.87.
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Introduction: Depression is a highly prevalent problem in adolescence, with great clinical and social relevance. Recent models of psychopathology in childhood and adolescence underscore that the relationships between stress, cognitive vulnerabilities, and depressive symptoms are bidirectional. In addition, according to cognitive therapy models, cognitive vulnerabilities are organized hierarchically, with deep schemas guiding more superficial cognitive processes such as rumination. The present study examines the longitudinal predictive relationships between two levels of cognitions (early maladaptive schemas and rumination), stressors, and depression. Method: A sample of 584 Spanish adolescents (262 girls; mean age = 15.99, SD = 1.10) completed measures of depression, stressors, rumination, and three early maladaptive schema domains (disconnection and rejection, impaired autonomy and other-directedness) over 4 intervals of 4 months. Path analysis was used to test the hypotheses of the study. Results: Disconnection and rejection domain systematically predicted an increase in depression, new stressors, and rumination over time. In addition, depressive symptoms predicted an increase of disconnection/rejection scores at all time points. Finally, from Time 2 on, stressors predicted an increase in all schema domains. Discussion: The outcomes suggest the importance of the disconnection and rejection schema domain. These results are important to understand the mechanisms underlying stress and depression in adolescents.
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McGreary, Michael, Martin Eubank, Robert Morris, and Amy Whitehead. "Thinking Aloud: Stress and Coping in Junior Cricket Batsmen During Challenge and Threat States." Perceptual and Motor Skills 127, no. 6 (July 8, 2020): 1095–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512520938911.
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The present study examined stress and coping of cricket batsmen during challenge and threat states using the Think-Aloud method. Ten male elite-level junior cricket batsmen took part in the study. A repeated measures design was implemented, with participants verbalizing while both in (a) a threat state and (b) a challenge state. Participants were required to score 36 runs in 30 balls during the threat and challenge conditions. Verbalizations were subsequently transcribed verbatim and analyzed for stressors, coping strategies, and any other reoccurring themes. A paired-samples t-test was conducted to examine differences in the number of verbalizations made for each theme between conditions. Ten secondary themes were grouped into four primary themes; these included (a) stressors, (b) problem-focused coping, (c) emotion-focused coping, and (d) gathering information. There were significant differences( p⩽0.05) between stressor verbalizations, with significantly more verbalizations made by participants during a threat state. No significant differences were found between any other themes. Thus, during a threat state, participants reported significantly more stressor verbalizations compared to a challenge state, while there were no significant differences in coping strategies reported (p>0.05). This finding offers a potential explanation for why athletic performance diminishes when in a threat state, as athletes then experience a greater number of stressors but do not report engaging in more coping strategies.
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Heideman, Kristin, Eric Griffith, Daniel O'Connor, Irina Orlovsky, Elizabeth Alwan, and Bruna Martins-Klein. "COGNITIVE COPING AND PERSPECTIVE-TAKING AMONG OLDER ADULTS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: AN ECOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1959.
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Abstract In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, older adults report engaging in coping to manage sources of pandemic stress (e.g., loneliness, reduced healthcare access, ageism). Variability in cognitive coping strategies, however, has not been explored through an ecological model lens. In this study, we interviewed older adults online in the northeastern US (N=33, age 63-92) regarding stress and coping strategies during the pandemic, using the taxonomy of cognitive strategies from the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Consistent with Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model, stress and cognitive coping were qualitatively coded using NVivo in reference to individual, immediate environment (microsystem), connections between environments (mesosystem), and societal (macrosystem) factors. Microsystem-level stressors were prevalent and endorsed in all interviews, but stress was reported at multiple ecological levels. Common microsystem stressors included changes to work/personal life, travel restrictions, and loss of face-to-face socialization. Many participants reported engaging in adaptive cognitive coping (87%), with perspective-taking being one of the most common strategies (78%). Perspective-taking was endorsed across all levels of the ecological model (e.g., comparing the pandemic to other personal experiences, considering family-level resilience, and reflecting on impact to community). The multi-level structure of pandemic stress and coping highlights that older adults subjectively experience stress simultaneously at multiple ecological levels. In turn, they confront stressors using individualized patterns of cognitive coping that extend beyond intrapersonal experience/insight to help fully contextualize the COVID-19 experience. Future studies should explore the use of perspective-taking at intra- and interpersonal levels as integrated coping approaches for managing naturalistic stressors in daily life.
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Wang, Kun, Zainab Suntai, and Xiayu Chen. "Chronic Stress Patterns Among Older Adults and Associations With Cognitive Functioning." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 705–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2642.
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Abstract Chronic stress has been associated with several adverse cognitive outcomes, including impaired judgement, executive functioning, and memory. Chronic stress has also been linked to several neurological conditions, including Dementia and Alzheimer’s. While several biomedical measures of stress exist, stress is often subjective, and research has shown that the ability to cope with stress-known as stress reactivity-is more indicative of stress burden that the actual stressor itself. As such, this study aimed to identify the association between different patterns of stress and cognition among older adults. Data were derived from the 2016 Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative study of older adults aged 50 and older living in the United States. Latent class analysis was used to identify different classes of stress and hierarchical linear regressions were conduced to identify the associations between identified stress classes and cognition. The latent class analysis resulted in four stress classes: high stress, financial stress, secondary stress, and low stress. The sequential logistic regression models revealed that while high stress and financial stress classes resulted in cognitive decline, the significance was mitigated after controlling for health and body functioning factors. This suggests that older adults are experiencing stressors mostly from health impairments and interventions should target improved health management and financial support for health conditions as an indirect way of reducing disparities in cognitive functioning resulting from chronic stress.
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Tan, Genesis, Alejandro Gimenez-Santana, Zuzanna Osiecka, Darlingtina Esiaka, Bernadette Fausto, and Mark Gluck. "ASSOCIATION BETWEEN VIOLENT CRIME INCIDENT PROXIMITY AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN OLDER AFRICAN AMERICANS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 501–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1924.
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Abstract Research on Area Deprivation Index (ADI) suggests that the built environment and neighborhood stressors (e.g., violent crime incidents) play a role in later-life cognitive function. However, most of the research linking ADI and cognitive function was conducted on majority White American samples. Further, while ADI is useful in facilitating efficient integration of social determinants of health (SDOH) into models of cognitive aging, it does not account for the impact of micro-level measures of neighborhood stressors on cognitive function. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to determine whether violent crime incident proximity (VCIP) contributes to later-life cognitive function above and beyond ADI in older African Americans. Participants (N=147; M= 68.34) from an ongoing study, Pathways to Healthy Aging in African Americans—a Rutgers University-Newark community partnership fostered over 16 years of community engagement, health education, and public service—responded to measures of cognitive ability, SDOH, and demographic details. The results show that VCIP is a trending predictor of cognitive performance, when adjusting for age, gender, education, depression, and ADI. The result aligns with our hypothesis that individuals living in areas with greater VCIP will have poorer performance on cognitive tasks. Our findings suggest that for African Americans in an urban setting, hyper-local VCIP appears to be more useful at capturing the impact of neighborhood disadvantage on cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease risk. Therefore, for later-life cognitive health in African Americans, it is important to consider micro-level measures of neighborhood stressors such as VCIP.
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Estrella, Mayra L., Ramon A. Durazo-Arvizu, Linda C. Gallo, Wassim Tarraf, Carmen R. Isasi, Krista M. Perreira, Donglin Zeng, et al. "Psychosocial Factors Associated with Cognitive Function Among Middle-Aged and Older Hispanics/Latinos: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos and its Sociocultural Ancillary Study." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 79, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 433–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-200612.
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Background: Evidence suggests that psychosocial factors are associated with cognitive health in older adults; however, associations of psychosocial factors with cognition remain largely unexamined in middle-aged and older Hispanics/Latinos. Objective: To examine the cross-sectional associations of psychosocial factors with cognitive function among middle-aged and older Hispanics/Latinos living in the US. Methods: Baseline (2008–2011) data from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos Sociocultural Ancillary Study (n = 2,818; ages 45–74) were used to examine the associations of each psychosocial factor with global cognition (GC), verbal learning, verbal memory, verbal fluency, and processing speed independent of age, sex, education, Hispanic/Latino background, income, language, and depressive symptoms. Psychosocial variables included: intrapersonal factors (ethnic identity, optimism, and purpose in life), interpersonal factors (family cohesion, familism, social network embeddedness, and social support), and social stressors (perceived ethnic discrimination, loneliness, and subjective social status). Results: In fully-adjusted models, purpose in life and social support were each positively associated with all five cognitive variables. Loneliness was negatively associated with GC, verbal learning, memory, and processing speed. Ethnic identity was positively and familism negatively associated with GC, verbal fluency, and processing speed. Family cohesion was positively associated with verbal learning. Conclusion: These findings extend previous evidence from older, largely non-Hispanic White cohorts to show that higher purpose in life and social support are also strongly associated with cognitive health among middle-aged and older Hispanics/Latinos. We also highlight that intrapersonal factors, interpersonal factors, and social stressors have differential relationships with individual cognitive tests.
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Wang, Kun, and Zainab Suntai. "Racial/ Ethnic and Gender Differences in Older Adults’ Chronic Stress Patterns." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 910–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.3303.
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Abstract Chronic stress has been associated with several adverse psychological, physical, and cognitive outcomes. While there exists a baseline level of stress among all individuals, certain groups of people are at risk of developing chronic stress due to existing hardships and stressors. Black Indigenous and/or people of color (BIPOC) and women have historically experienced several inequities including higher rates of certain chronic illnesses, interpersonal discrimination, socioeconomic disparities, and several other adverse outcomes. In addition to stressors from racial/ethnic and gender identities, older adulthood is a major transitional period marked by changes in physical, emotional, and cognitive well-being, which have been shown to affect overall well-being and mental health. As such, this study aimed to examine the association between chronic stress and cognition among older adults, using the intersectionality of race and sex. Data from the 2016 Health and Retirement Study were used, resulting in a final sample of 6,015 adults aged 50 and older. Latent class analysis was used to determine chronic stress patterns by sex and race, and a three-step method was used to examine the effects of covariates on stress class memberships by race and sex subgroups. Results indicated that compared to White men, the high stress classes among White women, BIPOC men and BIPOC women contained more stressors. Interventions targeted towards the mitigation of chronic stress among older adults should consider how intersectional identities combine to create increased hardships and stressors.
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Lee, Ji Hyun, Ketlyne Sol, Afsara Zaheed, Emily Morris, Lindsey Meister, Jordan Palms, Alexa Martino, and Laura Zahodne. "COPING STYLES AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN OLDER NON-HISPANIC BLACK AND WHITE ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.124.
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Abstract Coping styles refer to cognitive and behavioral patterns used to manage the demands of stressors. This study aimed to characterize associations between coping styles and cognitive functioning across non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White older adults. Cross-sectional data comes from the Michigan Cognitive Aging Project (N=457; 53% non-Hispanic Black). Coping styles are measured with COPE inventory. Global cognition was a composite of five cognitive domain factor scores derived from a comprehensive battery. Results show that Black older adults reported more emotion-focused coping than Whites, but there were no differences in problem-focused coping. Less emotion-focused and greater problem-focused coping were each more strongly associated with better global cognition among Black older adults, who showed disproportionately worse cognitive performance in the context of less adaptive coping. Coping style may be a particularly important psychosocial resource for cognitive health among Black older adults who may have less access to compensatory resources than Whites.
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Grimm, Elise, and Stefan Agrigoroaei. "Cortisol Responses to a Laboratory Challenge: The Moderating Role of Cognitive Performance." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1166.
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Abstract Recent theoretical and empirical studies have considered higher cognitive performance as a protective factor with respect to reactivity, recovery and habituation to acute stressors. The goal of our study was to examine the individual role of inhibition, working memory, processing speed, reasoning, and category fluency in the regulation of the cortisol response to a laboratory challenge. Younger, middle-aged, and older participants (N =109, aged 22-84, M=55.90, SD=16.35) were invited to a laboratory session comprising a driving simulation and a set of cognitive tasks. At least one week in advance, baseline cognitive performance was measured using the Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone (BTACT). Throughout the lab session, five saliva samples were taken, which allowed for the computation of a global measure of cortisol release (area under the curve (AUC)). Cortisol AUC was regressed on the individual BTACT cognitive tests, while controlling for age, sex, education, body mass index, physical activity, and time since awakening. The results revealed that inhibition and working memory significantly accounted for the cortisol response. These associations remained significant when other factors such as smoking, caffeine consumption, and medication use were included as covariates. The contributions of reasoning and speed of processing approached significance. Our findings contribute to the emerging evidence that cognitive functioning modulates stress responses to acute stressors. The findings are discussed in the context of cognitive interventions with transfers and implications for stress processes and healthy aging.
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Chen, Xi. "Smog, Cognition and Real-World Decision-Making." International Journal of Health Policy and Management 8, no. 2 (November 4, 2018): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2018.105.
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Cognitive functioning is critical as in our daily life a host of real-world complex decisions in high-stakes markets have to be made. The decision-making process can be vulnerable to environmental stressors. Summarizing the growing economic and epidemiologic evidence linking air pollution, cognition performance and real-world decision-making, we first illustrate key physiological and psychological pathways between air pollution and cognition. We then document the main patterns of air pollution affecting cognitive test performance by type of cognitive tests, gender, window of exposure, age profile, and educational attainment. We further extend to a review of real-world decision-making that has been found to be affected by air pollution and the resulting cognitive impairments. Finally, rich implications on environmental health policies are drawn based on existing evaluations of social costs of air pollution.
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Trnečková, Lenka, Pavel Šída, Sixtus Hynie, Ivan Krejčí, Zdeněk Hliňák, and Věra Klenerová. "Effects of Two Types of Restraint Stress on the Spontaneous Behaviour in Rats." Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic) 47, no. 3 (2004): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/18059694.2018.87.
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Our previous findings suggested the existence of stressor-specific behavioural and cognitive responses in rats. In the present study, restraint stressor (immobilization, IMO) and restraint stressor combined with partial immersion of rats into water (IMO+C) were applied for 1 hour to Wistar male rats and their spontaneous behaviour was examined in the open field test. The classic behavioural parameters were recorded: crossing, rearing, and resting. When tested 1 and 4 hours after IMO+C, animals exhibited strong suppression of locomotor and exploratory activity (crossing and rearing); partial inhibition of both behavioural variables was found after IMO. Thus, substantial differences were observed in dependence on the length of period between the end of stressor application and the start of testing. In testing performed one week later, the locomotor and exploratory activity levels of both IMO and IMO+C animals corresponded to the control ones. These data suggest a differential behavioural response to both used stressors that may result from their different proportion of psychical and physical components. In conclusion, our results provide other data for the support of differential effects of two types of restraint stressors on spontaneous behaviour of animals exposed to a novel environment.
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Cekanaviciute, Egle, Susanna Rosi, and Sylvain Costes. "Central Nervous System Responses to Simulated Galactic Cosmic Rays." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 11 (November 20, 2018): 3669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113669.
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In preparation for lunar and Mars missions it is essential to consider the challenges to human health that are posed by long-duration deep space habitation via multiple stressors, including ionizing radiation, gravitational changes during flight and in orbit, other aspects of the space environment such as high level of carbon dioxide, and psychological stress from confined environment and social isolation. It remains unclear how these stressors individually or in combination impact the central nervous system (CNS), presenting potential obstacles for astronauts engaged in deep space travel. Although human spaceflight research only within the last decade has started to include the effects of radiation transmitted by galactic cosmic rays to the CNS, radiation is currently considered to be one of the main stressors for prolonged spaceflight and deep space exploration. Here we will review the current knowledge of CNS damage caused by simulated space radiation with an emphasis on neuronal and glial responses along with cognitive functions. Furthermore, we will present novel experimental approaches to integrate the knowledge into more comprehensive studies, including multiple stressors at once and potential translation to human functions. Finally, we will discuss the need for developing biomarkers as predictors for cognitive decline and therapeutic countermeasures to prevent CNS damage and the loss of cognitive abilities.
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Chen, Ruijia, Harold Lee, Sakurako Okuzono, and Laura Kubzansky. "ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN CUMULATIVE STRESS AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN HRS AND ELSA." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1500.
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Abstract Despite growing research linking stressors with poorer cognition, less research explicitly considers stress from several sources, which often co-occurs and accumulate to influence health. We used the Global Gateway Harmonized data (HRS: n=8,888; mean age: 74 years; ELSA: n=6,715; mean age: 65 years) to examine whether higher cumulative stress is associated with lower levels of and faster decline in cognitive function. We fit linear mixed effect models to assess the stress-cognition associations. After adjusting for all covariates, baseline cumulative stress was associated with lower baseline cognitive function in both HRS (β=-0.02, 95%CI -0.04, -0.01) and ELSA (β=-0.03, 95%CI -0.05, -0.01). Unexpectedly, higher baseline cumulative stress was associated with slower cognitive decline in HRS (βtime*stress=0.001, 95%CI 0.002,0.01) but not in ELSA. The stress-cognition associations may differ among adults in the US and the UK. Future research should investigate how cumulative stress may operate differently to influence cognitive function across different populations.
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Wang, Ning, Can Wang, Limin Hou, and Bing Fang. "Investigating Young Employee Stressors in Contemporary Society Based on User-Generated Contents." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24 (December 12, 2021): 13109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413109.
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Understanding stressors is an effective measure to decrease employee stress and improve employee mental health. The extant literature mainly focuses on a singular stressor among various aspects of their work or life. In addition, the extant literature generally uses questionnaires or interviews to obtain data. Data obtained in such ways are often subjective and lack authenticity. We propose a novel machine–human hybrid approach to conduct qualitative content analysis of user-generated online content to explore the stressors of young employees in contemporary society. The user-generated online contents were collected from a famous Q&A platform in China and we adopted natural language processing and deep learning technology to discover knowledge. Our results identified three kinds of new stressors, that is, affection from leaders, affection from the social circle, and the gap between dream and reality. These new identified stressors were due to the lack of social security and regulation, frequent occurrences of social media fearmongering, and subjective cognitive bias, respectively. In light of our findings, we offer valuable practical insights and policy recommendations to relieve stress and improve mental health of young employees. The primary contributions of our work are two-fold, as follows. First, we propose a novel approach to explore the stressors of young employees in contemporary society, which is applicable not only in China, but also in other countries and regions. Second, we expand the scope of job demands-resources (JD-R) theory, which is an important framework for the classification of employee stressors.
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Rickenbach, Elizabeth Hahn, Kristen L. Condeelis, and William E. Haley. "Daily stressors and emotional reactivity in individuals with mild cognitive impairment and cognitively healthy controls." Psychology and Aging 30, no. 2 (June 2015): 420–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0038973.
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Kożusznik, Małgorzata W., José M. Peiró, Aida Soriano, and Miriam Navarro Escudero. "“Out of Sight, Out of Mind?”: The Role of Physical Stressors, Cognitive Appraisal, and Positive Emotions in Employees’ Health." Environment and Behavior 50, no. 1 (February 8, 2017): 86–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916517691323.
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This study analyzes the mediating role of the appraisal of environmental stressors in the relationship between physical characteristics in the offices and health symptoms. It also studies the moderating role of positive emotions in the relationship between physical characteristics and the appraisal of environmental stressors using a diary study on 59 office workers ( n = 432 time points) and sensor data. The results show that the appraisal of environmental stressors mediates the relationship between physical office characteristics and health symptoms, emphasizing the important link of stress appraisal in the stressors–strain relationship. The results also show that positive emotions moderate the relationship between the sound level and the appraisal of noise, supporting the fact that emotions can have an impact on people’s appraisals. The contributions of this study are the objective measurement of physical stressors in offices, along with their appraisals by the office users, using the diary study design.
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Kiecolt-Glaser, Janice K., Megan E. Renna, M. Rosie Shrout, and Annelise A. Madison. "Stress Reactivity: What Pushes Us Higher, Faster, and Longer—and Why It Matters." Current Directions in Psychological Science 29, no. 5 (September 9, 2020): 492–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721420949521.
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Brief everyday stressors can provoke cardiovascular, hormonal, and immune changes, and the magnitude and duration of these responses can vary considerably. Acute responses to daily stressors can differ widely among individuals experiencing the same stressor, and these physiological responses may not align with stress appraisals. This review highlights individual and dyadic factors that may heighten and prolong stress reactivity, along with their implications for health. We discuss depression, rumination, early life adversity, and social evaluation as individual-level factors and interpersonal stress processes and relationship quality as dyadic-level factors that may influence physiological stress responses. Heightened and prolonged stress reactivity can provide a gateway to the physiological dysregulation that underlies depression and chronic disease, which themselves alter stress reactivity—a vicious cycle. Interventions that may dampen physiological stress reactivity include yoga, meditation, health behaviors (diet, exercise, and sleep), and cognitive behavior therapy.
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Schilling, Oliver, and Gloria Luong. "Integrating Study Designs on Emotional Reactivity and Regulation in Old Age: New Evidence From the EMIL Study." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1278.
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Abstract Key insights into emotional reactivity and regulation have been gained by studying how these dynamics evolve as older people are confronted with controlled stressors in the lab, go about their everyday routines, or develop across adulthood and old age. Yet, we are only beginning to understand how the dynamics on the different time scales observed in these study designs interact . Aiming for a comprehensive picture of the predictors, correlates, and consequences of emotional reactivity and regulation, the EMIL study integrates a lab-based study with ambulatory in-vivo assessments and a classic long-term longitudinal study. 130 young-old (65-69 years) and 59 very-old adults (83-89 years) from the ILSE study, contributing four waves of health, cognitive, and psycho-social data over almost 25 years, were tested in the lab and assessed six times a day over seven consecutive days. We provide an overview of and first across-design results from EMIL: Katzorreck et al. examined whether the frequency of exposure to daily stressors affects emotion regulation capacity as tested in the lab. Lücke et al. analyzed daily working memory performance, sleep, and its association with long-term change in cognitive functioning. Wieck et al. present differential effects of discrete negative emotions as induced in the lab and reported in daily life on social cognitive performance as indicated by empathic accuracy. Gerstorf et al. examined how long-term cognitive aging affects positive feelings and stressor reactivity in daily life. Gloria Luong will discuss the presentations, considering challenges and opportunities of integrating lab-based, ambulatory, and longitudinal study designs.
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LeMoult, Joelle. "From Stress to Depression: Bringing Together Cognitive and Biological Science." Current Directions in Psychological Science 29, no. 6 (November 9, 2020): 592–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721420964039.
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One of the most consistent findings in the depression literature is that stressful life events predict the onset and course of depressive episodes. Cognitive and biological responses to life stressors have both been identified, albeit largely independently, as central to understanding the association between stress and depression. I maintain that the largest advances in the understanding of depression will come from examining the ways that cognitive and biological responses to stressors reciprocally influence one another and, in doing so, contribute to the onset and maintenance of depression. I summarize the cognitive and biological stress responses implicated in depression and then describe the reciprocal ways that they are associated with each other. Finally, I discuss the broader implications of taking this integrated approach and suggest directions and considerations for future research.