Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cognitive stressors'
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Kiasat, Shadi. "Work stressors across midlife and cognitive and physical impairment in older age." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för folkhälsovetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-183245.
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Psychosocial working conditions play a significant role for health during working age, as well as in post-retirement life. However, little is known about the impact of work stressors on cognitive and physical impairment assessed in combination. The aim was to study associations between midlife work stressors and physical and cognitive impairment in older age for women and men separately. The data were derived from two Swedish nationally representative surveys. The same participants were followed through three waves at the mean ages of 54, 61, and 81 (n=360). Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the association between work stressors, and test of cognitive and physical function. Low control and passive jobs were associated with higher odds of cognitive impairment, and cognitive and physical impairment when assessed in combination. These findings were driven by associations found among men. Accumulated low control and passive jobs across midlife were associated with physical impairment in older age among men, but not among women. These results highlight the importance of work stressors for physical and cognitive impairment in older age. Improving psychosocial working conditions in midlife, in particular increasing the level of control among employees, may promote healthy aging.
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Neupert, Shevaun D. "Daily stressors and memory failures in a naturalistic setting: Findings from the normative aging study." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280314.
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The role of stress in memory functioning has typically been examined in the laboratory with biological indicators of stress (i.e., stress hormones) and cognitive tests. These studies have generally found a negative association between stress and cognitive performance; that is, people who have higher levels of stress hormones tend to have poorer cognitive performance. The present investigation sought to test this relationship in a naturalistic setting by examining daily stressors and memory failures via a daily diary paradigm. Further, age differences in reactivity (the likelihood of reporting a memory failure when a stressor is experienced) were examined. The primary source of data was the most recent wave of the Normative Aging Study (NAS), a longitudinal study that began in 1961 to examine normal aging processes. One hundred twenty-one adults (69 men, 52 women, age range 44-89) participated in the present study and answered questions regarding their daily stressors and memory failures for eight consecutive evenings. Results from Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) analyses indicated that on days when people experience stressors, they were more likely to also report memory failures compared to stressor-free days. Although age differences in reactivity were not apparent when examining the total frequency of stressors and memory failures, some age differences emerged when looking more specifically at stressor and memory failure type. This study did not directly test the underlying physiological processes of stressors and memory failures, but the results found in a naturalistic setting lend ecological validity to findings that have been previously restricted to the laboratory. Directions for future research (e.g., combining laboratory and naturalistic measures, sampling a wider age range, implementing other sampling techniques, etc.) are discussed.
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Abdullatif, Qutayba. "Effects of trait anxiety and cognitive appraisals on emotional reactions to psychological and physical stressors." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002144.
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Wasley, David. "The impact of acute and chronic exercise on the psychophysiological responses to real-life and cognitive stressors." Thesis, Cardiff Metropolitan University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10369/7580.
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Heightened stress responses may be linked to the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases. Individuals who are fitter and more physically active or have just completed an acute bout of exercise are proposed to have an attenuated cardiovascular stressor response. However, research to date utilises mainly laboratory-based stressors and there is a paucity of research investigating real-life stressors. Three studies were conducted to examine these relationships. Firstly, current fitness and physical activity levels and musicians' (n=58) psychological and physiological responses to musical performance (real-life stressor) and cognitive laboratory stressors were examined. Results showed that fitness was positively related to heart rate reactivity pre-real-life stressor but inversely related to absolute heart rate during a cognitive laboratory stressor. Physical activity was not related to any of the psychological or physiological measures pre- or during a real-life or laboratory stressor. Fitter individuals in this sample did not show a differentiated pattern of heart rate variability response prior to a real-life stressor. Secondly, the effect of l6 weeks of aerobic training (n=12) on psychological and physiological responses to a musical performance and a cognitive laboratory stressor were examined, and compared to an Alexander Technique group (n=9). Aerobic training resulted in lower heart rate during the real-life stressor compared to the Alexander Training. Finally, the effect of 20 min of exercise (70% VO₂max) on psychological and physiological indices pre-stressor were compared to no exercise (n=12) in a within-subject random crossover design. Patterns of heart rate, blood pressure and heart rate variability were similar for both conditions. Overall these results provide mixed evidence on the benefits of exercise, fitness and physical activity in altering individuals' responses to stressors. The use of musical performance as a real-life stressor is generally supported, but differences are noted between study conditions suggesting that study design needs careful consideration when working with real-life stressors.
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Hahn, Elizabeth. "Daily Experiences of Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4060.
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Rationale and study aims: Persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) experience declines in everyday functioning and cognitive performance greater than what is experienced in normal aging but less than that of dementia. Daily stress and daily memory complaints associated with cognitive deficits may contribute to greater psychological distress in the day-to-day experiences of persons with MCI. However, research examining the occurrence of daily stressors, daily memory complaints and psychological distress in MCI is limited, and it is not clear how the daily processes of stress and affect in persons with MCI compare to cognitively healthy older adults. This dissertation examined the occurrence of daily stressors, daily memory complaints, retrospective and daily well-being in persons with MCI compared to cognitively healthy controls. Main analyses examined whether daily stressors and daily memory complaints were associated with worse daily affect in MCI participants compared to controls, and whether increased daily stress was associated with a greater number of memory complaints.
Methods: The study used a short-term repeated measures design, and included MCI and control participants recruited from a university-based memory clinic. The interviews consisted of a baseline interview and up to eight consecutive days of brief daily phone interviews. The interviews included both retrospective and daily measures of psychological well-being, daily stressors, daily memory complaints, and open-ended questions about daily experiences.
Results: Persons with MCI reported a greater number of daily memory complaints and worse psychological distress, as measured by both retrospective and daily reports. There were no significant differences between MCI and control participants, however, in the frequency of daily stressors. In both unadjusted and adjusted analyses, on days when a participant reported more daily stressors, they had higher negative affect. The stress-negative affect relationship was stronger for MCI participants compared to controls. MCI and control participants who reported more memory complaints, on average, had higher negative affect.
Discussion: Daily stressors were disproportionally associated with greater psychological distress in MCI participants as compared to cognitively healthy controls. Interventions targeting the potential distress associated with daily life may be beneficial for psychological well-being in persons with MCI. Future research should examine other potential mechanisms of distress in daily lives of persons with MCI in order to inform relatives and caregivers of persons with MCI, clinicians who give diagnoses to their patients, and individuals providing community support for individuals living with MCI.
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Blower, Sarah. "Explaining individual differences in children's emotions and behaviour following routine stressors : the role of cognitive appraisal, coping and cortisol." Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616873.
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Many children experience symptoms of mental health problems and a significant proportion reach clinical thresholds of psychological disorder. It has been argued that the rising incidence of these problems and widespread failure to scale effective treatments for those in need means that prevention and early intervention in the development of emotional and behavioural problems is a public health priority. Child development is shaped by many forces, including for example parenting and peer relationships, this PhD is very specifically interested in the consequences of stress for children’s emotions and behaviour. Although the effects of stress are largely deemed negative, striking individual differences are almost universally observed. In the context of equivalent stressors, some children experience poorer outcomes, some remain relatively unaffected and others appear to experience better outcomes. Understanding what causes these differences is important for advancing our knowledge of the stress process, and is also key to designing services to improve children’s emotions and behaviour. This PhD has four aims. Firstly, it examines the relationship between two routine, school- based stressors and children’s emotional and behavioural outcomes. Secondly, it investigates the role of the cognitive appraisal process in accounting for individual differences in those outcomes. Thirdly, it examines the conditions under which cognitive appraisal operates, both in terms of its role as an organiser of coping efforts and cortisol (a stress hormone) as well as the extent to which children display consistency in their appraisals across contexts. Fourthly, it outlines the implications of the study for policy and practice efforts to improve children’s emotions and behaviour. The empirical study was designed as a prospective longitudinal study, following 66 children over the course of one year in which they experienced two routine, school-based stressors (KS2 exams and transition). Participants were recruited via opportunity sampling methods, and a combination of psychological and physiological data were collected at four time points.
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Ennis, Michael Patrick. "Cognitive Appraisal, Anxiety, and Coping Strategies in Mediating SAM Activation to a Psychological Stressor." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278570/.
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The purpose of this study was to examine Dienstbier's (1989) hypothesis that SAM elicitation is prompted by subject's cognitive expectations of an acute stressor ('challenge' or 'threat' appraisal). Reported anxiety was also measured.
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Zbur, Samantha Lindsey. "An Initial Evaluation of a School-Based Psychoeducational Program Teaching Adolescents to Cope with Traumatic Stressors." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1475714320388223.
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Vendemia, Jennifer Mary Coplin. "Repressors vs. Low- and High-Anxious Coping Styles: EEG, Heart Rate, and Blood Pressure Differences During Cognitive and Cold Pressor Pain Stressors." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27552.
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Repressors, defined as individuals possessing an increased cortical sensitivity to anxiety-provoking stimuli combined with the tendency to avoid such stimuli, may be differentiated from low- and high-anxious individuals. This study investigated behavioral performance, electrophysiological reactivity (EEG), and cardiovascular reactivity (heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure) in three major coping style groups (repressors, low-anxious, and high-anxious) during low and high stressful conditions. Conditions were rest, cognitive stress (computerized Stroop Interference Task, with and without negative emotional stimuli), and physiological stress (cool water vs. ice cold water left hand immersions). Participants were 49 healthy, right handed university undergraduate women, chosen with Weinberger et al.'s (1979) criteria according to their differentially extreme scores on the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and the Spielberger Trait Anxiety Scale. Although mixed, findings supported the proposal that these three groups utilize differential attentional strategies and interpretive biases during both neutral and negative stimuli. In the word interference Stroop condition, reaction times (RTs) were longer for negative than neutral stimuli. Unexpected RT differences occurred in low and high error groups across the three coping styles. High error scoring repressors had longer RTs than low error/low-anxious; high-anxious/low error and high-anxious/high error groups did not differ. Repressors perceived the cold water as being less distressful and painful than the low- and high-anxious groups. No heart rate differences occurred. Diastolic and systolic blood pressure increased following cool and cold water immersion. Unexpectedly, the high-anxious group exhibited significantly lower diastolic blood pressure than the other groups, both at rest and following the stressors. EEG activation pattern differences were observed. During anticipation for cool immersion, in comparison to the high-anxious group, repressor and low-anxious groups showed less right parietal involvement suggestive of less arousal (Heller, 1993). During cool water immersion, frontal and parietal differences were observed across groups. During the Stroop Interference Task, repressors showed greater right frontal involvement than other groups. The data are most supportive of Eysenck and Derakshan's (1997) four-factor theory that proposes differential and attentional biases for these three groups. Suggestions for future research and practical applications in health fields are discussed.Ph. D.
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Sarkar, Mustafa. "The assessment of psychological resilience in sport performers." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/17616.
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Why is it that some athletes are able to withstand the pressures of competitive sport and attain peak performances, whereas others succumb to the demands and under-perform? It is the study of psychological resilience that aims to address this question. To significantly advance psychologists' knowledge and understanding of this area, there exists an urgent need to develop a sport-specific measure of resilience (Fletcher & Sarkar, 2012; Galli & Vealey, 2008; Gucciardi, Jackson, Coulter, & Mallett, 2011). The purpose of this thesis, therefore, is to investigate the assessment of psychological resilience in sport performers. To this end, the thesis is split into five chapters. Chapter one reviews and critiques the various definitions, concepts, and theories of resilience, and provides an overview of the research that has specifically examined psychological resilience in sport performers. Chapter two reviews psychometric issues in resilience research and its implications for sport psychology (part one), and discusses psychological resilience in sport performers via a review of the stressors athletes encounter and the protective factors that help them withstand these demands (part two). Drawing on these reviews of resilience in sport, Chapter three (studies one-three) describes the development and validation of the Sport Resilience Scale (SRS). More specifically, Study 1 explores the content validity of a pool of items designed to reflect psychological resilience in athletes, Study 2 examines the factorial structure of the SRS using exploratory factor analysis, and Study 3 tests the factorial structure of the SRS via confirmatory factor analysis, investigates whether the components of the measurement model are invariant across different groups, and examines the relationship between the SRS and other relevant concepts. Using the SRS, and based on Fletcher and Sarkar's (2012) grounded theory of psychological resilience, Chapter four (studies 4 and 5) investigates resilience in sport performers via an examination of moderation and mediation hypotheses. Specifically, Study 4 tests whether the association between the stressors athletes encounter and athletes' positive adaptation is moderated by the protective factors that athletes possess and Study 5 tests whether the association between the stressors athletes encounter and athletes' positive adaptation is mediated by their cognitive appraisal processes. Lastly, Chapter five offers a summary, discussion, and conclusion of the thesis. Overall, the research reported in this thesis has developed the first valid and reliable measure of psychological resilience in sport performers and has provided quantitative support for Fletcher and Sarkar's (2012) theoretical model of sport resilience by illustrating the moderating role of protective factors and the mediating role of cognitive appraisal.
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Durrani, Samiullah. "Data Entry Error in Mobile Keyboard Device Usage Subject to Cognitive, Environmental, and Communication Workload Stressors Present in Fully Activated Emergency Operations Centers." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2782.
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The diversity and dynamic nature of disaster management environments necessitate the use of convenient, yet reliable, tools for technology. While there have been many improvements in mitigating the effects of disasters, it is clearly evident by recent events, such as Hurricane Katrina that issues related to emergency response and management require considerable research and improvement to effectively respond to these situations. One of the links in a disaster management chain is the Emergency Operations Center (EOC). The EOC is a physical command center responsible for the overall strategic control of the disaster response and functions as an information and communication hub. The effectiveness and accuracy of the disaster response greatly depends on the quality and timeliness of inter-personnel communication within an EOC. The advent of handheld mobile communication devices have introduced new avenues of communication that been widely adopted by disaster management officials. The portability afforded by these devices allows users to exchange, manage and access vital information during critical situations. While their use and importance is gaining momentum, little is still known about the ergonomic and human reliability implications of human-handheld interaction, particularly in an Emergency Operations Center setting. The purpose of this effort is to establish basic human error probabilities (bHEP's) for handheld QWERTY data entry and to study the effects of various performance shaping factors, specifically, environmental conditions, communication load, and cognitive load. The factors selected are designed to simulate the conditions prevalent in an Emergency Operations Center. The objectives are accomplished through a three-factor between-subjects randomized full factorial experiment in which a bHEP value of 0.0296 is found. It is also determined that a combination of cognitive loading and environmental conditions has a statistically significant detrimental impact on the HEP.Ph.D.
Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
Engineering and Computer Science
Industrial Engineering PhD
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Johnson, Betty J. PhD. "Video Meetings in a Pandemic Era: Emotional Exhaustion, Stressors, and Coping." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1612609329629973.
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Eabon, Michelle F. "A cognitive developmental study of children's conceptions of stress and experience with stressors : a comparison of diabetic, learning disabled, and nonclinical groups of children." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1260987133.
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Bergkvist, Rosita. "How to stand the nursing profession : A study of proactive antecedents, self-efficacy, and organizational factors, and the mediation of cognitive appraisals on the outcome of stress and anxiety among nurses." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för psykologi (PSY), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-81352.
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In the light of present problems with stress related illness in organizations, often affecting women working in health care, the purpose of the current study was to examine proactive and malleable factors that could influence nurse’s perception of work stressors. Based on a model, self-efficacy and grouped organizational factors were examined as antecedents to the outcome of anxiety and stress via cognitive appraisals. The mediating role of the cognitive appraisals was further examined. The sample consists of 117 nurses and assistant nurses of which 112 were females working at a hospital in southern Sweden. The analyses were conducted with simple and multiple regressions. The result revealed that self-efficacy and the organizational factor together serve as antecedents to cognitive appraisals of stress, however, contrary to previous research, not to all appraisals. The mediating role of the cognitive appraisals showed that the harm appraisal mediate the relation between the organizational factor and the outcome of both anxiety and stress. The threat appraisal is found to partly mediate the relation between the organizational factor and the anxiety outcome as well as the stress outcome. The result further showed a none mediation role for the challenge appraisal between any of the antecedents and the outcomes, which suggest that the challenge appraisal do not serve as an underlying mechanism in either relationship. Other relations in the model are further shown and discussed in the study together with limitations, implications and suggestions of future research.
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Didymus, Faye F. "Exploring the organizational stress process in sport performers : from theory to practice." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10959.
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The increasing evidence of the organizational demands encountered by sports performers provides a fertile ground for research. There is now a requirement to move beyond describing the organizational stressors that performers encounter in order to understand the complex appraisal and coping processes that athletes engage in when experiencing organizational stress. This thesis aimed to conduct a detailed examination of these processes in high-level sport performers. Chapter 2 describes a narrative review of the extant appraisal literature that has examined the roles of situational and personal influences on appraising. In order to generate a detailed understanding of this literature, the review includes findings from the general, occupational, organizational, and sport psychology literatures. This review was instrumental in determining the direction of the research described in later chapters. Chapter 3 aimed to narrow the focus of the thesis to organizational stress transactions in sport performers and therefore, describes a diary study that explored swimmers appraisals of organizational stressors. The findings of this study provided insight into the complex process of appraisal and suggested that appraisals are related to the situational property of the stressor encountered. In addition, the results pointed to the importance of exploring the coping strategies that athletes use to manage organizational stressors in future research. Chapter 4 describes a narrative review of the literature that has examined athletes ways of coping with organizational stressors. Due to the limited sport psychology research in this area and in order to extend current knowledge in sport, prominent findings from the organizational and occupational psychology domains were considered. Chapter 5 was designed to extend the findings of Chapter 3 and the existing literature by examining the coping strategies that swimmers use in response to organizational stressors. This chapter highlighted the complexity of coping and suggested that appraisal mechanisms are linked to the coping family employed. Chapter 6 aimed to take a more complete approach to examining organizational stress transactions by exploring various components of stress transactions. The study presented in this chapter suggested that the appraisal an athlete makes is influential in determining the performance outcome that they will experience. Collectively, the chapters described above highlighted appraising as the pivotal element in stress transactions and established a rationale for the cognitive-behavioral based intervention that is described in Chapter 7. The study presented in Chapter 7 aimed to alleviate some of the negative outcomes of organizational stress by optimizing sport performers appraisals. The findings suggested that cognitive restructuring was a useful technique for achieving this aim. The program of research presented in this thesis suggests that appraising is the pivotal element of organizational stress transactions in sport and that appraising can be optimized in order to alleviate the negative emotional and performance outcomes of maladaptive appraisals. In addition, the research highlights the importance of considering the situational properties of stressors, the complexity of coping, and the relationships between components of stress transactions in future research. Further, the findings presented within this thesis suggest that future research should aim to make methodological and measurement advances and examine, in detail, performers appraisal and coping processes.
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Fedorowicz, Anne E. "Children's coping and cognitive appraisals, an investigation of stressor and gender specificity." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ37701.pdf.
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Hofmann, Kaitlyn Ann. "The Effect of Cognitive Bias Modification on Cardiac Vagal Tone Response to a Stressor." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/555542.
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This study examined the effect of Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) in college students with elevated anxiety. Participants completed a CBM training task, designed to measure and manipulate attentional biases, and were then subjected to an insoluble anagram stressor. Electrocardiogram (EKG) data was recorded first before training and then following the stressor; respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), an indicator of vagal tone, was extracted from the EKG data. With a sample size of 40 participants, no between-groups difference was found in mood state or RSA; however a correlation was found between RSA and the positive component of affect (R=0.336).
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Lagman, Theresa Marie. "Individual Differences in Cognitive Performance Relating to Non-Pathological Sleep Parameters in the Presence of a Stressor." UNF Digital Commons, 2000. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/229.
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Non-pathological sleep parameters in relation to cognition among individuals who do not qualify as having sleep disorders or who are not subjected to extended periods of total sleep deprivation have not been adequately investigated in previous studies. The current study investigates the influence of circadian typology (morning-type vs. evening-type individuals), time of session (AM vs. PM), habitual sleep practices (sleep hygiene), sleep quality, life stress, and the presence of an acute stressor on sustained attention, memory, and mental rotation performance. Several main effects emerged for individual variables above; however, the data failed to reveal significant interactions among these variables. The evidence in this study of non-pathological sleep parameters affecting cognitive performance presents a need for further investigation.
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Reichel, Judith [Verfasser], and Carsten [Akademischer Betreuer] Wotjak. "Cognition through the (st-)ages : consequences of immuno-toxic lesions, protein accumulation and environmental stressors / Judith Reichel. Betreuer: Carsten Wotjak." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1068460741/34.
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Masih, Sandra. "Sociotropy and autonomy personality and life event loss perceptions as predictors of depressive symptoms in the pre and postpartum period : a test of Beck's stressor-vulnerability model /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17931.pdf.
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Walser, Moritz, Rico Fischer, Thomas Goschke, Clemens Kirschbaum, and Franziska Plessow. "Intention Retrieval and Deactivation Following an Acute Psychosocial Stressor." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-133421.
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We often form intentions but have to postpone them until the appropriate situation for retrieval and execution has come, an ability also referred to as event-based prospective memory. After intention completion, our cognitive system has to deactivate no-more-relevant intention representations from memory to avoid interference with subsequent tasks. In everyday life, we frequently rely on these abilities also in stressful situations. Surprisingly, little is known about potential stress effects on these functions. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the reliability of event-based prospective memory and of intention deactivation in conditions of acute psychosocial stress. To this aim, eighty-two participants underwent the Trier Social Stress Test, a standardized stress protocol, or a standardized control situation. Following this treatment, participants performed a computerized event-based prospective memory task with non-salient and focal prospective memory cues in order to assess prospective memory performance and deactivation of completed intentions. Although the stress group showed elevated levels of salivary cortisol as marker of a stress-related increase in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activity throughout the cognitive testing period compared to the no-stress group, prospective memory performance and deactivation of completed intentions did not differ between groups. Findings indicate that cognitive control processes subserving intention retrieval and deactivation after completion may be mostly preserved even under conditions of acute stress.
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Walser, Moritz, Rico Fischer, Thomas Goschke, Clemens Kirschbaum, and Franziska Plessow. "Intention Retrieval and Deactivation Following an Acute Psychosocial Stressor." Public Library of Science, 2013. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A27510.
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We often form intentions but have to postpone them until the appropriate situation for retrieval and execution has come, an ability also referred to as event-based prospective memory. After intention completion, our cognitive system has to deactivate no-more-relevant intention representations from memory to avoid interference with subsequent tasks. In everyday life, we frequently rely on these abilities also in stressful situations. Surprisingly, little is known about potential stress effects on these functions. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the reliability of event-based prospective memory and of intention deactivation in conditions of acute psychosocial stress. To this aim, eighty-two participants underwent the Trier Social Stress Test, a standardized stress protocol, or a standardized control situation. Following this treatment, participants performed a computerized event-based prospective memory task with non-salient and focal prospective memory cues in order to assess prospective memory performance and deactivation of completed intentions. Although the stress group showed elevated levels of salivary cortisol as marker of a stress-related increase in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activity throughout the cognitive testing period compared to the no-stress group, prospective memory performance and deactivation of completed intentions did not differ between groups. Findings indicate that cognitive control processes subserving intention retrieval and deactivation after completion may be mostly preserved even under conditions of acute stress.
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Petzold, Antje. "Auswirkungen akuten psychosozialen Stresses auf Feedback‐basiertes Lernen." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-61810.
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Die Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, ob und wie Feedback-basiertes Lernen durch Stress moduliert wird. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Stress und Kognition sowie die zugrunde liegenden biologischen Mechanismen sind Gegenstand der kognitiven Stressforschung. Während der Einfluss von Stress und Stresshormonen auf andere Lernformen bereits gut etabliert ist, gibt es bisher kaum Studien, die Feedback-basiertes Lernen unter Stress bei Menschen betrachtet haben. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden daher die Auswirkungen akuten Stresses auf diese Lernform untersucht. Es werden gezielt Auswirkungen auf die generelle Akquisition einer Lernaufgabe mittels Feedback, auf die Nutzung sowohl positiven als auch negativen Feedbacks beim Lernen sowie auf die Fähigkeit der flexiblen Anpassung an sich änderndes Feedback betrachtet. Dafür werden in den experimentellen Untersuchungen der Arbeit Feedback-basierte Aufgaben mit einer vorangestellten Induktion akuten psychosozialen Stresses kombiniert.
Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit deuten darauf hin, dass akuter psychosozialer Stress das generelle Erlernen Feedback-basierter Aufgaben nicht beeinflusst, jedoch die Nutzung positiven und negativen Feedbacks beim Lernen verändert. Im Speziellen wird negatives Feedback nach einer Stressinduktion weniger genutzt, während über eine möglicherweise stärkere Nutzung positiven Feedbacks aufgrund der vorliegenden Ergebnisse keine fundierte Aussage getroffen werden kann. Zudem finden sich in der vorliegenden Arbeit Hinweise auf einen positiven Zusammenhang zwischen Cortisolwerten und der Flexibilität in Feedback-basierten Lernaufgaben.
Als Erklärungsansätze werden veränderte Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse nach einer Stressinduktion sowie andere psychologische Faktoren wie eine kognitive Nachbeschäftigung mit dem Stresstest und eine geringere Involviertheit in die kognitiven Aufgaben diskutiert. Die berichteten Korrelationen zwischen Cortisolwerten und kognitiven Parametern werden dahingehend interpretiert, dass Cortisol ein vermittelnder Faktor des Stresseffekts auf die Nutzung und neuronale Verarbeitung negativen Feedbacks sein könnte. Zur Integration der Ergebnisse aller Studien wird eine Modulation der dopaminergen Signalübertragung durch Stress und erhöhte Cortisolspiegel und damit verbundene Auswirkung auf Feedback-basiertes Lernen vorgeschlagen. Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt zum ersten Mal Hinweise auf eine veränderte Nutzung und Verarbeitung von Feedback nach psychosozialem Stress und bestätigt frühere Befunde eines Zusammenhangs zwischen Cortisol und der Flexibilität beim Lernen.
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Qadir, Aneela. "THE ACUTE EFFECTS OF AEROBIC EXERCISE TYPES ON AFFECT AND COGNTION AFTER A STRESSOR." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1430920936.
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Temp, Anna Gesine Marie. "Exploring the explorers : studying the mood, mental health, cognition and the lived experience of extreme environments in a small isolated team confined to an Arctic research station." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31102.
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Background: The human ability to adapt to extreme environments is fascinating. Research into this adaptation has been lacking in Arctic isolated teams because it has concentrated on Antarctic teams. The hazards of the poles often confine the researchers indoors with their colleagues, reducing their privacy. This deployment also limits their contact with loved ones at home. Subsequently, over the course of polar night, rates of anxiety, depression, irritability and sleep disturbance increase (Suedfeld & Palinkas, 2008). Often, the teams complain of cognitive impairments. The High Arctic’s distinctive feature is the polar bear. The presence of bears requires Arctic research station teams to handle fire arms for their personal safety. It also means that fire arms – which are highly restricted in the Antarctic – are ever-present and easily accessible at Arctic stations. This poses a unique psychological challenge for these teams which has not been well-researched. Methodology: This thesis is an original contribution to science in that it employs a mixed-methods approach combining phenomenological interviews, cognitive testing and mental health assessment via questionnaires with a team spending a year at the Polish Polar Station, Hornsund, Svalbard. The participants were ten of the eleven winter team members who spent the year between July 2015 and June 2016 at Hornsund (“Explorers”) and an age-/gender-/education-matched control group (“Controls”). They filled in the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised and the Profile of Mood States-Brief Version in July, September, January, April and June of that year. Cognitive testing was completed in September, January and June; it comprised the Figural Learning and Memory Test, the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART), the elevator tasks of the Test of Everyday Attention (TEA) and the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices. The interviews took place at the same time as the cognitive testing. Results: The results showed that the most stressful time reported in the questionnaires was April 2016, just after the winter isolation had ended and the sun had risen again. The Explorers reported little subjective complaints about their cognition but they performed near-ceiling on the TEA while scoring far below their Controls on the SART. This implies a dichotomy between sustained attention and inhibition in the Explorers. Their lived experiences were shaped by a struggle to adapt to the other team members rather than by struggling to adapt to the hazardous environment. The environment was perceived as awe-inspiring. Over time, the Explorers shifted their view of the team from informal colleagues to a family which they did not choose to be a member of and then, to friends. Unanimously, other people were seen as the most difficult aspect of the mission. Conclusions: This thesis provides unique insight into a non-Anglo-Saxon Arctic wintering team: the conclusions suggest that participants should receive social training to get along better and be emotionally prepared. The findings can be implemented by my research partner, the Institute of Geophysics (Warsaw) to better select and prepare their future expeditions to Hornsund. Some of the insights such as the nature of the interpersonal stressors may be applicable to space missions.
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Mercier, Diane. "Stress personnel et évaluation cognitive des stresseurs chez un groupe de mères de milieux à risque psychosocial et de mères de milieux non à risque." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1992. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/5553/1/000597944.pdf.
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Pack, Jessica Spencer. "Effect of Localized Temperature Change on Vigilance Performance." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1429286666.
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Goldberg, Ximena. "Complex Models of Genetic and Environmental Influences on Human Cognition. Implications for Functional Psychoses / Modelos complejos de las influencias genéticas y ambientales en la cognición humana. Implicaciones para las psicosis funcionales." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/83588.
Full textAbstract:
The general construct of human cognition implies a series of mental processes by means of which human interpret and consequently act on the world that surrounds them (Sternberg y Mio, 2009). During the last decades, the recognition of human diversity and psychological variability among individuals has encouraged challenging questions addressing inter-individual differences that make each subject unique in terms of their cognitive performance (Baddeley, 2003; Botvinick, 2008). In particular, quantitative genetic studies show that both genetic variability and environmental factors are involved in the phenotypic expression of cognitive functions (Plomin, 2011). However, the mechanisms by which genes and exposure to environmental influences may contribute to the observed variability are not yet clear.
The study of the origins of inter-individual differences in cognition is strongly associated with the ontogenic development of the human brain (Tau, 2010). As a consequence, cognitive alterations are considered a central trait in those mental disorders where neurodevelopmental alterations are assumed to exist, such as schizophrenia. This disease, which affects around 1% of the world’s population, is one of the main causes of years lost due to disability (WHO, 2004), while cognitive alterations in these patients explain about 20%-60% of the variance in measures of outcome (Green, 2004).
The aetiological model of neurodevelopment in schizophrenia proposes that this disease might be the expression of neurobiological compromise that could begin early in the lifespan, even before the onset of the clinical symptoms (van Os, 2009). However, and despite the scientific efforts invested in the elucidation of its aetiological underpinnings, the heterogeneous presentation of the disease has prevented a deeper comprehension of these mechanisms.
Are all cognitive domains heritable? Are there long-term consequences on cognition for the early exposure to environmental impact? What is the association between genetic variability and cognitive vulnerability? Can we identify specific neurobiological pathways in the expression of the cognitive alterations of patients with schizophrenia? These questions are explored in the present thesis through the analyses of twins- and family-based samples, which constitute powerful designs to study the effects of genetic and environmental variability on human cognition.
In the six chapters of results that are the body of this thesis, complex models are proposed that aim at representing the mechanisms involved in the origin of cognitive variability at the population level. The findings included indicate that this variability could be the result of the relative contribution of genetic determination and environmental modelling, which could vary in different cognitive functions following ontogenic mechanisms of neurodevelopment. Specifically, results are reported on the influences of childhood maltreatment and socioeconomic status as environmental stressors, as well as Val158Met functional polymorphism of COMT gene as a genetic factor.
The aetiological implications of the study of these processes are extended to the field of mental disorders, as the results may indicate that the cognitive variability present among patients with schizophrenia could support a model of developmental compromise in this disease. Accordingly, the effects of genetic and environmental influences on behaviour may underlie the heterogeneous expression of this highly disabling mental disorder.
To sum up, the phenotypic diversity of schizophrenia and human cognition, far from representing an obstacle, lays the foundations for complex models of these traits that may feed an increasing understanding of their aetiology (Belsky, 2011). These findings highlight the putative role of neurobiological liability traits in crucial aspects of clinical practice. Risk factors might be identified that could be included as potential guidelines in the assessment and management of need-adapted treatments (Leiftker, 2009). Moreover, liability traits might operate as markers in preventive interventions for targeting individuals at risk of developing particular forms of the disease (Keshavan, 2011).El constructo general de cognición humana involucra una serie de procesos mentales por medio de los cuales los individuos perciben, interpretan y, en consecuencia, actúan sobre la realidad que los rodea y sobre sus pares (Sternberg y Mio, 2009). En los últimos años, el reconocimiento de la diversidad humana y la variabilidad de los rasgos psicológicos entre los individuos ha promovido preguntas acerca de las diferencias inter-individuales que hacen a cada sujeto único en términos de cognición (Baddeley, 2003; Botvinick, 2008). En particular, los estudios de genética cuantitativa demuestran que tanto la variabilidad genética como los factores ambientales podrían estar involucrados en la expresión fenotípica de las funciones cognitivas (Plomin, 2011). Sin embargo, aún no son claros los mecanismos específicos por medio de los cuales los genes y el ambiente contribuyen a esta variabilidad. Las alteraciones cognitivas son un rasgo central en enfermedades mentales donde se presume que existen alteraciones del neurodesarrollo, como lo es la esquizofrenia. El modelo etiológico del neurodesarrollo de la esquizofrenia propone que esta enfermedad se expresaría como consecuencia de alteraciones neurobiológicas que iniciarían en una época temprana de la vida, incluso antes del desencadenamiento de los síntomas clínicos (van Os, 2009). No obstante, la presentación heterogénea de la enfermedad ha dificultado una comprensión más clara de los mecanismos involucrados en su manifestación. ¿Son todas las funciones cognitivas igualmente heredables? ¿Tienen los factores ambientales tempranos consecuencias a largo plazo sobre la cognición? ¿Cuál es la relación entre variabilidad genética y vulnerabilidad cognitiva? ¿Existen vías neurobiológicas específicas para la manifestación de las alteraciones cognitivas en pacientes con esquizofrenia? Estas preguntas se exploran en la presente tesis a partir de análisis basados en muestras de gemelos y en grupos familiares, que constituyen una manera metodológicamente potente de estudiar los efectos de la variabilidad genética y ambiental sobre la cognición humana. En este sentido, la diversidad fenotípica de la esquizofrenia y la cognición humana, lejos de representar un obstáculo para la investigación de su etiología, sienta las bases de modelos complejos que podrían fomentar una comprensión cada vez más completa de los mecanismos de vulnerabilidad y resiliencia posiblemente involucrados en su origen (Belsky, 2011).
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HUANG, PAO-HSUEH, and 黃寶雪. "Job Stressors, Cognitive Appraisal, and Job Stress Outcomes of Taiwanese Coach Driver." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/dtq76e.
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碩士中國文化大學
觀光事業學系觀光休閒事業碩士在職專班
105
This study explores relationships between job stressors, cognitive appraisal and job stress outcomes of Taiwanese coach drivers, using cognitive appraisal as mediator. The method of Judgmental Sampling is used to target the drivers at the parking lots of top scenic spots in northern Taiwan. It turns out 384 questionnaires available for data analysis by SPSS21 software. The results indicate that the job stressors have a positive effect on the job stress outcomes and cognitive appraisal. Cognitive responses do help to alleviate the negative effects of work stress. The cognitive appraisal has a mediating effect between the job stressors and stress outcomes. Generally, the drivers have perceived a high degree of work pressure. However, they have devoted to driving profession. Regarding their pressure release modes, most of them are turning to self-adjustment or peer chitchat. Very few would look for assistance from social resources (such as medical care or counseling) or engage leisure activities. The finding suggests that the leisure education and life counseling are essential to drivers. A well-designed life and leisure education would be helpful to guide these stressful ones to deal with job stress more effectively. In turn, the effort would pay off to each safe journey. Finally, along with the conclusion the implications are presented, hopefully, to be useful for policy making or management strategy.
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Shang, Pei-Yu, and 商沛宇. "A Preliminary Exploration of Cognitive Appraisals of Body Image Stressors among Women." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36626821883709186702.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
心理學研究所
103
The majority of studies to date revealed that most women experienced their body shape in a negative manner and more than half of them had tried to lose weight. However, little research had investigated how appearance-related life events made women feel stressful about their body By integrating the cognitive-behavioral model of body image, the Self-Discrepancy Theory, and the Stress-Coping Model, the present study aimed to explore the cognitive appraisal processes of body image stressors among women. Furthermore, the study also investigated the effects of age and body mass index (BMI) on body image. A sample of 703 women between the age of 18 and 67 years old completed a structured questionnaire which contained the Contour Drawing Rating Scale, Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ), Appearance Schemas Inventory─Revised, and Body Shape Stress Appraisal Scale. The results indicated that: 1) body image investment consisted of motivational factor and cognitive factor. The former was found positively correlated with body image evaluation, while the latter was negatively correlated with body image evaluation. Body image evaluation was also found negatively correlated with both current-ideal figural discrepancy and stress appraisal. 2) Older women had lower ratings of body image investment, while no significant age effect was found regarding body image evaluation. 3) Women with higher BMI had lower ratings of body image evaluation than women with lower BMI, while no significant effect was found regarding body image investment and BMI. 4) When facing body image stressors, women who rated their current figure as bigger than their ideal figure felt more stressful. 5) Body image investment did not function as a moderator variable in the cognitive appraisal process. The present study found that the body image attitudes women had and the current-ideal figural discrepancies they perceived under the circumstances predict how stressful women will feel when they encounter body image stressors. Last but not least, the present study demonstrated the influence of age and BMI on body image among women.
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Oswald, Amy. "Effects of repeated exposure to stressors on cognitive flexibility as a function of self-type and self-complexity: a multi-session experimental test." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1308271.
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Professional Doctorate - Doctor of Clinical and Health Psychology (DClin&HealthPsych)Scope: Past research suggests that the complexity of a person’s self-schema (called self-complexity) shapes important outcomes, including individual well-being and cognitive flexibility. Individuals are classified as either low or high in self-complexity, as determined by the number of self-aspects an individual uses to describe themselves, and the amount of independence (vs. overlap) that exists among those self-aspects. Individuals who identify a greater number of self-aspects that are distinct from one another, or are less overlapping, are said to be higher in self complexity than individuals who have either a similar number of or fewer self-aspects that are very similar to one another (i.e., have greater overlap among them). Exactly when this increased complexity of the self impacts upon cognitive flexibility remains unclear. Two relatively separate research traditions have evolved in the self-complexity literature, distinguished by a focus on different types of self: One focused closely on the effects of personal self-complexity upon psychological well-being and the other investigating the effects of social or collective self-complexity on social attitudes. These two separate traditions have both produced very mixed and complex results. Whilst some research suggests benefits of a more complex personal self, other argues that high self-complexity can, instead, lower well-being and performance. On the side of the collective self, the literature also reveals disparate results. Some evidence purports to the psychological and cognitive benefits of having a more complex social or collective identity, whereas other evidence indicates benefits under low collective self-complexity, at least where one’s self-aspects are well integrated. The present experimental study aspires to link these two traditionally independent bodies of research in the form of the personal and collective approaches to the self to explicitly examine how self-complexity affects cognitive flexibility. Purpose: The purpose of the present study is to examine experimentally, the effects of repeated exposure to episodic stressors on cognitive flexibility as a function of self-type and self-complexity over time. This study stands out from other work on self-complexity by explicitly comparing and contrasting over time the magnitude of effects of two self-type primes—personal and collective, as they interact with self-complexity primes—low vs. high—and acute stressors—low vs. high—to affect an objective/behavioural measure of episodic cognitive flexibility over five consecutive measurement sessions. Methodology: A five-wave experimental study in which participants (first year university students) were randomly allocated to one of the cells of a 2 self-type (personal/collective) by 2 self-complexity (low/high), by 2 stress (low/high) between-subjects design. Cognitive flexibility was our key dependent variable. A baseline assessment of chronic/trait-like measures of all key variables (personal and collective self-complexity and cognitive flexibility) was obtained at Time 1. This was followed by three experimental testing sessions, implementing the experimental primes prior to measuring episodic cognitive flexibility, and concluded with a final measurement of chronic/trait-like variables at Time 5. Results: We found experimentally induced changes in objective episodic cognitive flexibility via primes of personal and collective self-complexity after repeated exposure to stressors, at Time 4. Episodic cognitive flexibility was significantly higher under high personal self-complexity and low collective self-complexity primes; lower under low personal self-complexity/high collective self-complexity primes. Second, we obtained mediational evidence that reduced negative mood was implicated in the beneficial effects of priming high personal self-complexity on objective episodic cognitive flexibility. Third, we detected experimentally induced changes in self-reported chronic cognitive flexibility via primes of personal and collective self-complexity which mapped onto the episodic effect. Conclusions: This study uniquely contributes to and extends existing knowledge by demonstrating, for the first time, a causal link between experimental primes of high personal and low collective self-complexity and both higher episodic cognitive flexibility, and increased chronic cognitive flexibility over time. This study extends the debate on the value of the personal self, by illustrating that a more complex and differentiated view of oneself, separate from others, has benefits that go beyond the general domain of wellbeing to cognitive flexibility. Findings further contribute to the multiple identity literature suggesting the potential benefits of a more integrated collective self. Implications: The findings presented in this experimental study offer new and stimulating contributions to a growing literature on the psychological consequences of self-complexity. We have extended existing knowledge by providing robust experimental evidence, for the first time, that self-type plays a central role in the relationship between self-complexity and cognitive flexibility. The findings can be harnessed by both researchers and clinicians alike, to advance self-complexity theory and implement psychological interventions to boost individuals’ cognitive resources and more broadly, to enhance psychological well-being.
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"Affective Responses to Laboratory Stressors in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Comparison of Mindfulness-based Emotion Regulation and Cognitive Behavioral Interventions." Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.15145.
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abstract: This study examined whether cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness interventions affect positive (PA) and negative affect (NA) reports for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) before, during, and after stress induction. The study also investigated the effects of a history of recurrent depression on intervention effects and testing effects due to the Solomon-6 study design utilized. The 144 RA patients were assessed for a history of major depressive episodes by diagnostic interview and half of the participants completed a laboratory study before the intervention began. The RA patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: cognitive behavioral therapy for pain (P), mindfulness meditation and emotion regulation therapy (M), or education only attention control group (E). Upon completion of the intervention, 128 of the RA patients participated in a laboratory session designed to induce stress in which they were asked to report on their PA and NA throughout the laboratory study. Patients in the M group exhibited dampened negative and positive affective reactivity to stress, and sustained PA at recovery, compared to the P and E groups. PA increased in response to induced stress for all groups, suggesting an "emotional immune response." History of recurrent depression increased negative affective reactivity, but did not predict reports of PA. RA patients who underwent a pre-intervention laboratory study showed less reactivity to stressors for both NA and PA during the post-intervention laboratory study. The M intervention demonstrated dampened emotional reactions to stress and lessened loss of PA after stress induction, displaying active emotion regulation in comparison to the other groups. These findings provide additional information about the effects of mindfulness on the dynamics of affect and adaptation to stress in chronic pain patients.Dissertation/Thesis
M.A. Psychology 2012
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Van, den Berg Reinette. "Stresbelewing en -hantering by onderwysers." Diss., 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1059.
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Text in AfrikaansThis study ascertains the extent of the experience of stress and the nature of stress management by educators. The literature showed that stress is defined from various theoretical perspectives; various approaches to stress management exist; and educators manage stress in various ways. This study defines stress from a cognitive-transactional perspective. A qualitative research method was used, descriptive data were generated by focus groups and inductively analysed. The results show that educators experienced stress ( much as seen in the literature) due to organisational, management and personal factors. According to this research, educators experience stress on the physical, emotional, social and intellectual levels. Educators' efforts to deal with stress reflect direct techniques such as seeking personal support and using confrontational techniques, as well as indirect techniques which encompass intellectual and physical techniques. Finally the development of a stress management program for educators is recommended.
Educational Studies
M. Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)
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Lin, Szu-Miao, and 林思妙. "Teacher Stress Processes: Relationships Among a Major Stressor, Cognitive Appraisal, Coping Implementation and Coping Results in Secondary School Teachers." Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60078677805580019231.
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碩士國立臺灣師範大學
教育心理學系
81
The purposes of this study were to investigate: (1) the relationships between teachers'''''''' cognitive appraisals of a major work-stressor and the implemented coping strategies; (2) the relationships between the implemented coping strategies and coping results; (3) the relationships among cognitive appraisals, coping strategies and coping results. The sample of the present study included 400 school teachers, randomly drawn from seventeen secondary schools in Kaohsiung city .Six instruments were utilized, namely, (1) the list of Work-stressors; (2) Primary Appraisal Scale; (3)Secondary Appraisal Scale; (4) Coping Strategies Scale; (5) Work Anxiety Scale; (6) Health Scale. The data were analyzed by test of independence, t-test, one-way ANOVAs, canoical correlation analysis, Pearson product-moment crrelation, and simultaneous regression. The major, findings and conclusions were as follow: (1) partially significant difference were found among the demographic variables such as sex, years of theaching experience and duty; (2) there was canonical correlation relationship between the primary appraisal, and coping strategies; (3) signilicant relationship was found to exist between the secondary appraisal and coping strategies; (4) there was canonical correlation relationship between the impiemented coping strategies and coping results; (5)six predictors explained 52.16% of the total variance of the work anxiety; six predictors could explain 30.96% of the total variance of the health.
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Gomes, Sandro José. "Liderança em contextos instáveis: stresse e stressores dos gerentes prisionais e agentes penitenciários das unidades prisionais do Estado da Bahia." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11144/2561.
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O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as relações entre os stressores, o coping, os
sintomas de stresse e o estilo de liderança e suas implicações na atividade gerencial nas
unidades prisionais da Bahia; descrevendo a correspondência destas relações com as
principais proposições da Teoria do Reforço Cognitivo (TRC) de Fiedler e seus
colaboradores. As hipóteses foram levantadas considerando que os efeitos negativos do
stresse e o estilo de liderança inapropriado têm implicações sobre a atividade gerencial.
A pesquisa é correlacional e descritiva, dentro de análises quantitativas, realizada com
base num levantamento bibliográfico exaustivo e atual sobre a temática (retratado na
revisão de literatura, e fundamentação teórica, sobre dois enfoques: as questões
psicológicas e o controlo sobre o trabalho) e teve, no plano concreto da investigação, a
aplicação da Escala de Vulnerabilidade ao Stresse no Trabalho construída por Sisto,
Baptista, Noronha e Santos (2007), do Inventário de Sintomas de Stresse construído por
Lipp e Guevara (1994), e da Escala Toulousaine de Coping adaptada de Esparbès,
Sordes-Arder e Tap (1993) por Stephenson (2001) para uso com a população brasileira,
além da Escala de Avaliação de Estilos Gerenciais criada por Melo (2001) e um breve
questionário ocupacional. Relativamente à população do estudo, esta estava constituída
por 1600 agentes penitenciários e 100 gerentes prisionais, envolvendo todos os gerentes
prisionais e todos os agentes penitenciários das unidades prisionais da Bahia, sendo a
amostra do estudo formada por 320 agentes penitenciários e 80 gerentes prisionais.
Foi encontrado um alto nível de stresse na população estudada, ficando evidente
que a variável EVENT Pressão no Trabalho tem um efeito significativo no ETC (B =
0.095; p = 0.003), indicando que o aumento da pressão no trabalho provoca um aumento
no uso de estratégias de coping. Encontrou-se ainda uma correlação positiva forte e
significativa entre a Recusa e o Isolamento (r = .769; p < .01), indicando que níveis elevados na recusa estão associados a níveis elevados de isolamento, estando o Controlo
negativamente correlacionado com o Isolamento (r = -.642; p < .01) e com a Recusa (r
= -.623; p < .01). Assim, encontrou-se no ETC uso abusivo das estratégias de
isolamento e no ISSL um elevado número de indivíduos nas fases mais avançadas do
stresse, sendo diagnosticado que entre os agentes penitenciários 70% (n= 224)
consomem álcool ou outras drogas regularmente e 39.38% (n=126) encontram-se na
fase quase-exaustão ou exaustão e entre os gerentes prisionais 40% (n=32) consomem
álcool ou outras drogas regularmente e 27.5% (n=22) encontram-se na fase quaseexaustão ou exaustão.
A pesquisa mostrou também que quanto mais o gerente é focado para as tarefas,
menos ele valoriza seu relacionamento com os agentes penitenciários (r = - .186; p <
.05), havendo uma correlação positiva do estilo de liderança focado nas tarefas (r =
.112; p < .05) com os sintomas de stresse. Diante dos resultados encontrados nas
hipóteses, ficou evidente que as relações entre estilo de liderança e o stresse afetam a
atividade gerencial a ponto das tarefas não serem desempenhadas de forma satisfatória,
mesmo nas unidades que tinham gerentes experientes e dotados de conhecimentos
especializados. Os resultados foram discutidos apresentando uma correspondência
parcial da correlação entre stresse e estilo de liderança com a TRC.
De novo o estudo mostrou que a eficácia do gerente prisional sob uma condição
de elevado stresse não consiste na experiência deste, consoante o que defende a Teoria
do Reforço Cognitivo de Fiedler e seus colaboradores; todavia, no desenvolvimento de
redes de relações que o ajuda a decidir em tais circunstâncias.