Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cognitive schemata'

Volume I includes a systematic literature review which aimed to synthesise and evaluate all research testing the role of early maladaptive schemas or core beliefs in depression as proposed by cognitive theory. The findings neither prove nor disprove the relationship. The empirical paper aimed to test the association between early maladaptive schemas in depression using a cross-sectional questionnaire design with diagnostic interviews. Early maladaptive schemas were associated with depression, did not moderate the relationship between stress and depression but did partially mediated the relationship between life stress (but not diabetes distress) and depressive symptoms. The findings partially support the role of early maladaptive schemas in depression. The executive summary summarises the systematic literature review and the empirical paper for stakeholders. Volume II includes the following clinical practice reports (i) a cognitive behavioural and psychodynamic formulation of obsessive compulsive disorder, (ii) a single-case experimental design evaluation of cognitive behavioural therapy for depression, (iii) an evaluation of compliance to depression guidelines, (iv) a cognitive behavioural formulation and intervention for obsessive compulsive disorder, and (v) an abstract summarising an oral report of cognitive behavioural therapy for social anxiety and traumatic brain injury.

This thesis examined psychopathy, cognitive schemata and affect in forensic and community populations. This was to identify whether cognitive schemata and affect would assist in the assessment of psychopathy. Study one was conducted on 38 male high secure hospital patients and 38 male prisoners. It focused on the assessment of psychopathy and cognitive schemata. It was predicted that psychopathy would be positively related to negative schemata and early maladaptive schemata and negatively related to positive schemata. This prediction was supported with the exception of Early Maladaptive Schemata. Study two was conducted on 38 male high secure hospital patients and 38 male prisoners and also examined psychopathy and affect. It further explored positive schemata that was significant in study one. It was predicted that psychopathy would be positively related to errors on affective word sentence completion with slower response times. These predictions were not supported. The third study included 101 male prisoners and 108 male university students. An assessment of cognitive schema and affect was also developed. A further core prediction was that psychopathy would have a positive relationship with detached affect and results supported this. Contrary to prediction, it was found that psychopathy was higher in the student group compared to the prisoner group. Study four further explored the core predictions and included an examination of psychopathy, cognitive schema, affect and the 'Big Five' in 174 prisoners and 200 male students. The predictions were supported that psychopathy would be negatively related to positive cognitive schemata and positively related to negative cognitive schemata, in both groups. The predictions that detached affect would be significant to psychopathy was again supported. Contrary to prediction psychopathy was found to be higher in the student group. The current research indicates that cognitive schemata and affect are related to psychopathy. It also shows that similar cognitive profiles of psychopathy are demonstrated in prison and student groups that relate to affect. Further, it highlights the neglected role of positive schemata in psychopathy. Future research could consider the role of positive schemata and refine the cognitive profile in psychopathy, it could also examine the newly proposed cognitive behavioural model of psychopathy.

A significant risk area for project sponsors is managing unplanned change. Theorists of organisational behaviour have attempted to understand the circumstances of how activity change occurs on projects and have identified the significant impact that time has on activity. This current research takes the study of cognition into the real world setting of project management at a level of analysis that is viable across diverse projects and industries to study project manager regulation of unplanned change. The project managers' cognitive representation of meaningful aspects of a project (their 'cognitive schemata'), which guides activity change during the project, was investigated and the effect of feedback evaluated in order to address the central research question of what triggers change on group projects. In the present research, leading edge projects from six major Australian industries (telecommunications, banking and insurance, information technology, railway signalling, inorganic chemistry and construction) were monitored at three key points through their lifecycle to understand how feedback impacts on project activity through the project manager’s cognition leading to change. Six key categories of feedback were identified, which potentially represented the foci of project-related schemata, within a project management mental model. These were validated as important indicators for project management performance by a panel of Australia's leading experts in project management. Sixteen project managers participated in the field study, with their verbal reports being collected through structured interviews (incorporating a 'laddered' interview technique), which were developed and piloted across diverse projects for this purpose. Interview data were coded for analysis in terms of sensitivity to each of the six feedback foci and one control category, for five types of feedback and five types of change. Reliability of the content coding was checked through independent coding and found to be high. The research investigation was conducted within a schematic information processing conceptual framework developed for application within the domain of project management. Strong evidence was found that linked key schemata to the hypothesized effects of feedback. Overall, the effects were found to be general across all industries, individuals and projects. A contrasting effect was observed for one type of feedback where schemata were poorly developed in inexpert project managers, which raised the issue of measurable differences in behaviour arising from project management competency. The findings of strong relationships between the variables led to the proposed model of project manager cognition, which reveals an underlying structure in the schemata between key areas of sensitivity to feedback and unplanned change. The model is proposed as underpinning observed behaviour in this and prior research and suggests a relationship between competency and change regulation.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In response to increased focus on schemas within cognitive therapy and specifically in the treatment of personality disorders, Young developed an instrument to measure early maladaptive schemas, the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ). The statistical properties of this measure have been investigated, and due to its length, a shortened version was developed (the YSQ-S). In the present study the factor structure of the YSQ-S was investigated in a group of South African undergraduate psychology students (N = 300). In contrast with the findings of the studies done on the YSQ, 14 of Young's 15 schemas were identified as factors in the YSQ-S, corresponding largely with the theoretically underlying structure. A higher order factor analysis solution was also found to resemble the structure proposed by Young.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die groter fokus op skemas binne die kognitiewe terapie, veral met betrekking tot die behandeling van persoonlikheidsversteurings, het daartoe gelei dat Young 'n meetmiddel, naamlik die Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ), ontwikkel het om vroeë wanaangepaste skemas ("early maladaptive schemas") te meet. Die statistiese eienskappe van hierdie meetmiddel is reeds nagevors, en as gevolg van die lengte van hierdie meetmiddel, is 'n verkorte weergawe daarvan ontwikkel (YSQ-S). In die huidige studie is die faktoriale struktuur van die YSQ-S by 'n groep Suid Afrikaanse voorgraadse sielkunde studente (N = 300) ondersoek. In teenstelling met die bevindings van vroeëre studies op die YSQ, is 14 van die 15 van Young se skemas as faktore by die YSQ-S geïdentifiseer, wat grootliks ooreengestem het met die teoreties gekonseptualiseerde onderligende struktuur. Die oplossing van 'n hoër-ordefaktorontleding het ook ooreengestem met die struktuur wat deur Young voorgestel is.

Pascal Boyer’s theory of counterintuitive cultural representations asserts that concepts that violate developmentally natural intuitive knowledge structures demand more attention and are more transmittable than other concepts (Boyer and Ramble 2001: 535-64). Grounded in an empirically justified framework of ontological domain knowledge, counterintuitive representations have been identified across human cultures as consistently prevalent in religious beliefs and widely known folktales. Indeed, the ubiquity of counterintuitive representations of supernatural agents in world religions has led some to reason that its presence is a defining factor of “religion” (Atran 2002; Boyer 1994, 2001; Brown 1991; Pyysiäinen, Lindeman and Honkela 2003). The theory has attracted considerable attention from scholars. Boyer discussed and predicted the mnemonic advantages of culturally “familiar” counterintuitive representations (Boyer 2001: 58-105), yet this integral aspect has been poorly investigated, especially because subsequent free-recall studies have focused on novel representations that similarly violate assumptions about our intuitive ontologies. These studies have suffered from a variety of other shortcomings: small sample sizes that poorly represent population demographics and age ranges (most recruited university students); limited investigation of different modes of cultural transmission (most centred on written stimuli); emphasis on free recall at the expense of other measures of memory; and incomplete research into interactions of schema-level effects (e.g. positive and negative emotion, imagery, humour, and inferential potential) on the memorability of counterintuitive ideas. Although the theory claims universality across human cultures, purported differences between holistic and analytic types of cognition suggest that it is likely that East Asians process counterintuitive ideas differently from Westerners. But until this dissertation no data had yet been collected in East Asia. Hence, a large age-representative sample (N = 940), for three studies in both the UK and China, was used to investigate the interaction of template- and schema-level effects for wider forms of transmission biases endemic to cultural groups. The investigation comprised the interaction of the mnemonic effects of familiarity and counterintuitiveness and the impact of schema-level effects, employing a mixing of presentation media (Study #1), template-level preferences when generating schema-level ideas (Study #2), and transmission advantages for supernatural agents (Study #3). Study #1 consisted of two free-recall experiments: a minimal condition (subject-predicate statement) and elaborated condition (additional descriptive elements) of stimuli structure. The results were analysed by hierarchical linear model (HLM), with familiarity, counterintuitiveness, and delay as 2-level fixed factors, and age and schema-level effects as covariates. The findings revealed mixed support for predictions of the typical formulation of Boyer’s hypothesis. However, subsequent analyses revealed a significant interaction of counterintuitiveness x age and of counterintuitiveness x familiarity, for all conditions and cultural sites. Schema-level effects were also found to predict recall rate. Study #2 investigated template-level biases in a statement generation task. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) considering counterintuitiveness and the covariate of age revealed that children are significantly more likely to author counterintuitive ideas than older adults, in both UK and China. Study #3 (comparable in design to Study #1) found a significant interaction of counterintuitiveness x ontological category, revealed to be due to participants’ better recall rates, at both locations, for counterintuitive concepts belonging to the ontological category PERSONS. In summary, it appears that the counterintuitive effect is not as straightforward as it has been thought to be, and requires further theoretical development and empirical research to improve understanding about the interactive role of age, schema-level effects, and ontological category in the transmission and cultural epidemiology of such representations.

Die Thematik der Strategieberatung in kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen (KMU) hat in der Managementforschung bisher wenig Beachtung gefunden und dies obwohl jenem Forschungsfeld hohe Relevanz attestiert wird. Die vorliegende Arbeit adressiert genau dieses Forschungsdesiderat. Im Rahmen einer explorativen, qualitativ-empirischen Studie wird beleuchtet, inwieweit KMU-Geschäftsführer (KMU-GF) Unternehmensberatung zur strategischen Unternehmensführung in Anspruch nehmen, ob diesbezüglich unterschiedliche Typen existieren und wodurch sich die entsprechenden Verhaltensweisen der KMU-GF begründen. Für die Analyse, weshalb KMU-GF Strategieberatung nutzen bzw. nicht nutzen, wird eine sozio-kognitive Perspektive eingenommen, die kognitive Strukturen sowie kognitive Prozesse als Auslöser von Verhalten untersucht und dabei auch die Rolle von Kontextfaktoren berücksichtigt. Ergänzend werden Einblicke in die Denk- und Verhaltensweisen von KMU-GF hinsichtlich der Themen Unternehmensberatung allgemein und strategische Unternehmensführung geboten.

This thesis synthezises theories from intermedia studies, semiotics, Gestalt psychology, cognitive linguistics, cognitive psychology, cognitive poetics, reader response criticism, narratology and possible worlds-theories adjusted to literary studies. The aim is to provide a transdisciplinary explanatory model of the transaction between text and reader during the reading process resulting in the reader experiencing a mental, virtual world. Departing from Mitchells statement that all media are mixed media, this thesis points to Peirce’s tricotomies of different types of signs and to the relation between representamen (sign), object and interpretant, which states that the interpretant can be developed into a more complex sign, for example from a symbolic to an iconic sign. This is explained in cognitive science by the fact that our perceptions are multimodal. We can easily connect sounds and symbolic signs to images. Our brain is highly active in finding structures and patterns, matching them with structures already stored in memory. Cognitive semantics holds that such structures and schematic mental images form the basis for our understanding of concepts. In cognitive linguistics Lakoff and Johnsons theories of conceptual metaphors show that our bodily experiences are fundamental in thought and language, and that abstract thought is concretized by a metaphorical system grounded in our bodily, spatial experiences. Cognitive science has shown that we build situation models based on what the text describes. These mental models are simultaneously influenced by the reader’s personal world knowledge and earlier experiences. Reader response-theorists emphasize the number of gaps that a text leaves to the reader to fill in, using scripts. Eye tracking research reveals that people use mental imaging both when they are re-describing a previously seen picture and when their re-description is based purely on verbal information about a picture. Mental spaces are small conceptual packets constructed as we think and talk. A story is built up by a large number of such spaces and the viewpoint and focus changes constantly. There are numerous possible combinations and relations of mental spaces. For the reader it is important to separate them as well as to connect them. Mental spaces can also be blended. In their integration network model Fauconnier and Turner describe four types of blending, where the structures of the input spaces are blended in different ways. A similar act of separation and fusion is needed dealing with different diegetic levels and focalizations, the question of who tells and who sees in the text. Ryan uses possible worlds-theories from modal logic to describe fictional worlds as both possible and parallel worlds. While fictional worlds are comparable to possible worlds if seen as mental constructions created within our actual world, they must also be treated as parallel worlds, with their own actual, reference world from which their own logic stems. As readers we must recenter ourselves into this fictional world to be able to deal with states of affairs that are logically impossible in our own actual world. The principle of minimal departure states that during our recentering, we only make the adjustments necessary due to explicit statements in the text.

Personality disorders have traditionally been considered refractory to psychological interventions. Two of the most common, and potentially harmful personality disorders are antisocial personality disorder / psychopathy, and narcissism. Although a great deal of conceptual overlap exists between psychopathy and narcissism, the empirical study of these constructs has proceeded largely independently of one another. Further complicating the discrimination of these constructs is the identification of the bi-factorial nature of psychopathy - conceptualised as primary and secondary psychopathy - as well as the identification of two distinct forms of narcissism, overt and covert. The recent resurgence of interest in the sub-clinical manifestations of these two constructs has led to the development of a number of easily administered instruments to measure each of the psychopathy and narcissism constructs, as dimensional traits, within normal populations. This has provided empirically validated and reliable instruments to further explicate these two overlapping constructs. The first of the two studies reported sought to discriminate between psychopathy and narcissism through the recharacterisation of these constructs in terms of the early maladaptive schemas outlined in Young’s early maladaptive schema theory (Young, 1999). Two hundred and ninety one participants completed questionnaires measuring primary and secondary psychopathy, overt and covert narcissism, and early maladaptive schemas. Findings are consistent with the hypothesis that psychopathy and narcissism are discriminable in cognitive-interpersonal terms, as operationalised by early maladaptive schemas. Findings also call into question the earlier observed hierarchical structure of the Young Schema Questionnaire. The current analysis identified a two-factor structure to the schema questionnaire, rather than the previously stated 5-factors. Having demonstrated the usefulness of understanding psychopathy and narcissism in cognitive-interpersonal terms, the second study sought to further clarify the association between psychopathy and narcissism through the reconceptualisation of these constructs in cognitive terms, through the identification of the cognitive distortions operative in each disorder. One hundred and thirty two participants completed a cognitive distortions questionnaire developed by the author, along with the same measures of primary and secondary psychopathy, and overt and covert narcissism, as those administered in study 1. Findings were interpreted as providing support for the notion of psychopathy representing a sub-category of narcissism. Findings also provide further supportive evidence for the validity of the primary / secondary psychopathy, and overt / covert narcissism distinctions. The further clarification of the factor structure of the Young Schema Questionnaire, and the replication of the reliability and construct validity of the measure of cognitive distortions developed for this research are highlighted as areas for future research.

In artificial intelligence (AI) research, embodied systems have received increasing attention since the 1990s. How to bridge the gap between raw sensorimotor data and symbolic representation in a robotic agent is still an open question. The research described in this document is inspired by theories in cognitive science, such as concept theory and embodied realism, as well as work in robotics and AI. The general goal of this research is to build a system capable of acquiring and maintaining semantic knowledge for higher-level reasoning, in particular reasoning about the use of tools, from the embodied experience of a cognitive agent in a simulated environment or in the real world. This research addresses cognitive theories of embodiment, the design of a general computational architecture, and the design and implementation of AI techniques for solving tool-using problems. One of the major contributions of this research is to provide a computational architecture for an embodied agent that can capture semantic relations from its interactions with the world, sufficient to support effective tool use both in short-term predictions and plan generation. As a result, we have implemented an example of this architecture in an Action Schema Generator, or ASG, which can automatically generate production rules and symbolic representations from a simulated agentâs embodied experience without losing the capability of transferring the knowledge backwards to its original numerical sensorimotor format. We have developed pragmatic methods to evaluate the performance of ASG, at the component level and the system level, in simulated and real scenarios, for tasks with and without tools. We also have compared our design with other robotics and cognitive architectures, including behavior-based robotics, Neuroevolution, and psychologically inspired architectures. We believe that our work can provide a general foundation for embodied agents, and should be useful in future research.

In this paper I have studied the two new religious phenomena, Temple of the Jedi Order and Whovianism, based on the cognitive concept of man dominated by schemas that characterize the outcome of adequate response to new situations. This principle is about how man faces new situations through old knowledge and experience of similar events. For this study, I analyzed selected stories in which individuals describe their religious interest and involvement in the Star Wars movies, and the related religious community Temple of the Jedi Order, as well as the television series Doctor Who, with the associated religious community Whovianism. This study was inspired by phenomenographic method by which researchers focus on the perceived and how it is conveyed in the respective story. The results of this study show that new religious phenomena, such as the Temple of the Jedi Order and Whovianism, can be explained using the theory of cognitive schemas.  The study shows that the individuals, whose stories have been examined, use ancient knowledge and experiences on the different aspects conveyed by Star Wars and Doctor Who and through this a new religious community is born.

Schema therapy is a leading contemporary approach to treating mental illness. The therapy integrally uses self-report measures of negative schemas (“long lasting patterns of emotions, cognitions and memories”), and the negative parenting patterns that are linked to the development of these schemas. However, the negative parenting measures are insufficient, and there are no corresponding measures of positive schemas or positive parenting patterns. Study 1 focused on the development of a measure for positive schemas, the Young Positive Schema Questionnaire (YPSQ). Study 2 focused on the development of a measure for positive parenting patterns, the Positive Parenting Schema Inventory (PPSI). Finally, Study 3 empirically showed that the subscales of the Young Parenting Inventory (YPI) were not robust, and it provided a revised alternative (YPI-R2). For all three studies combined, community samples (n = 204 to 628) were collected from five countries in Asia (India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines) as well as the United States. The factor structure of the three instruments (the YPSQ, PPSI and YPI-R2) was stable in both Eastern and Western samples (in multigroup confirmatory factor analysis). All three scales showed prediction of mental health over and above what was possible with previous measures (incremental validity). The scales were not simply proxies for previously measured constructs (divergent validity). These scales also demonstrated significant associations with other established measures of parenting (construct validity). They also showed associations with negative schemas, well-being and ill-being (convergent validity). This thesis provides the tools needed to include a focus on positive as well as negative schemas and parenting patterns in both research and clinical practice. It also shows the benefits of so doing.

This thesis examines information-processing in chronic pain. "Schematic" processing is investigated selective memory for pain-related information is explored in depressed and non-depressed chronic pain patients, depressed non pain-patients and controls. A memory bias for sensory adjectives is found in the non depressed chronic pain group, while a tendency to over-recall both sensory and affective compared to neutral information is found in the depressed chronic pain group. No memory bias is observed in an acute pain group, and the implications of this are discussed. A possible cognitive avoidance mechanism is identified in depression. A questionnaire assessing beliefs about pain ("conceptual" processing) is developed and validated, and shown to differentiate between chronic pain patients and controls. The impact of two interventions for chronic pain (surgery and cognitive-behavioural management) on schematic and conceptual processing is investigated prospectively. In general the endorsement of organic beliefs decreases while the emphasis on psychological beliefs increases post-intervention. Evidence is found to suggest that surgery, but not cognitive-behavioural treatment, reverses pain-related memory biases. This is discussed in relation to changes in pain intensity. Evidence is provided to suggest that beliefs are causally related to several pain-related measures including anxiety, depression, health locus of control, cognitive coping strategies and activity levels. A word completion paradigm is employed to explore further the role of schematic processing in chronic pain, and finally, a lexical decision task is used to assess the role of word frequency effects in information-processing in chronic pain. These results suggest that memory biases in chronic pain cannot be explained by frequency effects, hence addressing the validity of the memory biases described earlier in the thesis.

Aim: Schema therapy is becoming an increasingly popular psychological model for working with individuals who have a variety of mental health and personality difficulties. The aim of this review is to look at the current evidence base for schema therapy and highlight directions for further research. Method: A systematic search of the literature was conducted up until January 2011. All studies that had clinically tested the efficacy of schema therapy as described by Jeffrey Young (Young, 1994; Young et al., 2003) were considered. These studies underwent detailed quality assessments based on Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN-50) culminating in twelve studies being included in the review. Results: The culminative message (both from the popularity of this model and the medium to large effect sizes) is of a theory which has already demonstrated clinically effective outcomes in a small number of studies and which would benefit from ongoing research and development with complex client groups. Recommendations: It is imperative that psychological practice be guided by high quality research that demonstrates efficacious, evidence based interventions. It is therefore recommended that researchers and clinicians working with schema therapy seek to build on these positive outcomes and further demonstrate the clinical effectiveness of this model through ongoing research.

This thesis addresses the matter of convention in Broadway songs of the song and dance era. Composers worked with implicit, regular procedures in the commercial aesthetic of the 1920s and 1930s New York theater industry. However, discussions of formal convention in this repertoire have not gone much beyond the identification of AABA and ABAC forms. I explore how hypermeter and conventional formal layouts act as schemata. Through this lens, I advocate for an in-time, listener-based approach to form, attending to the stylistically learned projections and anticipations. Later on, I unpack many of the conventional patterns underlying the ABAC form. I argue that the ABAC form provides a template for climactic musical narratives, which places climaxes near the end of the form. Lastly, I focus on AABA form where I highlight many salient conventions of the AABA form and draw historical connections to AABA forms in rock and jazz.

The present study examined a psychosocial-cognitive model that integrates recent findings on the independent effects of early maladaptive cognitive schemas (EMSs; Young, 1994) and psychosocial factors/stressors; viz., social support, expressed emotion, stressful life events and daily hassles, on level of depressive symptoms in young adults. Consistent with Beck's theory of depression, the expectation was that individuals with the EMSs would be more likely to respond to psychosocial stressors with higher levels of depression. Questionnaires measuring the selected psychosocial factors and EMSs were administered to 244 (82 male and 162 female) undergraduate students, mean age 19. Previous findings on the direct relationships between stressful life events, social support and EMSs, and level of depression were replicated. Except for daily hassles, the moderator role of the EMSs was largely disconfirmed when a conservative statistical test (Bonferroni correction) was applied to moderator analyses. With regard to perceived social support received from family and friends, present results were promising for the moderator effect of the EMSs of self sacrifice, functional dependency/incompetence and abandonment. The prediction equation to the criterion of depression indicated independent contributions of stressful life events, and the EMSs of abandonment, functional dependency/incompetence, and insufficient self control, accounting for half of the variance in depression. Taken together, the present data provided little support for the moderator effect of the EMSs rather supported Young's theory (1990) that maladaptive cognitions in themselves can produce increased levels of depression regardless of the presence of triggering stressors.
Master of Science

Il arrive que l’architecture soit critiquée pour les usages qu’elle a « produits » ou ceux qu’elle a « interdits » (un certain désaveu des grands ensembles en est symptomatique). Parfois, la critique porte justement sur le décalage entre l’intention d’origine et l’effet réellement produit (les grands ensembles étaient à l’époque pétris d’humanisme). Mais la connaissance de cette intention fait défaut, et engage donc à un travail de recherche.Les théories de la conception ont pour objet une certaine intelligibilité de la conception. Mais il semble que l’activité de conception explicitée par ces théories, se concentre essentiellement sur l’artefact architectural pris dans ses dimensions tangibles et matérielles. S’intéressant au contraire à la « réception » imaginée par l’architecte, la question se pose de savoir si nous sommes en mesure de connaître la conception de modes de vie, l’invention d’usages et d’expériences… L’ancrage dans les sciences de la conception nous engage à nous détacher d’approches telles que celle de la sociologie des usages, puisque nous nous intéressons à des récepteurs qui n’existent pas encore et ne sont que représentés ou anticipés. Le concept de « conception de la réception » construit dans ce travail signifie cette appropriation de la réalité de la réception par la cognition des concepteurs. En effet, le phénomène dont l’explicitation est visée est un processus de pensée, une capacité mentale.Ce travail définit deux corpus imbriqués. D’une part l’architecturologie qui constitue un cas de théorie de la conception dont il est possible de faire l’étude épistémologique critique. D’autre part, les projets de Bernard Tschumi et de Rem Koolhaas pour le parc de La Villette en 1982 qui constituent des cas de processus de conception et un terrain d’application pour une étude architecturologique.— L’architecturologie est choisie comme cas de théorie de la conception pour les raisons qu’elle prend en compte la spécificité de l’architecture et qu’elle est caractérisée par une construction formelle, un potentiel de généralisation et une forte capacité modélisatrice. Elle constitue ainsi un terrain d’étude privilégié pour étudier la capacité d’une théorie à énoncer quelque chose de la « conception de la réception » architecturale. Toutefois, la méthode, construite d’une manière générique, est à même d’étudier d’autres théories de la conception.— Les parcs de la Villette de Bernard Tschumi et de Rem Koolhaas s’offrent comme une matière pertinente à l’étude, parce qu’ils proposent tout deux des usages particulièrement singuliers et répondent à un programme d’innovation sociétale.Le dispositif expérimental consiste alors à observer la théorie en la mettant en action sur ces cas de conception particuliers. La modélisation résultante permet d’évaluer la capacité de la théorie à décrire la « conception de la réception ». Le résultat de cette mise à l’épreuve ouvre ensuite à un travail de consolidation théorique
Architecture happens to be criticized for the uses it « produced » or it « forbid » (the general disapproval of the French « Grands ensembles » being one typical case). Sometimes the critic focuses fittingly on the gap between original intentions and the real effect (the « Grands Ensembles » were at their time supported by a humanistic enthusiasm). But the knowledge of such an intention is lacking and compels to lead this research.Design theories aim a certain intelligibility of the design process. However, it appears that the design explained by those theories is the one that designs the architectural artifact in its tangible and material aspects. But, taking interest in the “reception” of that artifact, the question to ask is whether we are able to know the design of ways of life, the inventions of uses and experiences… The frame of design sciences (H. A. Simon) imply to withdraw from approaches like usage studies and sociological points of view, since we focus on users that do not exist yet but are represented or anticipated. The concept of “conception of the reception” elaborated in this work means this uptake of the reality of the reception by designers’ cognition. Indeed, the phenomenon we aim to elucidate is a thinking process, a mind ability.This work defines two nested researches’ bodies: one being the French theory, “architecturology” (Ph. Boudon, Ph. Deshayes, C.Lecourtois), a case of a design theory which will be epistemologically and critically analyzed; the other one, the projects of Bernard Tschumi and Rem Koolhaas at for the La Villette park comptetition in 1982 which are cases of design processes. These design cases are the field where an architecturological study is applied.— The reason why architecturology is chosen, is that it takes the specificity of architecture into account, and that it is characterized by a formal construction, a generalization potential and a strong modelling capacity. Therefor it is taken as an advantageous field to study the capacity of a theory to state something about the architectural “conception of the reception”. Whatever, the methods is built in a generic way and could study other theories.— The park of La Villette projects are relevant to study as they both suggested particularly unexpected usages and met a social innovation program.The experimental device consists then in observing the theory by putting it in action on particular study cases. The modelling result of it allows evaluating the capacity of a theory to describe the “conception of the reception”. The result of this theoretical probation may open afterwards to a theoretical consolidation work
A volte l'architettura viene criticata per gli usi che ha "prodotto" o per quelli che ha "proibito" (un certo disconoscimento dei "grands ensembles" del dopo guerra francese è sintomatico). La critica riguarda spesso il divario tra l'intenzione originale e l'effetto realmente prodotto (i "grands ensembles" erano considerati all'epoca carichi di valori umanisti). La conoscenza diquesta intenzione è carente e richiede un lavoro di ricerca.Le teorie del design hanno lo scopo di fornire una certa intelligibilità del design stesso. Sembra però che l'attività progettuale spiegata da queste teorie si concentri essenzialmente sul prodotto architettonico nelle sue dimensioni tangibili e materiali. Quando invece ci si interessa alla Ŗricezioneŗ, è legittimo chiedersi se siamo in grado di conoscere la concezione degli stili di vita, l'invenzione degli usi e delle esperienze.... Il radicamento nelle scienze della progettazione (H. A. Simon) ci impone di distaccarci da approcci come la sociologia degli usi, poiché ci interessiamo a dei riceventi (o destinatari) che non esistono ancora e sono solo rappresentati o suggeriti. La nozione di "design della ricezione", elaborata in questo lavoro di ricerca, mette in luce la capacità dei progettisti di pensare la ricezione prima che accade. Il fenomeno che si cerca di spiegare è un processo del pensiero, una capacità mentale.Questo lavoro identifica due corpus intrecciati: da un lato, l' "architetturologia" (cf. Ph. Boudon, Ph. Deshayes, C. Lecourtois), un caso di teoria del design, di cui è possibile condurre uno studio epistemologico critico. Dall'altro, i progetti di Bernard Tschumi e Rem Koolhaas per il parco della Villette del 1982, inquanto esempi del processo di progettazione.Questi due esempi costituiscono un campo di applicazione per un'indagine architetturologica.- La scelta dell'architetturologia come esempio di teoria del design è motivata dal fatto che essa tiene conto delle specificità dell'architettura ed è caratterizzata da una costruzione formale, un potenziale di generalizzazione e una forte capacità di modellizzazione. Per queste caratteristiche essa ci offre la possibilità di studiare come una teoria possa esprimersi inmateria di "concezione architettonica della ricezione". Inoltre il metodo ha valore generale, tanto da permattere di analizzare altre teorie del design.- I parchi de La Villette di Bernard Tschumi e Rem Koolhaas sono rilevanti per lo studio poiché entrambi propongono funzioni singolari e rispondono a un programma di innovazione sociale.Il piano sperimentale consiste quindi nell'osservare la teoria, applicandola a dei casi particolari. Il modello che ne risulta viene utilizzata per valutare la capacità della teoria di descrivere il "design della ricezione". Il risultato di questo test apre quindi la strada a un lavoro di consolidamento teorico
Manchmal wird die Architektur für die Nutzungen kritisiert, die sie "produziert" oder "verboten" hat (eine gewisse Geringschätzung der "grands ensembles" der französischen Nachkriegszeit ist dafür symptomatisch). Manchmal geht es bei der Kritik gerade um die Kluft zwischen der ursprünglichen Absicht und der tatsächlich erzeugten Wirkung (die"grands ensembles" waren damals vom Humanismus inspiriert). Aber eine tiefere Erkenntnis dieser Zielsetzung fehlt und erfordert daher Forschungsarbeit.Gestaltungstheorien zielen darauf ab, eine gewisse Verständlichkeit des Entwurfprozess zu vermitteln. Aber es scheint, dass sich die durch diese Theorien erklärte Entwurfstätigkeit im Wesentlichen auf das architektonische Objekt in seinen konkreten und materiellen Dimensionen konzentriert. Wenn wir uns dagegen für die "Rezeption" interessieren, stellt sichdie Frage, ob wir den Entwurf von Lebensstilen sowie zukünftige Nutzungs - und Erfahrungsausgestaltungen erkennen können.... Die Verankerung in den Wwissenschaften vom Entwerfen (H. A. Simon) verpflichtet uns, uns von Ansätzen wie der Soziologie der Nutzungen zu lösen, da wir uns für Rezipienten interessieren, die noch nicht existieren und nur vorgestellt oder antizipiert werden. Das in dieser Arbeit entwickelte Konzept des "Entwurfs der Rezeption" bedeutet, dass sich die Architekten kognitiv die Realität der Rezeption zu eigen machen. In der Tat ist das Phänomen, das hier beleuchtet werden soll, ein Denkprozess, eine geistige Fähigkeit.Diese Arbeit definiert daher zwei miteinander verflochtene Korpusse: Einerseits ist die ŖArchitekturologieŗ (Ph. Boudon, Ph. Deshayes, C.Lecourtois) ein Fall der Gestaltungstheorie, die man einer kritischen epistemologischen Studie unterziehen kann. Andererseits sind Bernard Tschumis und Rem Koolhaas' Projekte für den Park von La Villette aus dem Jahr 1982 Beispiele für Entwurfsprozesse. Diese Entwurfsbeispiele sind ein Anwendungsgebiet für eine « Architekturologie-Studie ».- Die « Architekturologie » wird als Fallstudie in der Gestaltungstheorie gewählt, weil sie die Spezifität der Architektur berücksichtigt und sich durch eine formale Konstruktion, ein Verallgemeinerungspotential und eine starke Modellierungsfähigkeit auszeichnet. Sie stellt deshalb einen besonders geeigneten Studiengegenstand dar, um zu untersuchen, inwieweit eine Theorie in der Lage ist, etwas von dem architekturalen "Entwurf der Rezeption" zu vermitteln. Allerdings ist die Methode auf eine so allgemeine Weise konstruiert, dass man auch andere Gestaltungstheorien damit untersuchen kann. - Bernard Tschumis und Rem Koolhaasř Entwürfe für den Park von La Villette sind für die Studie relevant, da sie beide besonders originelle Nutzungsmöglichkeiten bieten und einem gesellschaftlichen Innovationsauftrag Rechnung tragen.Das experimentelle Design besteht dann darin, die Theorie zu beobachten, indem es sie auf bestimmte Entwurfsbeispiele anwendet. Die daraus resultierende Modellierung ermöglicht es zu beurteilen, inwieweit die Theorie den "Entwurf der Rezeption" beschreiben kann. Das Ergebnis dieser Prüfung öffnet dann den Weg zu einer theoretischen Konsolidierungsarbeit

This dissertation describes a qualitative case study that investigated novice teachers’ video-aided reflection on their own teaching. To date, most studies that have investigated novice teachers’ video-aided reflective practice have focused on examining novice teachers’ levels of reflective writing rather than the cognitive processes involved during their reflection. Few studies have probed how novice teachers schematize and theorize their newly acquired and/or existing knowledge during video-aided reflection. The purpose of this study was to explore novice teachers’ cognitive processes, particularly video-aided schematization and theorization (VAST), which is a set of cognitive processes that help novice teachers construct, restructure and reconstruct their professional knowledge and pedagogical thinking while reflecting on videos of their own teaching. The researcher measured novice teachers’ VAST by examining their schema construction and automation in terms of schema accretion, schema tuning and schema restructuring. The study attempted to answer the following questions: a) What is the focus of novice teachers’ video-aided reflection? and b) How do novice teachers connect the focus of their reflections to their prior knowledge and future actions? The findings indicate that video-aided reflection could help novice teachers (1) notice what was needed to improve in their teaching practice, (2) realize how various elements in teaching were interrelated, and (3) construct, restructure, or reconstruct their professional knowledge – in other words, develop their schemata about teaching and learning through VAST. With a more developed and mature schemata, novice teachers could be able to better understand the various elements involved in teaching and learning, and handle the situations they encounter in their teaching. This may be because people’s schemata can provide the link between concepts and patterns of what they do (Rumelhart, 1980). This research has provided a new way to look at novice teachers’ video-aided reflection: how the cognitive processes they experience during their reflection can help them develop the knowledge about teaching and learning, and how their cognitive development can help them grow toward becoming teaching experts. The research findings add to the knowledge base about the use of video technology in teachers’ self-reflection and professional development in teacher education.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a relatively rare autoimmune disease with no known aetiology or cure. In addition to numerous physical symptoms, those living with SLE have also been shown to experience significant emotional and psychosocial difficulties. There has been little psychological research into SLE despite the rapidly increasing interest in health psychology and quality of life issues over the last two decades. One such issue that has commanded particular attention is that of cognitive bias in individuals with chronic pain and/or chronic illness. Cognitive bias toward illness-related information is theorised to indicate the presence of an illness self-schema, and is a valuable tool of investigation as it permits access to a level of cognitive structure that is inaccessible via self-report instruments. The primary focus of the present study is to investigate recall bias for pain- and illness-related words in SLE patients. This bias is explored relative to the recall of neutral words and depression-related words, and also relative to the responses of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and healthy controls. Two hypotheses are proposed: firstly, that bias is related to disease activity; and secondly, that bias is related to the combination of illness and depression. The findings provide support for the second hypothesis, with the additional caveat that the nature of the pain/illness stimuli used is important in determining the presence of cognitive bias. No recall bias for illness-related words as a whole was found in any of the groups, nor was there evidence of a recall bias in the SLE and RA patients when they were divided according to depression status. However, when the illness words were examined separately according to �sensory pain� and �disability-related� words, a clear bias for disability words was found in the depressed patient group. It is concluded that there is a relationship between depression in chronically ill individuals, and the way in which such individuals process disability-related words. In accordance with the schema-enmeshment model (Pincus & Morley, 2001), it is suggested that both a pain-schema and an illness-schema exist, and it is when these two schemas become enmeshed with the self-schema that depression occurs in chronic pain/chronically ill patients. The cognitive bias assessment paradigm adopted in this study-one that is typically used in similar investigations-is lengthy, requires sophisticated equipment and can be difficult to interpret on an individual level. The present study investigates the relationship between cognitive biases in SLE patients and a recently-developed task, PRISM, which appears to symbolise the enmeshment of illness-, pain- and self-schemas. Analyses confirmed that recall of negative illness words was the only independent predictor of PRISM scores. This suggests that PRISM, a quick and easy task to administer, may have considerable usefulness as a clinical tool to assess information relevant to the enmeshment of illness- and self-schema. A greater understanding of schema and the processing styles of chronically ill patients will allow for more effective psychological treatment such that quality of life can be improved.

The ability to reason analogically is a central marker of human-level cognition. Analogy involves mapping, reorganizing, and creating structural knowledge, a particular type of cognitive construct commonly understood as residing purely within the domain of declarative knowledge. Yet existing computational models of analogy struggle to show human-level performance on any data sets not manually constructed for the purposes of demonstration, a problem referred to as the tailorability concern. Solving the tailorability concern may require more investigation into the nature of cognitive structures, defined as those elements in mental representation which are referred to whenever contemporary literature on analogy discusses "structured" knowledge.

I propose to develop the theory of Analogical Constructivism. This theory builds on Piaget's constructivist epistemology, first refining its concepts by clarifying the modifications Piaget himself made in his later, less-discussed works. I reconcile Piaget's assertion that meaning is, first and foremost, rooted in the action schemas that the agent is both born with and develops throughout life, with an account of cognitive structure, concluding that cognitive structure is inseparable from action-centered/procedural knowledge.

After a defense of the claim that cognitive structure cannot exist apart from actions (a claim which I refer to as "No-semantically-empty-structure"), I introduce PAGI World, a simulation environment rich enough in possible actions to foster the growth of artificial agents capable of producing their own cognitive structures. I conclude with a brief demonstration of an agent in PAGI World, and discuss future work.

A review of the literature reveals two significant gaps in existing psychological research into eating disorders. First, despite a clear association between dysfunctional family environment and eating psychopathology, little is known about factors that might mediate between the two. Second, cognitive-behavioural treatment is unexpectedly ineffective in anorexia nervosa or in some cases of bulimia nervosa. To fill these gaps, the present research investigated the role of core beliefs in the aetiology and treatment of eating disorders. Given their early origin, core beliefs may plausibly mediate between family environment and eating disorders. In addition, unhealthy core beliefs might explain the resistance to cognitive-behavioural treatment in some instances. The thesis first considers the relationship between unhealthy core beliefs and eating psychopathology in anorexic and bulimic women. This is followed by an examination of core beliefs as an outcome predictor in cognitive-behavioural treatment for eating disorders. Finally, the role of core beliefs as a mediator between dysfunctional family environment and eating disorders is investigated. The results demonstrate high levels of unhealthy core beliefs in both anorexic and bulimic women. These core beliefs also predict the level of symptom reduction following cognitive-behavioural treatment, but only in the bulimic women. While core beliefs play a perfect mediating role in the family interaction-eating disorders link in bulimia nervosa, this relationship is less clear-cut in anorexia nervosa.

This thesis investigates theoretical propositions of Beck (1996), Epstein (1987), and Young (1999) that suggest maladaptive schemas operating as deep unconscious cognitions are intrinsically linked to the psychological health and wellbeing of the individual. To date, research on psychological health has mainly used self-report measures that focus on conscious processes. The primary aim of this thesis was to explore particular maladaptive schemas that purportedly operate unconsciously and to examine their relationship with self-reported psychological dysfunction. Bruhn�s (1990a) Cognitive Perceptual Theory of early childhood memories was employed as a vehicle to access schemas deemed outside of conscious awareness. These unconscious schemas were investigated in conjunction with current self-reported maladaptive schemas in Study 1 and psychological symptoms in Study 2. The participants in Study 1 comprised 249 undergraduate first year psychology students. There were 198 women and 50 men with a mean age of 22 years who were asked to write down four early childhood memories. The first two memories were spontaneous in order to reveal the most pressing underlying schemas. The next two early memories requested were relating to mother and to father, to gain schema information about relationship dynamics. The participants then filled out the short-form of Young�s (1998) Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S). Independent raters coded the memories for Young�s (1994) Early Maladaptive Schemas, and Last and Bruhn�s (1992) Object Relations categories of �Perceptions of Others�, �Perceptions of the Self�, �Perception of Environment�, and �Degree of Interpersonal Contact�, and �Individual Distinctiveness�. Polyserial correlations indicated that there were significant relationships between maladaptive schemas represented in early memories and self-reported maladaptive schemas. However, the lack of maladaptive schemas in memories being linked to the same maladaptive schemas that were being self-reported, suggested that the schemas represented in memories were tapping into a different source of information than conscious self-reports. A Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) was performed with the sample divided into three groups (low, medium and high YSQ-S scorers). The results showed that maladaptive schemas identified in early memories that corresponded to Young�s (1990) �Disconnection and Rejection� domain and, Last and Bruhn�s (1992) Object Relations theme of �Perceiving the Environment as Unsafe�, were significant predictors of people in the group with high levels of self-reported maladaptive schemas. These variables also differentiated people in the high group from those in the low group at a greater rate than chance (33 percent). Fifty�six percent of people were correctly allocated to the high group on the basis of representations of these particular schemas in their memories. When only the low and high groups were analysed, using individual schemas rather than domains, �Mistrust/Abuse�, �Social Isolation�, �Emotional Deprivation� and �Subjugation� schemas in the first analysis and �Perceptions of the Environment as Unsafe� in the second analysis were found to be significant predictors. These predictors correctly classified 70 percent of cross-validated cases in the high groups in both analyses. For Study 2, the participants comprised 278 undergraduate first year psychology students. There were 65 men and 206 women with a mean age of 22 years who provided accounts of four early childhood memories as in Study 1. They also completed the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI; Derogatis, 1993). As with Study 1, the accounts of the completed early childhood memories were coded by independent raters who examined the memories for Young�s (1994) Maladaptive Schemas and Last and Bruhn�s (1992) Object Relations categories. Additionally, following each memory, the participants rated their memories using Hermans and Hermans-Jansen�s (1995) list of Affect Terms. The sample was divided into three groups on the basis of the General Severity Index [GSI] scores (low, medium and high scorers) that were derived from the BSI (Derogatis, 1993). A Discriminant Function Analysis showed that maladaptive schemas identified in the memories that corresponded to Young�s (1990) �Disconnection and Rejection� domain were significant predictors of people in the group with high levels of self-reported psychological symptoms (Derogatis, 1993). Fifty percent of people (which is greater than the chance rate of 33 percent) were correctly predicted as belonging to the high group on the basis of representations of schemas from this domain. In another DFA analysis that used individual schemas instead of domains, �Abandonment� and �Insufficient Self-Control�, together with �Perceiving the Environment to be safe� and �Negative Affect�, were found to be significant predictors that correctly allocated 58 percent of people into the high GSI group. Further analysis using only the low and high groups resulted in 83 percent of people in the high group being correctly identified on the basis of representations of �Abandonment�, �Insufficient Self-Control� and �Perceiving the Environment to be safe�. These results endorse the relevance of the relationships among an underlying sense of abandonment and insufficient self-control with high levels of psychological symptoms of distress. Taken together, the findings from both studies support the theoretical proposition that schemas residing outside of conscious awareness can have a pervasive link with psychological health and wellbeing. A particularly important discovery was that a relatively small number of schemas centered around perceptions of �Disconnection and Rejection� from others, that were operating unconsciously, were significantly linked to people in both studies who reported a wide range of psychological difficulties. It was concluded that investigating object relations, affect, and Young�s (1990) maladaptive schemas in early memories, is an efficient and possibly essential method of gaining information that may otherwise not be obtained from self-report measures exclusively. Consequently, in therapy, maladaptive schemas associated with disconnection and rejection represented in clients� early childhood memories can be viewed as very important unconscious schemas to examine. This is especially necessary given that these schemas may not be consciously accessed or easily articulated by clients, and yet seem to be intrinsically linked to a range of conscious psychological difficulties.

The objective of this research was to present to the cognitive-behavioral therapists a cinematherapeutic technique, based on the Disney animated films, which can be used for children and adolescents for psychoeducate about the entitlement / grandiosity scheme and insufficient self-control/self-discipline scheme, which make up the impaired limits domains, according to the theory Jeffrey Young. Seven experts professional in the clinical area of cognitive-behavioral approach aged between 26 to 47 years (𝑥= 33; DP = 8,01) and average acting time of 𝑥 = 9 anos (DP = 7,1). All participants had evidence of specialization in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), 29% had master\'s degree and 29% had postdoctoral. The instrument used was a test of judges composed of the transcription of verbal and nonverbal content of 19 scenes relative to the movies Cars , Beauty and the Beast , Wreck-It Ralph and Brave . Judges should read and judge which category was being portrayed in the scene at issue: entitlement / grandiosity scheme or insufficient self-control/self-discipline scheme. Data collected by test judges that these were nominal variables were transformed into binomial variables and then analyzed using the Wilcoxon test. The results indicated which scenes had a prevalence of impaired limits schema domain. Regarding the movie \"Cars\" was found predominance of entitlement / grandiosity scheme in three scenes; in \"Beauty and the Beast\" three scenes were representative of entitlement / grandiosity scheme and two about insufficient self-control/self-discipline scheme; in Wreck-It Ralph four scenes were considered examples of such schemes, three relating to insufficient self-control/self-discipline scheme and one concerning the entitlement / grandiosity scheme; finally, on Brave prevalence of insufficient self-control/self-discipline scheme was found in two scenes. In total was found a predominance of the impaired limits schemes characteristics in 14 scenes, which are represented by speech and nonverbal language of the characters. These scenes can be used to psychoeducate children and adolescents about these schemes. The use of tools able to engage the child and arouse their interest is very important in cognitive play therapy and is known to that the cinematherapy has a high potential for motivating patients. Psychoeducation is an essential practice in CBT because can affect adherence to treatment and enables the achievement of the other aim of therapy. Therefore, applying the cinematherapy in psychoeducation for children and adolescents contributes to increasing the effectiveness of the therapeutic process. This work contributes to expanding the arsenal of cognitive-behavioral techniques, as it suggests scenes that can be used as psychoeducational tools in the cognitive play therapy, based on a systematic categorization.
O objetivo desta pesquisa foi apresentar aos terapeutas cognitivo-comportamentais uma técnica cinematerápica, baseada nos filmes animados da Disney, que possa ser utilizada para psicoeducar crianças e adolescentes sobre os esquemas de arrogo/grandiosidade e autocontrole/autodisciplina insuficientes, que compõem o Domínio III Limites prejudicados, de acordo com a teoria de Jeffrey Young. Participaram deste estudo sete profissionais experts na área clínica de abordagem cognitivo-comportamental, com idade entre 26 e 47 anos (𝑥= 33; DP = 8,01) e tempo médio de atuação de 𝑥 = 9 anos (DP = 7,1). Todos os participantes possuíam título de especialista em Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental (TCC), além de 29% possuírem mestrado e 29% pós-doutorado. O instrumento utilizado foi uma prova de juízes composta pela transcrição do conteúdo verbal e não verbal de 19 cenas relativas aos filmes Carros , A Bela e a Fera , Detona Ralph e Valente . Os juízes deveriam ler e julgar qual categoria estava sendo retratada na cena em questão: arrogo/grandiosidade ou autocontrole/autodisciplina insuficientes. Os dados coletados através da prova de juízes, que se tratavam de variáveis nominais, foram transformados em variáveis binomiais e então submetidos ao teste Wilcoxon. Os resultados indicaram quais cenas possuíam prevalência de um dos esquemas do domínio limites prejudicados. Com relação ao filme Carros , foi encontrado predomínio do esquema de arrogo/grandiosidade em três cenas; em A Bela e a Fera três cenas foram consideradas representativas do esquema de arrogo/grandiosidade e duas de autocontrole/autodisciplina insuficientes; em Detona Ralph quatro cenas foram consideradas exemplos desses esquemas, sendo três referentes ao autocontrole/autodisciplina insuficientes e uma ao arrogo/grandiosidade; finalmente, em Valente foi encontrada prevalência do esquema de autocontrole/autodisciplina insuficientes em duas cenas. No total, foi encontrado predomínio de características dos esquemas referentes aos limites prejudicados em 14 cenas, os quais são representados através de falas e linguagem não verbal dos personagens. Essas cenas podem ser utilizadas para psicoeducar crianças e adolescentes a respeito desses esquemas. A utilização de ferramentas capazes de envolver a criança e despertar o seu interesse é de grande relevância na ludoterapia cognitiva e sabe-se que a cinematerapia possui um alto potencial de motivação dos pacientes. A psicoeducação é uma prática essencial na TCC, pois interfere na adesão do paciente ao tratamento e possibilita o alcance dos demais objetivos da terapia. Portanto, aplicar a cinematerapia na psicoeducação de crianças e adolescentes colabora para o aumento da eficácia do processo terapêutico. Este trabalho contribui para a ampliação do arsenal de técnicas cognitivo-comportamentais, uma vez que sugere cenas que podem ser utilizadas como ferramentas psicoeducativas na ludoterapia cognitiva, baseando-se em uma categorização sistematizada.
Mestre em Psicologia Aplicada

Master of Landscape Architecture
Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional & Community Planning
Brent Chamberlain
Narratives of urban experiences influence understanding of space and urban form. Narratives give meaning to space, creating memories of places and helping to define an individual’s cognitive map. The representation of narratives within cognitive maps impacts day to day activities, as well as, emotional, cultural, and social characteristics of one’s self. Planners and designers play an important role in crafting narratives through the implementation of designs and policies that together shape urban form. This research investigates the relationship between spatial cognitive schemas and narratives within cognitive maps. Specifically, how college students develop and use narratives within their cognitive map to help with living in a new and initially unfamiliar place of residence. Through mixed method analysis of drawn individual cognitive maps, an online survey, and a group discussion, results show that different types of experiences within narratives influence the likelihood of it appearing within the spatial cognitive schema. The findings suggest that narratives created by peak emotional experiences contain a longer and clearer representation within cognitive maps because of their personal value. By better understanding the role of these emotional responses and their connection with urban form, design professionals can aim to frame projects toward influencing individual’s lives. Understanding how individuals develop narratives of their new city may influence planning and design with the goal of creating urban projects that provide social and cultural significance through meaning of place.

While mood disorders rank within the top ten disabilities worldwide, there has been limited research done on cognitive schemas and the role they play in the development of mood disorders in South Africa. Cognitive conceptualisations of depression typically emphasize the schema-based automatic processing of information. Beck (1967, 1976 & 1987) suggested that schematically driven automatic thinking is a key element in depressive disorders. Research in the field of depression has identified cognitive schemas as a factor which increases an individual’s diathesis to depression. The primary aim of this research is to explore and describe maladaptive cognitive schemas, hopelessness and levels of depression amongst individuals diagnosed with Unipolar Mood Disorder. A further aim of the research has been to explore the relationship between maladaptive cognitive schemas and hopelessness as a diathesis to depression. In order to achieve the objectives, data was collected from a sample of 50 inpatients diagnosed with Unipolar Mood Disorder. The following measures were used: Young’s Schema Questionnaire, Beck's Depression Inventory – 2nd edition and Beck’s Hopelessness Scale. The research is quantitative in nature and takes the form of an exploratory-descriptive study. Data has been analysed by means of descriptive statistics in order to identify the mean, ranges and standard deviation of the measures used. Cross-tabulations have been used to further explore the relationship between the variables mentioned above. It was found that a statistically significant correlation exists between the BDI, BHS and YSQ. Maladaptive cognitive schemas were found to have a strong positive correlation 4 to depression, whereas hopelessness was found to have a less significant role in Unipolar Mood Disorder. The most significant schemas found in relation to hopelessness, were the Social Isolation, Unrelenting Standards and Pessimism schemas. With regards to depression, the most significant schemas were found to be Mistrust, Practical Incompetence, Vulnerability, Subjugation, Self-Sacrifice, Emotional Inhibition, Unrelenting Standards, Entitlement, Insufficient Self-Control, Admiration, Pessimism and Self-Punitiveness. All the above mentioned variables proved to have a statistically significant relationship. The findings of this research study are for the most part consistent with the literature on depression, hopelessness and cognitive vulnerabilities, and all of the above mentioned concepts have been found to be related.

Investigation of appearance adjustment issues has received increasing attention in recent times. However, research into associated cognitive processes and the theoretical underpinnings of adjustment has not received equivalent focus. Self-Schema theory has been proposed as a possible framework for understanding the development and maintenance of appearance concern. Although research has been conducted assessing whether appearance concerns can be conceptualised as a schema structure, this work has focused mainly on weight and shape-related appearance issues and has failed to adequately assess the multifaceted nature of the schema construct. The purpose of this program of research was to address these issues through assessment of a multitude of schematic attributes related to appearance and their potential information processing implications; thus, providing evaluation of the usefulness and applicability of appearance self-schemata in further our understanding of appearance concern. The first series of studies investigated organisation and content of appearance-related information within the self-concept to evaluate whether poor appearance adjusters exhibited structuring consistent with the schema construct. The results suggest that higher levels of appearance concern are associated with increased salience, negative valence and elaboration of appearance information. These findings are consistent with predictions based on self-schema theory. The second series of studies investigated differences in processing of appearance-related information. Interpretation of ambiguous stimuli, attention towards specific information, speed of processing, and context-specificity of processing biases were evaluated and related to adjustment level. A variety of methodologies were employed to assess these variables including the dot-probe task and context-priming tasks.

Cette thèse soutient l'idée que dans l'acquisition linguistique, l’analogie en tant que processus cognitif a un rôle déterminant. Il ne s'agit pas de la simple ressemblance (A est comme B) mais d'un processus de calcul de quatrième proportionnel (trouver C, qui est à D comme A est à B). Elle se manifeste à tous les niveaux de l'analyse linguistique : phonologie, morphologie, syntaxe et lexico-sémantique. Ceci vaut pour l'acquisition de langue première et aussi pour l'apprentissage de langue seconde, mais cette fois dans des conditions différentes, la première langue jouant comme arrière-plan. L'analogie opère à partir d'exemples disponibles parce que rencontrés précédemment dans l'expérience linguistique. On rend compte ainsi de la régularité qui s'observe dans le langage sans devoir pour cela recourir à des règles. Le locuteur construit des représentations mentales (schèmes) pour chaque savoir rencontré qu’il intègre, produit et transforme par analogie, ce qui attribue à ce processus le caractère dynamique
This thesis claims that, in language acquisition, analogy has a fundamental role as a cognitive process; not as a sheer resemblance but as a computation process aimed at computing a proportional fourth (find C, which is to D as A is to B). It operates at all levels of linguistic analysis: phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexico-semantics. This holds for L1 acquisition and L2 learning; in the latter, the conditions are different because L1 operates as a background. Analogy uses the examples that are available because that were previously met in linguistic experience. This accounts for the regularity that is to be observed in language without having to posit rules. The speaker constructs mental representations (schemas) for each knowledge he meets. He integrates, produces, and modifies the knowledge by analogy, which is why this process is dynamic

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) symptoms and childhood experiences, and to explore the role of Early Maladaptive Schemas and core beliefs as variables possibly mediating this relationship. Previous research with clinical samples has established a strong link between childhood maltreatment and adult BPD (& other PD) symptoms in clinical samples. However, difficulties with these studies limit the specificity of results. For example, BPD has been shown to be highly comorbid with other axis I and axis II psychiatric conditions. Given that studies examining the relationship between BPD and childhood maltreatment generally fail to control for these comorbid conditions, the specificity of their results must be questioned. Furthermore, it has been well established that childhood familial environment is strongly related to childhood maltreatment. Again studies examining the relationship between BPD and childhood maltreatment have generally failed to concurrently assess childhood familial environments, hence opening the possibility that the relationship between BPD and childhood maltreatment may be due to family functioning rather than childhood maltreatment per se. Finally, studies linking childhood maltreatment with adult BPD have primarily utilized clinical samples. However, the primary use of clinical samples to examine the aetiology of disorders in this context ignores the vast literature showing adequate psychological functio ning for the majority of individuals exposed to childhood maltreatment. Hence, the primary aim of the current study was to examine the relationship between childhood maltreatment and adult BPD symptoms in a primarily non-clinical sample whilst statistically controlling for commonly comorbid axis I and axis II symptomatology and concurrently measuring childhood familial functioning. It was a secondary aim of the current study to examine the mediating effects of beliefs on the relationship between childhood factors (i.e., childhood maltreatment & childhood familial functioning) and adult BPD symptomatology. That is, cognitive-behavioural theorists argue that personality disorders may be triggered by adverse childhood experiences leading to maladaptive beliefs (or schemas) related to the self, others, and the world, and it is these beliefs which lead to the behavioural disturbances evident in personality disorders. One hundred and eighty-five primarily non-clinical participants completed questionnaires measuring a variety of axis I and axis II symptoms, early maladaptive schemas and core beliefs, as well as retrospective reports of family functioning and childhood maltreatment. Results showed a significant relationship between childhood factors and adult BPD symptomatology. For example, the largest correlation between BPD symptoms and a childhood factor was .27 (for childhood emotional abuse). Furthermore, early maladaptive schemas and core beliefs were found to mediate the relationship between childhood factors and adult BPD symptomatology thus supporting cognitive-behavioural theories of personality disorders. However, early maladaptive schemas and core beliefs were also found to mediate the relationship between childhood factors and other Axis I and Axis II symptoms. Hence, it was concluded that while there was some support for a cognitive mediation hypothesis for BPD symptoms, future research is needed in exploring the specificity of the cognitive mediation hypothesis for BPD.

La linguistique cognitive considère les structures langagières comme le reflet de structures conceptuelles sous-jacentes. Les schèmes-images font partie de ces structures. Ils sont construits et abstraits à partir de l’expérience incorporée et socialement située du monde, ce qui leur confère à la fois une assise culturelle et sensori-motrice. Le présent travail confirme qu’il est possible, sur les bases théoriques édifiées par Lakoff et Johnson (1987), d’en identifier les réalisations lexicales et syntaxiques, en observant les usages langagiers. La thèse que nous soumettons aborde plus spécifiquement le schème-image du CHEMIN (PATH-schema). Pour mener cette analyse, nous ancrons nos recherches dans deux corpus. Le premier fait état de tous les types de chemins répertoriés en linguistique cognitive, à partir d’une centaine d’unités verbales, incluses dans 500 occurrences. Le second s’intéresse à quatre items verbaux, come, go, rise, et fall, répartis sur un millier d’exemples. Notre objectif consiste à discerner les charges morphosyntaxiques et les variantes sémantiques du schème du chemin. Ce faisant, nous inscrivons la corporéité – ou du moins son réinvestissement symbolique - au cœur de notre étude. Par « corporéité », nous entendons la conceptualisation et la figuration du rapport incarné du sujet au monde, les traces que laissent ces représentations dans l’organisation du lexique et des constructions. Nos corpus présentent une quantité importante de verbes, qui révèlent des états de fait abstraits. Ces emplois nous conduiront à explorer le statut du schème du chemin, tant dans sa réalisation morphosyntaxique que dans son contenu sémantique, lorsque ce schème sous-tend les extensions sémantiques des verbes étudiés. Nos questionnements sur la polysémie des verbes, sur leur définition d’un point de vue prototypique et sur leur grammaticalisation éventuelle, contribueront à révéler la réalité cognitive du schème analysé. Enfin, la quantité importante d’emplois « abstraits » des verbes, nous amènera à questionner la corporéité, telle que la linguistique cognitive la définit
Linguistic structures are considered to be underlain by conceptual structures in cognitive linguistics. Image schemas belong to these structures. Schemas are shaped on the basis of bodily and socially-anchored experience, which gives them a cultural and sensor-motor status. The present study demonstrates that syntactic and lexical characteristics of image-schemas can be identified, on the basis of Lakoff and Johnson’s theories (1987), while examining language usages. This study specifically focuses on the PATH-schema, which will be investigated through two corpus-based analyses. The first sample of occurrences, made up of 500 examples, is a corpus-illustrated analysis, which exemplifies all the types of paths that have been elaborated in cognitive linguistics. The second sample of occurrences is a corpus-driven analysis, made up of 1000 examples, which are divided into four verbs’ usages, i.e. come, go, rise, and fall. We are aiming at detecting the syntactic and semantic patterns of the PATH-schema. Our goal leads us to examine the notion of « embodiment », namely the conceptualization and the evidence of the embodied link of the individual to the environment, left in lexical constructions. Our data display several verbs involved in abstract descriptions. These usages will lead us to explore the status of the PATH-schema, and focus on its syntactic and semantic specificities, particularly when this schema underlies semantic extensions of come, go, rise, and fall. Issues concerning the verbs’ polysemy, their prototypical definition, and their potential grammaticalization, will contribute to revealing the cognitive reality of the PATH-schema. Finally, the quantity of verbs’ « abstract » usages, will lead us to investigate the notion of « embodiment », as cognitive linguistics defines it

Este trabalho se ocupa dos usos espaciais das preposições para e em nos contextos aqui chamados de locativos e direcionais produzidos com o verbo estar pleno de sentido de locação e o verbo ir de movimento. A análise parte dos pressupostos da Semântica Cognitiva, especificamente da teoria dos esquemas imagéticos (JOHNSON, 1987; LAKOFF, 1987) e as operações de transformações entre esses esquemas (PEÑA, 2008; DEWELL, 2005; LAKOFF, 1987). O corpus utilizado é composto por entrevistas de fala espontânea coletadas em comunidades quilombolas dos estados do Maranhão e São Paulo. Os contextos analisados são aqueles nos quais as duas preposições parecem alternar, como em: Eles estão pro Maranhão ou Eles estão no Maranhão, como também em: Foram pro cinema e Foram no cinema. Argumenta-se que tal alternância se dê pelas transformações entre esquemas imagéticos, nomeadamente os esquemas ORIGEM-PERCURSO-DESTINO e CONTÊINER. Para fundamentar a argumentação, são apresentados os pressupostos teóricos que embasam este trabalho, a problemática e algumas questões de cunho metodológico são discutidos. Por fim, apresenta-se uma proposta de análise semântico-cognitiva que considere a representação do espaço para as duas preposições em foco.
This study deals with the spatial uses of the prepositions em (in) and para (to) in the contexts here called locative and directional produced with the verb estar (to be) for locations and the verb ir (to go) in the movement sense. The analysis is based on the Cognitive Semantics framework, specifically the theory of image schemas (JOHNSON, 1987; Lakoff, 1987) and the transformation processes of those schemas (PEÑA, 2008; DEWELL, 2005; Lakoff, 1987). The corpus is made of interviews of spontaneous speech collected in comunidades quilombolas (maroon communities) from the states of Maranhão and São Paulo. The contexts examined are those in which the two prepositions appear to switch, as in: \"Eles estão pro Maranhao\" (They are to Maranhão) or \"Eles estão no Maranhao,\" (They are in Maranhão) also in: \"Eles foram pro cinema\" (They went to the cinema) and \"Eles foram no cinema.\" (They went in the cinema). It is argued that this alternation is given by image schema transformations, mainly the SOURCE-PATH-GOAL and the CONTAINER image schema. To support this argument, the theoretical assumptions are presented. The problem of this work and some methodological issues are as well discussed. Finally, a proposal in the Cognitive Semantic framework analysis is suggested for analyzing the spatial representation of both prepositions in focus in this work.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2000.
Adviser: Holly Taylor. Submitted to the Dept. of Psychology. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-136). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;