Journal articles: 'Cognitive precursors'

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Bennett, Paul, and Rob Lowe. "Emotions and Their Cognitive Precursors." Journal of Health Psychology 13, no. 4 (May 2008): 537–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105308088526.

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Pulinets, Sergey, Marina Tsidilina, Dimitar Ouzounov, and Dmitry Davidenko. "From Hector Mine M7.1 to Ridgecrest M7.1 Earthquake. A Look from a 20-Year Perspective." Atmosphere 12, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020262.

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The paper provides a comparative analysis of precursory phenomena in the ionosphere and atmosphere for two strong earthquakes of the same magnitude M7.1 that happened in the same region (North-East from Los Angeles) within a time span of 20 years, the Hector Mine and Ridgecrest earthquakes. Regardless of the similarity of their location (South-Eastern California, near 160 km one from another), there was one essential difference: the Hector Mine earthquake happened during geomagnetically disturbed conditions (essential in the sense of ionospheric precursors identification). In contrast, the quiet geomagnetic conditions characterized the period around the time of the Ridgecrest earthquake. The Hector mine earthquake happened in the middle of the rising phase of the 23-rd solar cycle characterized by high solar activity, while the Ridgecrest earthquake happened by the very end of the 24th cycle under very low solar activity conditions. We provide a comprehensive multi-factor analysis, determine the precursory period for both earthquakes and demonstrate the close similarity of ionospheric precursors. Unlike the majority of papers dealing with earthquake precursor identification based on the “abnormality” of observed time-series mainly determined by amplitude difference between “normal” (usually climatic) behavior and “abnormal” behavior with amplitudes exceeding some pre-established threshold, we used the technique of cognitive recognition of the precursors based on the physical mechanisms of their generation and the morphology of their behavior during the precursory period. These permits to uniquely identify precursors even in conditions of disturbed environment as it was around the time of the Hector Mine earthquake. We demonstrate the close similarity of precursors’ development for both events. The leading time of precursor appearance for the same region and similar magnitude was identical. For the Hector Mine it was 11 October 1999—5 days in advance—and for 2019 Ridgecrest it was 28 June—7 days before the mainshock and five days before the strongest foreshock.

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Wood, Stephen J., Alison R. Yung, and Christos Pantelis. "Cognitive precursors of severe mental disorders." Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 18, no. 1-2 (January 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2012.750439.

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CORNBLATT, BARBARA, MICHAEL OBUCHOWSKI, SIMONE ROBERTS, SIMCHA POLLACK, and L. ERLENMEYER–KIMLING. "Cognitive and behavioral precursors of schizophrenia." Development and Psychopathology 11, no. 3 (September 1999): 487–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579499002175.

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Attentional deficits are well-established characteristics of patients with schizophrenia and their at-risk offspring, suggesting a biological connection between attention and schizophrenia. The goal of this study is to clarify the developmental role of attention in the illness. Data has been collected from 87 subjects at high and low risk for schizophrenia who have participated in the New York High-Risk Project from 1977 to the present. Individuals are considered to be at high risk if either or both of their parents has schizophrenia. Analyses of attention and global behaviors, measured at intervals from about 12 to 26 years of age, indicate (a) attentional deficits can be reliably detected in high-risk children who will develop future schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (the prespectrum [PSP] group); (b) these deficits are stable, enduring over time, and appear to reflect a compromised attentional capacity; (c) attention is not affected by the onset of illness in the PSP group; (d) for all subjects, attention and global behaviors follow independent developmental pathways; and (e) behavioral difficulties, but not attention deficits, appear to be highly sensitive to environmental factors, especially rearing by a mentally ill parent. It is concluded that in PSP individuals impaired attention probably results from prenatal developmental abnormalities (possibly on the cellular level) and is likely to be a marker of a biological vulnerability to schizophrenia. In addition, attentional deficits, as opposed to early behavioral difficulties, are concluded to be a useful first step in screening for youngsters in need of early intervention.

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Darsaud, Annabelle, Ullrich Wagner, Evelyne Balteau, Martin Desseilles, Virginie Sterpenich, Gilles Vandewalle, Geneviève Albouy, et al. "Neural Precursors of Delayed Insight." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 8 (August 2011): 1900–1910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21550.

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The solution of a problem left unresolved in the evening can sometimes pop into mind as a sudden insight after a night of sleep in the following morning. Although favorable effects of sleep on insightful behavior have been experimentally confirmed, the neural mechanisms determining this delayed insight remain unknown. Here, using fMRI, we characterize the neural precursors of delayed insight in the number reduction task (NRT), in which a hidden task structure can be learned implicitly, but can also be recognized explicitly in an insightful process, allowing immediate qualitative improvement in task performance. Normal volunteers practiced the NRT during two fMRI sessions (training and retest), taking place 12 hours apart after a night of sleep. After this delay, half of the subjects gained insight into the hidden task structure (“solvers,” S), whereas the other half did not (“nonsolvers,” NS). Already at training, solvers and nonsolvers differed in their cerebral responses associated with implicit learning. In future solvers, responses were observed in the superior frontal sulcus, posterior parietal cortex, and the insula, three areas mediating controlled processes and supporting early learning and novice performance. In contrast, implicit learning was related to significant responses in the hippocampus in nonsolvers. Moreover, the hippocampus was functionally coupled with the basal ganglia in nonsolvers and with the superior frontal sulcus in solvers, thus potentially biasing participants' strategy towards implicit or controlled processes of memory encoding, respectively. Furthermore, in solvers but not in nonsolvers, response patterns were further transformed overnight, with enhanced responses in ventral medial prefrontal cortex, an area previously implicated in the consolidation of declarative memory. During retest in solvers, before they gain insight into the hidden rule, significant responses were observed in the same medial prefrontal area. After insight, a distributed set of parietal and frontal areas is recruited among which information concerning the hidden rule can be shared in a so-called global workspace.

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Hagtvet, Bente E. "Phonological and linguistic-cognitive precursors of reading abilities." Dyslexia 3, no. 3 (September 1997): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0909(199709)3:3<163::aid-dys83>3.0.co;2-0.

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Campbell, Jared M. "Supplementation with NAD+ and Its Precursors to Prevent Cognitive Decline across Disease Contexts." Nutrients 14, no. 15 (August 7, 2022): 3231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14153231.

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The preservation of cognitive ability by increasing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels through supplementation with NAD+ precursors has been identified as a promising treatment strategy for a number of conditions; principally, age-related cognitive decline (including Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia), but also diabetes, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. Candidate factors have included NAD+ itself, its reduced form NADH, nicotinamide (NAM), nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), nicotinamide riboside (NR), and niacin (or nicotinic acid). This review summarises the research findings for each source of cognitive impairment for which NAD+ precursor supplementation has been investigated as a therapy. The findings are mostly positive but have been made primarily in animal models, with some reports of null or adverse effects. Given the increasing popularity and availability of these factors as nutritional supplements, further properly controlled clinical research is needed to provide definitive answers regarding this strategy’s likely impact on human cognitive health when used to address different sources of impairment.

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Okan, Yasmina, Eva Janssen, Mirta Galesic, and Erika A. Waters. "Using the Short Graph Literacy Scale to Predict Precursors of Health Behavior Change." Medical Decision Making 39, no. 3 (March 8, 2019): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x19829728.

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Background. Visual displays can facilitate risk communication and promote better health choices. Their effectiveness in improving risk comprehension is influenced by graph literacy. However, the construct of graph literacy is still insufficiently understood, partially because existing objective measures of graph literacy are either too difficult or too long. Objectives. We constructed a new 4-item Short Graph Literacy (SGL) scale and examined how SGL scores relate to key cognitive, affective, and conative precursors of health behavior change described in common health behavior theories. Methods. We performed secondary analyses to adapt the SGL scale from an existing 13-item scale. The initial construction was based on data collected in a laboratory setting in Germany ( n = 51). The scale was then validated using data from nationally representative samples in Germany ( n = 495) and the United States ( n = 492). To examine how SGL scores relate to precursors of health behavior change, we performed secondary analyses of a third study involving a nationwide US sample with 47% participants belonging to racial/ethnic minorities and 46% with limited formal education ( n = 835). Results. Graph literacy was significantly associated with cognitive precursors in theoretically expected ways (e.g., positive associations with risk comprehension and response efficacy and a negative association with cognitive risk perception). Patterns for affective precursors generally mirrored those for cognitive precursors, although numeracy was a stronger predictor than graph literacy for some affective factors (e.g., feelings of risk). Graph literacy had predictive value for most cognitive and affective precursors beyond numeracy. In addition, graph literacy (but not numeracy) predicted key conative precursors such as defensive processing. Conclusions. Our data suggest that the SGL scale is a fast and psychometrically valid method for measuring objective graph literacy. Our findings also highlight the theoretical and practical relevance of graph literacy.

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Pulinets, S. A., D. V. Davidenko, and P. A. Budnikov. "Method for Cognitive Identification of Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes." Geomagnetism and Aeronomy 61, no. 1 (January 2021): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0016793221010126.

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Tokar, David M., Mindi N. Thompson, Melissa R. Plaufcan, and Christine M. Williams. "Precursors of learning experiences in Social Cognitive Career Theory." Journal of Vocational Behavior 71, no. 3 (December 2007): 319–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2007.08.002.

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Yu, Alan C. L. "On measuring phonetic precursor robustness: a response to Moreton." Phonology 28, no. 3 (December 2011): 491–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675711000236.

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Much debate in recent years has focused on the relative contribution of analytic and channel biases in shaping the typology of sound. Moreton (2008) argues forcefully for the strength of analytic bias, such as Universal Grammar and other non-modality-specific cognitive biases that facilitate the learning of some phonological patterns and inhibit that of others, in creating typological asymmetries on its own, unassisted by the robustness of phonetic precursors. This article focuses on the assessment of phonetic precursor robustness. The main goal of this article is two-fold: (i) to establish the inadequacy of Moreton's method of evaluating relative phonetic precursor robustness and to offer an alternative to his approach; (ii) to report the results of a cross-linguistic study comparing the nature of vowel-to-vowel coarticulation and the interaction between obstruent voicing and vowel height with the same languages – no previous studies have directly compared these two phonetic precursors.

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Lang, Simone, Nadine Kanngieser, Piotr Jaśkowski, Hilde Haider, Michael Rose, and Rolf Verleger. "Precursors of Insight in Event-related Brain Potentials." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 12 (December 2006): 2152–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.12.2152.

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Event-related potentials (ERPs) were investigated to find precursors of insightful behavior. Participants had to process successive pairs in strings of digits to obtain a final response in each trial. Within the sequence of five responses required in each trial, the last two responses mirrored the two preceding ones. This hidden regularity, allowing for shortcutting each trial from five to two responses, was discovered by 6 out of 26 participants. Both groups, solvers and nonsolvers, implicitly learned the regularity, reflected by faster responses to the repeated, predictable responses, but this differential effect was larger in solvers, whereas nonsolvers became unspecifically faster with all responses. Several ERP components were larger in solvers than in nonsolvers from the outset: slow positive wave, frontocentral P3a, anterior N1 to those digits that triggered the critical repeating responses, and P3b to the digit that evoked the immediately repeating response. Being already present in the first block, these effects were early precursors of insightful behavior. This early occurrence suggests that participants who will gain insight may be distinguished beforehand by their individual characteristics.

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Sekhar, Rajagopal, and Premranjan Kumar. "Reversing Mitochondrial, Metabolic and Molecular Defects in the Brain Improves Cognition in Aged Mice." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 857–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3158.

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Abstract Age-associated cognitive-decline is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but mechanisms are not well understood, and interventions are lacking. Rodent studies on AD have not led to therapeutic breakthroughs for cognitively-impaired humans. In an open-label trial in older-adults we found that supplementing GlyNAC (glutathione precursors glycine and N-acetylcysteine) improved cognitive-decline, defects in whole-body mitochondrial-function, and systemic insulin-resistance, oxidative-stress, and inflammation. We hypothesized that aged-mice will have similar defects in the brain, and studied male C57BL/6J mice as follows: young-mice (20w) were compared to two-groups of aged-mice (90-weeks) receiving either GlyNAC or isonitrogenous-placebo diets for 8-weeks. GlyNAC-supplementation improved cognition, and the following measures in the brain: glutathione-concentrations, glucose-transporters in blood-brain-barrier and neurons, mitochondrial glucose-oxidation, oxidative-stress, endoplasmic-reticulum stress, autophagy, mitophagy, inflammation, senescence, genomic and telomere damage. These data provide mechanistic insights into the novel and beneficial role of GlyNAC supplementation to reverse cognitive-decline in aging, and holds promise for human AD.

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Khalighinejad, Nima, Elisa Brann, Alexander Dorgham, and Patrick Haggard. "Dissociating Cognitive and Motoric Precursors of Human Self-Initiated Action." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 31, no. 5 (May 2019): 754–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01380.

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Across-trial variability of EEG decreases more markedly before self-initiated than before externally triggered actions, providing a novel neural precursor for volitional action. However, it remains unclear whether this neural convergence is an early, deliberative stage or a late, execution-related stage in the chain of cognitive processes that transform intentions to actions. We report two experiments addressing these questions. Participants viewed randomly moving dots on a screen. At a random time, all dots started moving coherently to the left or right side of the screen. Participants were rewarded for correctly responding to the direction of coherent dot movement. However, the waiting time before coherent dot motion onset could be extremely long. Participants had the option to skip waiting by pressing a “skip” key. These self-initiated “skips” were compared with blocks where participants were instructed to skip. EEG variability decreased more markedly before self-initiated compared with externally triggered “skip” actions, replicating previous findings. Importantly, this EEG convergence was stronger at frontomidline electrodes than at either the electrode contralateral or ipsilateral to the hand assigned to the “skip” action in each block (Experiment 1). Furthermore, convergence was stronger when availability of skip responses was “rationed,” encouraging deliberate planning before skipping (Experiment 2). This suggests that the initiation of voluntary actions involves a bilaterally distributed, effector-independent process related to deliberation. A consistent process of volition is detectable during early, deliberative planning and not only during late, execution-related time windows.

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Chen, Yi-Chou, Tzu-Chiang Tseng, Ting-Hsuan Hung, City C. Hsieh, Fu-Chen Chen, and Thomas A. Stoffregen. "Cognitive and postural precursors of motion sickness in adolescent boxers." Gait & Posture 38, no. 4 (September 2013): 795–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.03.023.

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Overmann, Karenleigh A. "Early Writing." Visible Language 56, no. 1 (May 9, 2022): 8–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.34314/vl.v56i1.4934.

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This inquiry seeks to understand how the original form of writing in Mesopotamia—the small pictures and conventions of protocuneiform— became cuneiform, a script that could not be read without acquiring the neurological and behavioral reorganizations understood today as literacy. The process is described as involving small neurological and behavioral changes realized, accumulated, and distributed to new users through in- teractions with and concomitant incremental changes in the material form of writing. A related inquiry focuses on why and how numerical notations differ from other written signs. Crucially, numerical signs instantiate their meaning, a representational mode that contrasts with the signification used to represent non-numerical language and which makes numerical notations contiguous with their unwritten precursors, technologies like fingers, tallies, and counters. Instantiation is related to the perceptual system for quantity; this so-called number sense influences the function and form of numerical signs. Reading is then discussed as a cognitive activity that necessarily in- volves a material form, a plausible example of extended cognition. Because numerical notations share function and often form with precursor technolo- gies, if the former participate in extended cognition, the latter likely do as well. In conjunction with the contiguity between numerical notations and their unwritten precursors, this complicates the idea that (all) writing is (just) language. Finally, potential follow-on research is suggested.

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Chen, Xiangliang, Mengmeng Gu, Ye Hong, Rui Duan, and Junshan Zhou. "Association of Trimethylamine N-Oxide with Normal Aging and Neurocognitive Disorders: A Narrative Review." Brain Sciences 12, no. 9 (September 6, 2022): 1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12091203.

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Aging-related neurocognitive disorder (NCD) is a growing health concern. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbiota-derived metabolite from dietary precursors, might emerge as a promising biomarker of cognitive dysfunction within the context of brain aging and NCD. TMAO may increase among older adults, Alzheimer’s disease patients, and individuals with cognitive sequelae of stroke. Higher circulating TMAO would make them more vulnerable to age- and NCD-related cognitive decline, via mechanisms such as promoting neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, and reducing synaptic plasticity and function. However, these observations are contrary to the cognitive benefit reported for TMAO through its positive effects on blood–brain barrier integrity, as well as from the supplementation of TMAO precursors. Hence, current disputable evidence does not allow definite conclusions as to whether TMAO could serve as a critical target for cognitive health. This article provides a comprehensive overview of TMAO documented thus far on cognitive change due to aging and NCD.

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Esposito, Concetta, Gaetana Affuso, Mirella Dragone, and Dario Bacchini. "Effortful Control and Community Violence Exposure as Predictors of Developmental Trajectories of Self-serving Cognitive Distortions in Adolescence: A Growth Mixture Modeling Approach." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 49, no. 11 (August 25, 2020): 2358–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01306-x.

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Abstract Self-serving cognitive distortions are biased or rationalizing beliefs and thoughts that originate from the individual persistence into immature moral judgment stages during adolescence and adulthood, increasing the individual’s engagement in antisocial or immoral conducts. To date, the literature examining trajectories of cognitive distortions over time and their precursors is limited. This study sought to fill this gap, by examining effortful control and community violence exposure as individual and environmental precursors to developmental trajectories of cognitive distortions in adolescence. The sample consisted of 803 Italian high school students (349 males; Mage = 14.19, SD = 0.57). Three trajectories of cognitive distortions were identified: (1) moderately high and stable cognitive distortions (N = 311), (2) moderate and decreasing cognitive distortions (N = 363), and (3) low and decreasing cognitive distortions (N = 129). Both low effortful control and high exposure to community violence were significant predictors for moderately high and stable trajectory of cognitive distortions. These results point to the importance of considering moral development as a process involving multiple levels of individual ecology, highlighting the need to further explore how dispositional and environmental factors might undermine developmental processes of morality.

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Oller, D. Kimbrough, Rebecca E. Eilers, A. Rebecca Neal, and Heidi K. Schwartz. "Precursors to speech in infancy." Journal of Communication Disorders 32, no. 4 (July 1999): 223–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9924(99)00013-1.

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Wade, Mark, Chris Moore, Janet Wilde Astington, Kristen Frampton, and Jennifer M. Jenkins. "Cumulative contextual risk, maternal responsivity, and social cognition at 18 months." Development and Psychopathology 27, no. 1 (July 14, 2014): 189–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579414000674.

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AbstractBy 18 months children demonstrate a range of social–cognitive skills that can be considered important precursors to more advanced forms of social understanding such as theory of mind. Although individual differences in social cognition have been linked to neurocognitive maturation, sociocultural models of development suggest that environmental influences operate in the development of children's social–cognitive outcomes. In the current study of 501 children and their mothers, we tested and found support for a model in which distal environmental risk, assessed when children were newborns, was indirectly associated with children's social–cognitive competency at 18 months through mothers' responsivity at 18 months. Part of this effect also operated through children's concomitant language skills, suggesting both a language-mediated and a language-independent mechanism of social–cognitive development. These findings are discussed with respect to the Vygotskian themes of internalization and semiotic mediation.

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Cohen Kadosh, Roi, and Vincent Walsh. "Numerical representation in the parietal lobes: Abstract or not abstract?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32, no. 3-4 (August 2009): 313–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x09990938.

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AbstractThe study of neuronal specialisation in different cognitive and perceptual domains is important for our understanding of the human brain, its typical and atypical development, and the evolutionary precursors of cognition. Central to this understanding is the issue of numerical representation, and the question of whether numbers are represented in an abstract fashion. Here we discuss and challenge the claim that numerical representation is abstract. We discuss the principles of cortical organisation with special reference to number and also discuss methodological and theoretical limitations that apply to numerical cognition and also to the field of cognitive neuroscience in general. We argue that numerical representation is primarily non-abstract and is supported by different neuronal populations residing in the parietal cortex.

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Higuera-Trujillo, Juan Luis, Carmen Llinares, and Eduardo Macagno. "The Cognitive-Emotional Design and Study of Architectural Space: A Scoping Review of Neuroarchitecture and Its Precursor Approaches." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 21, 2021): 2193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21062193.

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Humans respond cognitively and emotionally to the built environment. The modern possibility of recording the neural activity of subjects during exposure to environmental situations, using neuroscientific techniques and virtual reality, provides a promising framework for future design and studies of the built environment. The discipline derived is termed “neuroarchitecture”. Given neuroarchitecture’s transdisciplinary nature, it progresses needs to be reviewed in a contextualised way, together with its precursor approaches. The present article presents a scoping review, which maps out the broad areas on which the new discipline is based. The limitations, controversies, benefits, impact on the professional sectors involved, and potential of neuroarchitecture and its precursors’ approaches are critically addressed.

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Brook, Judith S., Stephen J. Finch, Martin Whiteman, and David W. Brook. "Drug use and neurobehavioral, respiratory, and cognitive problems: precursors and mediators." Journal of Adolescent Health 30, no. 6 (June 2002): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1054-139x(01)00395-0.

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Müller, Mario, Stefan Vetter, Mark Weiser, Franz Frey, Vladeta Ajdacic-Gross, Rolf-Dieter Stieglitz, and Wulf Rössler. "Precursors of cognitive impairments in psychotic disorders: A population-based study." Psychiatry Research 210, no. 1 (November 2013): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.05.035.

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Freeland, Johanna, Christopher Levi, and Mick Hunter. "Thalamic Stroke: Precursors and Outcomes for Ten Patients." Brain Impairment 15, no. 1 (May 2014): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/brimp.2014.4.

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine susceptibility factors in thalamic stroke, as well as outcomes in order to identify rehabilitation needs.Methods: Ten patients with thalamic stroke were interviewed and administered the Audio Recorded Cognitive Screen. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were examined to determine location and size of the lesion, as well as basilar artery size and anatomical variances in the circle of Willis.Results: Risk factors such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure and pre-existing heart conditions were identified. Circle of Willis variations were found in 6 of the 10 participants, with MR angiography indicating that the posterior communication artery was absent or failed to join the posterior cerebral artery. Basilar artery diameter measurements were no larger than normal. All participants reported post-stroke changes, including decreased coordination and mobility, poor balance, reduced energy, memory deficits and mood changes. Participants’ overall scores on cognitive tests were significantly lower than age-matched norms. Performance on the test domains of memory, fluency, language and attention were all significantly below age norms.Conclusions: The variability of outcome measures demonstrates the difficulty of defining patterns of relationship between risk factors and severity of functional sequelae in thalamic stroke.

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Zhao, Jing, Chanel J. Taylor, Estella A. Newcombe, Mark D. Spanevello, Imogen O’Keeffe, Leanne T. Cooper, Dhanisha J. Jhaveri, Andrew W. Boyd, and Perry F. Bartlett. "EphA4 Regulates Hippocampal Neural Precursor Proliferation in the Adult Mouse Brain by d-Serine Modulation of N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Signaling." Cerebral Cortex 29, no. 10 (December 22, 2018): 4381–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhy319.

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Abstract The hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) is a major region of the adult rodent brain in which neurogenesis occurs throughout life. The EphA4 receptor, which regulates neurogenesis and boundary formation in the developing brain, is also expressed in the adult DG, but whether it regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis is not known. Here, we show that, in the adult mouse brain, EphA4 inhibits hippocampal precursor cell proliferation but does not affect precursor differentiation or survival. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of EphA4 significantly increased hippocampal precursor proliferation in vivo and in vitro, by blocking EphA4 forward signaling. EphA4 was expressed by mature hippocampal DG neurons but not neural precursor cells, and an EphA4 antagonist, EphA4-Fc, did not activate clonal cultures of precursors until they were co-cultured with non-precursor cells, indicating an indirect effect of EphA4 on the regulation of precursor activity. Supplementation with d-serine blocked the increased precursor proliferation induced by EphA4 inhibition, whereas blocking the interaction between d-serine and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) promoted precursor activity, even at the clonal level. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that EphA4 indirectly regulates adult hippocampal precursor proliferation and thus plays a role in neurogenesis via d-serine-regulated NMDAR signaling.

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Schaars, Moniek M. H., E. Segers, and L. Verhoeven. "Cognitive and linguistic precursors of early first and second language reading development." Learning and Individual Differences 72 (May 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2019.03.008.

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Van Rooijen, M., L. Verhoeven, D. W. Smits, A. J. Dallmeijer, J. G. Becher, and B. Steenbergen. "Cognitive precursors of arithmetic development in primary school children with cerebral palsy." Research in Developmental Disabilities 35, no. 4 (April 2014): 826–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.01.016.

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Cannon, Tyrone D., Carrie E. Bearden, J. Megginson Hollister, and Trevor Hadley. "A prospective cohort study of childhood cognitive deficits as precursors of schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Research 24, no. 1-2 (January 1997): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(97)82271-2.

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Zhang, Xiao, and Dan Lin. "Cognitive precursors of word reading versus arithmetic competencies in young Chinese children." Early Childhood Research Quarterly 42 (2018): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2017.08.006.

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Teunissen, C. "Serum cholesterol, precursors and metabolites and cognitive performance in an aging population." Neurobiology of Aging 24, no. 1 (February 2003): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-4580(02)00061-1.

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Ding, Huitong, Ning An, Rhoda Au, Sherral Devine, Sanford H. Auerbach, Joseph Massaro, Prajakta Joshi, et al. "Exploring the Hierarchical Influence of Cognitive Functions for Alzheimer Disease: The Framingham Heart Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): e15376. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/15376.

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Background Although some neuropsychological (NP) tests are considered more central for the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (AD), there is a lack of understanding about the interaction between different cognitive tests. Objective This study aimed to demonstrate a global view of hierarchical probabilistic dependencies between NP tests and the likelihood of cognitive impairment to assist physicians in recognizing AD precursors. Methods Our study included 2091 participants from the Framingham Heart Study. These participants had undergone a variety of NP tests, including Wechsler Memory Scale, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and Boston Naming Test. Heterogeneous cognitive Bayesian networks were developed to understand the relationship between NP tests and the cognitive status. The performance of probabilistic inference was evaluated by the 10-fold cross validation. Results A total of 4512 NP tests were used to build the Bayesian network for the dementia diagnosis. The network demonstrated conditional dependency between different cognitive functions that precede the development of dementia. The prediction model reached an accuracy of 82.24%, with sensitivity of 63.98% and specificity of 92.74%. This probabilistic diagnostic system can also be applied to participants that exhibit more heterogeneous profiles or with missing responses for some NP tests. Conclusions We developed a probabilistic dependency network for AD diagnosis from 11 NP tests. Our study revealed important psychological functional segregations and precursor evidence of AD development and heterogeneity.

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Andreoli, Evgenia, Volodymyr Petrenko, Paul Eugène Constanthin, Alessandro Contestabile, Riccardo Bocchi, Kristof Egervari, Charles Quairiaux, Patrick Salmon, and Jozsef Zoltan Kiss. "Transplanted Embryonic Neurons Improve Functional Recovery by Increasing Activity in Injured Cortical Circuits." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 8 (April 8, 2020): 4708–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhaa075.

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Abstract Transplantation of appropriate neuronal precursors after injury is a promising strategy to reconstruct cortical circuits, but the efficiency of these approaches remains limited. Here, we applied targeted apoptosis to selectively ablate layer II/III pyramidal neurons in the rat juvenile cerebral cortex and attempted to replace lost neurons with their appropriate embryonic precursors by transplantation. We demonstrate that grafted precursors do not migrate to replace lost neurons but form vascularized clusters establishing reciprocal synaptic contacts with host networks and show functional integration. These heterotopic neuronal clusters significantly enhance the activity of the host circuits without causing epileptic seizures and attenuate the apoptotic injury-induced functional deficits in electrophysiological and behavioral tests. Chemogenetic activation of grafted neurons further improved functional recovery, and the persistence of the graft was necessary for maintaining restored functions in adult animals. Thus, implanting neuronal precursors capable to form synaptically integrated neuronal clusters combined with activation-based approaches represents a useful strategy for helping long-term functional recovery following brain injury.

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Greer, Kieran. "Neural Assemblies as Precursors for Brain Function." NeuroSci 3, no. 4 (November 10, 2022): 645–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/neurosci3040046.

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This concept paper gives a narrative about intelligence from insects to the human brain, showing where evolution may have been influenced by the structures in these simpler organisms. The ideas also come from the author’s own cognitive model, where a number of algorithms have been developed over time and the precursor structures should be codable to some level. Through developing and trying to implement the design, ideas like separating the data from the function have become architecturally appropriate and there have been several opportunities to make the system more orthogonal. Similarly for the human brain, neural structures may work in-sync with the neural functions, or may be slightly separate from them. Each section discusses one of the neural assemblies with a potential functional result, that cover ideas such as timing or scheduling, structural intelligence and neural binding. Another aspect of self-representation or expression is interesting and may help the brain to realise higher-level functionality based on these lower-level processes.

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Hasselhorn, Marcus, and Zvia Breznitz. "Neurocognitive precursors of difficulties in reading and arithmetic." Journal of Neurolinguistics 24, no. 5 (September 2011): 521–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2011.05.002.

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Pandey, Jatin, and Yusuf Hassan. "Batting Outside the Field." Journal of Global Information Management 30, no. 5 (December 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jgim.290367.

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This study examines the relationship between cognitive awareness and perceived knowledge of sports fans’ social media engagement behaviors. Data were collected through an online survey of 236 adults from India who identified as Indian Premier League (IPL) fans. The findings of the study suggest that perceived knowledge and cognitive awareness of sports are precursors to social media engagement behaviors of sports fans. Further, sports fandom mediates links between perceived knowledge and cognitive awareness with social media engagement. The findings hold special significance for contemporary COVID scenarios because physical engagement is being substituted by digital engagement.

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Kweitel, Ruth, and Felicity C. L. Allen. "Cognitive Processes Associated with Gambling Behaviour." Psychological Reports 82, no. 1 (February 1998): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.82.1.147.

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Gambling behaviours can be pathological if positive response is extreme, but very little is known about the psychological precursors of pathological gambling in Australia. This study examined the relationships between self-reported gambling behaviours and scores on locus of control measures. The sample of 80 male and 75 female undergraduate students completed the South Oaks Gambling Screen and Levenson's multidimensional Locus of Control Scale. No significant association was found for the self-reported gambling behaviours with scores on the Internal scale but a positive one obtained between scores on the Powerful Others subscale. Self-reported gambling behaviours differed significantly for men reported that they gambled more than women. For these Australian undergraduates an additional question on borrowing money increased the apparent frequency of pathological gambling. Thus an avenue for further research is the development of a valid and reliable measure of gambling behaviours in an Australian sample.

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Engelman, Michal, Emily M. Agree, Lucy A. Meoni, and Michael J. Klag. "Propositional Density and Cognitive Function in Later Life: Findings From the Precursors Study." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 65B, no. 6 (September 13, 2010): 706–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbq064.

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Mitrushina, M., P. Satz, and W. Van Gorp. "Some putative cognitive precursors in subjects hypothesized to be at-risk for dementia." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 4, no. 4 (January 1, 1989): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/4.4.323.

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Robichaud, Jean-Michel, Geneviève A. Mageau, and Bart Soenens. "The role of logical consequences in adolescents’ cognitive precursors of compliance and internalization." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 192 (April 2020): 104777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104777.

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Mitrushina, M. "Some putative cognitive precursors in subjects hypothesized to be at-risk for dementia." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 4, no. 4 (1989): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0887-6177(89)90023-1.

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Bosch, G., B. Beerda, W. H. Hendriks, A. F. B. van der Poel, and M. W. A. Verstegen. "Impact of nutrition on canine behaviour: current status and possible mechanisms." Nutrition Research Reviews 20, no. 2 (December 2007): 180–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095442240781331x.

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Each year, millions of dogs worldwide are abandoned by their owners, relinquished to animal shelters, and euthanised because of behaviour problems. Nutrition is rarely considered as one of the possible contributing factors of problem behaviour. This contribution presents an overview of current knowledge on the influence of nutrition on canine behaviour and explores the underlying mechanisms by which diet may affect behaviour in animals. Behaviour is regulated by neurotransmitters and hormones, and changes in the availability of their precursors may influence behaviour. Tryptophan, the precursor of serotonin, may affect the incidence of aggression, self-mutilation and stress resistance. The latter may also be influenced by dietary tyrosine, a precursor to catecholamines. As diet composition, nutrient availability and nutrient interactions affect the availability of these precursors in the brain, behaviour or stress resistance may be affected. PUFA, especially DHA, have an important role as structural constituents in brain development, and dietary supply ofn-3 andn-6 PUFA could modify aspects of the dopaminergic and serotonergic system and, consequently, cognitive performance and behaviour. Finally, persistent feeding motivation between meals can increase stereotyped behaviour and aggression and decrease resting time. This feeding motivation may be altered by dietary fibre content and source. At present, few studies have been conducted to evaluate the role of nutrition in canine (problem) behaviour through the above mentioned mechanisms. Studies that explore this relationship may help to improve the welfare of dogs and their owners.

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Nosenko, Eleonora, Iryna Arshava, Kostiantyn Kutovyy, Inna Arshava, and Victoria Kornienko. "Emotional and positive intelligence as precursors of the individual’s quality of life." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 6, no. 7 (December 31, 2019): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v6i7.4530.

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Emotional intelligence, conceptualised as the individual’s ability to control one’s own emotions and maintain positive relations with other people in the course of the interpersonal interaction, is by now universally recognised as a dynamic personality trait that can be purposefully developed and is likely to predict the quality of life. The new phenomenon, identified recently – positive intelligence – is also hypothesized to be predictive of the quality of life. We have conducted an exploratory study with the Ukrainian language speaking, on 60 subjects (graduate specialists with higher education) using this phenomenon alongside with emotional intelligence quotient. Two groups of subjects, which differed on the quality of life, appeared to differ on the Emotional and Positive intelligence, while there were no differences between them, as was expected, on the cognitive intelligence. The results open up new vistas for investigating the role of different forms of intelligence for enhancing the individuals’ quality of life. Keywords: Intelligence, cognitive, emotional, positive, quality of life.

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Chassignolle, Morgane, Ljubica Jovanovic, Catherine Schmidt-Mutter, Guillaume Behr, Anne Giersch, and Jennifer T. Coull. "Dopamine Precursor Depletion in Healthy Volunteers Impairs Processing of Duration but Not Temporal Order." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 33, no. 5 (April 1, 2021): 946–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01700.

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Abstract Studies in animals and humans have implicated the neurotransmitter dopamine in duration processing. However, very few studies have examined dopamine's involvement in other forms of temporal processing such as temporal order judgments. In a randomized within-subject placebo-controlled design, we used acute phenylalanine/tyrosine depletion (APTD) to reduce availability of the dopamine precursors tyrosine and phenylalanine in healthy human volunteers. As compared to a nutritionally balanced drink, APTD significantly impaired the ability to accurately reproduce interval duration in a temporal reproduction task. In addition, and confirming previous findings, the direction of error differed as a function of individual differences in underlying dopamine function. Specifically, APTD caused participants with low baseline dopamine precursor availability to overestimate the elapse of time, whereas those with high dopamine availability underestimated time. In contrast to these effects on duration processing, there were no significant effects of APTD on the accuracy of discriminating the temporal order of visual stimuli. This pattern of results does not simply represent an effect of APTD on motor, rather than perceptual, measures of timing because APTD had no effect on participants' ability to use temporal cues to speed RT. Our results demonstrate, for the first time in healthy volunteers, a dopaminergic dissociation in judging metrical (duration) versus ordinal (temporal order) aspects of time.

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Joffre, Corinne, Anne-Laure Dinel, Mathilde Chataigner, Véronique Pallet, and Sophie Layé. "n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Derivates Reduce Neuroinflammation during Aging." Nutrients 12, no. 3 (February 28, 2020): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12030647.

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Aging is associated to cognitive decline, which can lead to loss of life quality, personal suffering, and ultimately neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroinflammation is one of the mechanisms explaining the loss of cognitive functions. Indeed, aging is associated to the activation of inflammatory signaling pathways, which can be targeted by specific nutrients with anti-inflammatory effects. Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are particularly attractive as they are present in the brain, possess immunomodulatory properties, and are precursors of lipid derivates named specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM). SPMs are crucially involved in the resolution of inflammation that is modified during aging, resulting in chronic inflammation. In this review, we first examine the effect of aging on neuroinflammation and then evaluate the potential beneficial effect of n-3 PUFA as precursors of bioactive derivates, particularly during aging, on the resolution of inflammation. Lastly, we highlight evidence supporting a role of n-3 PUFA during aging.

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Skoblow, Hanamori, and Christine Proulx. "CHILDHOOD SOCIOECONOMIC POSITIONING AND LATE-LIFE COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING: A CRITICAL REVIEW." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2474.

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Abstract The predictors of cognitive functioning are varied and complex. Gerontologists are increasingly interested in the long arm of childhood, suggesting that late-life cognitive functioning may be partly the result of influences across the life span. Research shows that childhood economic hardship is associated with disparities in cognitive functioning in older adulthood. Framed by the life course perspective, we reviewed 27 articles that examine associations between childhood socioeconomic positioning (SEP), commonly assessed via parents’ educational attainment, and late-life cognitive functioning in 11 different US datasets. The influence of childhood SEP on cognitive functioning is stronger when cognitive functioning is assessed at a single time point rather than as change over time, suggesting that childhood SEP might not affect the rate at which cognition declines in later life, but does impact where decline begins. The majority of research supported the pathway hypothesis, suggesting that childhood SEP’s influence on adult cognitive functioning works primarily through the mechanism of adults’ own educational attainment and SEP. Several studies support the accumulation of (dis)advantage hypothesis and point to the compensatory potential of upwards social mobility. Support for the latency model, which posits that early-life economic hardship results in enduring outcomes that influence cognitive functioning in older adulthood, above and beyond one’s adult SEP, is present, although weaker than the other hypotheses. Implications include strengthening policies that relieve economic strain and promote educational access among families with young children and also among young adults, as addressing the precursors of cognitive functioning in tomorrow’s older adults is paramount.

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España-Serrano, Laura, Noelia Guerra Martín-Palanco, Ana Montero-Pedrazuela, Estela Pérez-Santamarina, Rebeca Vidal, Inés García-Consuegra, Elsa María Valdizán, et al. "The Addiction-Related Protein ANKK1 is Differentially Expressed During the Cell Cycle in Neural Precursors." Cerebral Cortex 27, no. 5 (May 10, 2016): 2809–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhw129.

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Abstract TaqIA is a polymorphism associated with addictions and dopamine-related traits. It is located in the ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 gene (ANKK1) nearby the gene for the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R). Since ANKK1 function is unknown, TaqIA-associated traits have been explained only by differences in D2R. Here we report ANKK1 studies in mouse and human brain using quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. ANKK1 mRNA and protein isoforms vary along neurodevelopment in the human and mouse brain. In mouse adult brain ANKK1 is located in astrocytes, nuclei of postmitotic neurons and neural precursors from neurogenic niches. In both embryos and adults, nuclei of neural precursors show significant variation of ANKK1 intensity. We demonstrate a correlation between ANKK1 and the cell cycle. Cell synchronization experiments showed a significant increment of ANKK1-kinase in mitotic cells while ANKK1-kinase overexpression affects G1 and M phase that were found to be modulated by ANKK1 alleles and apomorphine treatment. Furthermore, during embryonic neurogenesis ANKK1 was expressed in slow-dividing neuroblasts and rapidly dividing precursors which are mitotic cells. These results suggest a role of ANKK1 during the cell cycle in neural precursors thus providing biological support to brain structure involvement in the TaqIA-associated phenotypes.

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Raza, Abbas, Wei Xie, Kwan-Hyun Kim, Venkateshwara Rao Dronamraju, Jessica Williams, Robert Vince, and Swati S. More. "Dipeptide of ψ-GSH Inhibits Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in an Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Model." Antioxidants 11, no. 6 (May 28, 2022): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061075.

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Supplementation of glutathione (GSH) levels through varying formulations or precursors has thus far appeared to be a tenable strategy to ameliorate disease-associated oxidative stress. Metabolic liability of GSH and its precursors, i.e., hydrolysis by the ubiquitous γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT), has limited successful clinical translation due to poor bioavailability. We addressed this problem through the design of γ-GT-resistant GSH analogue, ψ-GSH, which successfully substituted in GSH-dependent enzymatic systems and also offered promise as a therapeutic for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). With the aim to improve its bioavailability, we studied the utility of a ψ-GSH precursor, dipeptide 2, as a potential AD therapeutic. Compound 2 retains the γ-GT stable ureide linkage and the thiol group for antioxidant property. By engaging glutathione synthetase, compound 2 was able to generate ψ-GSH in vivo. It was found to be a modest cofactor of glutathione peroxidase and prevented cytotoxicity of Aβ1–42-aggregates in vitro. Studies of compound 2 in an acute AD model generated by intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ1–42 showed cognitive benefits, which were augmented by its combination with glycine along with mitigation of oxidative stress and inflammatory pathology. Collectively, these results support further optimization and evaluation of ψ-GSH dipeptide as a potential therapeutic in transgenic AD models.

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Zaharov, D. V., and V. A. Mihailov. "The role of acetylcholine neurotransmission in the pharmacotherapy of cognitive dysfunction." V.M. BEKHTEREV REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY AND MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY, no. 3 (November 2, 2018): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31363/2313-7053-2018-3-90-96.

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Microangiopathy and deficit in cholinergic system innervating cerebral cortex and controlling the plasticity of neuronal structuresplay an important role in the formation of cognitive disorders. The main approaches to the therapy of dementia and organic lesions followed by cognitive disorder are based on the hypothesis of replenishment of acetylcholine. Choline alfoscerate takes a special place among the precursors of choline due to its proven effectiveness in the treatment of ischemic and neurodegenerative lesions of the central nervous system. The article presents the materials of experimental and clinical studies of the drug choline alfostserat (Gliatilin).

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Stoyanova, Juliana. "Precursors of Coordinate Constructions: Polish-Bulgarian Parallels." Psychology of Language and Communication 15, no. 2 (January 1, 2011): 151–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10057-011-0010-4.

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Precursors of Coordinate Constructions: Polish-Bulgarian ParallelsThe purpose of this paper is to compare the earliest stages in the ontogeny of coordinate constructions - both phrasal and sentential - in the development of children acquiring two genetically and structurally related languages, Polish and Bulgarian. The data regarding Polish are excerpted from the speech production of 3 of the children belonging to Szuman's corpus included in CHILDES; the Bulgarian data come from 3 Bulgarian subjects whose language development was traced by the author of this paper. The results show that for both languages, the earliest and most primitive forms of coordination consist of sequences containing two or more NPs with existential semantics. The further acquisition of coordinate constructions displays two lines of development. The first line concerns phrasal coordinate constructions including subject, object and adverbial coordinate phrases, whereas the second line affects the development of sentential coordination. The two developmental lines take their course more or less simultaneously, that is, children produce phrasal coordinate constructions on one hand and two types of sentential coordination on the other: such that can be transformed into phrasal coordinate structures by means of the operation of deletion, and such that cannot, so-calledirreduciblecoordinate sentences. Language specificity did not prove to play any important role in the development of coordination in the speech of the Polish and the Bulgarian children. The analyses and discussions emphasize the interplay between children's cognitive, communicative and linguistic development.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cognitive precursors'

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