Journal articles: 'Cognitive precursor'

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Zhao, Jing, Chanel J. Taylor, Estella A. Newcombe, Mark D. Spanevello, Imogen O’Keeffe, Leanne T. Cooper, Dhanisha J. Jhaveri, Andrew W. Boyd, and Perry F. Bartlett. "EphA4 Regulates Hippocampal Neural Precursor Proliferation in the Adult Mouse Brain by d-Serine Modulation of N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Signaling." Cerebral Cortex 29, no. 10 (December 22, 2018): 4381–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhy319.

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Abstract The hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) is a major region of the adult rodent brain in which neurogenesis occurs throughout life. The EphA4 receptor, which regulates neurogenesis and boundary formation in the developing brain, is also expressed in the adult DG, but whether it regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis is not known. Here, we show that, in the adult mouse brain, EphA4 inhibits hippocampal precursor cell proliferation but does not affect precursor differentiation or survival. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of EphA4 significantly increased hippocampal precursor proliferation in vivo and in vitro, by blocking EphA4 forward signaling. EphA4 was expressed by mature hippocampal DG neurons but not neural precursor cells, and an EphA4 antagonist, EphA4-Fc, did not activate clonal cultures of precursors until they were co-cultured with non-precursor cells, indicating an indirect effect of EphA4 on the regulation of precursor activity. Supplementation with d-serine blocked the increased precursor proliferation induced by EphA4 inhibition, whereas blocking the interaction between d-serine and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) promoted precursor activity, even at the clonal level. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that EphA4 indirectly regulates adult hippocampal precursor proliferation and thus plays a role in neurogenesis via d-serine-regulated NMDAR signaling.

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Karatzoglou, Orestis. "Empedocles’ Epistemology and Embodied Cognition." Ancient Philosophy Today 5, no. 1 (April 2023): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anph.2023.0084.

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This paper focuses on a particular conception of embodied cognition to argue that this cognitive approach can be found in Empedocles in inchoate form. It is assumed that the defining features setting apart embodied cognition from the rest of the cognitive sciences are that the body: (a) significantly constrains the embodied agent’s cognitive skills, (b) regulates the coordination of action and cognition, and (c) serves an integral function in the transmission of cognitive data. Empedocles’ epistemological fragments are examined vis-à-vis these specifications, and the conclusion is reached that Empedocles can safely be regarded as a distant precursor of embodied cognition.

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Pulinets, Sergey, Marina Tsidilina, Dimitar Ouzounov, and Dmitry Davidenko. "From Hector Mine M7.1 to Ridgecrest M7.1 Earthquake. A Look from a 20-Year Perspective." Atmosphere 12, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020262.

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The paper provides a comparative analysis of precursory phenomena in the ionosphere and atmosphere for two strong earthquakes of the same magnitude M7.1 that happened in the same region (North-East from Los Angeles) within a time span of 20 years, the Hector Mine and Ridgecrest earthquakes. Regardless of the similarity of their location (South-Eastern California, near 160 km one from another), there was one essential difference: the Hector Mine earthquake happened during geomagnetically disturbed conditions (essential in the sense of ionospheric precursors identification). In contrast, the quiet geomagnetic conditions characterized the period around the time of the Ridgecrest earthquake. The Hector mine earthquake happened in the middle of the rising phase of the 23-rd solar cycle characterized by high solar activity, while the Ridgecrest earthquake happened by the very end of the 24th cycle under very low solar activity conditions. We provide a comprehensive multi-factor analysis, determine the precursory period for both earthquakes and demonstrate the close similarity of ionospheric precursors. Unlike the majority of papers dealing with earthquake precursor identification based on the “abnormality” of observed time-series mainly determined by amplitude difference between “normal” (usually climatic) behavior and “abnormal” behavior with amplitudes exceeding some pre-established threshold, we used the technique of cognitive recognition of the precursors based on the physical mechanisms of their generation and the morphology of their behavior during the precursory period. These permits to uniquely identify precursors even in conditions of disturbed environment as it was around the time of the Hector Mine earthquake. We demonstrate the close similarity of precursors’ development for both events. The leading time of precursor appearance for the same region and similar magnitude was identical. For the Hector Mine it was 11 October 1999—5 days in advance—and for 2019 Ridgecrest it was 28 June—7 days before the mainshock and five days before the strongest foreshock.

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Yu, Alan C. L. "On measuring phonetic precursor robustness: a response to Moreton." Phonology 28, no. 3 (December 2011): 491–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675711000236.

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Much debate in recent years has focused on the relative contribution of analytic and channel biases in shaping the typology of sound. Moreton (2008) argues forcefully for the strength of analytic bias, such as Universal Grammar and other non-modality-specific cognitive biases that facilitate the learning of some phonological patterns and inhibit that of others, in creating typological asymmetries on its own, unassisted by the robustness of phonetic precursors. This article focuses on the assessment of phonetic precursor robustness. The main goal of this article is two-fold: (i) to establish the inadequacy of Moreton's method of evaluating relative phonetic precursor robustness and to offer an alternative to his approach; (ii) to report the results of a cross-linguistic study comparing the nature of vowel-to-vowel coarticulation and the interaction between obstruent voicing and vowel height with the same languages – no previous studies have directly compared these two phonetic precursors.

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Nodoushan, Mohammad Ali Salmani. "Is Cognitive Style A Precursor To Efl Reading Performance?" i-manager's Journal of Educational Technology 4, no. 1 (June 15, 2007): 66–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jet.4.1.648.

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Karl, Tim, Surabhi Bhatia, David Cheng, Woojin Scott Kim, and Brett Garner. "Cognitive phenotyping of amyloid precursor protein transgenic J20 mice." Behavioural Brain Research 228, no. 2 (March 2012): 392–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2011.12.021.

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Becerra, Rodrigo. "“Atmosphere”, a Precursor of “Cognitive Schemas”: Tracing Tacit Phenomenological Influences on Cognitive Behaviour Therapy." Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology 4, no. 1 (July 2004): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20797222.2004.11433889.

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Sekhar, Rajagopal, and George Taffet. "Reversing Cognitive Decline in Aging: Reversible Mechanistic Defects and a Novel Nutritional Intervention." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3156.

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Abstract Aging is the biggest risk factor for cognitive-decline and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but underlying mechanisms are not well-understood and interventions are lacking. Cognitive-decline in AD has been associated with deficiency of glutathione, (the most abundant, intracellular, antioxidant protein), elevated oxidative-stress, insulin-resistance and increased inflammation. We identified and reported that glutathione-deficiency and oxidative-stress in older-adults occur due to decreased availability of precursor amino-acids glycine and cysteine, and can be corrected with GlyNAC (a combination of glycine and the cysteine precursor N-acetylcysteine). We hypothesized that cognitive decline in older-adults is linked to glutathione-deficiency, mitochondrial-dysfunction, oxidative-stress, insulin-resistance, and inflammation. The first abstract discusses the rationale and findings of an open-label clinical trial: compared to young-humans, older-adults had cognitive-decline, glutathione-deficiency, mitochondrial-dysfunction, abnormal glucose-metabolism and insulin-resistance, oxidative-stress, endothelial-dysfunction and inflammation. These defects were improved/reversed by supplementing GlyNAC for 24-weeks, but benefits receded on stopping GlyNAC for 12-weeks. The second abstract presents a study in 8 young (20-weeks old) and 16 aged (90-weeks old) wild-type male C57BL/6J mice where we found that aged-mice had naturally-occurring cognitive-impairment, and brain defects in glutathione-deficiency, oxidative-stress, glucose-transport, mitochondrial glucose-oxidation, insulin-resistance, endoplasmic-reticulum stress, autophagy, mitophagy, inflammation, senescence, genomic and telomere damage. Aged-mice received either GlyNAC or isonitrogenous-placebo supplementation for 8-weeks, and only GlyNAC-fed mice improved cognition and brain defects. Collectively these data highlights the discovery of novel and reversible mechanistic defects in older-adults and aged-mice with naturally-occurring cognitive-decline, and identifies that supplementing GlyNAC can improve brain-health and cognition. These findings could have important implications for reversing cognitive-decline in older-adults, and AD.

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Bohuszewicz, Jakub. "The Concept of Mind in S. M. Shirokogoroff’s “Psychomental Complex of the Tungus”." Anthropos 116, no. 1 (2021): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0257-9774-2021-1-77.

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The aim of this article is to present a concept of mind by the ethnologist Sergei Mikhailovich Shirokogoroff, as a precursor for a specific turn taking place in contemporary cognitive science. Such a turn is visible in the discarding of explanations focusing on brain or on other vehicles of cognitive processes, which are typical of traditional cognitive science. The followers of this traditional trend are united by the methodological assumption that the key to understanding cognitive processes lies in the precise comprehension of the vehicle’s functioning. Currently, cognitive science is developing a paradigm describing cognition as being embodied, embedded and extended. Similarly, Shirokogoroff's research in the anthropology of religion is part of his general concept of mind understood to be a set of cognitive processes linked with a broadly viewed environment (combining its material, ecological, biological, cultural and ritual aspects).

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Campbell, Jared M. "Supplementation with NAD+ and Its Precursors to Prevent Cognitive Decline across Disease Contexts." Nutrients 14, no. 15 (August 7, 2022): 3231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14153231.

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The preservation of cognitive ability by increasing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels through supplementation with NAD+ precursors has been identified as a promising treatment strategy for a number of conditions; principally, age-related cognitive decline (including Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia), but also diabetes, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. Candidate factors have included NAD+ itself, its reduced form NADH, nicotinamide (NAM), nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), nicotinamide riboside (NR), and niacin (or nicotinic acid). This review summarises the research findings for each source of cognitive impairment for which NAD+ precursor supplementation has been investigated as a therapy. The findings are mostly positive but have been made primarily in animal models, with some reports of null or adverse effects. Given the increasing popularity and availability of these factors as nutritional supplements, further properly controlled clinical research is needed to provide definitive answers regarding this strategy’s likely impact on human cognitive health when used to address different sources of impairment.

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Aztiria, Eugenio, Tiziana Cataudella, Santi Spampinato, and Giampiero Leanza. "Septal grafts restore cognitive abilities and amyloid precursor protein metabolism." Neurobiology of Aging 30, no. 10 (October 2009): 1614–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.12.018.

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Jolles, J., M. P. J. van Boxtel, R. W. H. M. Ponds, J. F. M. Metsemakers, and P. J. Houx. "Leeftijdsgeassocieerde cognitieve functiestoornissen: Cognitive aging in a longitudinal perspective: the Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS)." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 10, no. 4 (December 1998): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924270800036413.

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SummaryCognitive dysfunctions in old individuals can be a precursor of dementia. The Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS) was designed to characterize the usual and pathological aging of cognitive function. The study involves a group of 1,900 initially healthy individuals who will be followed-upfor a period of 12 years with respect to health characteristics and neurocognitive status. For this purpose a sample was drawn from a patient register of collaborating family practices, stratified for age (range 24 to 81 years), sex and general ability level. Rationale and design of MAAS are discussed and also some findings from the cross-sectional baseline measurement: general aspects of memory and attention, cognitive functioning after brain trauma and general anesthesia, physical condition (fitness, morbidity and vascular risk factors) as predictor of cognitive function, and finally cognitive complaints and metamemory.

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Fatenkov OV, Simerzin VV, Krasovskaya MA, and Sytdykov IKh. "Involutive curable cognitive disorders in elderly people." Science and Innovations in Medicine 4, no. 2 (July 30, 2019): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35693/2500-1388-2019-4-2-27-31.

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The review article describes the characteristics of curable involutive cognitive impairment in the elderly. It is noted that mild cognitive impairment is predominantly neurodynamic in nature, but over time it can transform into a syndrome of moderate cognitive impairment, which, sometimes, is a precursor of dementia. Special attention is given to the clinical manifestations of mild and moderate cognitive impairment, diagnostic criteria, the course of the disease, and its medical and social impact.

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Chassignolle, Morgane, Ljubica Jovanovic, Catherine Schmidt-Mutter, Guillaume Behr, Anne Giersch, and Jennifer T. Coull. "Dopamine Precursor Depletion in Healthy Volunteers Impairs Processing of Duration but Not Temporal Order." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 33, no. 5 (April 1, 2021): 946–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01700.

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Abstract Studies in animals and humans have implicated the neurotransmitter dopamine in duration processing. However, very few studies have examined dopamine's involvement in other forms of temporal processing such as temporal order judgments. In a randomized within-subject placebo-controlled design, we used acute phenylalanine/tyrosine depletion (APTD) to reduce availability of the dopamine precursors tyrosine and phenylalanine in healthy human volunteers. As compared to a nutritionally balanced drink, APTD significantly impaired the ability to accurately reproduce interval duration in a temporal reproduction task. In addition, and confirming previous findings, the direction of error differed as a function of individual differences in underlying dopamine function. Specifically, APTD caused participants with low baseline dopamine precursor availability to overestimate the elapse of time, whereas those with high dopamine availability underestimated time. In contrast to these effects on duration processing, there were no significant effects of APTD on the accuracy of discriminating the temporal order of visual stimuli. This pattern of results does not simply represent an effect of APTD on motor, rather than perceptual, measures of timing because APTD had no effect on participants' ability to use temporal cues to speed RT. Our results demonstrate, for the first time in healthy volunteers, a dopaminergic dissociation in judging metrical (duration) versus ordinal (temporal order) aspects of time.

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McPhee, Grace M., Luke A. Downey, and Con Stough. "EFFECTS OF COGNITIVE TRAINING ON WHITE MATTER MICROSTRUCTURE AND COGNITION IN OLDER ADULTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S658—S659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2440.

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Abstract Adults who remain cognitively active may be protected from age-associated changes in white matter (WM) and cognitive decline. To determine if cognitive activity is a precursor for WM plasticity, the available literature was systematically searched for Region of Interest (ROI) and whole-brain studies assessing the efficacy of cognitive training (CT) on WM microstructure using Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) in healthy adults (> 40 years). Seven studies were identified and included in this review. Results suggest there are beneficial effects to WM microstructure after CT in frontal and medial brain regions, with some studies showing improved performance in cognitive outcomes. Benefits of CT were shown to be protective against age-related WM microstructure decline by either maintaining or improving WM after training. These results have implications for determining the capacity for training-dependent WM plasticity in older adults and whether CT can be utilised to prevent age-associated cognitive decline. Additional studies with standardised training and imaging protocols are needed to confirm these outcomes.

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Higuera-Trujillo, Juan Luis, Carmen Llinares, and Eduardo Macagno. "The Cognitive-Emotional Design and Study of Architectural Space: A Scoping Review of Neuroarchitecture and Its Precursor Approaches." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 21, 2021): 2193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21062193.

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Humans respond cognitively and emotionally to the built environment. The modern possibility of recording the neural activity of subjects during exposure to environmental situations, using neuroscientific techniques and virtual reality, provides a promising framework for future design and studies of the built environment. The discipline derived is termed “neuroarchitecture”. Given neuroarchitecture’s transdisciplinary nature, it progresses needs to be reviewed in a contextualised way, together with its precursor approaches. The present article presents a scoping review, which maps out the broad areas on which the new discipline is based. The limitations, controversies, benefits, impact on the professional sectors involved, and potential of neuroarchitecture and its precursors’ approaches are critically addressed.

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Mosiichuk, A. V., and I. Ye Grachova. "ANCIENT POETICS AS A PRECURSOR OF COGNITIVE STUDIES OF POETIC SYNTAX." Lviv Philological Journal 5 (2019): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/2663-340x-2019-5-17.

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Vignini, Arianna, Rosamaria Fiorini, and Simona Luzzi. "Perspectives on mild cognitive impairment as a precursor of Alzheimer's disease." Neural Regeneration Research 15, no. 11 (2020): 2039. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.282256.

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Wang, Li-Ping, Jiaji Pan, Yongfang Li, Jieli Geng, Chang Liu, Lin-Yuan Zhang, Panting Zhou, et al. "Oligodendrocyte precursor cell transplantation promotes angiogenesis and remyelination via Wnt/β-catenin pathway in a mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 42, no. 5 (December 8, 2021): 757–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x211065391.

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White matter injury is a critical pathological characteristic during ischemic stroke. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells participate in white matter repairing and remodeling during ischemic brain injury. Since oligodendrocyte precursor cells could promote Wnt-dependent angiogenesis and migrate along vasculature for the myelination during the development in the central nervous system, we explore whether exogenous oligodendrocyte precursor cell transplantation promotes angiogenesis and remyelination after middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Here, oligodendrocyte precursor cell transplantation improved motor and cognitive function, and alleviated brain atrophy. Furthermore, oligodendrocyte precursor cell transplantation promoted functional angiogenesis, and increased myelin basic protein expression after ischemic stroke. The further study suggested that white matter repairing after oligodendrocyte precursor cell transplantation depended on angiogenesis induced by Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway. Our results demonstrated a novel pathway that Wnt7a from oligodendrocyte precursor cells acting on endothelial β-catenin promoted angiogenesis and improved neurobehavioral outcomes, which facilitated white matter repair and remodeling during ischemic stroke.

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Barger, Nicole, Janet Keiter, Anna Kreutz, Anjana Krishnamurthy, Cody Weidenthaler, Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño, Alice F. Tarantal, and Stephen C. Noctor. "Microglia: An Intrinsic Component of the Proliferative Zones in the Fetal Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta) Cerebral Cortex." Cerebral Cortex 29, no. 7 (July 10, 2018): 2782–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhy145.

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Abstract Microglial cells are increasingly recognized as modulators of brain development. We previously showed that microglia colonize the cortical proliferative zones in the prenatal brain and regulate the number of precursor cells through phagocytosis. To better define cellular interactions between microglia and proliferative cells, we performed lentiviral vector-mediated intraventricular gene transfer to induce enhanced green fluorescent protein expression in fetal cerebrocortical cells. Tissues were collected and counterstained with cell-specific markers to label microglial cells and identify other cortical cell types. We found that microglial cells intimately interact with the radial glial scaffold and make extensive contacts with neural precursor cells throughout the proliferative zones, particularly in the rhesus monkey fetus when compared to rodents. We also identify a subtype of microglia, which we term ‘periventricular microglia’, that interact closely with mitotic precursor cells in the ventricular zone. Our data suggest that microglia are structural modulators that facilitate remodeling of the proliferative zones as precursor cells migrate away from the ventricle and may facilitate the delamination of precursor cells. Taken together, these results indicate that microglial cells are an integral component of cortical proliferative zones and contribute to the interactive milieu in which cortical precursor cells function.

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Harrington, Karra, Shradha Vasan, Jee eun Kang, Martin Sliwinski, and Michelle Lim. "LONELINESS AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN OLDER ADULTS WITHOUT DEMENTIA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2611.

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Abstract Loneliness has consistently been associated with dementia risk. An important precursor to dementia is cognitive decline, which can begin decades prior to clinical diagnosis of dementia. Therefore, understanding about the relationship between loneliness and cognitive function in healthy older adults may inform our understanding of how loneliness contributes to dementia risk. The aim of this systematic review was to identify the extent to which loneliness affects cognition in older adults who do not have dementia. A systematic search of five databases (PubMed, PsycNET, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, Scopus) from inception to August 31st 2021 was completed, including search terms related to loneliness, aging, and cognition. A total of 4,302 unique articles were screened for inclusion, resulting in 16 studies that met full criteria (six cross-sectional and ten longitudinal). Three of the six (50%) cross-sectional studies reported significant negative associations between loneliness and cognitive function, while six of the ten (60%) longitudinal studies reported that loneliness was associated with greater cognitive decline over time. We did not find a significant relationship between loneliness and cognitive function in the rest of the studies. There was substantial variation across studies in the measures of loneliness and cognitive function. Furthermore, many studies relied on cognitive screening tools to identify cognitive outcomes, which may not be sensitive to subtle cognitive changes that precede dementia. Future studies should consider using validated and sensitive measures of loneliness and cognitive function, and examining these relationships prospectively, in order to, assess these relationships in a more robust way.

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Tanaka, D. H., K. Toriumi, K. i. Kubo, T. Nabeshima, and K. Nakajima. "GABAergic Precursor Transplantation into the Prefrontal Cortex Prevents Phencyclidine-Induced Cognitive Deficits." Journal of Neuroscience 31, no. 40 (October 5, 2011): 14116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2786-11.2011.

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Klekociuk, Shannon Z., Nichole L. Saunders, and Mathew J. Summers. "Diagnosing Mild Cognitive Impairment as a Precursor to Dementia: Fact or Fallacy?" Australian Psychologist 51, no. 5 (June 16, 2016): 366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ap.12178.

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Moxley‐Paquette, Elizabeth A., and Gary J. Burkholder. "A latent growth curve analysis of precursor cognitive abilities and academic achievement." British Journal of Educational Psychology 90, no. 1 (March 3, 2019): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12270.

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Abbatemarco, Justin R., Stephen E. Jones, Mykol Larvie, Lynn M. Bekris, Maria E. Khrestian, Kamini Krishnan, and James B. Leverenz. "Amyloid Precursor Protein Variant, E665D, Associated With Unique Clinical and Biomarker Phenotype." American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementiasr 36 (January 1, 2021): 153331752098122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533317520981225.

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We describe a clinical, imaging and biomarker phenotype associated with an amyloid precursor gene (APP) E665D variant in a 45-year-old man with progressive cognitive and behavioral dysfunction. Brain MRI showed bilateral, confluent T2 hyperintensities predominantly in the anterior white matter. Amyloid imaging and CSF testing were consistent with amyloid deposition. 7 Tesla MRI revealed cerebral microhemorrhages suggestive of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Contrary to previous reports, this case raises the possibility that the APP E665D genetic change may be pathogenic, particularly given the abnormal Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers observed in the cerebrospinal fluid, positive amyloid imaging and imaging evidence for CAA in a relatively young patient with progressive cognitive decline.

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Ding, Huitong, Ning An, Rhoda Au, Sherral Devine, Sanford H. Auerbach, Joseph Massaro, Prajakta Joshi, et al. "Exploring the Hierarchical Influence of Cognitive Functions for Alzheimer Disease: The Framingham Heart Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): e15376. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/15376.

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Background Although some neuropsychological (NP) tests are considered more central for the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (AD), there is a lack of understanding about the interaction between different cognitive tests. Objective This study aimed to demonstrate a global view of hierarchical probabilistic dependencies between NP tests and the likelihood of cognitive impairment to assist physicians in recognizing AD precursors. Methods Our study included 2091 participants from the Framingham Heart Study. These participants had undergone a variety of NP tests, including Wechsler Memory Scale, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and Boston Naming Test. Heterogeneous cognitive Bayesian networks were developed to understand the relationship between NP tests and the cognitive status. The performance of probabilistic inference was evaluated by the 10-fold cross validation. Results A total of 4512 NP tests were used to build the Bayesian network for the dementia diagnosis. The network demonstrated conditional dependency between different cognitive functions that precede the development of dementia. The prediction model reached an accuracy of 82.24%, with sensitivity of 63.98% and specificity of 92.74%. This probabilistic diagnostic system can also be applied to participants that exhibit more heterogeneous profiles or with missing responses for some NP tests. Conclusions We developed a probabilistic dependency network for AD diagnosis from 11 NP tests. Our study revealed important psychological functional segregations and precursor evidence of AD development and heterogeneity.

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Overmann, Karenleigh A. "Early Writing." Visible Language 56, no. 1 (May 9, 2022): 8–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.34314/vl.v56i1.4934.

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This inquiry seeks to understand how the original form of writing in Mesopotamia—the small pictures and conventions of protocuneiform— became cuneiform, a script that could not be read without acquiring the neurological and behavioral reorganizations understood today as literacy. The process is described as involving small neurological and behavioral changes realized, accumulated, and distributed to new users through in- teractions with and concomitant incremental changes in the material form of writing. A related inquiry focuses on why and how numerical notations differ from other written signs. Crucially, numerical signs instantiate their meaning, a representational mode that contrasts with the signification used to represent non-numerical language and which makes numerical notations contiguous with their unwritten precursors, technologies like fingers, tallies, and counters. Instantiation is related to the perceptual system for quantity; this so-called number sense influences the function and form of numerical signs. Reading is then discussed as a cognitive activity that necessarily in- volves a material form, a plausible example of extended cognition. Because numerical notations share function and often form with precursor technolo- gies, if the former participate in extended cognition, the latter likely do as well. In conjunction with the contiguity between numerical notations and their unwritten precursors, this complicates the idea that (all) writing is (just) language. Finally, potential follow-on research is suggested.

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Misirlisoy, Erman, and Patrick Haggard. "Veto and Vacillation: A Neural Precursor of the Decision to Withhold Action." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 2 (February 2014): 296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00479.

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The capacity to inhibit a planned action gives human behavior its characteristic flexibility. How this mechanism operates and what factors influence a decision to act or not act remain relatively unexplored. We used EEG readiness potentials (RPs) to examine preparatory activity before each action of an ongoing sequence, in which one action was occasionally omitted. We compared RPs between sequences in which omissions were instructed by a rule (e.g., “omit every fourth action”) and sequences in which the participant themselves freely decided which action to omit. RP amplitude was reduced for actions that immediately preceded a voluntary omission but not a rule-based omission. We also used the regular temporal pattern of the action sequences to explore brain processes linked to omitting an action by time-locking EEG averages to the inferred time when an action would have occurred had it not been omitted. When omissions were instructed by a rule, there was a negative-going trend in the EEG, recalling the rising ramp of an RP. No such component was found for voluntary omissions. The results are consistent with a model in which spontaneously fluctuating activity in motor areas of the brain could bias “free” decisions to act or not.

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Losonsky, Michael. "Passionate thought." Pragmatics and Cognition 1, no. 2 (January 1, 1993): 245–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.1.2.03los.

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According to a computational view of mind, thinking is identified with the manipulation of internal mental representations and intelligent behavior is the output of these computations. Although Thomas Hobbes's philosophy of mind is taken by many to be a precursor of this brand of cognitivism, this is not the case. For Hobbes, not all thinking is the manipulation of language-like symbols, and intelligent behavior is partly constitutive of cognition. Cognition requires a 'passionate thought', and this Hobbsian synthesis of inner thought and outer behavior suggests a resolution to the contemporary conflict between cognitive theories of mind that make KNOWING THAT primary and pragmatic theories that make KNOWING HOW primary.

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Reisberg, Barry, and Serge Gauthier. "Current evidence for subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) as the pre-mild cognitive impairment (MCI) stage of subsequently manifest Alzheimer's disease." International Psychogeriatrics 20, no. 1 (February 2008): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610207006412.

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At the present time, there is increasing recognition and understanding of the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) entity as a stage which is a frequent precursor and harbinger of subsequently manifest Alzheimer's disease (AD) and, perhaps, other related conditions, such as vascular dementia (Gauthieret al., 2006). MCI has been defined in two disparate but generally compatible ways in the current literature (see Reisberget al., 2008 (this issue), for a more complete historical overview of MCI). These two definitional approaches might be termed: (a) the clinical approach to MCI, and (b) the clinical plus psychometric approach to MCI.

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Pignalosa, Francesca Chiara, Antonella Desiderio, Paola Mirra, Cecilia Nigro, Giuseppe Perruolo, Luca Ulianich, Pietro Formisano, et al. "Diabetes and Cognitive Impairment: A Role for Glucotoxicity and Dopaminergic Dysfunction." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22 (November 16, 2021): 12366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212366.

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, responsible for the onset of several long-term complications. Recent evidence suggests that cognitive dysfunction represents an emerging complication of DM, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still obscure. Dopamine (DA), a neurotransmitter essentially known for its relevance in the regulation of behavior and movement, modulates cognitive function, too. Interestingly, alterations of the dopaminergic system have been observed in DM. This review aims to offer a comprehensive overview of the most relevant experimental results assessing DA’s role in cognitive function, highlighting the presence of dopaminergic dysfunction in DM and supporting a role for glucotoxicity in DM-associated dopaminergic dysfunction and cognitive impairment. Several studies confirm a role for DA in cognition both in animal models and in humans. Similarly, significant alterations of the dopaminergic system have been observed in animal models of experimental diabetes and in diabetic patients, too. Evidence is accumulating that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their precursor methylglyoxal (MGO) are associated with cognitive impairment and alterations of the dopaminergic system. Further research is needed to clarify the molecular mechanisms linking DM-associated dopaminergic dysfunction and cognitive impairment and to assess the deleterious impact of glucotoxicity.

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Mueller, Annalee, Jillian Minahan, and Karen Siedlecki. "The Impact of Social Support on Subjective Cognition Across Adulthood." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1986.

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Abstract Increased age is associated with declines in objective cognition (OC). A related but distinct construct is subjective cognition (SC), which is an individual’s self-appraisal of their OC. Research shows that SC impairment is an important precursor to declines in OC (Sánchez-Benavidez et al., 2018). Research has also demonstrated a positive relationship between OC and social support (SS) across adulthood (La Fleur & Salthouse, 2017), but there is limited research on the relationship between SC and SS. Participants (N = 1,873; age range 18-99) from the Virginia Cognitive Aging Project completed assessments of multiple domains of SC, OC, and SS. Results from the current study showed a consistent, significant association between negative interactions with others and poorer SC (Betas ranged from -.077 to .103, p < .05), beyond the influence of sociodemographic, well-being, and health factors. Our findings suggest that negative interactions may adversely impact one’s self-appraisal of cognitive functioning.

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De la Calle Cabrera, Ana María, Fernando Guzmán-Simón, and Eduardo García-Jiménez. "Los precursores cognitivos tempranos de la lectura inicial: un modelo de aprendizaje en niños de 6 a 8 años." Revista de Investigación Educativa 37, no. 2 (June 25, 2019): 345–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/rie.37.2.312661.

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Los estudios en alfabetización temprana han analizado las relaciones antecedentes entre las habilidades cognitivas en la Educación Infantil y el logro de la lectura durante el proceso de aprendizaje instructivo. Esta investigación describe la capacidad de predicción de ciertas habilidades cognitivas en las primeras etapas instruccionales del aprendizaje lector en español.Los participantes de este estudio fueron 362 niños españoles evaluados por primera vez en 2º y 3º de Educación Infantil. Los instrumentos empleados en las evaluaciones de las competencias lingüísticas han sido la Batería de Inicio a la Lectura, la Batería de Evaluación de los Procesos Lectores, The Rapid Automatized Naming Test y el Test de Lectura y Escritura en Español. Los resultados delimitaron un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales para la predicción del rendimiento lector inicial en 1º y 2º de Educación Primaria. El modelo alcanzado, Modelo de Aprendizaje en la Lectura Inicial, delimitó las relaciones entre las habilidades del lenguaje oral y las habilidades relacionadas con el código escrito que actuaron como precursores del rendimiento lector inicial. El desempeño en la tarea de velocidad de denominación de letras en Educación Infantil se presentó como el mejor precursor de la eficiencia lectora en 1º y 2º de Educación Primaria. Los hallazgos del estudio realizan una contribución significativa a la investigación en alfabetización temprana en español como referente para el desarrollo de actuaciones pedagógicas y el logro de éxito lector. Early literacy studies analyzes the antecedent relationships between cognitive skills in preschool education and achievement of reading during the instructional learning process. This study describes the predictive capacity of certain cognitive abilities in the early instructional stages of Spanish learning. The participants of this study was 362 Spanish children evaluated in 2nd and 3rd year of Early Childhood Education (children aged 4 to 6 years) at the first time.The instruments used in the assessments of language skills have been the Beginning Reading Battery, the Reading Process Assessment Battery, The Rapid Automatized Naming Test and the Reading and Writing Test in Spanish. The results delimited a model of structural equations for the prediction of initial reading performance in 1st and 2nd year of Primary Education (6 to 8 years). The model reached, Learning Model in the Initial Reading, delimited the relations between the oral language skills and the skills related to the code that acts as precursors of the initial reader performance. The performance in the task of letters-naming speed at 2nd and 3rd of Early Childhood Education was presented as the best precursor of reading efficiency at 1st and 2nd year of Primary Education. The findings of study make a significant contribution to early literacy research in Spanish as a reference to develop of pedagogical actions for the achievement of reader success.

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Pakdaman, Hossein, Ali Amini Harandi, Hamidreza Hatamian, Mojgan Tabatabae, Hosein Delavar Kasmaei, Amirhossein Ghassemi, Koroush Gharagozli, et al. "Effectiveness and Safety of MLC601 in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease: A Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra 5, no. 1 (March 7, 2015): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000375295.

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Background: MLC601 is a possible modulator of amyloid precursor protein processing, and in a clinical trial study MLC601 showed some effectiveness in cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of MLC601 in the treatment of mild to moderate AD as compared to 3 approved cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) including donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine. Methods: In a multicenter, nonblinded, randomized controlled trial, 264 volunteers with AD were randomly divided into 4 groups of 66; groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 received donepezil, rivastigmine, MLC601 and galantamine, respectively. Subjects underwent a clinical diagnostic interview and a cognitive/functional battery including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog). Patients were visited every 4 months, and the score of cognition was recorded by the neurologists. Results: There were no significant differences in age, sex, marital status and baseline score of cognition among the 4 groups. In total, 39 patients (14.7%) left the study. Trend of cognition changes based on the modifications over the time for MMSE and ADAS-cog scores did not differ significantly among groups (p = 0.92 for MMSE and p = 0.87 for ADAS-Cog). Conclusion: MLC601 showed a promising safety profile and also efficacy compared to 3 FDA-approved ChEIs.

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Bermejo-Bescós, Paloma, Sagrario Martín-Aragón, Karim Jiménez-Aliaga, Juana Benedí, Emanuela Felici, Pedro Gil, José Manuel Ribera, and Ángel María Villar. "Processing of the Platelet Amyloid Precursor Protein in the Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)." Neurochemical Research 38, no. 7 (April 11, 2013): 1415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11064-013-1039-7.

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Li, Qi, Michael Michaud, Ravi Shankar, Sandra Canosa, Michael Schwartz, and Joseph A. Madri. "MMP-2: A modulator of neuronal precursor activity and cognitive and motor behaviors." Behavioural Brain Research 333 (August 2017): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2017.06.041.

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Morris, Edward K., and Charryse F. Luckey. "A note on a precursor of behavioral momentum." Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 109, no. 1 (January 2018): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jeab.301.

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Bosch, G., B. Beerda, W. H. Hendriks, A. F. B. van der Poel, and M. W. A. Verstegen. "Impact of nutrition on canine behaviour: current status and possible mechanisms." Nutrition Research Reviews 20, no. 2 (December 2007): 180–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095442240781331x.

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Each year, millions of dogs worldwide are abandoned by their owners, relinquished to animal shelters, and euthanised because of behaviour problems. Nutrition is rarely considered as one of the possible contributing factors of problem behaviour. This contribution presents an overview of current knowledge on the influence of nutrition on canine behaviour and explores the underlying mechanisms by which diet may affect behaviour in animals. Behaviour is regulated by neurotransmitters and hormones, and changes in the availability of their precursors may influence behaviour. Tryptophan, the precursor of serotonin, may affect the incidence of aggression, self-mutilation and stress resistance. The latter may also be influenced by dietary tyrosine, a precursor to catecholamines. As diet composition, nutrient availability and nutrient interactions affect the availability of these precursors in the brain, behaviour or stress resistance may be affected. PUFA, especially DHA, have an important role as structural constituents in brain development, and dietary supply ofn-3 andn-6 PUFA could modify aspects of the dopaminergic and serotonergic system and, consequently, cognitive performance and behaviour. Finally, persistent feeding motivation between meals can increase stereotyped behaviour and aggression and decrease resting time. This feeding motivation may be altered by dietary fibre content and source. At present, few studies have been conducted to evaluate the role of nutrition in canine (problem) behaviour through the above mentioned mechanisms. Studies that explore this relationship may help to improve the welfare of dogs and their owners.

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Seyfarth, Robert M., and Dorothy L. Cheney. "The shared evolutionary history of kinship classifications and language." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33, no. 5 (October 2010): 402–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x10001421.

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AbstractAmong monkeys and apes, both the recognition and classification of individuals and the recognition and classification of vocalizations constitute discrete combinatorial systems. One system maps onto the other, suggesting that during human evolution kinship classifications and language shared a common cognitive precursor.

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Mitchell, Uchechi. "The Effects of Mid-life Stress Exposure on Black-White Differences in Cognitive Decline." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.372.

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Abstract Cognitive decline is a precursor to cognitive impairment and dementia. Recent research suggests that cognitive decline may begin earlier in the life course for Blacks and that Black-white disparities in cognitive function emerge in midlife. Disproportionate exposure to chronic and acute stressors during mid-life may explain Black-white differences in trajectories of cognitive function over time. In this study we use data from approximately 3,700 Black and white respondents age 51-64 from the Health and Retirement Study to examine race differences in cognitive decline and the role mid-life stress exposure play in these differences. Initial findings suggest that mid-life Blacks have lower levels of cognitive function, but their rates of cognitive decline do not differ significantly from mid-life whites. Financial strain and everyday experiences of discrimination are inversely associated with cognitive decline and only partially explain differences in cognitive decline between mid-life Blacks and whites.

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Singer, Jerome L., and Dorothy G. Singer. "Preschoolers' Imaginative Play as Precursor of Narrative Consciousness." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 25, no. 2 (October 2005): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/0kqu-9a2v-yam2-xd8j.

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Can the early childhood play of preschoolers foreshadow the form and complexity of adult ongoing consciousness? The beginnings of make-believe play in children from about two years of age are reviewed starting with transitional objects, play with soft toys, or imaginary playmates. The roles of pretending and story-telling play are next examined and their contribution not only to sheer enjoyment but to an array of cognitive, social, and emotional skills are considered. We discuss the contribution of adults as nurturers and enhancers of such play. We turn finally to the aspects of adult consciousness: wakeful perception; identification, labeling, and encoding; guided imagery, mental trial actions, and playfulness. The features of childhood play may be seen to foreshadow an array of functions of ongoing conscious thought, especially its narrative components and, following Baars' theory, its role as a “theater” for prioritizing, decision-making, contextualizing, and creativity.

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Puleio, A., K. Wall, and C. Anderson-Hanley. "C-26 Neuro-Exergaming for Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Single Bout of Interactive Physical and Cognitive Exercise (iPACES v2.5)." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 6 (July 25, 2019): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz034.188.

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Abstract Objective Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) may be a precursor Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRDs). Identifying effective interventions to prevent or remediate cognitive decline is imperative given the increasing older population. Prior research has shown benefits to cognition of physical exercise, but only a fraction of older adults actually achieve recommended levels. Researchers have explored the use of potentially more motivating exergames and found benefits above and beyond physical exercise alone, perhaps due to synergistic effects of physical and mental engagement. The current study attempts to replicate and extend prior research by examining the impact on cognition of a single bout of a neuro-exergame in which older adults engaged interactive Physical and Cognitive Exercise (iPACES v2.5). Method The iPACES neuro-exergame (v2.5) involves pedaling an under-table elliptical while playing an iPad-based videogame, which simulates an everyday function of independent living: running errands and retracing one’s path home. Eighteen older adults (mean age = 68.4 years old) were assessed pre- and post-exercise with neuropsychological tests of executive function (Stroop and Trails) as well as verbal memory (ADAS Word Recall). Results A repeated measures ANOVA (controlling for age) indicated significantly greater benefit to verbal memory for MCI participants in contrast with normative older adults (p = .008; Figure 1). Conclusion Further research is needed to confirm this finding in a larger sample, but it is consistent with some prior research on single bouts of exercise benefiting cognition of MCI more than normative older adults. Follow-up trials are needed to examine long-term use, factors affecting outcomes, and underlying mechanisms.

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Dhikav, Vikas, Mansi Sethi, and Kuljeet Singh Anand. "Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease and vascular risk factors among Indian patients." International Psychogeriatrics 27, no. 12 (July 23, 2015): 2098–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610215001052.

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Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is often defined as subjective memory complaints with intact activity of daily living without dementia. Its association as a precursor to Alzheimer's disease is well known. However, MCI in Parkinson's disease (PD) is poorly understood. The present small study aimed to measure the frequency of MCI and vascular factors in Indian patients with PD.

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Jin, Yinzi, Mingxia Jing, and Xiaochen Ma. "Effects of Digital Device Ownership on Cognitive Decline in a Middle-Aged and Elderly Population: Longitudinal Observational Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 21, no. 7 (July 29, 2019): e14210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/14210.

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Background Cognitive decline is a major risk factor for disability and death and may serve as a precursor of dementia. Digital devices can provide a platform of cognitively stimulating activities which might help to slow cognitive decline during the process of normal aging. Objective This longitudinal study aimed to examine the independent protective factors of desktop and cellphone ownership against cognitive decline in mid-life and older adulthood and to examine the combined effect of desktop and cellphone ownership on the same outcome. Methods Data was obtained from a China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Studies (CHARLS) cohort made up of 13,457 community-dwelling adults aged 45 years or above in 2011-2012. They were followed for 4 years, with baseline measurements taken as well as 2 two-year follow-up visits. Cognitive function was tested during the baseline test and follow-up visits. A global cognition z-score was calculated based on two domains: word recall and mental intactness. The key independent variables were defined as: whether one had desktops with internet connection at home and whether one had a cellphone. An additional categorical variable of three values was constructed as: 0 (no desktop or cellphone), 1 (desktop or cellphone alone), and 2 (desktop and cellphone both). Mixed-effects regression was adjusted for demographic and health behavior as well as health condition risk factors. Results Adjusted for demographic and health behavior as well as health condition risk factors, desktop and cellphone ownership were independently associated with subsequent decreased cognitive decline over the four-year period. Participants without a desktop at home had an adjusted cognitive decline of –0.16 standard deviations (95% CI –0.18 to –0.15), while participants with a desktop at home had an adjusted cognitive decline of –0.10 standard deviations (95% CI –0.14 to –0.07; difference of –0.06 standard deviations; P=.003). A similar pattern of significantly protective association of 0.06 standard deviations (95% CI 0.03-0.10; P<.001) between cellphone ownership and cognitive function was observed over the four-year period. Additionally, a larger longitudinal protective association on cognitive decline was observed among those with both of the digital devices, although the 95% CIs for the coefficients overlapped with those with a single digital device alone. Conclusions Findings from this study underscored the importance of digital devices as platforms for cognitively stimulating activities to delay cognitive decline. Future studies focusing on use of digital devices are warranted to investigate their longitudinal protective factors against cognitive decline at mid- and later life.

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Wang, Zhen, Xiao Lin Zhong, Yang Xu, Jie He, Zheng Hai Liu, Ai Tao Nai, Lei Niu, et al. "Irradiation increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor precursor signaling in the mouse hippocampus." Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 171 (May 2020): 107186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107186.

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Gourmaud, Sarah, Haochang Shou, David J. Irwin, Kimberly Sansalone, Leah M. Jacobs, Timothy H. Lucas, Eric D. Marsh, Kathryn A. Davis, Frances E. Jensen, and Delia M. Talos. "Alzheimer-like amyloid and tau alterations associated with cognitive deficit in temporal lobe epilepsy." Brain 143, no. 1 (December 13, 2019): 191–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awz381.

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Abstract Temporal lobe epilepsy represents a major cause of drug-resistant epilepsy. Cognitive impairment is a frequent comorbidity, but the mechanisms are not fully elucidated. We hypothesized that the cognitive impairment in drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy could be due to perturbations of amyloid and tau signalling pathways related to activation of stress kinases, similar to those observed in Alzheimer’s disease. We examined these pathways, as well as amyloid-β and tau pathologies in the hippocampus and temporal lobe cortex of drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy patients who underwent temporal lobe resection (n = 19), in comparison with age- and region-matched samples from neurologically normal autopsy cases (n = 22). Post-mortem temporal cortex samples from Alzheimer’s disease patients (n = 9) were used as positive controls to validate many of the neurodegeneration-related antibodies. Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis of tissue from temporal lobe epilepsy cases revealed increased phosphorylation of full-length amyloid precursor protein and its associated neurotoxic cleavage product amyloid-β*56. Pathological phosphorylation of two distinct tau species was also increased in both regions, but increases in amyloid-β1-42 peptide, the main component of amyloid plaques, were restricted to the hippocampus. Furthermore, several major stress kinases involved in the development of Alzheimer’s disease pathology were significantly activated in temporal lobe epilepsy brain samples, including the c-Jun N-terminal kinase and the protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase. In temporal lobe epilepsy cases, hippocampal levels of phosphorylated amyloid precursor protein, its pro-amyloidogenic processing enzyme beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1, and both total and hyperphosphorylated tau expression, correlated with impaired preoperative executive function. Our study suggests that neurodegenerative and stress-related processes common to those observed in Alzheimer’s disease may contribute to cognitive impairment in drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy. In particular, we identified several stress pathways that may represent potential novel therapeutic targets.

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Kishore, Krishna, Koushik Ray, Sanjeev Kumar, J. P. Anand, Lalan Thakur, D. Ravi, A. Suresh, et al. "Tyrosine Supplementation A Nutraceutical Approach to Counter Heat Stress Induced Cognitive Decline." Defence Life Science Journal 6, no. 3 (July 27, 2021): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.6.15870.

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Supplementation of tyrosine, non-essential amino acid, and precursor of catecholamine was found to ameliorate the heat-induced alterations in latencies of event-related potential P300 and contingent negative variation. Here we present the effect of tyrosine supplementation on heat stress (exposure to ambient temperature 45 oC and relative humidity 30 %) induced alterations in behavior (attention, mood) and levels of plasma monoamines. Ten healthy male participants received a placebo food bar or tyrosine-containing food bar (6.5 g in 50 g) 90 min before heat stress exposure of 90 min. Plasma and urine samples were assayed for catecholamine levels, their precursor, and metabolites using high-performance liquid chromatography. A computer-based automated test battery was used to assess attention and mood by profile of mood states questionnaire. A significantly higher plasma tyrosine (p<0.001) leading to an increased norepinephrine (p<0.05) levels in the tyrosine supplemented group was observed. Selective (p<0.001) and sustained attention (p<0.02) in the tyrosine group were significantly better compared to the placebo group. Reaction time and anger scores decreased (p<0.001) with tyrosine supplementation. It may be concluded that tyrosine supplementation improves heat stress-induced decrement in attention by maintaining the synthesis and turnover of norepinephrine.

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Zhu, Bing-Lin, Yan Long, Wei Luo, Zhen Yan, Yu-Jie Lai, Li-Ge Zhao, Wei-Hui Zhou, et al. "MMP13 inhibition rescues cognitive decline in Alzheimer transgenic mice via BACE1 regulation." Brain 142, no. 1 (December 27, 2018): 176–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awy305.

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AbstractMMP13 (matrix metallopeptidase 13) plays a key role in bone metabolism and cancer development, but has no known functions in Alzheimer’s disease. In this study, we used high-throughput small molecule screening in SH-SY5Y cells that stably expressed a luciferase reporter gene driven by the BACE1 (β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1) promoter, which included a portion of the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR). We identified that CL82198, a selective inhibitor of MMP13, decreased BACE1 protein levels in cultured neuronal cells. This effect was dependent on PI3K (phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase) signalling, and was unrelated to BACE1 gene transcription and protein degradation. Further, we found that eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B (eIF4B) played a key role, as the mutation of eIF4B at serine 422 (S422R) or deletion of the BACE1 5′UTR attenuated MMP13-mediated BACE1 regulation. In APPswe/PS1E9 mice, an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease, hippocampal Mmp13 knockdown or intraperitoneal CL82198 administration reduced BACE1 protein levels and the related amyloid-β precursor protein processing, amyloid-β load and eIF4B phosphorylation, whereas spatial and associative learning and memory performances were improved. Collectively, MMP13 inhibition/CL82198 treatment exhibited therapeutic potential for Alzheimer’s disease, via the translational regulation of BACE1.

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Mehler, Jacques, Peter Jusczyk, Ghislaine Lambertz, Nilofar Halsted, Josiane Bertoncini, and Claudine Amiel-Tison. "A precursor of language acquisition in young infants." Cognition 29, no. 2 (July 1988): 143–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(88)90035-2.

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Miller-Hodges, Eve, and Neeraj Dhaun. "Pulse-wave velocity is associated with cognitive impairment in haemodialysis patients." Clinical Science 131, no. 13 (June 28, 2017): 1495–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20170973.

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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common, its prevalence increasing with age. Cognitive impairment is common in the elderly, in CKD and in those on maintenance haemodialysis. As cognitive impairment is the precursor to dementia, the identification of reversible risk factors for cognitive decline is the key to reducing dementia risk. Arterial stiffness is one such potential risk factor. It is independently associated with cardiovascular outcome in dialysis patients. Importantly, the recent demonstration of an independent association between arterial stiffness and cognitive impairment in these patients suggests that vascular stiffness might be potentially causative in the development of cognitive impairment and also be an opportune target for interventions. Whether unstiffening of blood vessels in patients on maintenance haemodialysis can reduce the incidence of cognitive impairment or indeed slow its progression to dementia, remain unanswered questions. In this issue of the Clinical Science, Angermann and colleagues present thought-provoking data related to cognitive impairment in haemodialysis patients.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cognitive precursor'

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