Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cognitive precursor

Academic literature on the topic 'Cognitive precursor'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 1 April 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Cognitive precursor"

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Zhao, Jing, Chanel J. Taylor, Estella A. Newcombe, Mark D. Spanevello, Imogen O’Keeffe, Leanne T. Cooper, Dhanisha J. Jhaveri, Andrew W. Boyd, and Perry F. Bartlett. "EphA4 Regulates Hippocampal Neural Precursor Proliferation in the Adult Mouse Brain by d-Serine Modulation of N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Signaling." Cerebral Cortex 29, no. 10 (December 22, 2018): 4381–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhy319.

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Abstract The hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) is a major region of the adult rodent brain in which neurogenesis occurs throughout life. The EphA4 receptor, which regulates neurogenesis and boundary formation in the developing brain, is also expressed in the adult DG, but whether it regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis is not known. Here, we show that, in the adult mouse brain, EphA4 inhibits hippocampal precursor cell proliferation but does not affect precursor differentiation or survival. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of EphA4 significantly increased hippocampal precursor proliferation in vivo and in vitro, by blocking EphA4 forward signaling. EphA4 was expressed by mature hippocampal DG neurons but not neural precursor cells, and an EphA4 antagonist, EphA4-Fc, did not activate clonal cultures of precursors until they were co-cultured with non-precursor cells, indicating an indirect effect of EphA4 on the regulation of precursor activity. Supplementation with d-serine blocked the increased precursor proliferation induced by EphA4 inhibition, whereas blocking the interaction between d-serine and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) promoted precursor activity, even at the clonal level. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that EphA4 indirectly regulates adult hippocampal precursor proliferation and thus plays a role in neurogenesis via d-serine-regulated NMDAR signaling.
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Karatzoglou, Orestis. "Empedocles’ Epistemology and Embodied Cognition." Ancient Philosophy Today 5, no. 1 (April 2023): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anph.2023.0084.

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This paper focuses on a particular conception of embodied cognition to argue that this cognitive approach can be found in Empedocles in inchoate form. It is assumed that the defining features setting apart embodied cognition from the rest of the cognitive sciences are that the body: (a) significantly constrains the embodied agent’s cognitive skills, (b) regulates the coordination of action and cognition, and (c) serves an integral function in the transmission of cognitive data. Empedocles’ epistemological fragments are examined vis-à-vis these specifications, and the conclusion is reached that Empedocles can safely be regarded as a distant precursor of embodied cognition.
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Pulinets, Sergey, Marina Tsidilina, Dimitar Ouzounov, and Dmitry Davidenko. "From Hector Mine M7.1 to Ridgecrest M7.1 Earthquake. A Look from a 20-Year Perspective." Atmosphere 12, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020262.

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The paper provides a comparative analysis of precursory phenomena in the ionosphere and atmosphere for two strong earthquakes of the same magnitude M7.1 that happened in the same region (North-East from Los Angeles) within a time span of 20 years, the Hector Mine and Ridgecrest earthquakes. Regardless of the similarity of their location (South-Eastern California, near 160 km one from another), there was one essential difference: the Hector Mine earthquake happened during geomagnetically disturbed conditions (essential in the sense of ionospheric precursors identification). In contrast, the quiet geomagnetic conditions characterized the period around the time of the Ridgecrest earthquake. The Hector mine earthquake happened in the middle of the rising phase of the 23-rd solar cycle characterized by high solar activity, while the Ridgecrest earthquake happened by the very end of the 24th cycle under very low solar activity conditions. We provide a comprehensive multi-factor analysis, determine the precursory period for both earthquakes and demonstrate the close similarity of ionospheric precursors. Unlike the majority of papers dealing with earthquake precursor identification based on the “abnormality” of observed time-series mainly determined by amplitude difference between “normal” (usually climatic) behavior and “abnormal” behavior with amplitudes exceeding some pre-established threshold, we used the technique of cognitive recognition of the precursors based on the physical mechanisms of their generation and the morphology of their behavior during the precursory period. These permits to uniquely identify precursors even in conditions of disturbed environment as it was around the time of the Hector Mine earthquake. We demonstrate the close similarity of precursors’ development for both events. The leading time of precursor appearance for the same region and similar magnitude was identical. For the Hector Mine it was 11 October 1999—5 days in advance—and for 2019 Ridgecrest it was 28 June—7 days before the mainshock and five days before the strongest foreshock.
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Yu, Alan C. L. "On measuring phonetic precursor robustness: a response to Moreton." Phonology 28, no. 3 (December 2011): 491–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675711000236.

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Much debate in recent years has focused on the relative contribution of analytic and channel biases in shaping the typology of sound. Moreton (2008) argues forcefully for the strength of analytic bias, such as Universal Grammar and other non-modality-specific cognitive biases that facilitate the learning of some phonological patterns and inhibit that of others, in creating typological asymmetries on its own, unassisted by the robustness of phonetic precursors. This article focuses on the assessment of phonetic precursor robustness. The main goal of this article is two-fold: (i) to establish the inadequacy of Moreton's method of evaluating relative phonetic precursor robustness and to offer an alternative to his approach; (ii) to report the results of a cross-linguistic study comparing the nature of vowel-to-vowel coarticulation and the interaction between obstruent voicing and vowel height with the same languages – no previous studies have directly compared these two phonetic precursors.
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Nodoushan, Mohammad Ali Salmani. "Is Cognitive Style A Precursor To Efl Reading Performance?" i-manager's Journal of Educational Technology 4, no. 1 (June 15, 2007): 66–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jet.4.1.648.

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Karl, Tim, Surabhi Bhatia, David Cheng, Woojin Scott Kim, and Brett Garner. "Cognitive phenotyping of amyloid precursor protein transgenic J20 mice." Behavioural Brain Research 228, no. 2 (March 2012): 392–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2011.12.021.

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Becerra, Rodrigo. "“Atmosphere”, a Precursor of “Cognitive Schemas”: Tracing Tacit Phenomenological Influences on Cognitive Behaviour Therapy." Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology 4, no. 1 (July 2004): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20797222.2004.11433889.

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Sekhar, Rajagopal, and George Taffet. "Reversing Cognitive Decline in Aging: Reversible Mechanistic Defects and a Novel Nutritional Intervention." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3156.

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Abstract Aging is the biggest risk factor for cognitive-decline and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but underlying mechanisms are not well-understood and interventions are lacking. Cognitive-decline in AD has been associated with deficiency of glutathione, (the most abundant, intracellular, antioxidant protein), elevated oxidative-stress, insulin-resistance and increased inflammation. We identified and reported that glutathione-deficiency and oxidative-stress in older-adults occur due to decreased availability of precursor amino-acids glycine and cysteine, and can be corrected with GlyNAC (a combination of glycine and the cysteine precursor N-acetylcysteine). We hypothesized that cognitive decline in older-adults is linked to glutathione-deficiency, mitochondrial-dysfunction, oxidative-stress, insulin-resistance, and inflammation. The first abstract discusses the rationale and findings of an open-label clinical trial: compared to young-humans, older-adults had cognitive-decline, glutathione-deficiency, mitochondrial-dysfunction, abnormal glucose-metabolism and insulin-resistance, oxidative-stress, endothelial-dysfunction and inflammation. These defects were improved/reversed by supplementing GlyNAC for 24-weeks, but benefits receded on stopping GlyNAC for 12-weeks. The second abstract presents a study in 8 young (20-weeks old) and 16 aged (90-weeks old) wild-type male C57BL/6J mice where we found that aged-mice had naturally-occurring cognitive-impairment, and brain defects in glutathione-deficiency, oxidative-stress, glucose-transport, mitochondrial glucose-oxidation, insulin-resistance, endoplasmic-reticulum stress, autophagy, mitophagy, inflammation, senescence, genomic and telomere damage. Aged-mice received either GlyNAC or isonitrogenous-placebo supplementation for 8-weeks, and only GlyNAC-fed mice improved cognition and brain defects. Collectively these data highlights the discovery of novel and reversible mechanistic defects in older-adults and aged-mice with naturally-occurring cognitive-decline, and identifies that supplementing GlyNAC can improve brain-health and cognition. These findings could have important implications for reversing cognitive-decline in older-adults, and AD.
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Bohuszewicz, Jakub. "The Concept of Mind in S. M. Shirokogoroff’s “Psychomental Complex of the Tungus”." Anthropos 116, no. 1 (2021): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0257-9774-2021-1-77.

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The aim of this article is to present a concept of mind by the ethnologist Sergei Mikhailovich Shirokogoroff, as a precursor for a specific turn taking place in contemporary cognitive science. Such a turn is visible in the discarding of explanations focusing on brain or on other vehicles of cognitive processes, which are typical of traditional cognitive science. The followers of this traditional trend are united by the methodological assumption that the key to understanding cognitive processes lies in the precise comprehension of the vehicle’s functioning. Currently, cognitive science is developing a paradigm describing cognition as being embodied, embedded and extended. Similarly, Shirokogoroff's research in the anthropology of religion is part of his general concept of mind understood to be a set of cognitive processes linked with a broadly viewed environment (combining its material, ecological, biological, cultural and ritual aspects).
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Campbell, Jared M. "Supplementation with NAD+ and Its Precursors to Prevent Cognitive Decline across Disease Contexts." Nutrients 14, no. 15 (August 7, 2022): 3231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14153231.

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The preservation of cognitive ability by increasing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels through supplementation with NAD+ precursors has been identified as a promising treatment strategy for a number of conditions; principally, age-related cognitive decline (including Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia), but also diabetes, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. Candidate factors have included NAD+ itself, its reduced form NADH, nicotinamide (NAM), nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), nicotinamide riboside (NR), and niacin (or nicotinic acid). This review summarises the research findings for each source of cognitive impairment for which NAD+ precursor supplementation has been investigated as a therapy. The findings are mostly positive but have been made primarily in animal models, with some reports of null or adverse effects. Given the increasing popularity and availability of these factors as nutritional supplements, further properly controlled clinical research is needed to provide definitive answers regarding this strategy’s likely impact on human cognitive health when used to address different sources of impairment.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cognitive precursor"

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Beck, Corbatto Deborah. "Trust as a Precursor of Flow| A Social Cognitive View of Flow in Elite Coach/Athlete Dyads." Thesis, George Mason University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10792355.

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The purpose of the present study was to explore the influence of trust, help seeking/help giving, and relation-inferred self-efficacy on the onset of flow experience in a dyadic relationship between an elite athlete and their coach. The social cognitive theory of triadic reciprocal determinism was used to examine the relationship of the elite athlete and their trusted coach in a high-pressure athletic environment as it related to the ability of the elite athlete to achieve a flow state. Using a multiple case study approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with five coach-athlete dyads. Data were analyzed using thematic network analysis (i.e., looking for thematic ties to established theory, as well as emerging themes). Prior research has focused on flow as a personally experienced phenomenon arising due to constructs that are largely self-controlled (e.g., loss of self-consciousness, merging of action and awareness, autotelic nature, centering of attention, feeling in control). Findings of this study, based on the triadic reciprocal determinism model, showed support for a more expansive model for flow in elite sport dyads, including behavioral, personal, and environmental influences, particularly in the area of trust. Based on findings of this study, recommendations are made for further research, including the necessity for sports flow research to move to a more applied focus using social cognitive theory. Implications of this line of research include uncovering the method by which an elite coach might create an environment in which flow experiences and improved performance outcomes might ideally occur for the athlete.

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Smotherman, Jesse M. "The Impact of Causative Genes on Neuropsychological Functioning in Familial Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease: A Meta-Analysis." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc984161/.

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Mutations of three genes encoding amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin-1 (PSEN1), and presenilin-2 (PSEN2) have been shown to reliably result in familial early-onset Alzheimer's disease (FAD); a rare, but catastrophic, subtype of Alzheimer's disease (AD) marked by symptom emergence before age 65 as well as accelerated cognitive deterioration. The current study represents the first known meta-analysis on the association of APP, PSEN1 or PSEN2 on neurocognitive variables. A total of 278 FAD mutation-carriers (FAD-MC) and 284 cognitively healthy non-mutation-carriers (NC) across 10 independent investigations meeting inclusion criteria were chosen for the current meta-analysis (random effects design). Findings revealed an overarching trend of poorer performance by FAD-MC individuals compared to NC individuals across the majority of cognitive domains identified. Significant differences in effect sizes suggested FAD-MC individuals exhibited worse performance on measures of attention, explicit memory, fluency, primary memory, verbal, and visuospatial functioning. Findings indicative of differential sensitivity to cognitive domain impairments across FAD-MC and NC groups inform neuropsychological descriptions of individuals in preclinical phases of FAD.
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Österman, Hanna. "Olfactory performance and neuropathology in the Tg6799 strain of Alzheimer’s disease model mice." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-56816.

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The present study evaluated olfactory and cognitive abilities of the Tg6799 (also called 5xFAD) strain of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) model mice of two different age groups (2-3 and 8-10 months of age), and one group of healthy control mice (9-10 months). Employment of an operant conditioning paradigm using an automated olfactometer, an olfactory habituation/dishabituation test and a spatial learning test with non olfactory cues resulted in data showing that the 5xFAD mice develop olfactory impairments already at 2-3 months of age. The impairments consisted in a robust impairment in olfactory sensitivity, decreased responsiveness to novel odors and an inability to discriminate between enantiomeric odor molecules in the 5xFAD mice compared to control mice. Spatial learning deficits were also detected at this age, suggesting that cognitive functions were also affected. No differences in magnitude of the olfactory or spatial learning impairments could be detected between the age groups of model mice tested. Histological examination of development and presence of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques in the brains showed that plaques develop mainly between the ages of 3 and 8 months. This indicates that soluble Aβ rather than the formation of plaques might be responsible for the olfactory impairment and spatial learning impairments found. By 10 months of age plaque load of the 5xFAD mice was massive. The results of the present study clearly show that the 5xFAD strain might be suitable for research on human AD with regard to the early onset of olfactory impairments.
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Plaufcan, Melissa R. "An Examination of Social Cognitive Precursors of Lesbians’ Vocational Interests." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1310435272.

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Diaz, Alicia Alina. "Attributional fairness theory : the cognitive precursors of organizational justice judgments /." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486402957197436.

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Steinhauser, Robert [Verfasser], Marco [Akademischer Betreuer] Steinhauser, and Søren [Akademischer Betreuer] Andersen. "Pre-error cognition: insights into cognitive control through neural precursors of performance errors [cumulative dissertation] / Robert Steinhauser ; Marco Steinhauser, Søren Andersen." Eichstätt-Ingolstadt : Katholische Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1151573175/34.

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Torres, Carolina Akkari. "Glicogênio sintase quinase3B e proteína precursora do amilóide em plaquetas de indivíduos com comprometimento cognitivo leve e doença de Alzheimer." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5142/tde-12032010-143731/.

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A doença de Alzheimer (DA) é uma doença neurodegenerativa caracterizada pelo declínio progressivo da memória e de outras funções cognitivas, acometendo, sobretudo, indivíduos idosos. A anormalidade do metabolismo da proteína precursora do amilóide (APP) e a hiperfosforilação da proteína TAU são processos celulares característicos desta doença. A enzima glicogênio sintase quinase 3B (GSK3B) é altamente expressa no sistema nervoso central e apresenta grande importância na regulação da plasticidade neuronal e também nos mecanismos de sobrevivência celular. Estudos têm associado a GSK3B aos mecanismos que levam à formação das placas senis e dos emaranhados neurofibrilares na DA. Diante da dificuldade para se estabelecer com precisão o diagnóstico clínico da DA, sobretudo nas fases iniciais da doença, a identificação de biomarcadores se torna particularmente importante, principalmente em tecidos periféricos. Este trabalho avaliou, por meio de dois preparos distintos, dois possíveis candidatos a marcadores bioquímicos para a DA. Em plaquetas de pacientes com DA, comprometimento cognitivo leve (CCL) e idosos saudáveis, determinamos: (1) a razão de APP (APPr), que consiste na proporção entre fragmentos de 130kDa e 110kDa da APP; e (2) a expressão das formas fosforilada (fosfo-GSK3B) e total (total-GSK3B) da enzima GSK3B, possibilitando o cálculo da razão de GSK3B (fosfo-GSK3B/total-GSK3B). Ambas as razões foram avaliadas por Western Blot utilizando anticorpos específicos. Não observamos diferença estatisticamente significante nos valores de APPr entre os três grupos estudados (p=0,847). Para o cálculo da razão de GSK3B, foram necessárias adaptações do protocolo de preparo e análise de plaquetas, prevenindo a ativação plaquetária durante o procedimento, bem como a degradação do substrato pela ação de proteases e fosfatases presentes nesta matriz biológica; deste modo foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos nas médias de GSK3B total e da razão de GSK3B (p=0,05 e p=0,06 respectivamente). Não foi encontrada correlação entre a razão de APP e a razão de GSK3B. Contudo, a razão de GSK3B mostrou correlação com o desempenho em testes de memória, segundo o escore na bateria cognitiva CAMCOG. Estes resultados sugerem que a razão de GSK3B em plaquetas sinaliza algumas alterações biológicas que ocorrem na progressão do CCL para a demência na DA
Alzheimer\'s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive decline of memory and other cognitive functions, affecting mainly elderly. The abnormal metabolism of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and protein TAU hyperphosphorylation are cellular hallmarks of this disease. Glycogen synthase kinase 3B (GSK3B) is an enzyme highly expressed in the central nervous system and of great importance in the regulation of neuronal plasticity and also the mechanisms of cell survival. Studies have associated GSK3B with the mechanisms that lead to the formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in AD. Given the difficulty to establish the precise clinical diagnosis of AD, especially in the early stages of the disease, identification of biomarkers is particularly important, especially in peripheral tissues. This work evaluated two candidate biochemical markers for AD, using two different preparations. We investigated the ratio between 130kDa and 110kDa APP fragments (APPr) and between phosphorylated and total GSK3B (phospho-GSK3B / total-GSK3B) in platelets of patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), comparing their results with those from healthy older adults (controls). The expression of APP fragments and GSK3B was assessed by Western blot using specific antibodies. No statistically significant differences in APPr were found between the study groups (p=0.847). We found statistically significant differences in mean total GSK3B and GSK3B ratio across disgnostic groups (p=0.05 and p=0.06, respectively). APPr and GSK3B ratio were not correlated, but the latter parameter did correlate with the performance on memory tests, as shown by the CAMCOG sub-score. The present data indicate that platelet GSK3B ratio may indicate biological changes that occur in the MCI-AD continuum
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Walsh, E. "Exploring the cognitive precursors of movement using a sensory-detection task." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446183/.

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Movement-related sensory suppression is an example of a motor-sensory interaction whereby sensory stimuli are perceived as less intense before and during a movement than at rest. This thesis focuses on sensory suppression of a weak electrocutaneous stimulus delivered just prior to movement onset, and develops this situation as a paradigm for studying motor-sensory interactions. In a typical experiment, subjects prepared a motor response in advance of a visual signal. They received a weak electric shock to the right hand just prior to voluntary movement. Subjects reported at the end of each trial whether they detected the shock or not. Movement-related sensory suppression was measured by comparing shock detection rates with non-movement control trials. This general paradigm was then used in a series of behavioural experiments which systematically manipulated cognitive processing prior to movement. Premovement suppression was used to investigate the cognitive precursors of movement. First, it was shown that sensory suppression occurred for actions which were prepared, but then inhibited before execution. Second, sensory suppression was combined with the classic "stop-signal" paradigm. On trials where a stop signal came too late for subjects to inhibit their movement, a brief period of release from sensory suppression was nevertheless observed, as if the movement had been cancelled. This brief independence of sensory and motor systems suggests that the balance of excitation-inhibition is set separately for each system. Third, when subjects performed pre-prepared sequences of movements, premovement sensory suppression was related only to the first movement in the sequence, and not to subsequent movements. This suggests that motor-sensory interactions are programmed at the level of individual movements, not sequences. Finally, delivery of an unexpected startling auditory stimulus produced an acceleration of sensory suppression corresponding to the well-known acceleration of motor reaction time. This finding suggests that subcortical motor circuits involved in startle may also contribute to sensory suppression. Overall, sensory suppression proved a useful tool for investigating the cognitive processes that take place prior to movement.
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Costa, Hiwet Mariam. "Precursors of mathematics learning: identification and intervention." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/11005.

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2013/2014
The studies presented in this thesis contribute to the growing body of knowledge regarding the relationships between domain general precursors, domain specific precursors and mathematical learning. Given the previous inconsistent results about the link between ANS acuity and mathematical abilities (i.e. Kolkman et al., 2013) we were interested in the investigation of the relation between the ANS and early mathematics abilities in preschool years. This relationship was explored by using two different approaches: in Chapter 2 the relationship between ANS and different mathematical measures, measured concurrently, were investigated; Chapter 3 examined the possibility to improve the ANS abilities in preschool children by using intensive adaptive training over a relatively short period. Moreover, the transfer effects of the training on mathematical abilities were also examined. The second aim of this dissertation concerned the potential role played by STM and WM skills in supporting domain-specific precursors of mathematics. The few studies that considered the role of WM in simple quantity comparison abilities did not provide a strong basis for any firm conclusions on such a relationship (Mussolin, Nys, Leybaert, & Content, 2012; Soltész, Szűcs, & Szűcs, 2010) since they didn’t assess all of the WM components. Chapter 2 focuses on uncovering which specific WM component is involved in non-symbolic approximate quantity comparison processing in the preschool age. Moreover, in ordered to further explore the relationship between WM abilities and ANS, Chapter 3 investigated whether training focusing on the improvement of ANS abilities produced a far-transfer effect on WM abilities. Several studies found that WM abilities are related to overall mathematical skills (Gersten et al., 2005; Jordan et al., 2006; Passolunghi & Lanfranchi, 2012), therefore Chapter 4 investigated a possible causal relationship between domain-general working memory abilities and domain-specific numerical competence through a training study during the preschool years. The third aim of this dissertation was to explore the malleability of cognitive precursors of mathematical learning. In Chapter 3, the possibility to improve ANS abilities was investigated, whereas Chapter 4 aimed to verify and compare the effects on early numerical competence of two types of training. One type of training focused on the enhancement of domain-general precursors, working memory abilities; while the other focused on the enhancement of domain-specific precursors, early numeracy abilities. In the field of intellectual disabilities, some studies suggested that WM skills of children with neurodevelopmental disorders (like Down’s syndrome) tend to be impaired and very poor compared to typically developing children of a similar mental age (Gathercole & Alloway, 2006). In Chapter 5, the efficacy of a school-based visuo-spatial WM training on STM and WM skills for two individuals with DS was examined. The main findings emerging from overall studies and limitations, future directions and implications of the research are finally discussed in Chapter 6.
Gli studi presentati in questa tesi forniscono nuovi risultati riguardo la relazione tra precursori dominio-generali e precursori dominio-specifici dell’apprendimento matematico. Le ricerche che si sono occupate di indagare la relazione tra Approximate Numer System (ANS) e abilità matematiche finora hanno prodotto risultati contrastanti (Kolkman et al., 2013). Ci siamo quindi interessati ad approfondire lo studio della relazione tra ANS e matematica in età prescolare utilizzando due diversi approcci. Nel capitolo 2 è stato indagata la relazione tra ANS e diverse abilità matematiche, misurati contemporaneamente. Nel Capitolo 3 è stata indagata la possibilità di potenziare le abilità di ANS in bambini in età prescolare, utilizzando un training intensivo per un periodo relativamente breve. Inoltre, sono stati esaminati gli effetti del training di ANS sulle abilità matematiche. Il secondo obiettivo di questa tesi è stato quello di indagare il ruolo svolto della memoria a breve termine e della memoria di lavoro nello sviluppo dei precursori dominio-specifici dell’apprendimento matematico. I pochi studi che hanno considerato la relazione tra abilità di memoria e abilità di confronto di quantità non sono giunti a conclusioni certe su tale relazione in quanto non hanno analizzato in maniera completa il ruolo svolto da ogni componente della memoria di lavoro (Mussolin, Nys, Leybaert, & Content, 2012; Soltész, Szűcs, & Szűcs, 2010). Con lo studio descritto nel Capitolo 2 abbiamo voluto indagare quale specifica componete della memoria di lavoro sia coinvolta nel processo di comparazione di quantità in età prescolare. Inoltre, per analizzare ulteriormente tale relazione nel Capitolo 3 abbiamo indagato l’effetto, sulle abilita di memoria di lavoro, di un training focalizzato sul potenziamento delle abilità di ANS. Dato che diversi studi confermano la relazione tra memoria di lavoro e abilità matematiche (Gersten et al., 2005; Jordan et al., 2006; Passolunghi & Lanfranchi, 2012), nel capitolo 4 abbiamo esaminato la possibile relazione causale tra le capacità dominio-generali di memoria di lavoro e precursori dominio-specifici (abilità matematiche precoci) tramite uno studio di training in età prescolare. Il terzo obiettivo di questa tesi è stato quello di esplorale la malleabilità dei precursori cognitivi dell’apprendimento matematico. Nel Capitolo 3 è stata indagata la possibilità di potenziare le abilità di ANS mentre nel capitolo 4 abbiamo voluto verificare l’efficacia di due diversi tipi di training sul potenziamento della abilità matematiche in età prescolare. Il primo training era focalizzato sul potenziamento della memoria di lavoro (precursore dominio-generale) mentre il secondo training era focalizzato sul potenziamento delle abilità matematiche precordi (precursore dominio-specifico). Gli studi nel campo delle disabilità intellettive, suggeriscono che le competenze di memoria di lavoro di bambini con disturbi dello sviluppo neurologico (come la sindrome di Down) tendono ad essere compromesse e molto scarsa in confronto alle abilità di memoria di bambini con sviluppo tipico ma stessa età mentale (Gathercole e Alloway, 2006). Nel capitolo 5, è stata indagata l'efficacia di un training di memoria di lavoro visuo-spaziale sulle abilità di memoria a breve termine e di memoria di lavoro di due persone con sindrome di Down. I principali risultati della tesi, le direzioni future e le implicazioni delle ricerche sono state discusse nel Capitolo 6.
XXVII Ciclo
1987
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Altenburger, Lauren E. "Father-Child Relationships: Early Precursors and Consequences for School-Aged Children’s Social and Cognitive Adjustment." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524175659835137.

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Books on the topic "Cognitive precursor"

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Prinz, Jesse. Hume and Cognitive Science. Edited by Paul Russell. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199742844.013.19.

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This contribution is concerned with the relevance of Hume’s empirical approach to the study of the mind for contemporary cognitive science. It is argued that Hume’s views, empirically founded as they were on observation and introspection and concerning ideas and concepts, passion and sympathy, and moral sentimentalism, find considerable support in the findings of contemporary research. To this extent, Hume may well be considered a precursor to many of today’s cognitive scientists, even though they do not generally draw directly from his work. The fundamental significance of Hume’s own work is that it shows that philosophy has always had an empirical dimension.
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Seyfarth, Robert M., and Dorothy L. Cheney. Primate social cognition as a precursor to language. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199541119.013.0004.

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Legerstee, Maria. Infants' Sense of People: Precursors to a Theory of Mind. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

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Legerstee, Maria. Infants' Sense of People: Precursors to a Theory of Mind. Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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Legerstee, Maria. Infants' Sense of People: Precursors to a Theory of Mind. Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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Infants' Sense of People: Precursors to a Theory of Mind. Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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Legerstee, Maria. Infants' Sense of People: Precursors to a Theory of Mind. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

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Legerstee, Maria. Infants' Sense of People: Precursors to a Theory of Mind. Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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Legerstee, Maria Theresia. Infants' Sense of People: Precursors to a Theory of Mind. Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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Waldmann, Michael R. Causal Reasoning. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.1.

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Although causal reasoning is a component of most human cognitive functions, it has been neglected in cognitive psychology for many decades. To date, textbooks on cognitive psychology do not contain chapters on causal reasoning. The goal of this Handbook is to fill this gap, and to offer state-of-the-art reviews of the field. This introduction to the Handbook provides a general review of different competing theoretical frameworks modeling causal reasoning and learning. It outlines the relationship between psychological theories and their precursors in normative disciplines, such as philosophy and machine learning. It reviews the wide scope of tasks and domains in which the important role of causal knowledge has been documented. In the final section it previews the chapters of the handbook.
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Book chapters on the topic "Cognitive precursor"

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Iarussi, Melanie M. "MI as a Precursor to CBT." In Integrating Motivational Interviewing and Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Clinical Practice, 83–95. New York, NY : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351203234-6.

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Huber, Gerda S., Jean-Luc Moreau, James R. Martin, Yannick Bailly, Jean Mariani, and Bernard Brugg. "ß-Amyloid Precursor Protein — Role in Cognitive Brain Function?" In Alzheimer Disease, 87–90. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4116-4_14.

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Kozunova, Galina, Ksenia Sayfulina, Andrey Prokofyev, Pavel Shlepnev, Vladimir Medvedev, Tatiana Stroganova, and Boris Chernyshev. "Pupil Dilation as a Precursor of Risky Choice in Probabilistic Gambling Task." In Advances in Cognitive Research, Artificial Intelligence and Neuroinformatics, 256–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71637-0_31.

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Dümig, Sascha. "The World as Will and I-Language: Schopenhauer’s Philosophy as Precursor of Cognitive Sciences." In Studies in Universal Logic, 85–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33090-3_6.

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Hespos, Susan J., and Elizabeth S. Spelke. "Precursors to spatial language." In The Categorization of Spatial Entities in Language and Cognition, 233–45. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hcp.20.13hes.

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Cohn, Joseph. "Challenges and Solutions with Augmented Cognition Technologies: Precursor Issues to Successful Integration." In Foundations of Augmented Cognition. Directing the Future of Adaptive Systems, 23–29. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21852-1_3.

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Cappuccio, Massimiliano L. "The Seminal Speculation of a Precursor: Elements of Embodied Cognition and Situated AI in Alan Turing." In Fundamental Issues of Artificial Intelligence, 479–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26485-1_28.

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Kalindi, Sylvia Chanda, Kevin Kien Hoa Chung, Duo Phil Liu, and Li-Chih Angus Wang. "Chapter 5. The complexities of written Chinese and the cognitive-linguistic precursors to reading, with consequent implications for reading interventions." In Writing Systems, Reading Processes, and Cross-Linguistic Influences, 99–120. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bpa.7.05kal.

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Marr, Robert A. "The Amyloid β Precursor Protein and Cognitive Function in Alzheimer’s Disease." In Genes, Environment and Alzheimer's Disease, 97–133. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-802851-3.00004-8.

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Overmann, Karenleigh A. "Materiality and the Prehistory of Number." In Squeezing Minds From Stones, 432–56. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190854614.003.0021.

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Modern humans produce number systems with striking cross-cultural similarities. Understanding prehistoric numerical cognition, however, addressed in this chapter, requires looking at when cognitive prerequisites emerged—morphological factors like parietal encephalization; abilities like quantity perception, language, concept formation and manipulation, categorization, and ordinality; and demographic factors suggesting societal motivations for numerical development. These establish the “probably not before” timeline for numerical emergence. The question is then approached from the earliest emergence of unambiguous numbers in Mesopotamia, clay tokens used in the late fourth millennium, and subsequent numerical notations. With tokens and notations, the archaeological and textual evidence of precursor technologies such as tallies and fingers forms a sequence capable of elaborating the innate perceptual experience of quantity into simple counting sequences and complex mathematics. Along with the cognitive prerequisites, the sequence of material forms also provides insight into potential archaeological evidence (material forms and demographic factors) that might indicate numerical emergence in prehistoric times.
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Conference papers on the topic "Cognitive precursor"

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Williams, Christopher B., John Gero, Yoon Lee, and Marie Paretti. "Exploring the Effect of Design Education on the Design Cognition of Mechanical Engineering Students." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48357.

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In this paper, the authors report on progress of a longitudinal study on the impact of design education on students’ design thinking and practice. Using innovations in cognitive science and new methods of protocol analysis, the authors are working with engineering students to characterize their design cognition as they progress through engineering curricula. In this paper, the results from a protocol study of sophomore Mechanical Engineering students are presented. Specifically, data gathered from two experimental sessions (conducted before and after the students’ introductory design course) are analyzed to identify changes in design thinking cognition. Design cognition is determined using protocol analysis with the coding of the protocols based on a general design ontology, namely, the Function-Behavior-Structure (FBS) as a principled coding scheme (as opposed to an ad hoc one). Preliminary results indicate that statistically significant changes in students’ design cognition occur over the course of their sophomore year. The change manifests itself in an increase in focus on the purposes of designs being produced, which is often a precursor to the production a higher quality designs, and an increase in the design processes associated with the introduction of purposes of designs.
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Wong (Lau), Kathleen, Rebecca L. Norris, Zahed Siddique, M. Cengiz Altan, James Baldwin, and Wilson Merchan-Merchan. "Cognitive Empathy in Design Course for a More Inclusive Mechanical Engineering." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-60382.

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Cognitive Empathy, often referred to as perspective taking, refers to the ability to identify and understand details about another’s experience so that one can understand why people may think and feel the way that they do. In recent years the need for designers to develop Cognitive Empathy skills has been recognized and has given rise to human-centered design and empathic design. Many mechanical engineering and design departments offer courses and have programs in these emerging topics. Mechanical engineers need to have basic understanding of Cognitive Empathy to function in today’s workplace. In addition, most mechanical engineering undergraduate programs do not have a diverse student body representative of the general population. Although there are many reasons, we believe that having a welcoming, inclusive environment is a precursor to improving diversity and thus should be an important consideration in mechanical engineering education. We propose that introducing carefully designed training on Cognitive Empathy in design courses could result in (i) a more welcoming and inclusive environment and (ii) a new generation of designers better equipped to consider the users. In this paper we present an “Intercultural Cognitive Empathy” training that was given to all mechanical engineering seniors at the University of Oklahoma to create a more inclusive environment. The students in a senior design course received the training at the beginning of the semester, before forming their design teams, so that they could use the skills to better communicate with each other. Cognitive Empathy research provided the foundation for the training and intercultural active learning components were also integrated. A student survey, done at the end of the semester, showed that students retained and used different components of the training throughout the semester. The assessment strongly suggests that this training should be part of the regular curriculum.
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SEYFARTH, ROBERT, and DOROTHY CHENEY. "PRIMATE SOCIAL COGNITION AND THE COGNITIVE PRECURSORS OF LANGUAGE." In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference (EVOLANG6). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812774262_0075.

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Siqueira, Fernando, Vanessa Siqueira, Lucas Falcão, Arthur Bezerra, and Carlos Silva. "THE INFLUENCE BETWEEN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AND HEALTHY EATING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW." In XIII Meeting of Researchers on Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1980-5764.rpda062.

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Background: Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease responsible for neuronal losses that affect mainly the cortex and hippocampus, which begin to shrink in size, damaging cognitive functions. This process affects cholinergic neurons, influencing acetylcholine (ACH) levels, a memoryrelated neurotransmitter. Glucose metabolism and low thiamine levels appear to be affected by AD. Consequently, diabetes becomes a disease associated with AD and the thiamine deficiency levels depress the use of glucose by the brain. Thus, nutrition may have a role in preventing dementia through the treatment and prevention. Objective: To summarize the knowledge about this topic by reviewing articles and analyzing if healthy eating influences the development of AD. Methods: Selection of articles from the Scielo database. Results: Inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of AD. The effect observed in patients with adherence to the Mediterranean diet translates into a decrease in inflammatory markers at the plasma level. One of the symptoms, memory loss, can be prevented by a micronutrient named thiamine, a precursor of ACH, it is found in the leguminous. The Mediterranean diet has been shown to attribute a neuroprotective activity which goes with its anti-inflammatory effect. Conclusion: AD starts by its multifactorial etiology that consists of genotype and phenotype. Nutrition would be efficient as a preventive and a therapeutic alternative among other.
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Surubaru, Teodora, and Dorin Isoc. "CYBERNETICS AND PRECURSORS OF PROMOTING CRITICAL THINKING - A WAY TO CHANGE THE SCHOOL." In International Conference Cognition and Exploratory Learning in Digital Age 2019. IADIS Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33965/celda2019_201911l002.

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Junkes, Giovanna Braz, Diego Akyo Hoshina dos Santos, Julia Petry, and Meria Eduarda Mendes Hibarino. "A ATROFIA NEURONAL E SUA RELAÇÃO COM A DOENÇA DE ALZHEIMER." In I Congresso Brasileiro de Estudos Patológicos On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/conbesp/81.

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Introdução: O Alzheimer é uma patologia neurodegenerativa que afeta o Sistema Nervoso Central por causar atrofia neuronal derivada do acúmulo do peptídeo Beta Amilóide e da proteína Tau. A doença é comumente associada à idade e caracteriza-se pela demência, apresentando sintomas como disfunções na cognição e distúrbios comportamentais e na memória. Objetivo: O objetivo desse trabalho é informar sobre aspectos fisiopatológicos da doença de Alzheimer e esclarecer minimamente como ocorre o seu desenvolvimento. Material e métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica baseada em artigos, escritos em inglês e português, encontrados no PubMed e na Revista Episteme Transversalis no período entre 2020 e 2021. Resultados: Com base nos artigos encontrados, foi possível observar que no mal de Alzheimer evidencia-se agregados do peptídeo Beta Amilóide e uma hiperfosforilação da proteína Tau. O Beta Amilóide é formado a partir da clivagem da proteína precursora amilóide (PPA), processo que pode ocorrer de duas formas, sendo que a via normal, não amiloidogênica, não gera Beta Amilóide. Porém, na via amiloidogênica, a PPA é clivada pela enzima beta-secretase e, posteriormente, pela gama-secretase, tendo como produto um peptídeo com 40 ou 42 aminoácidos que é insolúvel e tende a agregar-se. Esse peptídeo com 42 aminoácidos é tóxico, pois ao se agrupar pode causar alterações na função cognitiva. Ocorre então, em resposta ao grande acúmulo de peptídeos, uma hiperativação de quinases e hipoativação de fosforilases que resultam em um aumento significativo na fosforilação da proteína Tau, o que provoca mobilização da micróglia e liberação de citocinas inflamatórias, causando atrofia neuronal e morte celular. O desenvolvimento de toxicidade impede o transporte axonal, colaborando com o progresso dos déficits cognitivos que evidenciam demência. Conclusão: A partir dessa revisão bibliográfica pode-se concluir que a atrofia neuronal, resultante do acúmulo do peptídeo Beta Amilóide e fosforilação exarcebada da proteína Tau, é uma patologia correlacionada com a doença de Alzheimer e com os déficits cognitivos observados no decorrer da enfermidade.
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Oliveira, Tatiana Ferreira da Silva de, and Maryland L. Cavalcante Fontes. "A EMPATIA ENTRE OS PROFISSIONAIS DE ENFERMAGEM EM UMA UNIDADE PEDIÁTRICA DE UM HOSPITAL UNIVERSITÁRIO DURANTE A PANDEMIA." In I Congresso Brasileiro de Saúde Pública On-line: Uma abordagem Multiprofissional. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/2794.

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Introdução: No ano de 2020 foi a comemoração internacional da Enfermagem, uma profissão de grande importância no âmbito da saúde, mas ainda pouco valorizada e reconhecida. Tantos projetos e comemorações programadas para o ano que prometia ser promissor para a profissão que data sua iniciação em 200 anos, com a precursora Florence Nightingale, que coincidentemente mostrou-se ao mundo em um momento de extrema necessidade no campo do cuidado na saúde. Naquela época o cuidado não tinha um diferencial na saúde, não se exigia tanto e nem conhecia-se tantos detalhes como hoje se é sabido. A empatia é uma habilidade de interação social constituída por componentes afetivos, cognitivos e comportamentais. No componente afetivo, há uma tendência de experimentação de sinais de simpatia e de compaixão. No cognitivo há concepção da capacidade de interpretar e compreender a perspectiva do outro. Objetivo: demonstrar a empatia entre os profissionais de enfermagem de uma unidade pediátrica de um hospital universitário durante a pandemia de COVID-19 e a solidariedade prestada para o bem-estar comum a todos como fermenta de inclusão. Material e Métodos: vivencia dos membros da equipe de uma unidade pediátrica de um hospital universitário. Resultados: o desamparo, medo, instabilidade diante das notícias, por vezes falta de recursos. Tais sentimentos humanos são totalmente compreensíveis diante de situações como a de pandemia, onde muitos estados declararam situação de emergência ou calamidade pública. A enfermagem que compreende um componente próprio de conhecimentos científicos e técnicos, construído e reproduzido por um conjunto de práticas sociais, éticas e políticas que se processa pelo ensino. Esse relato de experiência evidencia a importância da construção de um ambiente de trabalho agradável, onde haja uma preocupação com o estado emocional de cada trabalhador e como isso pode influenciar em suas atividades laborais. Conclusão: Levando-se em conta o que foi observado, há uma necessidade de organização dos serviços e da valorização dos profissionais, tendo em vista o quanto são importantes somados a equipe. Bem como esta prática pode leva-los a reflexões acerca do comportamento, implicando em um processo de mudança, visto que o sentir é algo particular.
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Ferrero, Vincenzo J., Naser Alqseer, Melissa Tensa, and Bryony DuPont. "Using Decision Trees Supported by Data Mining to Improve Function-Based Design." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22498.

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Abstract Engineering designers currently use downstream information about product and component functions to facilitate ideation and concept generation of analogous products. These processes, often called Function-Based Design, can be reliant on designer definitions of product function, which are inconsistent from designer to designer. In this paper, we employ supervised learning algorithms to reduce the variety of component functions that are available to designers in a design repository, thus enabling designers to focus their function-based design efforts on more accurate, reduced sets of potential functions. To do this, we generate decisions trees and rules that define the functions of components based on the identity of neighboring components. The resultant decision trees and rulesets reduce the number of feasible functions for components within a product, which is of particular interest for use by novice designers, as reducing the feasible functional space can help focus the design activities of the designer. This reduction was evident in both case studies: one exploring a component that is known to the designer, and the other looking at defining function of an unrecognizable component. The work presented here contributes to the recent popularity of using product data in data-driven design methodologies, especially those focused on supplementing designer cognition. Importantly, we found that this methodology is reliant on repository data quality, and the results indicate a need to continue the development of design repository data schemas with improved data consistency and fidelity. This research is a necessary precursor for the development of function-based design tools, including automated functional modeling.
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Reports on the topic "Cognitive precursor"

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Singh, Ruchi, Akhiya Nail, and Nirendra Kumar Rai. Effectiveness of Vitamin B12 Supplementation on cognitive, motor & mood instability of Parkinson’s disease patients on levodopa treatment :A Systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.2.0066.

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Review question / Objective: The treatment of choice for patients of Parkinson's disease is levodopa. However, levodopa has been suggested to decrease Vit B12 level in these patients. Thus, the research question for this systematic review is whether vit B 12 supplementation in Parkinson's disease(PD) patients on treatment with levodopa improves vit B12 level effecting the Cognition, Motor functions and Mood instability among them in comparison to PD patients on levodopa treatment who are not supplemented with Vit B12. Condition being studied: Parkinson disease is the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons present within the substantia nigra that can lead to altered movements along with the prevalence of cognitive and mood instability as a result of dopamine(neurotransmitter) deficiency. The most effective treatment for the Parkinson's disease is the administration of levodopa, a dopamine precursor . Long term treatment with levodopa causes an increase in homocysteine levels and tissue deficiency of vitamin B12 and folate may occur. Vitamin B12 supplementation is administered as after management regime, in Parkinson patient on levodopa treatment . This study aims to conduct a systematic review, of studies , randomized control trials investigating the ability of vitamin B12 supplementation to enhances the recovery/reduce the decline, if any, of the symptoms of cognitive, motor, mood impairments associated with Parkinson's disease patient on levodopa treatment.
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Elmann, Anat, Orly Lazarov, Joel Kashman, and Rivka Ofir. therapeutic potential of a desert plant and its active compounds for Alzheimer's Disease. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7597913.bard.

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We chose to focus our investigations on the effect of the active forms, TTF and AcA, rather than the whole (crude) extract. 1. To establish cultivation program designed to develop lead cultivar/s (which will be selected from the different Af accessions) with the highest yield of the active compounds TTF and/or achillolide A (AcA). These cultivar/s will be the source for the purification of large amounts of the active compounds when needed in the future for functional foods/drug development. This task was completed. 2. To determine the effect of the Af extract, TTF and AcA on neuronal vulnerability to oxidative stress in cultured neurons expressing FAD-linked mutants.Compounds were tested in N2a neuroblastoma cell line. In addition, we have tested the effects of TTF and AcA on signaling events promoted by H₂O₂ in astrocytes and by β-amyloid in neuronal N2a cells. 3. To determine the effect of the Af extract, TTF and AcA on neuropathology (amyloidosis and tau phosphorylation) in cultured neurons expressing FAD-linked mutants. 4. To determine the effect of A¦ extract, AcA and TTF on FAD-linked neuropathology (amyloidosis, tau phosphorylation and inflammation) in transgenic mice. 5. To examine whether A¦ extract, TTF and AcA can reverse behavioral deficits in APPswe/PS1DE9 mice, and affect learning and memory and cognitive performance in these FAD-linked transgenic mice. Background to the topic.Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, glutamate toxicity and amyloid beta (Ab) toxicity are involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's diseases. We have previously purified from Achilleafragrantissimatwo active compounds: a protective flavonoid named 3,5,4’-trihydroxy-6,7,3’-trimethoxyflavone (TTF, Fl-72/2) and an anti-inflammatory sesquiterpenelactone named achillolide A (AcA). Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. In this study we could show that TTF and AcA protected cultured astrocytes from H₂O₂ –induced cell death via interference with cell signaling events. TTF inhibited SAPK/JNK, ERK1/2, MEK1 and CREBphosphorylation, while AcA inhibited only ERK1/2 and MEK1 phosphorylation. In addition to its protective activities, TTF had also anti-inflammatory activities, and inhibited the LPS-elicited secretion of the proinflammatorycytokinesInterleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-1b from cultured microglial cells. Moreover, TTF and AcA protected neuronal cells from glutamate and Abcytotoxicity by reducing the glutamate and amyloid beta induced levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and via interference with cell signaling events induced by Ab. These compounds also reduced amyloid precursor protein net processing in vitro and in vivo in a mouse model for Alzheimer’s disease and improvedperformance in the novel object recognition learning and memory task. Conclusion: TTF and AcA are potential candidates to be developed as drugs or food additives to prevent, postpone or ameliorate Alzheimer’s disease. Implications, both scientific and agricultural.The synthesis ofAcA and TTF is very complicated. Thus, the plant itself will be the source for the isolation of these compounds or their precursors for synthesis. Therefore, Achilleafragrantissima could be developed into a new crop with industrial potential for the Arava-Negev area in Israel, and will generate more working places in this region.
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