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Books on the topic 'Cognitive limitation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Bi-directionality in the cognitive sciences: Avenues, challenges, and limitations. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co., 2011.

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2

Armbruster, Robert R. Cognitive limitations in coordination in hierarchical information processing structures [i.e. structures]. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1993.

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3

Kanjirathinkal, Mathew J. A sociological critique of theories of cognitive development: The limitations of Piaget and Kohlberg. Lewiston, N.Y., USA: E. Mellen Press, 1990.

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4

R, Martell Christopher, ed. The myth of depression as disease: Limitations and alternatives to drugs. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2006.

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5

Leventhal, Allan M. The myth of depression as disease: Limitations and alternatives to drug treatment. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2006.

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6

Mayr, Ulrich. Age-based performance limitations in figural transformations: The effect of task complexity and practice. Berlin: Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung, 1993.

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7

Stern, Marc J. Cognitive biases and limitations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793182.003.0002.

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This chapter summarizes some of the most common cognitive biases and limitations in human thinking and provides specific strategies for what we can do about them in various contexts. It serves as a baseline for understanding the flaws in some of our basic assumptions about human behavior and for approaching the rest of the theories discussed in the book with an appropriate dose of humility.
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8

W, Engle Randall, ed. Cognitive limitations in aging and psychopathology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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9

Engle, Randall W., Grzegorz Sedek, Ulrich von Hecker, and Daniel N. McIntosh, eds. Cognitive Limitations in Aging and Psychopathology. Cambridge University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511720413.

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10

Ackerly, Brooke A. The Theoretical (Ir)relevance of the Unknowns of Injustice Itself. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662936.003.0004.

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Just responsibility expects that we take political responsibility for injustice itself because there is injustice itself, and not because we know and understand all of its dimensions. Relying on the cognitive and voluntary conditions generally required by moral and legal philosophy for assigning or taking personal responsibility is a politically conservative approach to injustice. Due to the complexities of politics, injustice itself entails unforeseen and unforeseeable interaction effects and contingencies. Due to the social epistemologies developed in chapter 2, individually and in groups we have cognitive limitations in perceiving certain forms of injustice. Likewise, the voluntary condition imposes an inappropriate political limitation on considerations of the complex relations of actions and interacting forces affecting injustice itself. Just responsibility requires other approaches to identifying and taking responsibility for injustice itself. These are set out in the chapter.
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11

Trout, J. D. The Natural Limits of Explanation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190686802.003.0003.

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Chapter 3 explores the cognitive and social limits on explanation. Those limitations are defined by the biology of a species, limitations on processing and conceptual range that likely make some truths unknowable by humans. For example, the phenomenon of consciousness may be complex in a way that we could track some of its elaborate neural causes but never have a transparent understanding of its many core causes. But there is another limitation that is imposed by the world: Some problems may in fact be irreducibly mysterious. This chapter explores candidate obstacles to knowledge and understanding, and promises to show how these limitations are compatible with an “ontic” view of explanation. The ontic view holds that the quality of an explanation is determined by its possession of certain objective factors, like its accurate description of causal factors, rather than the sense of coherence or feeling of understanding it may convey.
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12

Rescher, Nicholas. Finitude: A Study of Cognitive Limits and Limitations. De Gruyter, Inc., 2010.

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13

Rescher, Nicholas. Finitude: A Study of Cognitive Limits and Limitations. De Gruyter, Inc., 2010.

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14

Macauley, Robert C. Neuropalliative Care (DRAFT). Edited by Robert C. Macauley. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199313945.003.0015.

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Neuropalliative care encompasses disorders of consciousness, cognitive impairment, trauma, and other conditions. Each prompts specific ethical considerations, such as the often shifting values (and even personalities) of patients with dementia, forcing one to determine whether previously expressed wishes are determinative. Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis maintain cognition long after motor failure, and the predicable trajectory makes possible specific advance care planning. Patients who have suffered acute spinal cord injury may initially demand withdrawal of life sustaining medical treatment, yet studies have shown a significant proportion eventually achieve a quality of life acceptable to them. And patients who have suffered a stroke often recover significant function, thus making early limitation of treatment a potential “self-fulfilling prophecy.”
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15

Educational Resources Information Center (U.S.), ed. Feature issue on supporting parents who have cognitive limitations. [Minneapolis, Minn.]: Institute on Community Integration (UIAP), Research and Training Center on Community Living, 1998.

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16

Wilkinson, Philip. Cognitive behaviour therapy. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0017.

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Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a dominant psychological treatment in the management of a range of psychiatric disorders and is increasingly being refined to suit the needs older adults. This chapter summarises the theory and practice of CBT, with an emphasis on assessment, formulation, and adaptation of treatment with older patients. Management of depressive disorder, anxiety disorders and dementia caregiver distress are described in detail with relevant case examples. Problem-solving therapy and behavioural activation are described. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) has potential benefits in the treatment of older adults. MBCT is described and applications with older people are reviewed. Newer applications are outlined, including treatment of psychological symptoms associated with physical illness, psychosis and memory impairment. The evidence base for CBT-based interventions with older adults is limited; the limitations and extent of the current evidence are reviewed.
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17

(Editor), Alexander J. Tymchuk, K. Charlie, Ph.D. Lakin (Editor), and Ruth Luckasson (Editor), eds. Forgotten Generation: The Status and Challenges of Adults With Mild Cognitive Limitations. Brookes Publishing Company, 2001.

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18

J, Tymchuk Alexander, Lakin K. Charlie, and Luckasson Ruth, eds. The forgotten generation: The status and challenges of adults with mild cognitive limitations. Baltimore, Md: Paul H. Brookes Pub. Co., 2001.

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19

Hodges, John R. Cognitive Assessment for Clinicians. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780192629760.001.0001.

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This resource aims to incorporate the enormous advances over the last decade in our understanding of cognitive function into clinical practice, particularly the aspects of memory, language and attention. These advances in theory provide a practical approach to cognitive valuation at the bedside, based on methods developed at the Cambridge clinic over the past 15 years. Designed primarily for neurologists, psychiatrists and geriatricians in training who require a practical guide to assessing higher mental function, the resource will also be of interest to clinical psychologists. In this second edition, John Hodges has substantially re-organised and expanded on the original edition. It includes a new chapter devoted to the Revised Version of the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE-R), with a description of its uses and limitations along with normative data. Given the importance of the early detection of dementia, a chapter is dedicated to this topic that draws on advances over the past decade. Several new illustrative case histories have also been added and all of the case descriptions have been orientated around the use of the ACE-R in clinical practice.
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20

The Literate Mind: A Study of Its Scope and Limitations. Red Globe Press, 2012.

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21

The Literate Mind: A Study of Its Scope and Limitations. Red Globe Press, 2012.

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22

Sonuga-Barke, Edmund, and Samuele Cortese. Cognitive training approaches for ADHD. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0038.

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Computer-based cognitive training, such as working memory training, is increasingly considered a therapeutic option for ADHD. In this chapter we first describe why such an option might be necessary to address limitations in existing treatment approaches and then go on to set out the clinical and scientific rationale for cognitive training for ADHD. We describe the various types of training approaches available and their implementation. This then leads to a review of the evidence from randomized controlled trials for the efficacy of cognitive training as a treatment for ADHD based on recent meta-analyses. We conclude that current evidence, especially considering blinded outcomes, does not support cognitive training as a front-line treatment for ADHD, although it may have beneficial effects by addressing co-occurring working memory deficits. We conclude with a discussion of future directions with an emphasis on the potential value of incorporating cognitive training approaches in early intervention strategies.
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23

Koutroumanidis, Michalis, and Robin Howard. Encephalopathy, central nervous system infections, and coma. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0032.

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This chapter provides an overview of the indications for and the diagnostic and prognostic value of acute video-electroencephalogram (EEG) and continuous video-EEG monitoring in patients with encephalopathies, encephalitides, and coma. Particular emphasis is placed on the detection of non-convulsive seizures and non-convulsive status epilepticus secondary to acute and sub-acute cerebral insults, including post-cardiac arrest hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury, and on the related pitfalls and uncertainties. It also discusses key technical aspects of the EEG recording, including artefact identification and limitation, timing and type of external stimulation and assessment of EEG reactivity, and highlights the main relevant pitfalls. Finally, it explores the role of evoked potentials (EPs) in outcome prediction and the value of Cognitive EPs and quantitative EEG in the assessment of chronic disorders of consciousness.
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24

Swirsky-Sacchetti, Thomas, and Robert L. Rider. Cognitive Interventions: Brain Training and Rehabilitation. Edited by Anthony J. Bazzan and Daniel A. Monti. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190690557.003.0016.

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The research pertaining to two types of cognitive interventions is reviewed. Brain training, which utilizes a variety of computer based approaches, is designed to improve normal performance by developing cognitive skills. Cognitive remediation is designed to improve performance in the face of acquired deficits. Such programs are designed to help patients with existing mild cognitive impairment or dementia. Although not uniform, there is mounting evidence that these interventions have a beneficial effect. However, research also suggests the beneficial effect of such programs is often limited to the specific type of task trained, with generalization to real-life performance more questionable. Patients improve specific cognitive domains that do not necessarily correlate with improvements in activities of daily life. The findings and limitations of current research are discussed along with directions for future research.
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25

Unger, Christoph. Cognitive Pragmatics and Multi-layered Communication. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190636647.003.0013.

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Allegory is a figure of speech that is frequently used in Christian religious discourse, not only in the Christian Scriptures, but also in theological and homiletic literature throughout history. However, its use has also been viewed with suspicion by various schools of Christian thought. That is, allegory as a figure of speech is perceived as both being a useful tool for religious discourse and beset by limitations. This double-sided perception of the utility of allegory is rooted in the cognitive complexities that the comprehension of allegory involves, according to Unger (2017). Processing allegory involves our ability to detect and process multiple layers of communication in one act of ostensive communication. Thus, allegory has the potential for being effective for communicating complex thoughts in an elegant and effective way; at the same time, it runs the risk of inviting the audience to overinterpret the communication event.
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26

Hart, Tessa. Cognitive Enhancement in Traumatic Brain Injury. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190214401.003.0006.

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a prevalent source of disability. This chapter reviews the major approaches to remediation of cognitive dysfunction following TBI, in both the early and post-acute phases of recovery. Pharmacologic and behavioral treatments are discussed, focusing on the three major areas of cognition affected by TBI: attention, memory, and executive function. Trials of pharmacologic treatments, especially neuroprotective agents, have resulted in few treatment guidelines, probably due to the heterogeneous pathophysiology of TBI. Among behavioral treatments, both restorative and compensatory approaches are presented. Most of the available evidence favors compensatory treatments, in which patients are taught alternative strategies and/or changes are made in the social/physical environments to facilitate everyday functioning. Despite methodologic challenges and limitations in treatment definition that make comparisons across studies difficult, cognitive rehabilitation for TBI is increasingly viewed as a vital component of the effort to restore maximal independence at home and in society.
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27

Dud, Iulia, Louise Brennan, and Dene Robertson. Autism, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and Cognitive Enhancement. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190214401.003.0012.

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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are common neurodevelopmental disorders. Impairments in attention and executive functions are core characteristics of ADHD. ASD is primarily characterized by severe deficits in social communication, but cognitive impairments are common, including in attention and executive functions. Currently, there is only limited evidence for efficacy of either pharmacological or behavioral interventions for the treatment of the cognitive deficits associated with the disorders. This chapter presents the current evidence base for cognitive enhancements for ADHD and ASD. It summarizes evidence from available and experimental pharmacological interventions, as well as behavioral, cognitive, and psychosocial interventions. The chapter also discusses the limitations of current tools and future directions.
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28

Saunders, David, Andres Martin, and Jerome H. Taylor. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Sertraline, or a Combination in Childhood Anxiety. Edited by Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari, and Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0010.

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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study evaluating the treatment of anxiety disorders in child and adolescent psychiatry. Is sertraline in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy more effective than monotherapy with either treatment alone in children with anxiety disorders? Also, how do these treatments compare with placebo therapy? Starting with these questions, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
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29

Sun, Amanda, and Tobias Wasser. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Imipramine, or Their Combination for Panic Disorder. Edited by Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari, and Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0001.

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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study on anxiety disorders and the roles of psychotherapy and psychopharmacology in their treatment. When treating adults with panic disorder, is imipramine in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy more effective than monotherapy with either treatment alone? Furthermore, what is the durability and tolerability of their responses? Starting with these questions, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
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30

McCusker, Chris. Towards understanding loss of control. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198569299.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 discusses an automatic network theory of addictive behaviours, including cognitive social learning theory and the expectancy construct, anomalies and limitations in traditional cognitive and expectancy theories, autonomic cue-reactivity phenomena, and methods of cognitive assessment, automatic cognitive processes in addictive behaviours, implicit memory structures and processes in addictive behaviours.
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31

Loudermilk, Brandon C. Psycholinguistic Approaches. Edited by Robert Bayley, Richard Cameron, and Ceil Lucas. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199744084.013.0007.

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The fundamental goal of the study of sociolinguistic cognition is to characterize the computational stages and cognitive representations underlying the perception and production of sociolinguistic variation. This chapter discusses psycholinguistic approaches in four sections. The first section discusses different methods for examining how dialectal variation is represented, perceived, and learned. The second section reviews studies investigating the role of sociolinguistic stereotypes in speech processing. The third section explores the attitudinal aspects of language variation by presenting two recent studies using innovative variations of the matched-guise technique. It concludes by introducing the implicit association test, which may be able to address some of the limitations of alternative methods. The fourth section reports on studies that use eye tracking and event-related brain potentials to investigate sociolinguistic cognition.
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32

Barron, Daniel, and Robert Ostroff. Cognitive Therapy versus Medication in the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Depression. Edited by Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari, and Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0028.

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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study on major depressive disorder. Is paroxetine or cognitive therapy more effective in treating patients with moderate to severe major depressive disorder? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
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33

Adile, Claudio. Feeding Tube and Survival Among Patients with Severe Cognitive Impairment (DRAFT). Edited by Nathan A. Gray and Thomas W. LeBlanc. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190658618.003.0022.

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This chapter provides an overview and commentary on the study published by Teno and colleagues in 2012 that analyzed if feeding tube insertion and its timing affect survival in patients with advanced dementia. The study concluded that insertion of feeding tubes, irrespective of the timing of insertion, does not confer a survival benefit. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
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34

Leventhal, Allan M., and Christopher R. Martell. The Myth of Depression as Disease: Limitations and Alternatives to Drug Treatment (Contemporary Psychology). Praeger Publishers, 2005.

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35

Habecker, Erin, and Tobias Wasser. Fluoxetine, Comprehensive Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Placebo in Generalized Social Phobia. Edited by Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari, and Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0002.

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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study on anxiety disorders. For generalized social phobia, are fluoxetine and comprehensive cognitive behavioral therapy efficacious? How do their efficacies compare? And is there an advantage to combination therapy? Starting with these questions, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. Results of the study indicate that fluoxetine and comprehensive cognitive behavioral therapy are superior to placebo for the treatment of generalized social phobia; neither treatment is superior to the other and there is no apparent advantage to combination therapy. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
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36

Gilman, Falisha, and Zheala Qayyum. Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Sertraline, and Their Combination for Children and Adolescents with OCD. Edited by Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari, and Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0012.

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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in child and adolescent psychiatry. Is sertraline, cognitive behavioral treatment, or their combination more effective in the initial treatment of children and adolescents with clinically significant obsessive-compulsive disorder? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
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37

Papanicolaou, Andrew C., ed. The Oxford Handbook of Functional Brain Imaging in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764228.001.0001.

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A large part of the contemporary literature involves functional neuroimaging. Yet few readers are sufficiently familiar with the various imaging methods, their capabilities and limitations, to appraise it correctly. To fulfill that need is the purpose of this Handbook, which consists of an accessible description of the methods and their clinical and research applications. The Handbook begins with an overview of basic concepts of functional brain imaging, magnetoencephalography and the use of magnetic source imaging (MSI), positron emission tomography (PET), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The authors then discuss the various research applications of imaging, such as white matter connectivity; the function of the default mode network; the possibility and the utility of imaging of consciousness; the search for mnemonic traces of concepts the mechanisms of the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of memories; executive functions and their neuroanatomical mechanisms; voluntary actions, human will and decision-making; motor cognition; language and the mechanisms of affective states and pain. The final chapter discusses the uses of functional neuroimaging in the presurgical mapping of the brain.
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38

Anderson, James A. After Digital. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357789.001.0001.

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We are surrounded by digital computers. They do many things well that humans do not and have transformed our lives. But all computers are not the same. Although digital computers dominate today’s world, alternative ways to “compute” might be better and more efficient than digital computation when mechanically performing those tasks, important to humans, that we think of as “cognition.” Cognition, after all, was originally developed to work with our own specific biological hardware. Digital computers require elaborate detailed instructions to work; they are flexible but not simple. Analog computers are designed to do specific tasks. They can be simple but not flexible. Hardware matters. The book discusses two classic kinds of computer, digital and analog, and gives examples of their history, functions, and limitations. The author suggest that when brain “hardware,” with its associated brain “software” work together, it could form a computer architecture that would be useful for the efficient performance of cognitive tasks. This book discusses the essentials of brain hardware—in particular, the cerebral cortex, where cognition lives—and how cortical structure can influence the form taken by the computational operations underlying cognition. Topics include association, understanding complex systems through analogy, formation of abstractions, and the biology of number and its use in arithmetic and mathematics. The author introduces novel “brain-like” control mechanisms: active associative search and traveling waves. There is discussion on computing across scales of organization from single neurons to brain regions containing millions of neurons.
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39

Carmin, Cheryl N., John E. Calamari, and Raymond L. Ownby. OCD and Spectrum Conditions in Older Adults. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0098.

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Despite its chronic and unremitting nature and impact on quality of life, unlike other of the anxiety disorders, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the epidemiology, descriptive psychopathology, and treatment of OCD and related spectrum conditions in late life. ERP remains the mainstay of evidence-based psychological treatment, as is the use of SRIs for pharmacological management. The need to evaluate older adults and design treatment interventions, taking individual medical and cognitive limitations into account, is discussed. Recent statistical modeling approaches using older adult samples suggest that addressing the role of beliefs about intrusive thoughts, cognitive decline, and aging in general may be important additions to a cognitive approach to OCD treatment that is unique to older adults.
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40

Ross, Robert, and Rajesh R. Tampi. Behavioral and/or Pharmacotherapy for Older Patients with Insomnia. Edited by Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari, and Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0021.

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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study on short and longterm treatment of insomnia. Should older patients with insomnia be managed with cognitive behavioral therapy, benzodiazepines, or both? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case. The study shows that bensodiazepines and cognitive behavioral therapy are equally effective for shorterm treatment of insomnia in otherwise healthy elderly participants but cognitive behavioral therapy is far more effective for longterm treatment of insomnia.
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41

Gibbs, John C. Moral Development and Reality. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878214.001.0001.

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Moral Development and Reality explores the nature of morality, moral development, social behavior, and human connection. By comparing, contrasting, and going beyond the prominent theories mainly of Lawrence Kohlberg, Martin Hoffman, and Jonathan Haidt, the author addresses fundamental questions: What is morality, and how broad is the moral domain? Can we speak of moral development (Kohlberg, Hoffman), or is morality entirely relative to diverse cultures (Haidt)? What are the sources of moral motivation? What factors account for prosocial behavior? What are the typical social perspective-taking limitations of antisocial youths, and how can those limitations be remedied? Does moral development, including moments of moral inspiration, reflect a deeper reality? Exploring these questions elucidates the full range of moral development, from superficial perception to a deeper understanding and feeling. Included are foundations of morality and moral motivation; biology, social intuitions, and culture; social perspective-taking and development; the stage construct and developmental delay; moral exemplars and moral identity; cognitive distortions, social skills deficiencies, and cognitive behavioral interventions or moral education; and, finally, near-death experiences and the underpinnings of the social and moral world.
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42

Abramovitch, Amitai. Neuropsychological Function in OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0015.

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This chapter reviews the neuropsychological literature in adult and pediatric OCD, and then reviews the limitations, current controversies, and caveats in this area. Characterization of neuropsychological deficits associated with psychological problems has the potential to integrate neurobiological and psychopathological research. The cognitive neuropsychology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) has been extensively studied over the past three decades. This impressive body of literature indicates that individuals diagnosed with OCD tend to exhibit moderate underperformance on neuropsychological tests in most, although not all, cognitive domains. However, neuropsychological research in OCD has been notoriously inconsistent. Moreover, the presence of broad though modest deficits, rather than large discrete ones, raises serious challenges for attempts to integrate neuropsychological constructs into neurobiological and psychological models of OCD.
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43

Smart, Paul R. Mandevillian Intelligence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801764.003.0013.

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Mandevillian intelligence is a specific form of collective intelligence in which individual cognitive shortcomings, limitations, and biases play a positive functional role in yielding various forms of collective cognitive success. When this idea is transposed to the epistemological domain, mandevillian intelligence emerges as the idea that individual forms of intellectual vice may, on occasion, support the epistemic performance of some form of multi-agent ensemble, such as a socio-epistemic system, a collective doxastic agent, or an epistemic group agent. As a specific form of collective intelligence, mandevillian intelligence is relevant to a number of debates in social epistemology, especially those that seek to understand how group (or collective) knowledge arises from the interactions between a collection of individual epistemic agents.
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44

Franz, Carleen, Lee Ascherman, and Julia Shaftel. Intellectual Assessment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195383997.003.0009.

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Intellectual assessment includes the broad range of cognitive skills and processes as measured by major intelligence tests. Intelligence testing is an integral part of the assessment process; however, it is often misunderstood. A great deal of weight is assigned to the scores, and decisions are often made that are not justified by the results. It is important for the clinician to understand the nature of the process, the types and interpretations of the scores, and the limitations, to avoid common fallacies. Two of the predominant tests, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-V and the Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Cognitive Abilities, are described. Some misconceptions about IQ are explained, and interpretation of intelligence test results is carefully spelled out for the clinician unfamiliar with these tools. The various scores derived from the results of intelligence tests are clarified.
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45

Stokke, Andreas. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825968.003.0011.

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we know to tell many lies that sound like truth,but we know to sing reality, when we will.Hesiod, Theogony 27–28 (trans. M. L. West)Human cooperation and development are underwritten by a practice of information sharing. Given our limited lifespan and point of view, we are dependent on information acquired from others. Our limitations concern both the world and the minds of others. No one can investigate every corner of the universe, or even of their own neighborhood, and we cannot always tell what someone is thinking just by looking at their face. We depend on others to share information with us both about the world and their thoughts. By far, most of the information we acquire from others we acquire from testimony. Language is our best tool for sharing information. This system of using language to overcome our cognitive limitations relies fundamentally on sincerity. In the most ordinary case ...
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46

Irving, Zachary C., and Evan Thompson. The Philosophy of Mind-Wandering. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.19.

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This chapter provides an introduction to the philosophy of mind-wandering. It begins with a philosophical critique of the standard psychological definitions of mind-wandering as task-unrelated thought or stimulus-independent thought. Although these definitions have helped bring mind-wandering research onto center stage in psychology and cognitive neuroscience, they have substantial limitations. They do not account for the dynamics of mind-wandering, task-unrelated thought that does not qualify as mind-wandering, or the ways in which mind-wandering can be task-related. The chapter reviews philosophical accounts that improve upon the current psychological definitions, in particular an account of mind-wandering as “unguided thinking.” It critically assesses the view that mind-wandering can be defined as thought lacking meta-awareness and cognitive agency, as well as the view that mind-wandering is disunified thinking. The definition of mind-wandering as unguided thinking not only is conceptually and phenomenologically precise, but also can be operationalized in a principled way for empirical research.
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Glen, Tannahill, Joseph Simpson, Melissa Lamar, Denene M. Wambach, and Hal S. Wortzel. Neuroimaging and Geriatric Forensic Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374656.003.0005.

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Advances in structural and functional neuroimaging have resulted in significant clinical utility, especially in geriatric neuropsychiatry. However, in the absence of clinical correlation with cognitive, behavioral, and emotional impairment and functional disability, neuroimaging evidence is not sufficient for diagnosis of neurodegenerative conditions. This is especially true in the medicolegal environment. This chapter summarizes recent developments in neuroimaging for the most common geriatric neuropsychiatric conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, and frontotemporal dementia, and describes limitations in applying those findings to single-subject clinical formulations in the forensic arena. Applications of neuroimaging in the medicolegal geriatric setting are explored.
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Calame, Claude. What Is Religion? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190911966.003.0014.

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This chapter examines two major trends in the contemporary study of religion—cognitive science and cultural anthropology. While the former seeks a universal, naturalist, evolutionary explanation for religion, the latter emphasizes cultural relativism, variability, and local context. After interrogating the weakness of both, the chapter suggests that Bruce Lincoln’s more critical, reflexive, and ideologically sensitive approach offers one of the best ways to move forward in the study of religion today. While recognizing the limitations and provisional nature of any definition of religion, Lincoln’s approach offers for a broad comparative method while also paying close attention to history, politics, and social change.
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Sun, Amanda, and Rajesh R. Tampi. Treatment of Delirium in Hospitalized AIDS Patients. Edited by Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari, and Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0017.

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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study on cognitive disorders, specifically the assessment of safety and efficacy of pharmacologic treatments for delirium with neuroleptics versus benzodiazepines. What is the comparative efficacy and tolerability of haloperidol, chlorpromazine, and lorazepam for the treatment of the symptoms of delirium in the medically ill? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
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Kitay, Brandon M., and Michael H. Bloch. Exposure and Ritual Prevention, Clomipramine, or Their Combination for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Edited by Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari, and Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0029.

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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study on the management of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in adults. Is the combination of exposure and ritual prevention (a cognitive behavior therapy based intervention) along with clomipramine more efficacious than monotherapy with either treatment for OCD? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study interventions, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications for clinical management, and concludes with an exemplary clinical case applying the evidence.
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